QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

MORPHOLOGY

QUESTION 1

1. Why is "looking for it" an ambiguous statement? Justify it. Maximum

length: 1 page. (2 points)

The ambiguity of this statement lies in the value of SE. If we interpret SE as

reflective, it is understood that the subject himself is looking for something for
himself (a problem, an uncomfortable situation, he is looking for life, etc.). If we
interpret SE as a dative, it has the value of a simple morpheme that can be
dispensed with and reduce the statement to looking for it (find a house for someone
you know. a blanket to cover someone, etc.). Obviously, the fact that the pronoun is
feminine singular restricts the options to things of the feminine gender. The verb is
of the first conjugation (ending in ar), it is pronominal because it includes the enclitic
pronoun LA in addition to the morpheme SE, which has no pronoun value in this case.
In the combination of SE and pronoun, in no case does the second precede the first,
it is not said *buscárlase, *La se busqué, but rather Se la busqué.
We can include look for it within the verbal phrases such as arregrársela and
palmarla, since it is enough for the verb to be executed in an inflected or conjugated
form to prove its locutional nature: "Se will look for it", which also has a figurative
meaning.

2. Indicate the similarities and differences between "parade" and

"disarmament." Maximum length: 15 lines (2 points).

“Parade” and “disarm” share being both verbs of the first conjugation: parade, disarm.
Furthermore, they share being substantive due to the adjunction in both of the nominalizing
deverbal suffix –e (desfil-ar/desfil-e; desarm-ar/desarm-e). In both the suffix –e is regressive.
In addition to being nouns, both function as a verb in the first and third person singular in the
subjunctive mood (I parade, he/she parade /I disarm, he/she disarme) and in the imperative
mood (parade/disarme). They also share the prefix des-, but here there is a difference: they
have a different meaning. Des- in parade does not have the negative meaning that de- in
disarming has. In the first it seems that it was originally a prefix and today it gives the
impression of constituting a lexicalized term with the lexeme -phylum. On the other hand, in
the second, it has the meaning of returning to a previous state: before it was put together and
then what was put together is undone. Another difference is found in the process of
formation of both words:
Parade> parade
Weapon>arm>disarm>disarm

1
 In the first case, the process is shorter, the noun is formed directly from the verb parade. In
the second case, the process does not start from a verb but from a noun (weapon) from
which the verb “arm” and from this the parasynthetic verb “disarm” are formed.

Issues of Spanish morphology . P. 81-82.

What category relates me and me ? The answer is the case. The Latin casual regime has only
been preserved in the pronominal system (specifically, that of personal pronouns). Me and I
share the characteristics that make the classification of personal pronouns possible and in this
sense, they are also related: the person – which is linked exclusively to the verbal ending –
and the number – a characteristic shared in addition to the verb. , by the noun and the
adjective-. I and we share nominative case and 1st person. I and you share nominative case
and singular number; I and I share first person and singular number; The three pairs are
differentiated, respectively, by the number (singular/plural), the person (1st/2nd) and the
case (nominative/prepositional).
The tonic full forms I, you, he (she), us (us), you (as) and they (ellas) are representatives of the
nominative case, since they are the only pronouns that can perform the function of subject;
The unstressed forms or clitics represent the accusative cases (me, te, se, nos, os, los and le(s)
and dative cases (me, te, se, nos, os, le(s), lo, la, and their plurals as laist/loist variants los, las.
The prepositional or oblique case is represented by the singular stressed pronouns me, you, si
(reflexive) and he/she and the plural we, you and them, as well as with me, with you, with
him.
Apart from the three categories indicated, another grammatical category intervenes that
allows agreement with adjectives: gender. Gender affects all plurals of the nominative case,
distinguishing masculine and feminine (we, you, them) and the third person singular
distinguishing masculine, feminine and neuter (he, she, it).

The first is middle voice, since it makes the verb open intransitive. The second is
passive reflex. The first is the middle voice because the "se" cannot be suppressed.
The sun opens between the clouds. Nor can it become passive. The sun is open
between the clouds. The second is passive reflex because it establishes a
relationship of agreement The markets open at 9, and in addition, you can go to
passive The market is open at 9

2
No. Although both words share the grammatical category of noun at the beginning of
their formation process, in familiarity, in addition to the noun familia, the familiar
adjective is attached, while in llamarada it is based on a single noun: llama. Both
share a grammatical category thanks to the suffixation of -idad and de-ada, but with
different meanings: -idad with the meaning of quality or state and -ada with the
meaning of a set. Both share the segment -ar- but in the case of familiarity it is an
adjectival suffix (familar) while in llamarada it is an interfix (llam-ar-ada).

Both share a grammatical category (adjective) thanks to the suffixation -ado. They
are formed from different nouns: the first of the noun. sweetness and the second of
sweetness. Both sweetness and sweetness come from the adjective sweet, they
share the basis of formation. At first glance it seems that both words contain two
suffixes: dulz-or-ado and dulz-ur-ado. The first (-or) is a nominalizing suffix and the
second (-ura) is also one, and both share the meaning of quality. However, it differs
in the second suffix in that the first contains thematic vowel (dulzor-a-do) and in the
second the suffix is -ado and not -do as in the first. For all these reasons, the
phonetic change does not in turn determine a morphological change: both are
adjectives derived from nouns. Dulzor seems to have been formed as an imitation of
the Latin model of words suffixed in -or, and the second on the patrimonial basis

The first is compound, the second nominal locution. In cases of great similarity like
this, the trick is that the compounds can form series and the phrases cannot.

The problem with this couple is that they have the same structure, pluriverbal and
N+A, and the same characteristics, for example, in terms of plural formation:
wrenches, Toledo nights; acceptance of referral, have you seen the wrench? / What a
night Toledo gave me!; fixation; both are fixed and are part of the vocabulary of the

3
language; both are idiomatic, in this case we are dealing with a compound with a
non-compositional meaning that is usually a characteristic feature of locutions, a
wrench is not necessarily a key to that part of the United Kingdom, in the same way
that a Toledo night not only You can spend it in Toledo. The difference between the
two could be that wrench, as a syntagmatic compound, could be part of the lexical
family of Bricomanía keys, along with the "allen key" and the "tap key", although this
criterion is not entirely valid because Many syntagmatic compounds are not part of
any lexical family, but, without a doubt, the biggest difference between the two is
found in semantics, because the compounds, for the most part, name entities in the
real world, tangible and physical objects such as table stretcher, pants skirt, while
nominal phrases denote abstract entities or have a figurative meaning. (document
"From the compound to the nominal phrase" in group files) It could be analyzed more
extensively, because several criteria and more examples and counterexamples
remain to be commented on.

Chinese story is nominal locution. It's like Toledo night: fixed, institutional, non-
compositional, sense of the whole, it doesn't form series...

An adjectival phrase that complements the core of the noun phrase "a friend"

Issues …p. 44. It is an adverbial phrase because it works as a modifying adverb of a verb
(“There were people in full force”). Its status as a locution is justified by fulfilling the following
features: pluriverbality, fixation, idiomaticity and institutionalization; Furthermore, it presents
other (secondary) features that reinforce this analysis: presence of an idiomatic word, non-
sentential character and a typical and productive structure of adverbial utterance. For a more
complete argument, see the Glossary of Issues ... and, above all, Introduction to Spanish
phraseology. Study of locutions .

4
-o can be a masculine gender mark (inflected) in nouns that refer to sexual realities
(boy-o) and in the adjective that agrees with a noun of said gender: the high
mountains, the little boy... and it can be also a deverbal (derivative) nominal suffix as
in throw>throw, in what is known as regressive derivation by some grammarians. In
the latter case it usually indicates action or effect...

Fake. There are examples of words ending in a stressed vowel with the plural
allomorph –s: wild boars, zulus, platós, sofas. dads, coffees, corsets, IDs, etc., and
even ending in a consonant: mammoths...ziggurats...

Issues …p. 44. It is an adverbial phrase because it works as an adverb that modifies a verb. Its
status as a locution is justified by fulfilling the following features: pluriverbality, fixation,
idiomaticity and institutionalization; Furthermore, it presents other (secondary) features that
reinforce this analysis: presence of an idiomatic word, non-sentential character and a typical
and productive structure of adverbial utterance. For a more complete argument, see the
Glossary of Issues ... and, above all, Introduction to Spanish phraseology. Study of locutions .

(The following may serve as a complement)

A phrase is called a group of words, generally in the form of a phrase, with a fixed and
institutionalized character, which due to its block meaning is equivalent to a lexical unit,
whose category is normally assigned, in addition to its meaning, according to the function it
plays in the sentence in which it is inserted. In a trasmano we find an adverbial phrase whose
meaning is " Out of reach or the usual and comfortable handling of the hand ." This type of
utterance is identified among other things because it follows the prep+sust (after-hand)
pattern. Among the prepositions in this type of phrases we can find, in addition to a, a+art, en,
en+det., de, por or the contraction al (a+el). Adverbial phrases are fixed expressions made up
of several words that They are equivalent to a single adverb. In this case, the phrase could be
replaced by an adverb depending on the context: The glass fell because it caught me astray
(far away). The term trasmano exists independently of the phrase, and has a masculine and
feminine expression preceded by an article: the trasmano/la trasmano (the second in order in

5
certain games) so it is an invariable word in terms of number and gender.

Issues …p. 44. It is an adverbial phrase because it works as a modifying adverb of a verb
(“There were people in full force”). Its status as a locution is justified by fulfilling the following
features: pluriverbality, fixation, idiomaticity and institutionalization; Furthermore, it presents
other (secondary) features that reinforce this analysis: presence of an idiomatic word, non-
sentential character and a typical and productive structure of adverbial utterance. For a more
complete argument, see the Glossary of Issues ... and, above all, Introduction to Spanish
phraseology. Study of locutions .

(What follows can serve as a complement, modifying the phrase)

A phrase is called a group of words, generally in the form of a phrase, with a fixed
and institutionalized character, which due to its block meaning is equivalent to a
lexical unit, whose category is normally assigned, in addition to its meaning,
according to the function it plays in the sentence in which it is inserted. In knowingly
we find an adverbial phrase whose meaning is "With knowledge of the facts." This
type of utterance is identified among other things because they follow the prep+sust
pattern. Among the prepositions in this type of phrases we can find, in addition to a,
a+art, en, en+det., de, por or the contraction al (a+el). Adverbial phrases are fixed
expressions made up of several words that They are equivalent to a single adverb. In
this case, the phrase could be replaced by "premeditatedly." The term knowingly
does not exist independently and its use is only known in conjunction with the
preposition a. The peculiarity of the term knowing is that it is in the form of a gerund
and is totally irregular if we take into account that the gerund is an impersonal and
non-inflected form of the verb (knowing/*knowing/eating/*eating). In addition, using
the feminine gender morpheme is also unusual because it is expressed with a plural
number morpheme. The subsistence of knowing may be due to remains of Latin

Issues …page 46. It is an adverbial phrase because it works as a modifying adverb of a verb
(“He carried out the order reluctantly”). Its status as a locution is justified by fulfilling the
following features: pluriverbality, fixation, idiomaticity and institutionalization; Furthermore,
it presents other (secondary) features that reinforce this analysis: presence of an idiomatic
word, non-sentential character and a typical and productive structure of adverbial utterance.

6
For a more complete argument, see the Glossary of Issues ... and, above all, Introduction to
Spanish phraseology. Study of locutions .

