SAN MATEO HIGHER EDUCATION FOUNDATION

FACULTY OF ECONOMIC, ADMINISTRATIVE AND RELATED SCIENCES.

TECHNOLOGY IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE MANAGEMENT

MARITIME TRANSPORTATION

TEACHER
MARTHA JANETH BUITRAGO CASALLAS

PRESENTED BY
CLEY JIMENEZ ARIAS
INTRODUCTION - MARITIME TRANSPORT

In many cases, the transportation of goods by sea is important and less expensive; The efficient
physical transfer of export goods between their place of manufacture and the client or final
consumer, in terms of time, cost and delivery conditions, is decisive in the competitiveness of the
Colombian exportable offer. In achieving this purpose, maritime transport has a fundamental role
to play, given its enormous participation in the mobilization of Colombian exports. Where some
aspects such as technical, operational, commercial and legal of the activity are taken into account.
For this reason, the exporter must take into account the analysis of the maritime transport market
at all times and based on the main requirements of the product to be exported, identify the
special and relevant needs of this mode of transport that his merchandise requires, with in order
to reach the target market under the conditions of cost, time and quality required by its client
abroad.

MARINE TRANSPORT

Maritime transport is the action of carrying people (passengers) or things (solid or liquid cargo) by
sea from one geographical point to another on board a ship for a lucrative purpose.
Maritime transport, worldwide, is the most used mode for international trade. It is the one that
supports the greatest movement of goods, both in containers and dry or liquid bulk.

ENTITIES THAT PROMOTE, REGULATE AND CONTROL THE SECTOR

Among these entities we have:

- Ministry of Transportation: as the highest authority, in charge of regulating, planning and
promoting this activity.
- General Directorate of Maritime Transport and Ports: is responsible for advising the Minister on
everything related to the promotion and development of maritime and port activity.
- General Maritime Directorate DIMAR: coordinates and controls the operation of ships and naval
devices in Colombian waters, including their acquisition, construction, repair and deboning.
Authorizes and controls activities related to the arrival, docking, maneuvering, anchoring, towing,
and departure of ships. Authorize, register, control services and freight.
- Superintendence of ports and transportation
- Other entities such as:
Proexport Colombia
Colombian Council of Distribution Logistics Users CUTMA

IMPORTANCE OF MARITIME TRANSPORTATION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE

The maritime transport industry in the area has been characterized by being a sector of great
dynamism in its technological and commercial development.
The sea has become an excellent route since, due to its connection with other natural or artificial
waterways, access to the interior of many countries is possible; however, technology in the
construction of ships and the specialization of ports have been elements which have also
contributed significantly to a greater proportion of international trade. Technology and industry
have been oriented towards the construction of larger and faster ships with designs better
adapted to the characteristics of the cargo they can transport. In the commercial part, progress
has been less important, since there are large maritime lines that are able to offer services around
the world.

CONVENTIONS AND RULES

- IMO International Conventions: these conventions are mostly concerning ship safety and marine
pollution; For this reason, the IMO has promoted the adoption of more than 30 conventions and
protocols applicable to more than 500 codes and recommendations.
- The agreements define a minimum of standards, which are incorporated into the regulations of
the member countries, applicable to their own fleets and ships from foreign countries.
Agreements:
SOLAS 74/78 (Latest version 1984)
INMARSAT /76
MARPOL 73/78 (Latest version 1987)
CLC /69 (Latest version 1981)

ORGANIZATION OF MARITIME CARGO TRANSPORTATION

In this first chapter, the main organizations involved in the development of maritime transport
activity on a global scale are specifically presented, particularly those that manage aspects related
to safety, commercial management and technical standards for the transport of goods. goods
through this route. On the other hand, the international conventions and standards that regulate
the activity of maritime transport will be mentioned.
Organisms:
- Lloyd's Register of Shipping
- Lloyd's Corporation
- International Maritime Organization -IMO
- International Chamber of Shipping (ICS)
- International Cargo Handling Coordination Association (ICHCA)
- International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (Intertanko)
- International Labor Organization (ILO)
-The Baltic Exchange
Maritime document
Documentation:
The Cargo Manifest; contains:
• Vessel name
• Loading port and departure date
• Number of bills of lading
• Mark of the packages
• Port of destination
• Number of packages and their contents
• Names of shippers and consignees
• Addresses to notify, if any.
• Walk and location
• Freight type per unit
• Total freight, discounts and net freight.