(What follows can serve as a complement, modifying the phrase)

A phrase is called a group of words, generally in the form of a phrase, with a fixed
and institutionalized character, which due to its block meaning is equivalent to a
lexical unit, whose category is normally assigned, in addition to its meaning,
according to the function it plays in the sentence in which it is inserted. In knowingly
we find an adverbial phrase whose meaning is "With knowledge of the facts." This
type of utterance is identified among other things because they follow the prep+sust
pattern. Among the prepositions in this type of phrases we can find, in addition to a,
a+art, en, en+det., de, por or the contraction al (a+el). Adverbial phrases are fixed
expressions made up of several words that They are equivalent to a single adverb. In
this case, the phrase could be replaced by "premeditatedly." The term knowingly
does not exist independently and its use is only known in conjunction with the
preposition a. The peculiarity of the term knowing is that it is in the form of a gerund
and is totally irregular if we take into account that the gerund is an impersonal and
non-inflected form of the verb (knowing/*knowing/eating/*eating). In addition, using
the feminine gender morpheme is also unusual because it is expressed with a plural
number morpheme. The subsistence of knowing may be due to remains of Latin

Acronym: beginning of one word plus the end of another. It behaves morphologically
like a compound, croe.

It would go from middle "se" (part of the verb "caerse") to reflex passive index ("se

7
demolió" > was demolished)

a) The ambiguity is in principle that “pink” can be understood as the name or adjective of
color – jersey (colored) pink – or as a noun that designates a flower. In the second sequence,
however, there is no ambiguity because it refers only to color.

The ambiguity is in the grammatical category. In the first sequence, “pink” could be
understood at first glance as an adjective, and “red” in the second sequence also as an
adjective; However, if we convert these sequences to the plural (pink sweaters/red sweaters)
we observe that in the first the rules of agreement that tell us that the adjectives agree in
gender and number with the noun are not met. And why is this? Well, pink is actually a noun
and hence there is no agreement. Therefore, in pink jersey we find two nouns (jersey and
pink) in apposition; and red jersey a noun (jersey) and an adjective (red).
b) Primary colors have the property of being adjectives and nouns. In sky blue and apple
green it can be understood that there is also apposition of nouns, and they could rather be
understood as the following sequences: sky blue (color) and green (apple color), as also
occurs in pink jersey. It is observed that they do not comply with the rules of agreement: * sky
blue, * apple green.

INTRODUCTION TO THE SPANISH LANGUAGE

The degrees of the adjective . P. 125
Adjectives can express different degrees of intensity:
A) Comparative grade:
- Of superiority: (more…than) The Ebro is more abundant than the Tagus
- Of equality (as...like) Luis is as tall as his father.
- Of inferiority (less…than) Cotton is less soft than silk.
B) Superlative level:
• Absolute superlative: if no term of comparison appears. It is built:
a) Through adverbs: very noble, too sensitive, extraordinarily clever, enormously
happy.
b) Through degree morphemes, which are of two kinds:
1. The suffixes –ísimo, -ísima (very salty, very efficient) and –érmo, -érrima (poor,
very famous).

8
 2. The prefixes re-, requeté--, archi-, super-, extra-: relilsto, requetebueno,
archiconocido, superfamous, extralong.
• Relative superlative: if the quality is presented at its highest degree but referred to a
term of comparison: Juan is the nicest of the group. It is one of his least known films.
C) Positive degree: if the quality is presented without intensifying. It is the default
degree that adjectives normally present: This fabric is soft. Juan is not famous.

Although "must be" has only one interpretation, which is an expression of doubt
about the premise, I believe that it is the word "when" that undergoes a grammatical
change by removing "even." At that point it would become ambiguous:
1) It can be a relative adverb ("at the time").
2) Conjunction

While I was still, I think it could only be the latter.

The collocation label of N+A is not appropriate, because it is an N1+N2 structure,

where N2 assumes a typically adjectival semantic function, as occurs with color
names.

It is not a nominal phrase because it does not meet the criteria of fixation,
idiomaticity (the meaning is compositional) and institutionalization

They are noun phrases in apposition. As syntagms, they have the power (restricted in
the 2nd component) to present projections or modifications on a "foreign policy
issue, key to the resolution of the Middle East conflict." The noun N1, the syntactic
core of the construction, retains its denoting and referential properties, while the N2
assumes a typically adjectival semantic function, hence it can be applied to an
indeterminate number of nouns "key subject, key man, key word... .", which cancels
any option to form a paradigm. N1 admits certain grammatical operations that
compound nouns usually reject, such as the addition of affixes (here Page
contradicts what he says in other articles) and plural agreement with two
coordinated singular nouns "the key man and matter." Many N2 have inflectional
marking of the plural "key issues" and admit the coordination "key and important
issue for security", its apposition to a complementary adjective of N1 "vital, key
issue" and its conversion into referential phrases with anaphoric article "the "The
only issue that will be discussed at the meeting is the key one." They do not allow
conversion into a graphic compound nor, consequently, can they develop suffix

9
derivatives; They are, likewise, contrary to the facts of polysemy and
polyfunctionality. For their part, syntagmatic compounds are lexical formations with
strong syntactic and semantic cohesion that do not tolerate expansions or
modifications in any of their components *religious frog man, *poisonous frog man,
but rather it is the whole that designates a reality, they constitute a semantic and
categorical unity, a quality that allows them to become graphic compounds "tin
sheet>tin sheet", develop derivatives by suffixation "tin tinplate" and become
polysemic words. In some cases it is possible to create paradigms of elements
related by cohyponymy "polar bear, panda bear, brown bear".

- Mayonnaise: be of medium voice.

- Pan: passive reflex.
- Finger: reflexive pronoun of CI.

In the first case candil-(lexeme) + -et- (interfix) + -ear (verbal suffix) and in the
second case tabl- (lexeme) + -et- (nominalizing suffix) + -ear (verbal suffix). They do
not have the same morphological structure since the first is an interfix and the
second is a suffix. Nor is the formation process the same: Candil> candiletear
(interfixation and suffixation), Tabla>tablet (suffixation)> tabletear (suffixation)

In the training process. From candil it goes directly to the verb candiletear, there is
no candilete, for example, which would then be -et- suffix. On the other hand, in
tabletear, it begins with a table, and from this noun another noun is formed: tablet,
thanks to -et- Since this -et- transforms one noun into another, then it is a
nominalizing suffix.

If a particle helps convert a word from one category to another or to the same
grammatical category, then it is a suffix, and it can be a denominal suffix (if it comes
from a name), a deverbal suffix (if it comes from a verb), a dejectival suffix (if it
comes from adjective) or deadverbial suffix (if it comes from an adverb). The tablet -
et- helps convert one noun into another, so -et- is a nominalizing suffix. And if the
result of this conversion of the word is a noun, an adjective, or a verb, then it will be,
respectively, a nominalizing, adjectivalizing or verbalizing suffix, so that there can be
several origins and several conversions: deverbal nominalizing suffix, suffix
deadjectival nominalizer, etc. The -et- of candiletear does not convert the noun

10
candil into anything, but rather helps link the lexeme candil- with the verbal suffix -
ear. That is one thing that some discuss, the autonomy or not of the interfix.

In the first it is reciprocal and in the second it can be reciprocal or reflective. It also
goes from being a verbal utterance to a free syntactic structure. "We will see our
faces in the debate"/"We will see our faces in the mirror." see faces one person with
another
1. loc. verb. colloq. Appear to express anger strongly or to quarrel

The books or the children were lost- They are middle sentences.
The books were hidden - Reflective passive sentence.
The children hid - Pronominal sentence (hide).
In all of them, both children and books play the role of subject

It has nothing to do with it- It would be a verbal locution.

It has nothing to do with it - Verbal periphrasis (modal verb).

QUESTION 2

11
Important data to answer the questions later

INTRODUCTION TO THE SPANISH LANGUAGE

The adverb Page. 171

Our language presents the possibility of converting many adjectives into adverbs, by
immobilizing them in the masculine singular and having numerous adverbial phrases.

1.1 Morphological characteristics of the adverb

Adverbs are invariable, that is, they do not have gender or number morphemes. Thus, the
adverbs far, near, and above cannot be decomposed into any other segment; They only have
lexeme.
Note that in far, -s cannot be a plural number morpheme since the form *lejo does not exist,
nor can -o- be considered a masculine morpheme since there is no possibility of a feminine
*lejas .
However, without losing their invariable status, they can admit certain morphemes:
• Appreciative suffix morphemes: cerquita, despacito, encimita, lejotes...
• Suffix morphemes of superlative degree: very far, very close, requetemal...
For their part, adverbs ending in –mente can be segmented: logically it consists of the lexeme
lógic- and the derivational suffix morpheme –mente. Between the two is the segment -a-
which is a remainder of the feminine gender morpheme that the adjective on which it was
formed had: the Spanish locution logically has passed to the current logically.

1.3. Kinds of adverbs by their meaning

- Adverbs of place : up, down, here, there, there, here, there, in front, ahead, inside, inside,
behind, behind, outside, outside, around, apart, near, far, above, in front...
- Adverbs of time : now, before, after, even, still, already, soon, later, then, then, while, today,
yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow, last night, the night before last, always, never,
never...Many adverbs of time are They form with the suffix –mente: currently, daily, formerly,
annually, immediately, recently, lately...
- Adverbs of manner : on purpose, bet, like this, well, badly, quickly, quickly, slowly, equally,
better, worse...and adverbs with a suffix in –mente: happily, briefly, completely, erroneously,
publicly, technically, quickly, absolutely... that are formed from adjectives.
- Adverbs of quantity : barely, nothing, very, more, less, approximately, almost, more than
enough... Many indefinite indefinites are included in this group, immobilized in the masculine
singular: something, everything, a lot, little, enough, too much, so much...
- Adverbs of affirmation : yes, true, certainly, perfectly, good, sure, also, according to, actually,
truly...
- Adverbs of negation : no, neither, never, never, nones...
- Adverbs of doubt : perhaps, maybe (or maybe>), possibly, probably, surely, maybe...

Some adverbs can belong to more than one class:

- Nothing : quantity and negation
- Apart: mode “separately”, and place “elsewhere”

12
 - Never: time and denial.

It should also be taken into account that certain words are adverbs or other types of words
depending on the context:
- Good : Adjective (A good album) or adverb of affirmation (-Shall we go to the movies? -
Well)
- Something, a lot, quite can be indefinite or adverbs
- The comparatives better or worse can be adjectives or adverbs so
- Some nouns are sometimes adverbs: morning, afternoon, nearby are adverbs in They
will come tomorrow, They got up late, The gas station is nearby , and nouns in The
morning passed quietly, We will see each other this afternoon, The fence is painted
white. We must add cannon, pipe, quantity, cloth which in colloquial speech are
equivalent to good, a lot or very .

Comparative Adverbs

The Comparative Adverbs are the following:

 Better (than) → Healthy food is better than junk food

 Worse (than) → Staying silent is worse than speaking the truth
 Just (as) → Everything happened just as expected
 More (than) → My work is more precise and clearer than yours
 Less (than) → The patient's response was less rapid than the other
 As (like) → I run as fast as Fermín

INTRODUCTION TO THE SPANISH LANGUAGE

The degrees of the adjective . P. 125
Adjectives can express different degrees of intensity:
D) Comparative grade:
- Of superiority: (more…than) The Ebro is more abundant than the Tagus
- Of equality (as...like) Luis is as tall as his father.
- Of inferiority (less…than) Cotton is less soft than silk.
E) Superlative level:
• Absolute superlative: if no term of comparison appears. It is built:
c) Through adverbs: very noble, too sensitive, extraordinarily clever, enormously
happy.
d) Through degree morphemes, which are of two kinds:
1. The suffixes –ísimo, -ísima (very salty, very efficient) and –érmo, -érrima (poor,
very famous).
2. The prefixes re-, requeté--, archi-, super-, extra-: relilsto, requetebueno,
archiconocido, superfamous, extralong.
• Relative superlative: if the quality is presented at its highest degree but referred to a
term of comparison: Juan is the nicest of the group. It is one of his least known films.

13
 F) Positive degree: if the quality is presented without intensifying. It is the default degree
that adjectives normally present: This fabric is soft. Juan is not famous.

Irregular comparative and superlative adjectives.

Some adjectives have special forms for the comparative and superlative, inherited from Latin:

Irregular superlatives

Positive Comparative Superlative

Well Better Optimum

Bad Worse Appalling
Big Elderly Maximum
Little Minor Minimum
High Superior Supreme
Low lower Infimum

Anterior and posterior lack a positive and superlative degree.

The superlatives optimal, terrible, maximum, minimum, supreme and lowest have a more
emphatic nuance than their respective regular superlatives:

Optimal → great
Terrible→very bad
Maximum→ great
Minimal→ very small
Supreme→ most high
Very low→ very low

Indefinite adjectives . P. 129

They serve to refer to an imprecise or poorly determined number of elements belonging to the
class of objects designated by the noun they accompany: the expressions some books, some
students, many cities express the idea of a greater or lesser number of books, students or cities
, but they do not allow us to know their exact number or identify which books, students or
cities they are about. However, they do not fail to identify the quantity. That is why they are
said to be quantifiers. Cardinal numeral adjectives are also quantifiers, although they require a
precise number of elements.
Several groups of indefinite adjectives are distinguished:
Indefinite with variation of gender and number:
- One, one, some, some: There were some cows grazing. It's horribly hot.
- Some, some, some, some: Read some essay. Some witnesses wear morning coats.

14
 - None, none, none, none: There was no problem. No publisher wants to publish it. In
the plural it is used very little: I don't wear any glasses. I didn't have any desire to go.
- Much, much, many, many: It has a lot of value. He composed many couplets.
- Little, little, few, few: Little snow fell. There were few skiers.
- Too much, too much, too many, too many: Too much wind was blowing. He ate too
many strawberries.
- Everything, everything, everyone, everyone, which are usually combined with other
determinants (All the blame. All your friends) but they can also appear alone (Any
crime will be punished).
- Same, same, same, same, which requires the presence of the article (has the same
hairstyle) or another determinative adjective (It was that same year. He has the same
eyes).
- Another, another, others, others: I read another novel by that author. Other times we
go to the theater.
- True, true, true, true: It happened on a certain day in May. He has certain prejudices.

Indefinite with variation of number but not gender:

- Quite a few: Spend quite a bit of money. They have visited quite a few museums.
- Any (a), any, which in the singular has two forms: any, before a masculine noun (any
language) or a feminine noun (any topic); and anyone, if it is postponed (Any boy. Any
afternoon). The plural forms are literary and less frequent any (Reacts to any
unforeseen events) and any (Any books).

Indefinite with gender variation that are only used in the plural.
- Several, several: He painted several portraits. Several species are cultivated.
- Sendos, paths: indefinite distributive meaning “one for each” (The athletes received
medals).

invariable indefinites
- More and less: We need more paper. There are no more cookies left. Less clothes fit
here. Before, there were fewer cars on the road.
- Others, which is only used with a plural noun (The other beaches are to the north)
- Each. Distributive indefinite that is used with singular nouns (They gave a diploma to
each participant) or with a plural noun preceded by a numeral or another quantifier
(Every eight hours, every few months). It is used with a weighting value in expressions
such as: It says each thing. You ask every question.

- So much, so much, so many, so many: they are adjectives when they determine a
noun (They have as many friends as female friends. There was such a crowd that
there was no room. Yesterday was so cold!)

Some indefinite forms may appear together with the article, possessives and demonstratives in
the determining function of a nominal nucleus: The whole family. His few years. That same

15
case. Likewise, certain indefinites can be combined with each other (and with the article) in the
same function: All other days. Many other stars. No other proof.

Indefinite pronouns. P. 142

Indefinite pronouns are considered those forms that are part of the group of indefinite
pronouns (see indefinite adjectives, page 129) that in certain contexts can assume substantive
functions without undergoing modification.
Are:
- One, one, some, some. One entertains oneself as best one can. Some were dancing a
tango.
- Some, some, some, some. Does anyone want it? Some are ripe.
- None. No one attended the appointment. I don't know any of his daughters.
- Another, another, others, others. Give it to another. Take another one.
- Everything, everything, everyone, everyone. Everything ended well. They have all
arrived.
- Several, several: Several have commented on it. Bring several.
- Much, much, many, many. Many have been sold.
- Little, little, few, few. Few know it.
- Too much, too much, too many, too many. Don't buy drinks, there are too many.
- Quite a few. We already have enough troubles.
- So much, so much, so many, so many. Do not run so much.
- Any. It is a pronoun in sentences like Anyone can do it. You shouldn't trust just anyone.
Whatever is the cultured norm.
They are always indefinite pronouns; That is, they cannot have an adjective function:
- Someone, nobody, invariable, referring to people: Someone will stop. Nobody is
perfect.
- Something, nothing, invariable, referring to things (neutral). Tell him something.
Nothing happened.
- Whoever, whoever, which is followed by a relative clause: Whoever it is must comply
with the regulation. Whoever they are...

Some indefinites are never pronouns: certain and true, with their respective variants. Nor the
same and its variants, more, less and so on, since to perform the substantive function they
must be substantiated by the article: The same people always speak. Most of the time they go
to the coast. Those who complained were the least. The others don't have an opinion . The
indefinite others is a pronoun in enumerations of the type Bricklayers, painters and others
came, with a meaning equivalent to etc.

Interrogative and exclamatory adjectives

They are adjectives that, when determining a noun, specify the specific aspect to which a
question is directed (interrogatives) or the aspect that is desired to be intensified
(exclamatives).

16
They have common shapes. Intonation, in the spoken language, and punctuation marks, in the
written language, allow us to distinguish one from the other. The main ones are:

- What , invariably, is interrogative in What excuse will he make ? What operas have you
seen ? What writers are you referring to ? exclamatory in How right he was! What time
do they come home! What a face he came with!
- How much, how much, how many, how many, with variation in gender and number;
in How much money is missing? How much flour do I add? How many poems do you
remember? How many stores did you enter ? They are interrogative; in How much juice
do you drink! How many people we met! How many memories it brings back! How
many things we talked about ! They are exclamatory.

The interrogative-exclamative how much

NGLE.22.4.2b The interrogative-exclamative how much is used in its inflected forms as a

quantification adjective ( how many times, how many papers, how much time, how much
money ) or as a pronoun , whether it refers to people: Oh death, death, a How many you
deprive of pleasant company, how many your annoying visitation disconsolates! (Rojas,
Celestina ), as if it alludes to other realities. Like other quantifiers, it can be used in anaphoric
constructions ( many pesos, but I don't know exactly how many ) or cataphoric constructions:
Start thinking about how many four hundred pesos are together (García Márquez, Coronel ); I
don't know how many of these materials can be used. As can be seen in the last example, how
much it is similar to a lot, a little and other indefinite quantifiers in that it admits the partitive
construction. It is also constructed, like much and little , with an adjectival complement: How
much usable can there be in these materials? When it is an adverb, how much does it affect the
verb as an attached complement, as in How much do you sleep each day?; How much he liked
to be taken for a walk!, but also as an argument, as in How much does a pack of cigarettes
cost? or in What is the use, what can it lead to, how long can it last? (Mallea, Bahia ). It can
also be a modifier of comparative adjectival or adverbial groups: how much less useless, how
much more skillfully.

The apocopated variants very, so, how and how

NGLE 19.3.1c The shortened variants very, so, how and how appear before adjectives
( very clever, so tall, how long it was, how true ) and adverbs ( very well, so quickly, how hard it
can, how far ). Non-apocoped forms are chosen in the adjectival or adverbial groups that form
comparatives of inequality ( much higher, much less early, so much worse, the bigger, the
better ), as well as in combinations with the adverbs before and after, which they have
comparative value: much earlier (roughly equivalent to 'much sooner'), much later . The how
form is today more used in American Spanish than in European Spanish, where it is restricted
to the most formal registers, especially literary.

PAN-HISPANIC DICTIONARY OF DOUBTS

17
That . It has the following values:
1.1. Interrogative or exclamatory pronoun, which, always referring to things, introduces direct
interrogative or exclamatory statements, and indirect interrogative or exclamatory
subordinate sentences: "What happened to you?"; «What are you going to tell me!»; "-Do you
know something? -That?".
1.2. Placed before a noun, and referring to both people and things, it functions as an
interrogative or exclamatory adjective: "What document do you need?"; "What an
extraordinary woman"; "And look at the pretty flowers!"
1.3. It can also function as an interrogative or exclamatory adverb, normally in exclamatory
sentences and placed before an adjective or another adverb: "How handsome you are!"; «How
well you played!

Examples.
How is always an adverb. How + delicious = adv + adj
What + noun = what adjective; What fruit = what adjective
what + adjective = what adverb. How pretty.
How good = adv + adv = adv
Most beautiful = adv + adj = adv
More cookies: Adj. Indefinite + noun = adjective

FURTHER

Más can be a comparative adverb that denotes superiority and precedes adjectives or
adverbs:

Speak louder.

Go slower.

Arrive sooner.

It can also function as an adjective that modifies a noun:

More guests have arrived.

Don't buy more discs.

I don't eat more meat.

It can also function as a pronoun :

-Do we have any beers left in the fridge?

-No, there is no more.

18
More is also a masculine noun that means 'sign of addition or addition' and 'sign that indicates
the positive character of a quantity'. In both cases it is represented by the + symbol. It is a
stressed word and is written with an accent, unlike the adversative conjunction more : In this
sum the more is missing. [ DPD , p. 420]

Más works as a copulative conjunction when it is placed between two elements or quantities
to indicate sum or addition: Three plus two equals five. [ DPD , p. 420]

QUESTIONS

Life is better here than anywhere else .

Morph Verb Adverb Adv.Cant . Adv . Conj. Prep. Adj. Adj. noun
of place Compar. indef . Indf .

ANSWER: A (Remember that the question says “among other constituents”)

SE: In this case it is not a pronoun, but a morpheme. Non-pronominal use. Without syntactic
function.
WHAT: conjunction

19
The one that causes so much pain is much worse.
Verb Adv. Qty . Adj. comp . Pron. Demo. Pron. Verb. Adj.indf . noun
Relat.
and whose effect is much slower
conj. Adj. Pos. noun Verb Adv. qty Adv.qty . Adj.

ANSWER: F

Have you exercised a lot ? Yes , too much

Verb participle adj.indef . noun Adv. Pron . Indef .
Affirmation

And there are still two very difficult games left

Conj. Adver.tense verb adj. Numeral Subst. Adv. Qty . Adjective

ANSWER: D

20
How many new things ! I didn't know anything, but I see Adj. Quantitative noun Adv.
of verb pron . conj. Adv . verb
Negation indf . time

There are many surprises

Conj. Verb Adj. Indef . Noun

ANSWER: E

He lost a lot of money . Very much . But

Verb Adj. Indef . noun Pron. Indef . conj.