Bill of lading; contains:

• Name of the exporter and the vessel.
• Type of merchandise, weight and measurement.
• Number of packages and brands.
• Destination and consignee of the merchandise.
1. Departure authorization:
2. Navigation Log: indicates whether the ship touched ports and took cargo in places where
restrictions or tariff surcharges apply.
3. Patent or navigation license.
4. Certificate of seaworthiness: document issued by a Port Captain authorized for this purpose,
which establishes that a ship meets the necessary conditions for safety at sea.
5. Every national merchant ship that goes out to sea must have the following documents on board:
a) Registration Certificate;
b) Patent or Navigation License;
c) Tonnage certificate;
d) Role of crew members;
e) Certificate of navigability;
f) List of passengers, if transported;
g) The other documents required by the relevant laws and regulations.

Other legal considerations:

• Every ship must hoist the flag of its nationality when entering port, when having a national
warship in sight or when passing in front of a fortress or military port and, in general, when sailing
in territorial or internal waters.
National ships plying in Colombian ports will raise the flag on Sundays and other holidays or
national holidays, or when ordered by the Port Captaincy.
National ships plying in foreign ports will hoist the National Flag and that of the nationality of the
port where they are located daily, from sunrise to sunset.
Foreign ships plying in national ports will hoist the flag of their nationality and also the Colombian
one, in the same manner as is determined for national ships in foreign ports.
Foreign ships in Colombian ports will raise the Colombian flag at the top of the foremast and
national ships in foreign ports will do so equally with respect to the flag of the country in which
they are located.
THE Ministry of Defense may carry out inspection visits to national or foreign flagged vessels in
national ports or offshore terminals and to facilities and artificial islands located in aquatic spaces
to ensure faithful compliance with national and international laws in the matters of its jurisdiction.
competence.

Data of interest
BILL OF LADING
The Bill of Lading is a receipt given to the shipper ('shipper') for the goods delivered. It
demonstrates the existence of a contract of carriage and grants rights to the goods. Bills of Lading
are issued in sets of originals, usually two or three, and any of them can be used to obtain
possession of the merchandise.
Therefore, whoever possesses the Bill of Lading certifies possession of the merchandise. This
aspect is fundamental, especially in documentary payment methods.
"Bill of Lading Received for Shipment: This type of document demonstrates that the merchandise
has been received by the carrier on the date indicated on the document, but not that it has been
shipped. It is especially indicated for container or multimodal transport, since it is issued at the
time the merchandise has been delivered to the first carrier or to the
Container terminal.
Bill of Lading on board: It is the document that demonstrates the receipt of the merchandise on
board the ship. This means that the merchandise is ready to be shipped. Proof of receipt on board
may take the following forms:
In the text of the BL the phrase is incorporated: "Shipped either on board as above local vessel...".
The signature and date of the BL are understood as that of the "on board". This form is the most
common.
If the BL appears "Received in apparent good order and condition (...) for transportation /
shipment...", instead of the text in section a), then the mention "on board" must appear
superprinted, dated and signed in such a way that the shipment date will be that of the "on board"
instead of that of the BL.
Bill of Lading to the order (to the order): When a BL is to the order, the owner of the merchandise,
that is, the holder of the BL, can convert it: by endorsement, into nominative. Put it at the order of
another firm, leave it with the signed endorsement blank (so that they are practically bearer).
Bill of Lading to the bearer (BL to the bearer): When a BL is to the bearer (that is, the document
does not indicate the recipient), the holder of the BL is considered, for all legal purposes, as the
owner of the commodity.
Bill of Lading House: The BL House (BL issued by the freight forwarder) and the Non-negotiable Sea
Way Bill (SWB) are non-negotiable documents, which do not give rights to the merchandise.
Nominative Bill of Lading: Nominative BLs are issued in the name of a specific person, who may
take charge of the merchandise upon identification and presentation of one of the original BLs.
These documents do not admit endorsement (assignment), but simply transfer of rights. For this
reason, it is a rarely used form, since it is not negotiable.
Bill of Lading without transshipment (BL Without Transhipment): When transshipments are
contemplated. In turn, in this case two modalities are distinguished:
-Transshipment Bills: If the entire journey is done by sea.
-Through Bills: When transport by sea is only part of the route (the other can be by waterway).
These BLs are used as an alternative to Combined BLs.
Short Form Bill Of Lading or Blank Back: This is a document that does not include all the conditions
of the contract of carriage on the back of the document. Its full name is "Common Short Form Bill
of Lading" and it is so called because it is not issued in the usual format of shipping company
documents, with the anagram and name in the upper right corner, but rather the name of the
carrier. it should appear typewritten instead.
SWB: The holder of the Bill of Lading can negotiate the sale of the merchandise during the journey,
especially if it is long, which will interest him because he has immobilized capital during the
journey. If it is anticipated that the merchandise will not be sold during the journey, a document
that constitutes title-value of the merchandise will not be needed.
In these cases, the SWB (Non-Negotiable Sea Waybill - Sea Waybill) is used. It allows the consigned
party access to the merchandise at destination, in those cases where the documents have not yet
arrived. The SWB is a “Received for Boarding” document and not an “On Board” document.
Through Bill Of Lading: A through bill of lading is used when ocean transportation is carried out by
more than one carrier. So one of the documents that can cover the entire expedition is the
Through Bill of Lading."