I do not know how much .

Adv. of verb pron. Indef .
denial

ANSWER: C

You should ever be more

Adj. Indefinite noun Verb verb Adv.comp .

insistent to get more advantages

Adjective preposition verb Adj.comp . noun

ANSWER: B

21
On certain occasions you have to be
Prep. Adj. Indef . noun Verb Conj. verb

Very tenacious to get any response

Adv. qty Adj . Prep. verb ad. Indf . noun

ANSWER: B

What a beautiful fruit , and how

Adj. noun Adv.quantity Adjective Conj Adv.
excl.

It is delicious ! But how good it's going to feel for me !

Adjective verb Conj. Adv.. Pron.refl mode adv. prep verb verb.

ANSWER: i

Please be quiet and smoking is prohibited in public places.

ANSWER: B?

22
QUESTION 3

a) True : Moroccan, Libyan, Genevan, Asturian, Israeli, Madrid.

Others: Buenos Aires, Andalusian...

b) True . Thematic vowel file. “The vowel element immediately adjacent to the root , which heads the
inflectional morpheme and which indicates the conjugation to which the verb belongs, is called the thematic vowel
. The thematic vowel can vary within the same inflectional paradigm , and can also be null or represented by a
diphthong . Thus, in the first conjugation, the thematic vowel options are –a- (am-á-ba-mos) and Ø (am-Ø-e-mos ).
In the second they are –e- (tem-e-re-mos), Ø (tem- Ø- ió- Ø) and also the diphthong –ie- (tem-ié-ra-mos ). The
variants that appear in the third are also very similar: -i- (part-i-ste-is), Ø (part- Ø -a-mos) and also the diphthong –
ie- (part-ié-se- mos)” Re- (prefix) + -tuv- (lexeme) + -ie- (thematic vowel) + -ron (third person plural ending)

c) False . NGLE 16.2.3a Reciprocal pronouns can be considered a subgroup of reflexive

pronouns. SPANISH LANGUAGE (Antonio Quilis) (Pages. 190-191):

REFLEXIVES PRONOUNS
1st P 2ºP 3ºP
SINGULAR I TEA HE
PLURAL US YOU HE

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
1ºP 2ºP 3ºP
PLURAL US YOU HE

d) False. NGLE. 4.8 Verbs that present an incomplete conjugation are called defective, that is,
those that constitute paradigms that lack some inflectional forms: dawn, dusk, snow, rain,
arrecir, aterir, discolor, embaír...

e) False . a- (prefix) + -mam- (lexeme) + -ant (present participle suffix) + -a- (thematic vowel))
+ -r (infinitive ending)

23
a) True . NGLE 1.3.1a “The person is a property of the personal pronouns (yo, tú, vos…) and of
the possessives (my, you, our…)” 18.1.2c “In Spanish, the possessives agree in gender and
number with the noun that designates the thing possessed: our work, your desires, this friend
of yours .

b) False . SPANISH LANGUAGE (Antonio Quilis): preposition (por) + relative (que).

INTRODUCTION TO THE WESPANISH LANGUAGE (Page. 182) “The connections constituted by a
preposition plus the conjunction that are considered conjunctive phrases. Ex. because, why,
with what …

c) False . Dis- (prefix) + -pon- (lexeme) + -i- (thematic vowel) + -bil (adjectival suffix or deverbal
suffix) + -idad (nominal suffix))

d) False . It is a prepositional phrase. NGLE 30.10.1: "Adverbial phrases are fixed expressions
made up of several words that are equivalent to a single adverb."29.3.2a: "The most
productive pattern in the formation of prepositional phrases is preposition + noun +
preposition." But another pattern that mentioned in 29.3.2c is the noun or adjective +
preposition pattern. The prep guideline + what + adj. + prep. They do not form prepositional
phrases because the adjective continues to function in them as such. 29.3.2a “The analysis of
sequences such as… opposite followed by the preposition of is controversial. One option is to
analyze them in the form [in front of][the house] where the first segment is interpreted as a
prepositional phrase and the second as its term.

e) False . NGLE 23.9.1 The form “I had dreamed” is past perfect (had, had, had, had, had, had).
NGLE 23.9.2 The past tense would be “I had dreamed” (Hube, there was, there was, we had,
there was, there was)

24
f) False . NGLE 3.1.2a “Nouns ending in an unstressed vowel or in Á, É, Ó tonics make the plural
in –s: houses, streets, yanquis, books, tribes, sofas, cafes, sets . They also add –s to the high
voices ending in a diphthong, like bonsai . The endings in tonic Í, Ú tend to admit the two plural
variants: bamboos/bambúes, boars/boarís .” 3.2.2a “The names of the awards do not vary
when they express their official name: the Goya awards, the Oscar ceremony , but they do
when they designate a material object, or the person who receives them: the museum's
goyas , the Nobel Prize winners in literature. ”
Issues…Glossary. Morpho. P. 228. The –s is the morph or allomorph of the plural of nouns that
acts when they end in an unstressed vowel (casa-s), with some exceptions (dad-s)

a) True . NGLE 3.1.2a “Nouns ending in an unstressed vowel or in Á, É, Ó tonics make the
plural in –s: houses, streets, yanquis, books, tribes, sofas, cafes, sets . They also add –s to the
high voices ending in a diphthong, like bonsai . The endings in tonic Í, Ú tend to admit the two
plural variants: bamboos/bambúes, boars/boarís .” 3.2.2a “The names of the awards do not
vary when they express their official name: the Goya awards, the Oscar ceremony , but they
do when they designate a material object, or the person who receives them: the museum's
goyas , the Nobel Prize winners in literature. ”
Issues…Glossary. Morpho. P. 228. The –s is the morph or allomorph of the plural of nouns that

25
acts when they end in an unstressed vowel (casa-s), with some exceptions (dad-s)

B) True . Both nouns. Questions of Spanish Morphology (p. 153): ...syntagms such as
the blue of the sky or a very dark black , in which blue and black are unequivocally
nouns./ In Two violet blouses the explanation that occurs to us is that violet , in the non-
agreed phrase (two violet blouses), is a noun and, therefore, as a noun, it has no
obligation to agree with the nucleus: violet is a noun phrase in specific apposition of
the phrase blouses. The analysis we propose for violet (apposition to a plural noun is
that for economy of language, the noun color (or the prepositional phrase of color )
would have been dispensed with: two violet blouses/two violet blouses. (Conclusion.
The proof that “blue” in “dresses in blue” is a noun is that you can add an adjective “dresses
in light blue”, and since an adjective cannot complement another adjective, “blue” is a noun.
“Viste (color) blue” = “blue in color” are two nouns in apposition. )

C) True. RAE heteronymy. (From heteronym ). 1. f. Ling. Phenomenon by which two words
that correspond to two grammatical terms in opposition come from different roots; p. e.g. ,
bull cow .

D) True . Thematic vowel file. “The vowel element immediately adjacent to the root , which heads
the inflectional morpheme and indicates the conjugation to which the verb belongs, is called the
thematic vowel. The thematic vowel can vary within the same inflectional paradigm , and can also be
null or represented by a diphthong . Thus, in the first conjugation, the thematic vowel options are –a-
(am-á-ba-mos) and Ø (am-Ø-e-mos ). In the second they are –e- (tem-e-re-mos), Ø (tem- Ø- ió- Ø) and
also the diphthong –ie- (tem-ié-ra-mos ). The variants that appear in the third are also very similar: -i-
(part-i-ste-is), Ø (part- Ø -a-mos) and also the diphthong –ie- (part-ié-se- mos)” Re- (prefix) + -tuv-
(lexeme) + -ie- (thematic vowel) + -ron (third person plural ending).” ( Conclusion. In “they had”, -í is
thematic vowel. The segmentation of the verb based on the structure “lexeme + thematic
vowel + inflectional morpheme of TM + inflectional morpheme of PN” is: ten-í-a-, ten-í-as,
ten-í-a-, ten-í -a-mos, ten-í-a-is, ten-í-an.”

E) True . Issues in Spanish Morphology . Glossary (p. 218.) HYPOCORISTIC. Personal name of a
person, of a family or emotional nature, generally obtained through the shortening of another
personal name or anthroponym. The shortening can be produced by one of the following
three metaplasms: a) apocope: preserves the head of the anthroponym: Margarita > Marga,
Bienvenido >Bienve; b) Apheresis: Guadalupe > Lupe; Genoveva >Veva; c) Syncopation:
Manuel >Manel; Gonzalo >Gonzo. The hypocoristic can also be obtained by combining several
metaplasms: apheresis + apocope (Inmaculada >Macu); apheresis + syncopation (Antonio >
Tono); syncopation + apocpe (Manuel > Mane); apheresis + syncopation + apocope (Eleuterio
>Lute).

26
a) False . NGLE 29.2.1 Nowadays the following relationship is usually accepted: a, before,
under, fits, with, against, of, from, during, in, between, towards, until, through, for, according
to, without, so , about, after, versus and via

b) false. En- (prefix) + -amor- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -dizo (adjectival
deverbal suffix) + Ø (nominal inflectional morpheme of singular number, zero morph).
“Love”- “Fall in love” (parasynthesis)- “Fall in love” (suffixation).

c) False . NGLE 45.2.1d. Those that contain the comparative quantifier implicit in their
meaning are called SYNCRETIC COMPARATIVES. There are four adjectival syncretic
comparatives: better (gooder), worse (badder), greater (bigger) and lesser (smaller). RAE.
minimum, ma. (From the sup. when I was little ; The t. minĭmus ). 1. adj. So small in its kind,
that there is no lesser or equal. tiny, ma. (From the lat. infĭmus , sup. from infĕrus , lower). 1.
adj. Which is very low.

d) True . RAE. Águila (feminine), Harp (feminine), pringue (ambiguous) and vodka
(ambiguous). NGLE (springue 2.3.1; vodka 2.3.1b)

e) True .NGLE 4.4.1a Verbs whose conjugation does not fit the paradigms love, fear, part are
irregular. Spelling variants that obey certain rules of systematic application will not be
considered morphological irregularities, such as in the pairs did-did (instead of * hize ), follow-
follow, direct-let's direct or sack-sack. Issues … page. 209. In some cases the variation is purely
graphic (allomorphy is not commonly considered): luz/luc-es, sac-ar/saqu-e, etc.
Irregularities in verbal inflection are usually grouped into three classes: vowel, consonantal
and mixed. Vowel irregularities give rise to alternations between vowels ( request ~ I ask ), or
between vowels and diphthongs ( understand ~ I understand; tell ~ I tell ). Consonantal
irregularities involve the substitution of one consonant for another, as in do ~ do. Mixed ones
affect both a vowel substitution and a consonantal substitution ( say ~ say ).
GLOSSARY (Questions…) page. 232. SUPPLEMENT. Substitution or supletism is understood as
the diverse realization of the same morphological content consisting of the realization of
different roots or lexemes. It represents the extreme degree of allomorphy. Among the most
representative cases are the forms of irregular verbs, such as ser (ser-soy, eras-eres, fue-
fuesen) or ir (ir-iremos, voy-vas, fue-fueron)

a) False. Issues …SE VALUES (PAGE 22):

PARADIGMATICAL SE, ME, TE

27
 THOUGHTFUL - Compatible with itself He shaves
- CD/CI (argumentary) He shaves his beard

Grammar and expression exercises (page 217). In reflective sentences, subject and complement are
co-referent; That is, they refer to the same person, who is, semantically, agent and patient at the
same time, performer and recipient of the action. SE and the rest of the reflexive pronouns – me, te,
nos, os – function as CD or CI. (Conclusion. The “se” is necessarily reflexive in “comb your hair” is
FALSE. In the singular it is reflexive, but when it is plural, no. If we say “They comb their hair,” it can
be reflexive or reciprocal (“they comb each other’s hair.” The same thing happens with “you comb
your hair” or “we comb our hair.”

b) False . File nominal-and-adjectival-suffixes-prefixes-and-verbal-suffixes-

interfixes.pdf :

NOMINAL SUFFIXES
SHAPES MEANING EXAMPLES
-age, -age, quality or state dryness
-ity, ity, pleasantness
-tad kindness, loyalty
-dad, -age, -idad, iedad,-tad are allomorphs

C) True. NGLE 31.1.3c Classification of subordinating conjunctions

Completives: that ( I suppose it will call ); Yes ( I don't know if it's her ).
Conditionals: yes ( if you like the book ); like (with subjunctive: like don't listen to me ).
Causal: because ( because you say so ); like (with indicative: Since I didn't come, I left ).
Concessive: although ( He walks daily to work even though he lives far away ); although ( Yes
Well, it doesn't seem like the best solution to us, we will accept it .)
Temporary: after that ( after he examined it ); As soon as ( as soon as I notify you ).
Consecutive: that ( It was so cold that you couldn't leave the house ).
Ilative: then ( I think, therefore I am ); so ( It's late, so hurry up ).
Comparatives: what ( more people than before ); as ( as many successes as errors ).
Exceptions: except ( Everyone passed the course, except Jacinto ).
30.1.2 There are many criteria to classify adverbs, but the fundamental ones are the following:
TO. Its morphological structure
b. Its meaning
c. Its grammatical nature
d. Its syntactic incidence
30.1.2a According to criterion A, adverbs are divided into simple ones, such as good, bad, close, far,
always, yes, maybe(s), perhaps, here, there, then, then, and those formed by some morphological
resource, which are related to other types of words. The largest series fits the pattern A- mindly

d) False . Issues …Glossary (page 212) COMPOSITION. Type of word formation procedure consisting
of the conjunction of two or more lexemes, words or theme: bocacalle, rojiblanco, misunderstanding,
misstep, metomentodo, etc.
RAE. parasol. (From stop 1 and sun ). 1. m. sunshade.
windshield.1. m. Frame with glass that carries the car in its front part to protect passengers from the
air when the vehicle starts moving.

28
e) False . Issues… Glossary (Page. 205) ACRONYM. It has at least two meanings.
1. New word created by combining two or more pre-existing words that have previously suffered
the loss of part of their phonetic configuration: teleñecos ( television + doll ); bus ( car -mobile +
bus ).
2. Type of acronym that is pronounced as a word: UFO, AIDS, etc.
File nominal-and-adjectival-suffixes-prefixes-and-verbal-suffixes-interfixes.pdf
:
APPRECIATE SUFFIXES
SHAPE CLASS MEANING EXAMPLES
-astr(o/a) derogatory or contempt or ridicule stepmother
pejorative

RAE. poetess, tra . Bad poet.

Poet- (lexeme) + -astr (appreciative suffix) + -o (masculine gender morpheme) + Ø (zero morph of
singular number)

f) True . File nominal-and-adjectival-suffixes-prefixes-and-verbal-suffixes-

interfixes.pdf :
INTERFIX
SHAPES EXAMPLES
-ec(e,i) – pan- ec -illo
-ic (e,i)-

APPRECIATE SUFFIXES

SHAPES CLASS MEANING EXAMPLES

-ill(o/a) diminutive affection, appreciation / NOUN ADJ
diminutive-Derogatory smallness; disdain, irony, strong little bird
jocularity trampoline medicine

Trotecillo →trot- (lexeme) + -ec (interfix) + -illo (appreciative suffix)

29
a) True . SPANISH LANGUAGE (Antonio Quilis) Page. 195,196; 234 and 235
Indefinite pronouns : Everything, a lot, little, enough, too much, someone, nobody, someone ,
one , another , something, nothing, none, whoever, anyone, several .
Indefinite adjectives : All, a lot, little, enough, too much, some, some, some, some, some , a,
one, some, one, some , another , another, others, others, any , anyone , none, none.
There are other adjectives that can be classified among indefinite ones with distributive
value (sendos) and there are a few qualifying adjectives that acquire indefinite value: true,
several , similar, equal.

b) True . Por- (lexeme) –os- (adjectival suffix) + -idad (nominalizing deadjectival suffix) + Ø zero
morph of singular: poro - poroso - porosity .

c) True . Questions... (p.231) Syncretism is known as the phenomenon consisting of the

expression or realization of two or more morphemes through the same morph. It is a faculty
associated with some inflectional morphemes such as –o of amo (person, number, tense and
manner), the endings –ba (1st or 3rd person) and –mos (person and number) or the verbal
form amamos (present or past)

d) True . Grammar and Expression Exercises (page 515). Among the words that can be an
adjective and a noun, the indefinite one is always a pronoun, and none and some can only be
adjectives if they appear postponed to the noun: There is no book any/none. These restrictions
do not affect its plural and feminine forms: some, one(s), some, some(s) can be pronouns and
adjectives: none has feminine (nuna) but not plural (*nones, *nunas).
SPANISH LANGUAGE (Antonio Quilis). From all these pronouns (the indefinite ones) they take
morphemes of gender and number some-a-os-as, one-a-os-as, another-a-os-as.
Only gender none/none.

e) True . NGLE 2.3.1c Pus is mostly masculine, but in Chile, Mexico and some Central American
countries the two genders alternate. 2.3.1b oil, wire, appendix, apocalypse, rice, ostrich, color,

30
trigger, emphasis, ghost, bridge, tequila, vinegar, and glimpse. Although they have been used
for women, their use for men is recommended. 2.3.1 Ambiguous nouns have both genders:
sugar (moreno-morena), mar (coarse-gruesa). Other ambiguous nouns are: aggravating, frame,
azumbre, question, marathon, prez, smear.
Pus (masculine), ostrich (masculine), prez (ambiguous) and pringue (ambiguous)
RAE .
pus. (From the lat. pus ). 1. m. Thick yellowish or greenish liquid, secreted by inflamed tissue,
and composed of serum, leukocytes, dead cells and other substances.
ostrich. (From the prov. estrutz , this from the lat. struthĭo, and this from the gr. στρουθίων). 1.
m. Bird of the order Estrucioniformes, its only current species.
prez. (From the prov. pretz, and this from the lat. pretĭum ). 1. amb. Honor, esteem or
consideration that is acquired or earned by a glorious action.
dripping. (Of or. inc.). 1. amb. Fat released by bacon or something similar when subjected to
the action of fire .

f) True . File nominal-and-adjectival-suffixes-prefixes-and-verbal-suffixes-

interfixes.pdf
NGLE 6.3
NOMINAL SUFFIXES
SHAPE MEANING EXAMPLE
-edo(-edo, -eda) Set Beech forest, Robredo,
grove, rose garden
-ada bang; Gored, cacicada,
action; swollen
set, collectivity
-ado set, collectivity; wooded doctorate
position, hairstyle county
employment,
office, dignity;
action; place
-aje abor, office; set, expertise strapping
collectivity; assembly
action
-ary (ari/o,a) person to whom beneficiary checkbook
something is scenario secretary
transferred; set,
collectivity;
place;
profession
-io set, collectivity crowd
-erio set, collectivity hamlet

31
a) True . Question s…Glossary. Haplology. Page 218. Operation of contraction or reduction to
a single syllable of two successive identical or similar syllables within a word. It frequently
appears when a suffix or cultured theme is attached to the base or root and when a lexical
compound is formed: humility (*humility, humble + -age; loneliness, brevity); tennis player
(*tennis player); idolatry (idololatry); tragicomedy (*tragicomedy)
RAE. endosmosis. (From endo- and osmosis ). F. Phys. Diffusion of solvent into a
compartment or organ./ appearance. (From lat. apparitĭo, -ōnis ). 1. f. Action and effect of
appearing.
Issues… Glossary. Amalgam. Page 210. It is the action or effect of combining two phonetically
identical or only partially identical elements that appear contiguous; This combination is
conditioned by contraction (haplology) with reduction of phonic substance in one or both
elements: del < de + el, endosmosis <endo + osmosis; appearance < appear + tion, etc. P. 44.
They are examples of haplology since there is a contraction of identical or similar consecutive
phonic segments [*endoosmosis < endo- + osmosis, *appearance< appear+-tion]

b) True . INTRODUCTION TO THE SPANISH LANGUAGE. P. 142. Indefinite pronouns are

considered those forms that, in certain contexts, can assume substantive functions (that is,
perform the function of the nucleus of an NP) without undergoing modification.
The main ones are: One (-a, -os,-as), some (-a, -os,-as), none (-a), another (-a, -os,-as), all (-a ,-
os,-as),various(-as).
The following indefinite pronouns with their variants can also behave as pronouns: much,
little, enough, too much, so much.
They are always indefinite pronouns someone, nobody, something, nothing*, whoever,
whoever.
Issues p. 44. It is true because nothing is a pronoun.

*According to RAE, it is also an indefinite adverb.

C) False . Issues… Morpheme (Page. 225)

(Conclusion: An example would be the plural. The allomorphs –s and –es cannot appear in
an initial or intermediate position of the word, but in the final part, because it would incur
ungrammaticality, it would not comply with the rules of grammar. Ex. Horse s ,* S horse,
*Horse s llo)

d) False . SPANISH LANGUAGE (Antonio Quilis) Pages. 198, 201, 235.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
INVARIABLE NUMBER GENDER GENDER
NUMBER NUMBER
That Who he/which Whose-a
who the ones Whose-as

32
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
INVARIABLE NUMBER NUMBER GENDER
NUMBER
THAT WHO WHICH HOW MUCH-A
WHO WHICH HOW MANY-AS

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES
That Which How much-a
which How many-as

Issues … page. 44. NOTE. The relatives whose, what and which (compounds), and whoever and
whoever (indefinite relatives) lack an interrogative correlate.

e) False . NGLE 3.1.2a Nouns ending in an unstressed vowel or in Á, É, Ó tonics make the
plural in –s: houses, streets, yanquis, books, tribes, sofas, cafes, sets . They also add –s to the
high voices ending in a diphthong, like bonsai . The endings in tonic Í, Ú tend to admit the two
plural variants: bamboos/bamboos, boars/boars. 3.1.1b Some words belonging to the Spanish
grammatical system lack plural. This is the case with those that have a neuter gender: it, this,
that, that, what (in What do you want? ), nothing, what (in the good thing and in I intended to
attend, but they didn't allow it ), and also with some non-quantifiers. neutrals, like someone,
nobody or every. (Conclusion: These is plural of this .)