What is a Container?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O259yAcP9EM&feature=related

A container or container is a cargo container for maritime or river transport, land transport and
multimodal transport. The dimensions of the container are standardized to facilitate handling.

Containers are usually made mainly of Corten steel, but there are also aluminum and some
plywood reinforced with fiberglass. In most cases, the floor is made of wood, although there are
some made of bamboo. Inside they have a special anti-humidity coating to prevent moisture
during travel. Another defining characteristic of the containers is the presence, in each of their
corners, of accommodations for the twistlocks, which allow them to be hooked by special cranes,
as well as lashing them on both ships and trucks.

Container types

There are different types of containers:

Dry Van: these are the standard containers. Closed tightly and without refrigeration or ventilation.
Metallic : like the standard ones, but without hermetically closing and without refrigeration.
Commonly used for transporting waste and garbage by road.
High Cube : standard containers, mostly 40 feet, their main characteristic is their extra height (9.6
feet).
Reefer : Refrigerated containers, either 40 or 20 feet, but that have a cold or heat preservation
system and thermostat. They must be connected on the ship and in the terminal, even in the truck
if possible or in an external generator, they operate under three-phase current. Some of the
brands that are dedicated to manufacturing them: Carrier, Mitsubishi, Thermo King, Daikin.
Open Top : the same measurements as the previous ones, but open at the top. The merchandise
may be oversized but, in that case, supplements are paid depending on how much cargo has been
left unloaded due to this excess.
Flat Rack : they also lack side walls and even, where appropriate, front and rear walls. They are
used for atypical loads and pay supplements in the same way as open tops.
Open Side : its greatest characteristic is that it is open on one of its sides, its measurements are 20'
or 40'. It is used for larger loads in length that cannot be loaded through the container door.
Tank or Tank Container : for transporting bulk liquids. It is a cistern contained within a series of
steel beams that delimit a parallelepiped whose dimensions are equivalent to those of a "Dry van".
In this way, the tanker enjoys the advantages inherent to a container: it can be stacked and travel
in any of the typical means of intermodal transport. In some photos in this article you can see tank
containers.
Flexi-Tank : for transporting bulk liquids. They suppose an alternative to the container cistern. A
flexi-tank consists of a standard container (Dry Van), normally 20 feet, inside which a flexible,
single-use polyethylene tank called a flexibag is fixed.

Container dimensions

Width is set at 8 feet (2.44 meters)

The height varies between 8 feet and 6 inches (2.59 m) or 9 feet and 6 inches (2.90 m).
The length varies between 20 feet (6.10 m); 40 feet (12.19 m)
The most widespread worldwide are the 20 and 40 foot units, with an approximate internal
volume of 32.6 m3 and 66.7 m3 respectively. The dimensions of the containers are regulated by
the ISO 6346 standard.
PORT COMPANIES

What are ports?

They are an important medium within the international physical distribution of goods. Ports can
significantly influence the final cost of a product, so they must be taken into account in any
economic strategy to diversify exports or imports. Therefore, it is necessary to properly examine
the articulation, that is, the functioning and organization of commercial ports.
How are ports selected?
A businessman, who exports or imports, must handle certain criteria when selecting a port of
shipment. Some of these criteria are:
- Frequent access by sea, air and/or land lines that offer service to the market of interest.
- The distance from the point of production and/or preparation of the cargo to the port.
- The conditions and services of the terminal: Access channels, security, equipment, procedures
and rates.
What does the Colombian port system consist of?

In 1991, Law 001 was issued, which modified the Colombian Port Regime and privatized the
country's ports, which includes a series of measures taken in pursuit of globalization. The main
objective was to modernize the system, reduce tariffs and improve port efficiency. The current
port system consists of 122 facilities, of which 5 correspond to regional port companies, 7 to
private port companies with private service, 9 to public service port companies, 10 to piers or
cabotage docks for smaller ships, 44 to docks approved and 47 to other port facilities. The main
seaports through which the country's non-traditional exports move are: the regional port societies
of Barranquilla, Tumaco, Cartagena, Buenaventura and Santa Marta.

What services do ports offer?

The services they offer are classified into two types: those provided to ships and those for cargo. In
turn, these are offered, either by port companies or by port operators. Depending on the
transportation contract, the exporter or importer must take into account the services to the ships
and/or the cargo. In the case of non-traditional exports, the most common ones belong to the
services provided by the port company for cargo and by port operators.

What are the cargo rates by port companies?

Currently, there is freedom of rates, as established in Resolution 426 of 1997, issued by the
Superintendency of Ports and Transportation. In this way, each port sets its rates according to the
services and operations it offers, or according to the cargo that will arrive at the port. This system
of freedom in rates generates competition between terminals, although to a small extent,
influencing, along with other elements, the decision to use or not use a certain port.

What are the rates of port operators?

The activities that are generated in a port, being so diverse, become a free competition operation,
monitored by the Superintendence of Ports and Transportation. Thus, the services charged by port
operators cover different tasks: unloading, mobilization, filling and emptying of containers, supply
of equipment, among others. Also, it is important to emphasize that rates differ according to the
volume of: units, type of cargo, the preparation required for the containers, the port and mainly
the negotiation capacity of the person hiring. Another essential factor that port operators must
take into account is knowledge about suitability, operational capacity, responsibility and
coordination and control systems of the other participants involved in the port export process, SIA,
customs, narcotics and the Port Society. , among other.

SEA PORTS IN MEXICO AND THE WORLD

NORTH AMERICA

PORTS IN MEXICO Madero Port

Altamira Vallarta Port
Two Mouths Salina Cruz
Coatzacoalcos Tampico
Cove Topolobampo
Guaymas Tuxpan
Lazaro Cardenas Veracruz
Manzanillo Huatulco bays
Mazatlan Cabo San Lucas
Progress Baja California Sur
Acapulco Port of Pensacola
portland
USA Port Everglades
Baltimore San Diego
Boston seattle
Charleston tacoma
Coprpus Chisrti tampa
Houston Wilmington Delaware
Jacksonville
Long Beach CANADA
The Angels halifax
Miami Montreal
N. York & N. Jersey Port Authority Quebec
Maher Terminals Saint John
New Orleans St. John's port authority
New Orleans - Gulf Services toronto
Norfolk Virginia vancouver
Oakland Marine Terminals Vancouver Fraser Port
Oakland Vancouver Fraser Surrey Docks
palm beach Vancouver TSI Terminal
Port Arthur

SOUTH AMERICA

ARGENTINA BRAZIL
White Bay Itajai
Delta Dock Multi-terminated
Euroamerica - Bell cubatao river
Bactssa Rio Grande
Exolgan Container Terminal Tecon Rio Grande.
Port of the city of Santa Fe Rio de Janeiro- Multi Rio
Port of Buenos Aires SÃO FRANCISCO DO SUL
Puerto Madryn SANTOS - PORT AUTHORITY
Puerto Quequen SANTOS (TECON)
rosary beads SANTOS (TERMINAL 37)
Saint Peter TERMINAL 1-RIO
Terminal Las Palmas Victoria
Rio de la Plata Terminals
Terminal 6 CHILI
Ushuaia Arica
Villa Constitución Saint Anthony
Valparaiso
COLOMBIA ECUADOR
Cartagena Guayaquil
The Forest - Cartagena
Saint Matha URUGUAY
Bonaventure NATIONAL PORT ADMINISTRATION - ANP
Barranquilla