SINGULAR PLURAL

he they

she they

it EITHER

That Those

That Those

That EITHER

That Those

That Those

That EITHER

he the

the the

it EITHER

This These

This Are

33
 This EITHER

f) False . INTRODUCTION TO THE SPANISH LANGUAGE. P. 161. Non-personal forms; that is,
the infinitive, the gerund and the participle, also called non-inflectional forms because they
lack verbal inflection... (Conclusion: the imperative does have inflectional forms (Sing! Let's
sing! Sing!) and it is also not an impersonal form of the verb, but a verbal mood)

a) False . Issues …Glossary. Syncretism. P. 231. Syncretism is known as the phenomenon

consisting of the expression or realization of two or more morphemes through the same
morph. It is a faculty associated with some inflectional morphemes such as –o of amo
(person, number, tense and mood), the endings –ba (1st or 3rd person) and –mos (person and
number) or the verbal form amamos (present or past). Morpho. Page 228. The morph is the
concrete phonetic realization of the morpheme, understood as an abstract entity or
grammatical category. Thus the –o of boys is the morph (of the morpheme) of masculine
gender and the –s the morph (of the morpheme) of plural number. (Conclusion. False,
because “am-e” can be 1st person singular of the subjunctive, 3rd person singular of the
subjunctive and 2nd person singular of the imperative . Questions (p. 40) It is incorrect
since in come there is also syncretism.

b) False . Sold- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -dura (nominal suffix) + Ø (zero morph of
singular number). Questions (p. 40) It is false since the suffix is –dura.

c) True . Issues …Glossary. Acronym. P. 231. It is the procedure for forming a word by bringing
together the initial letters of several words that make up a homogeneous and cohesive group
or phrase. This is a mechanism for abbreviating or reducing phonetic material, possibly the
most economical. UN (United Nations Organization). Some authors describe it as a particular
type of compound but in reality the compound character already existed in its origin. Not all
acronyms follow the same formation process: RENFE (the second letter of one of the
constituents is taken into account ( RE d N acional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles ). Some
acronyms have become lexicalized: UFOs, radars, ETA, Sidoso...
NGLE. 3.2.3c Acronyms are formed with the initial letters of a specific syntactic group ( ITV =
Technical Vehicle Inspection ). When they are read letter by letter they are called spelled. Its
plural is only evident in the words that accompany the acronym: it is recommended to use,
therefore, NGOs , instead of NGOs; some
FM, instead of some FMs, etc. Nouns formed with syllabled acronyms, such as APRA

34
( American Popular Revolutionary Alliance: á.pra ); NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization:
ó.tan or otán ); UFO ( unidentified flying object: óv.ni ); PAN ( National Action Party: pan );
SME ( small and medium-sized enterprise: pí.me ), are also called acronyms. In a more
restricted sense, acronyms are, as noted in § 1.3.4d, words that are constructed with more
than one letter of one or some of their components, for example, ASALE: Association of
Academies of the Spanish Language; CUDECOOP: Confederation
Uruguayan Association of Cooperative Entities; ECOPETROL: Colombian Petroleum Company;
INHNFA: Honduran Institute of Children and Families; MERCOSUR: Southern Common Market;
PÉMEX: Mexican Petroleum. They are also acronyms aparthotel or office automation ( office +
IT ).
UNICEF (UnitedNations International Children'sEmergencyFund)

d) True . Issues … Glossary. Allomorph. P. 209. It is a syntactic reason that triggers the
contrasts marchad/marchaos, marchemos/marchémonos (loss of the final consonant when
the clitic is attached)

e) False . NGLE. 4.6.2a The irregular or strong participles coincide with the analogous past
tenses in being forms inherited from Latin and in having the accent on the root. They
constitute a limited repertoire, although the variants extend to their derivatives: open, to
open; acquitted, to absolve; covered, to cover; said, to say (but the participles of bless and
curse are regular; the forms cursed and blessed are almost always used as adjectives); written,
to write (with the ending –pto instead of –to in the derivatives inscribed, circumscribed,
described, prescribed, which are used in the Spanish spoken in Argentina, Uruguay and
Paraguay); done, to do (but satisfied to satisfy ); dead, to die; put, to put; broken, to break (the
regular participle broken was very widespread in medieval and classical language); seen, to
see; returned, to return.
(Conclusion. The past tense of bless is blessed. Blessed is a participle like blessed, but it is
used as an adjective. In the conjugation blessed is used: I have blessed, They have
blessed...Bendito is not past tense: * I have blessed. Broken: I have broken, they had broken...
Open: I have opened, they have opened... All three are participles (open, broken and blessed),
but only broken and open are past tense.)

f) True . NGLE 22.3.2e The quantitative value is not unrelated to the exclamatory used as a
determinant: God, and what effort we all had to exert to reduce it! (Cela, Colmena ). Only
syntactic groups constructed with the adverb qué as a quantifier of adjectives or other
adverbs are exclamatory. It is said, therefore, How difficult it is! o How slowly it goes!, but not
*How difficult is it? or *How slowly does it go? Also always exclamatory are the nominal
groups that are formed with what of and a countable noun in the plural or a non-countable
noun in the singular: What of flowers, what of colors, all the gardens of the city have been
poured tonight into the Cervantes Theater ( Vázquez, Á., Juanita Narboni ). So are the
syntactic groups headed by the determiner what in which a noun appears modified by
adjectival groups introduced by more or so ( What an artistic chest!; What a great shame! ).
These quantifiers sometimes remain tacit: What a bad world! (Arcipreste Hita, Good Love );
What a stupid joke! (Gambaro, Malasangre ).

35
a) False . “All” is a pronoun, and “se” is not a pronoun, it is impersonal .

b) False . NGLE 45.2.1d Those that contain the comparative quantifier implicit in their meaning
are generally called syncretic comparatives . There are four adjectival syncretic comparatives:
better (gooder), worse (badder), greater (bigger) and lesser (smaller). The first two are also
adverbial comparatives: better (more good) and worse (more bad).

c) False . Re- (prefix) + skillful- (lexeme) + -it (interfix) + -a (thematic vowel) + -d (nominalizing
deverbal suffix) + -o (masculine gender morpheme) + Ø (zero morph of singular number)

d) True . NGLE.

.
e) True . NGLE 2.4.1. 2.4.1.a. Nouns of a single gender that designate living beings (animals,
plants, people), but that do not have any formal mark that allows their sex to be determined
are traditionally called epicenes./ Most epicene nouns are names of animals: owl, chameleon ,
zebra, snake, hyena, ant, giraffe, owl, hare, fly, mosquito, partridge, rat, toad, shark, viper, etc.
Among the plant names are holly, date tree, asparagus, mamón, ombú, palm tree, plantain,
willow . All of them can be modified by the terms male and female, which specify the sex that
corresponds to the designated entity: the wasp {male ~ female}; the hippopotamus {male ~
female}; the ombú {male ~ female}. Although the noun female is feminine and the noun male
is masculine, they can be combined with nouns of the opposite gender, as in a female shark or
the male squirrel in appositive constructions (§ 12.7.4d). Agreement is conditioned by the
gender of the noun that forms the nominal group, and not by the sex of the designated entity;
It is said, therefore, The female shark is very dangerous and not *… is very dangerous.

f) False . Te is part of the verb, it is part of the ending of the 2nd person singular
(fuí, fueste, fue, fueímos...

36
A) True . Questions… (p.231) Syncretism is known as the phenomenon consisting of the
expression or realization of two or more morphemes through the same morph. It is a faculty
associated with some inflectional morphemes such as –o of amo (person, number, tense and
mood), the endings –ba (1st or 3rd person) and –mos (person and number) or the verbal form
amamos (present or past). NGLE. 1.3.1. Inflectional morphology studies the variations of
words that imply content changes of a grammatical nature with consequences in syntactic
relationships, such as agreement (It works n ) or rection (for you). 1.3.2b. In inflectional
morphology, the segments provide information about time, aspect, number, person or
manner. The thematic vowel is an inflectional segment without semantic repercussion, but
which distinguishes the three conjugations (am ar , tem er , part ir ). The morphemes placed
before the lexical base are called prefixes (impossible, re-educate). 1.3.2d. The infixes and
interfixes are the medial affixes, which are added to the root or separate it from the suffix.
4.2.3c The coincidence in the Ø option of the 1st and 3rd persons of the singular gives rise to
the syncretism of some forms: the imperfect indicative ( yo loved ~ he loved ), the conditional
( yo parteria ~ he parteria ) , the present subjunctive ( yo tema ~ ella tema ), the imperfect
subjunctive ( yo amara ~ ella amara; yo temiese ~ el temiese ), and the future subjunctive ( yo
partiere ~ ella partiere ). Syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors intervene in the choice of
the appropriate variant in these cases; For example, the unstressed possessive suggests,
although it does not guarantee, that the correct choice is the first person in the following text:
When I was a child I went to Galarreta with my parents ( Diario Vasco 1/23/2004).
(Conclusion. This is a case of substitution. GLOSSARY (Questions…) page. 232. SUPPLEMENT.
Substitution or supletism is understood as the diverse realization of the same morphological
content consisting of the realization of different roots or lexemes. It represents the extreme
degree of allomorphy. Among the most representative cases are the forms of irregular verbs,
such as ser (ser-soy, eras-eres, fue-fuesen) or ir (ir-iremos, voy-vas, fue-fueron)

b) False . COEEI. Topic IV Accentuation and punctuation. The diacritical accent is the graphic
accentuation sign used to differentiate words that are formally identical but have different
meanings. The accent is placed on the vowel of the word, which is by nature stressed. In
general, words belong to different classes or categories and are usually monosyllables .

Adverb and pronoun ( Yes I will go; He Conjunction

Yeah took it Yeah and noun
for himself ) 'musical note'
(Ask if you are
going)

37
c) False . NGLE 2.4.1. 2.4.1.a. Nouns of a single gender that designate living beings (animals,
plants, people), but that do not have any formal mark that allows their sex to be determined
are traditionally called epicenes./ Most epicene nouns are names of animals: owl, chameleon ,
zebra, snake, hyena, ant, giraffe, owl, hare, fly, mosquito, partridge, rat, toad, shark, viper,
etc. Among the plant names are holly, date tree, asparagus, mamón, ombú, palm tree,
plantain, willow . All of them can be modified by the terms male and female, which specify
the sex that corresponds to the designated entity: the wasp {male ~ female}; the
hippopotamus {male ~ female}; the ombú {male ~ female}. Although the noun female is
feminine and the noun male is masculine, they can be combined with nouns of the opposite
gender, as in a female shark or the male squirrel in appositive constructions (§ 12.7.4d).
Agreement is conditioned by the gender of the noun that forms the nominal group, and not
by the sex of the designated entity; It is said, therefore, The female shark is very dangerous
and not *… is very dangerous.

Issues… page. 217 Epicene names are the names of sexual realities and some plants that only
know one grammatical gender and that to specify the gender of the referent must resort to
lexical strategies of the type male/female, man/woman, male/female or boy/girl. without
altering the shape of the article (the male giraffe, the female ostrich, the male victim, the
female character, the baby girl (also colloq. The baby, the baby girl)[…] Most of these form the
masculine in –o and more rarely in –e and –n, and the feminine in –a. Those that end in
another vowel or consonant are usually treated as epicenes: puma, gorilla, mandrill,
chimpanzee, coati...
(Conclusion. Cyclist is not epicene (the cyclist, not “the male cyclist”, “the female cyclist”.)

d) False . To the letter (true. Adverbial phrase). So (false. conjunctive locution).

RAE
so
1. joint loc. Consequently, so that, therefore. The enemy had cut the bridge, so it was not
possible to continue forward.
2. loc. adv. as soon as. So come dawn the battle will take place.

strictly
Tb. to the point, p. us.
1. loc. adv. Strictly, precisely or rigorously.
2. loc. adv. p. us. At all costs and resolutely, despite the risks or difficulties.

e) False . File Nominal and adjectival suffixes. Prefixes and suffixes …

INTERFIX
They are segments located between the root and the suffix. They have the following
characteristics:
a) They lack their own meaning, which is why some linguists do not consider them
morphemes.
b) They are unstressed elements, the accent intensity of the word of which they are part
never falls on them.
c) Its function is to serve as a link between the root and the suffix, avoiding hiatus and
cacophony (sofa c ito *sofaíto)

38
However, not every morpheme located between the root and a suffix is necessarily an
interfix. We can find words whose structure is:
 Root + interfix + suffix (polv ar eda)
 Root + 1st suffix + 2nd suffix (ros al eda)

To know if the element in question is an interfix or suffix, we eliminate the final morpheme of
the word (which will always be a suffix) and, if what remains is an existing word in the
language, it is a suffix; Otherwise it is an interfix. Thus we see that *polvar does not exist, so
dust comes from dust. However, in the case of rosaleda , the morpheme al is a suffix because
the word rosal exists. This is a multiple derivation: rose > rose bush > rose garden.

f) False . NGLE. 21.3.1a

When written with figures, the ordinals are distinguished with the letter o volado for the
masculine (1st, 22nd) and with the letter a volado for the feminine (1st, 22nd). The 1st to 10th
have simple forms: first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth (which
presents, in sporadic and specialized uses, the variant nono ) and tenth. For tens the ending -
th is used: twentieth (20th), thirtieth (30th), fortieth (40th), fiftieth (50th), sixtieth (60th),
seventieth (70th) ), eightieth (80th), ninetieth (90th). In hundreds the ending is -hundredth or -
hundredth: one hundredth (100th), two hundredth (200th), three hundredth (300th), four
hundredth (400th), five hundredth (500th), six hundredth (600th) .º), seventieth (700th),
eightieth (800th), ninetieth (900th), all of them of little use, with the exception of hundredth .
The ordinals corresponding to one thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand and one
million are, respectively, thousandth, ten thousandth, hundred thousandth and millionth.
Note: Tenth is not formed with the ending –th

a) True . NGLE. 21.3.1a When written with figures, the ordinals are distinguished with the letter
o volado for the masculine (1st, 22nd) and with the letter a volado for the feminine (1st,
22nd). The 1st to 10th have simple forms: first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh,
eighth, ninth (which presents, in sporadic and specialized uses, the variant nono ) and tenth.
For tens the ending -gemos is used: twentieth (20th), thirtieth
(30th), fortieth (40th), fiftieth (50th), sixtieth (60th), seventieth (70th), eightieth (80th),
ninetieth (90th). In hundreds the ending is -hundredth or -hundredth: one hundredth (100th),
two hundredth (200th), three hundredth (300th), four hundredth (400th), five hundredth
(500th), six hundredth (600th ) .º), seventieth (700th), eightieth (800th), ninetieth (900th), all
of them of little use, with the exception of hundredth . The ordinals corresponding to one

39
thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand and one million are, respectively, thousandth,
ten thousandth, hundred thousandth and millionth.

b) false. It is a prepositional phrase. NGLE 30.10.1: "Adverbial phrases are fixed expressions
made up of several words that are equivalent to a single adverb."29.3.2a: "The most
productive pattern in the formation of prepositional phrases is preposition + noun +
preposition." But another pattern that mentioned in 29.3.2c is the noun or adjective +
preposition pattern. The prep guideline + what + adj. + prep. They do not form prepositional
phrases because the adjective continues to function in them as such. 29.3.2a “The analysis of
sequences such as… opposite followed by the preposition of is controversial. One option is to
analyze them in the form [in front of][the house] where the first segment is interpreted as a
prepositional phrase and the second as its term.

c) false . INTRODUCTION TO THE SPANISH LANGUAGE. P. 142. Indefinite pronouns are

considered those forms that, in certain contexts, can assume substantive functions (that is,
perform the function of the nucleus of an NP) without undergoing modification.
The main ones are: One (-a, -os,-as), some (-a, -os,-as), none (-a), another (-a, -os,-as), all (-a ,-
os,-as),various(-as).
The following indefinite pronouns with their variants can also behave as pronouns: much,
little, enough, too much, so much.
They are always indefinite pronouns: someone, nobody, something, nothing, whoever,
whoever.

D) False. NGLE 3.1.2a Nouns ending in an unstressed vowel or in Á, É, Ó tonics make the plural
in –s: houses, streets, yanquis, books, tribes, sofas, cafes, sets . They also add –s to the high
voices ending in a diphthong, like bonsai . The endings in tonic Í, Ú tend to admit the two
plural variants: bamboos/bamboos, boars/boars. 3.1.1b Some words belonging to the Spanish
grammatical system lack plural. This is the case with those that have a neuter gender: it, this,
that, that, what (in What do you want? ), nothing, what (in the good thing and in I intended to
attend, but they didn't allow it ), and also with some non-quantifiers. neutrals, like someone,
nobody or every. NGLE 3.1.1b. Some words belonging to the Spanish grammatical system lack
plural. This is the case with those that have a neuter gender: it, this, that, that, what (in What
do you want?), nothing, what and also with some non-neutral quantifiers such as someone,
nobody or every. (Conclusion: These is plural of this . This is neuter and does not have plural.
He/they, this/these, that/those, that/those)

e) False . It is a verbal suffix. File Nominal and adjectival suffixes. Prefixes and suffixes…
There are nouns that, coming from verbs, also incorporate the morphemes derived from them.
This is the case of the verbal suffixes -ec (er), - iz (ar) and -ific (ar), which intervene in the
formation of some nouns:
-iz (ar): factitive or causative value (do + what is meant by the root)
Acute(o) Acute-iz-(ar) acud-iz-ation
Capital Capital-iz-(ar) capital-iz-ation
Moon A-mon-iz-(ar) a-mon-iz-aje

f) False . RAE. Eagle (female), Ostrich (male)

eagle.
(From the lat. aquĭla ).
1. f. Diurnal bird of prey, eight to nine decimeters high, with a straight beak at the base and
curved at the tip, head and tarsi covered in feathers, rounded tail almost covered by the

40
wings, very keen eyesight, strong muscles and very fast flight.
ostrich.
(From the prov. estrutz , this from the lat. struthĭo, and this from the gr. στρουθίων).
1. m. Bird of the order Estrucioniformes, its only current species. In previous zoological
classifications it was included in the so-called Corridors. It reaches two meters in height and is
the largest of today's birds. It has two toes on each foot, long and robust legs, almost bare
head and neck, loose and flexible plumage, black in the male and gray in the female, and
white in both the shirts and rudders. It lives in Africa and Arabia.

NGLE. 17.2.1b As explained in § 2.1.1c, the use of masculine demonstratives before feminine
nouns that begin with / a / tonic ( this classroom, that eagle, that water ) should be avoided
and the feminine ones should be used instead ( this classroom, that eagle, that water ).

Issues… page. 217 Epicene names are the names of sexual realities and some plants that only
know one grammatical gender and that to specify the gender of the referent must resort to
lexical strategies of the type male/female, man/woman, male/female or boy/girl. without
altering the shape of the article (the male giraffe, the female ostrich, the male victim, the
female character, the baby girl (also colloq. The baby, the baby girl)[…] Most of these form the
masculine in –o and more rarely in –e and –n, and the feminine in –a. Those that end in
another vowel or consonant are usually treated as epicenes: puma, gorilla, mandrill,
chimpanzee, coati...

a) False . Issues …Glossary. Syncretism. P. 231. Syncretism is known as the phenomenon

consisting of the expression or realization of two or more morphemes through the same
morph. It is a faculty associated with some inflectional morphemes such as –o of amo
(person, number, tense and mood), the endings –ba (1st or 3rd person) and –mos (person and
number) or the verbal form amamos (present or past). Morpho. Page 228. The morph is the
concrete phonetic realization of the morpheme, understood as an abstract entity or
grammatical category. Thus the –o of boys is the morph (of the morpheme) of masculine
gender and the –s the morph (of the morpheme) of plural number.

b) True . So (conjunctive phrase)

RAE
so
1. joint loc. Consequently, so that, therefore. The enemy had cut the bridge, so it was not

41
possible to continue forward.
2. loc. adv. as soon as. So come dawn the battle will take place.

c) False . NGLE. 2.4.2a The masculine noun member is used as an epicene when it designates
the person who joins a group or community. However, it is also beginning to be used as
common in terms of gender.

d) False . INTRODUCTION TO THE SPANISH LANGUAGE. P. 161. Non-personal forms; that is,
the infinitive, the gerund and the participle, also called non-inflectional forms because they
lack verbal inflection... (Conclusion: the imperative does have inflectional forms (Sing! Let's
sing! Sing!) and it is also not an impersonal form of the verb, but a verbasl mode)

e) False . RAE. Attend (attended participle), lull (numbed participle), whistle (whistle
participle), coat (coated participle)

f) False . Issues… page. 22 SE VALUES. Reciprocal pronoun (plural subject, compatible with
mutually/reciprocally or the one prep. the other, CD/CI plot). Examples: They love each other /
they send each other letters.)

a) False . NGLE. 2.2.1 Characterization of common nouns in terms of gender. Person nouns
that designate both men and women are common in terms of gender. These nouns do not
allow us to distinguish the sex of the entities they refer to through the use of endings, but
only through agreement with adjectives and determiners: the spouse; the pianist the witness.
Thus, it is possible to say Your spouse is sick and also Your spouse is sick; The witness was
irritated or The witness was irritated .
2.4.1b Some personal names are also epicenes. Regardless of the sex of the designated
persons, the nouns victim and creature are feminine, and character , hostage and offspring
are masculine. When it is necessary to specify the sex of the referent, it is preferred to use the
terms masculine and feminine ( female characters, male victim ), or male or female, as in the
male character of the comedy, but not *the victim {male ~ female} ; *the character {male ~
female}. These nouns maintain in the nominal modifiers and in the attributive constructions
the grammatical gender that corresponds to them lexically, as in a very creature {small ~
*small} or in The victim of the robbery was extremely {*nervous ~ nervous}. (Conclusion: the
artist, the victim/* the victim. Artist is common and epicene victim.)