CENTRAL AMERICA
CARIBBEAN
COSTA RICA
Puerto Limon BAHAMAS
Freeport Container Port
GUATEMALA
Puerto Quetzal BARBADOS
Barbados Port Authority
HONDURAS
La Ceiba, Castilla y Cortés BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
NICARAGUA Road Town Jetty - BVI Ports Authority
Maroon
The Bluff JAMAICA
port heads Montego Bay
Puerto Sandino Eight rivers
San Juan del Sur
The Branch NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
Curacao
PANAMA
BALBOA - CRISTOBAL - PANAMA PORTS CO. SAINT VINCENT
CRISTOBAL Kingstown
PANAMA CANAL Trinidad and Tobago
MANZANILLO INTERNATIONAL TERMINAL Port of Spain

EUROPE

GERMANY
BLG-Bremen Bremenhavevern BELGIUM
BREMEN - BREMERHAVEN BREMENPORTS Antwerp
Dormund conatiner terminal
Hamburg DENMARK
HHLA Hamburg Copenhagen
lower saxony Esberg
FINLAND ITALY
Helsinki Gioia Tauro
steveco La Spezia
Leghorn
SPAIN Ravenna
Algeciras Salerno
Barcelona Cagliari
Bilbao port authority Trieste
Bilbao Uniport Venice
Barcelona container terminal
Cartagena LATVIA
Huelva RIGA - COMMERCIAL FREE PORT
La Coruna RIGA - BALTIC CONTAINER TERMINAL
The Palms
Malaga LITHUANIA
Seville Klaipeda
Tenerife
Valencia NORWAY
Larvik
Oslo
FRANCE
Bresty CYPRUS
Cherbourg Limassol - Larnaca
Calais
Dunkirk GREECE
Le Havre Thesaaloniki
Nantes St Nazaire
Rouen POLAND
Gdynia
BRITAIN
Dover RUSSIA
Felixstowe Saint Petersburg
Liverpool SWEDEN
London Gothenborg
SOUTHAMPTON PORT INFORMATION Helsingborg
NETWORK Malmo
TILBURY CONTAINER SERVICES
IRELAND
HOLLAND belfast
amsterdam
Rotterdam SLOVENIA
Koper YUGOSLAVIA
Belgrade

FAR EAST

SOUTH KOREA Osaka

Pusan East container terminal Yokohama

CHINA
Shekou container terminal LTD MALAYSIA
Shanghai Container Terminals Ltd. Tanjung Pelepas
Port of Shanghai Penang
Xiamen International Container Terminals Port Klang

PHILIPPINES SINGAPORE
Manila Int. Container Terminal Singapore

INDIA SRI LANKA

Cochin Sri Lanka ports authority
mumbai
THAILAND
INDONESIA Bangkok modern terminal
Belawan container Terminal
Surabaya TPS Terminal

TAIWAN
Kahos
JAPAN Keelung
Kobe

MIDDLE EAST

SAUDI ARABIA JORDAN

Damman Aqaba

ISRAEL OMAN
Haifa Salalah
Ashod
Eilat UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
dubai
Sarhjah ports
AFRICA

ALGERIA
Bejaia MOROCCO
White House
IVORY COAST Tangier
Abdijan
TANZANIA
EGYPT Dar es Salaam
Alexandria Zanzibar
Port Said TUNISIA
Suez Tunisia
Damietta
SOUTH AFRICA
GAMBIA Cape Town
Bajnul Durban
Richard's Bay
KENYA Port Elizabeth
Mombasa

OCEANIA

AUSTRALIA Sydney Ports

Burnie Tasmania
Darwin NEW ZEALAND
Fremantle Auckland
hobart Lyttleton
Newcastle Tauraga
Patrick Stevedores Wellington
P&O Ports

Important data to consult

History of Maritime Cargo Transportation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FF_rPjJUwWI
Port Companies
http://es.scribd.com/doc/24527009/sociedades-portuarias