42
b) False . NGLE.22.4.2b The interrogative-exclamative how much is used in its inflected forms
as a quantification adjective ( how many times, how many papers, how much time, how much
money ) or as a pronoun, whether it refers to people: Oh death, death, a How many you
deprive of pleasant company, how many your annoying visitation disconsolates! (Rojas,
Celestina ), as if it alludes to other realities. Like other quantifiers, it can be used in anaphoric
constructions ( many pesos, but I don't know exactly how many ) or cataphoric constructions:
Start thinking about how many four hundred pesos are together (García Márquez, Coronel ); I
don't know how many of these materials can be used. As can be seen in the last example, how
much it is similar to a lot, a little and other indefinite quantifiers in that it admits the partitive
construction. It is also constructed, like much and little , with an adjectival complement: How
much usable can there be in these materials? When it is an adverb, how much does it affect
the verb as an attached complement, as in How much do you sleep each day?; How much he
liked to be taken for a walk!, but also as an argument, as in How much does a pack of
cigarettes cost? or in What is the use, what can it lead to, how long can it last? (Mallea,
Bahia ). It can also be a modifier of comparative adjectival or adverbial groups: how much less
useless, how much more skillfully.

c) False . Issues… page. 216. The grammatical tradition establishes different systems of
formalizing gender: a) by heteronymy, through different lexemes, also distinguished by the
different inflectional motion in the article (the man/woman, the horse/mare) b) by inflectional
morphological motion in the name and the article (the son/daughter [-o, -a], monk/nun [-e, -
a], marquis/marquise [Ø/-a], c) by special suffixation in the feminine, with inflectional motion
in the article (rooster/hen [-ina], abbot/abbess [-esa]…

d) False . NGLE. 27.5.1b The participle differs from the gerund and the infinitive in that it has
inflection of gender and number ( translated / translated / translated / translated ) in all its
uses, with the sole exception of compound tenses, formed with the auxiliary haber (§
23.1.2b): María has published her thesis

e) True . Issues… page. 22 SE Values. Reflex passive: agreed syntactic subject. With vtr. It is
active voice. Passive meaning) Ex. The letter was returned/It is believed that he died young.
Archive The “SE” values . To differentiate the value of Middle Voice from the values of Passive
REFLECTIVE and passive IMPERSONAL, the first thing we have to ask ourselves is whether
there is intention on the part of the person executing the action or not. If there is intention
there is middle voice. (In The conditions were not well specified... there is intention, therefore
it is passive reflex or passive impersonal) To distinguish between passive reflex and
impersonal, (once we have ruled out that it is not VM), we will carry out two tests. 1st We
change the noun to plural or singular and if the verb changes then we are faced with a reflex
passive. Example: “The condition of the sale was not well specified” (Passive reflex). 2nd We
change it to passive periphrastic. Example: “The conditions of the sale were specified” These
tests have to be given at the same time so that it is passive and reflexive, if one of the two is
not given then we are faced with an impersonal test.

f) False . NGLE 45.2.1d. Those that contain the comparative quantifier implicit in their
meaning are called SYNCRETIC COMPARATIVES. There are four adjectival syncretic
comparatives: better (gooder), worse (badder), greater (bigger) and lesser (smaller). RAE.
minimum, ma. (From the sup. when I was little ; The t. minĭmus ). 1. adj. So small in its kind,
that there is no lesser or equal. tiny, ma. (From the lat. infĭmus , sup. from infĕrus , lower). 1.
adj. That's very low. minor. (From the lat. minor, -ōris ). 1. adj. comp. when I was little.
(Conclusion. The superlative of small is minimum and the comparative minor)

43
a) True . NGLE 2.3.1 Unlike what happens with common nouns in terms of gender, nouns are
relatively rare that, used with the same meaning and in the same construction, can be
considered ambiguous for speakers of the same
linguistic community in a given period. This important difference between the two
grammatical classes reinforces the idea that gender is for Spanish speakers an inherent
grammatical property of each noun. Ambiguous nouns have both genders: sugar {moreno ~
morena}; sea {coarse ~ thick}. Other ambiguous nouns are aggravating, armature, azumbre,
question, marathon, prez, smear. Among the few ambiguous nouns that designate animated
beings is duck: majestic ducks ~ majestic ducks.

b) True . NGLE 1.3.2b Derived voices consist of a root and an affix. The root provides the lexical
meaning, and the affixes add various types of information. Three processes are recognized in
derivation: suffixation, prefixation and parasynthesis. Thus, the word mar-ino contains a
postponed affix or suffix. This term is used more in derivative morphology; In the inflected
form, the ending name is preferred, especially for the inflectional affixes of the verb. These
segments provide information about time, aspect, number, person or manner. The thematic
vowel is an inflectional segment without semantic repercussion, but which distinguishes the
three conjugations ( love, fear, leave ). The morphemes placed before the lexical base are
called prefixes (impossible, re-educate). The place of prefixation within word formation has
traditionally fluctuated. While in classical studies it was more common to place it in the
composition, today it is mostly placed
in the derivation. (Conclusion. Examples. I ate, drank, read...they are inflectional. Israeli,
Maghreb, Iranian...they are derivatives)

c) True . SPANISH LANGUAGE (Antonio Quilis) Pages. 198, 201, 235.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
INVARIABLE NUMBER GENDER GENDER
NUMBER NUMBER
That Who he/which Whose-a
who the ones Whose-as

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
INVARIABLE NUMBER NUMBER GENDER
NUMBER

44
 THAT WHO WHICH HOW MUCH-A
WHO WHICH HOW MANY-AS

d) True . SPANISH LANGUAGE (Antonio Quilis) Page. 194. “ With the pronoun function, in
addition to expressing the exact number, they replace the name to which the numerical
determination corresponds. A) THE CARDINAL NUMERALS. They name the natural series of
integers; Morphologically we classify them as: a) made up of a simple word: one (one), two,
three, four…sixty, one hundred, five hundred… b) made up of a compound word: six hundred,
nine hundred… ”

SPANISH LANGUAGE (Antonio Quilis) Pages. 201, 235.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
this this this are these
that that that those those
that that that those those

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS (Gradative of quantity)

All A lot
Bit
Quite
too much

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS (existential)

Someone Some one other Whoever
nobody none any
Something
nothing

e) False . RAE.
optimal, ma. (From the sup. Good ; The t. optĭmus ). 1. adj. Extremely good, that can not be
better.
better. (From the lat. melĭor, -ōris ). 1. adj. comp. Good. Superior to something else and that
exceeds it in a natural or moral quality.

f) True . RAE.
sometimes. 1. loc. adv. from time to time.
So that. 1. loc. joint of luck What.

NGLE 1.5.2c The following types of phrases are usually recognized (the examples provided may
be restricted to certain areas only): nominal phrases: battle horse, scapegoat , half - orange,
crow's foot, take and daca; adjective phrases: current and trendy, of shelter, of fourth, of care,
of gala, of yore, of posh; verbal locutions: make (good) friends, make peace, leave in a hurry,
screw up, shout to the heavens, settle down, make fun of; adverbial phrases: in a complete
manner , in a vest, in disgust, in a rush, by force, halfway, sometimes, by shot, in passing, in a
jiffy, in suspense, by fortune; prepositional phrases: in the absence of, in the opinion of,
despite, at the sound of, with a view to, in front of, out of, thanks to; conjunctive phrases: in a
manner

45
that, neither well , since, although well, since; interjective phrases: Let's see!; There it goes!;
Of course!; Anyway!; Either way!; No way!

a) False .
NGLE. 3.3.2b The pluralia tantum belong to very varied conceptual areas:
food ( tripe, groceries, spaghetti, custard, provisions, victuals, provisions ), objects
non-specific ( archiperres, belongings, belongings, junk, utensils ), amounts of money ( per
diems, emoluments, finances, funds, fees, means ), manifestations of affection or courtesy
( cuddling, affection, manners, skills, manners, memories ), designations of marriage
( betrothal, betrothal, nuptials ), certain prayers ( compline, lauds, matins, vespers ),
preparatory or previous actions ( preliminaries, preparations, prolegomena ), imprecise places (
outskirts, surroundings, surroundings, andurrials, proximities ), fragments , remains or small
things ( pieces, rubble, residue, remains, shreds ), certain parts of some organism ( innards,
jaws, brains, swallows ). The singular and plural alternate in certain greetings and courtesy
formulas ( good morning ~ good morning; merry Christmas ~ happy Christmas ), but those that
are used almost exclusively in the plural predominate: good afternoon, good evening,
congratulations, congratulations, happy Easter, thanks, etc.

Issues… Glossary. Morpheme. P. “ The classification into one or another group of the nouns
called Pluralia tántum (equipments, matins, etc.) and singularia tántum (thirst, health, etc.),
the nouns called “invariable in terms of number” (Thursday, dose) is controversial. , etc.)… "

NGLE 1.4.1c Based on their inflectional capacity, words are divided into variables, those that
admit some type of inflection, and invariables. Articles, adjectives, pronouns, nouns and verbs
are variable. Prepositions, conjunctions, interjections and adverbs are invariable. The
morphological particularities of some words give rise to numerous subclasses. For example,
nouns admit number inflection ( house/houses ) and sometimes gender ( boy/girl ), but some
person nouns ( pianist, tourist ) do not have gender variation, and other nouns ( crisis, Monday
) do not. they have a number

(Conclusion. Pluralia tantum (in Latin only plurals). The dose(s), *the nuptial/ The nuptials. The
second is pluralia tantum. "Dose" belongs to the so-called "number-invariant" nouns. It cannot
be singularia tantum because it can be said "the doses." )

46
b) False . 2.1.2b Nouns do not have a neuter gender in Spanish. Only the demonstratives have
it ( this, that, that ), the quantifiers ( so much, how much, much, little ), the
article lo and personal pronouns it and it

c) False . NGLE.22.4.2b The interrogative-exclamative how much is used in its inflected forms
as a quantification adjective ( how many times, how many papers, how much time, how much
money ) or as a pronoun, whether it refers to people: Oh death, death, a How many you
deprive of pleasant company, how many your annoying visitation disconsolates! (Rojas,
Celestina ), as if it alludes to other realities. Like other quantifiers, it can be used in anaphoric
constructions ( many pesos, but I don't know exactly how many ) or cataphoric constructions:
Start thinking about how many four hundred pesos are together (García Márquez, Coronel ); I
don't know how many of these materials can be used. As can be seen in the last example, how
much it is similar to a lot, a little and other indefinite quantifiers in that it admits the partitive
construction. It is also constructed, like much and little , with an adjectival complement: How
much usable can there be in these materials? When it is an adverb, how much does it affect the
verb as an attached complement, as in How much do you sleep each day?; How much he liked
to be taken for a walk!, but also as an argument, as in How much does a pack of cigarettes
cost? or in What is the use, what can it lead to, how long can it last? (Mallea, Bahia ). It can
also be a modifier of comparative adjectival or adverbial groups: how much less useless, how
much more skillfully.

d) True . File Nominal and adjectival suffixes, suffixes and prefixes…

VERB SUFFIXES

(Conclusion. –im –in and –i are allomorphs. In this case in irresponsible the r is repeated due to
spelling rules, but the prefix is -i

e) False . File Thematic vowel . “ The thematic vowel can vary within the same inflectional
paradigm, and can also be null or represented by a diphthong. Thus, in the first conjugation,
the thematic vowel options are –a- (am-á-ba-mos) and Ø (am-Ø-e-mos). In the second they are
–e- (tem-e-re-mos), Ø (tem- Ø-ió- Ø) and also the diphthong –ie- (tem-ié-ra-mos). The variants
that appear in the third are also very similar: -i- (part-i-ste-is), Ø (part- Ø-a-mos) and also the
diphthong –ie- (part-ié-se- mos). ”

f) False . Issues… SE Values. P. 22.

RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
Reciprocal - plural subject They love each other
- Compatible with They send each other
mutually/reciprocally or letters
the one prep. the other
- plot CD/IC
-

47
 REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
Thoughtful - Compatible with He shaves
itself He shaves his beard
- plot CD/IC
- Rel. Dative
possessive or agreed
sympathetic

(Conclusion. There is ambiguity. It can be understood that they reserved the tickets for each
other, but it can also be interpreted as reflective: They reserved (each for themselves) the best
tickets.)

a) False . NGLE 30.1.1a The adverb is an invariable class of words that is characterized by two
factors: one morphological, the absence of inflection, and another syntactic, the ability to
establish a modification relationship with syntactic groups corresponding to different
categories. Indeed, adverbs modify verbs ( walk down the street calmly ), adjectives (
extremely satisfied with the results ) and also other adverbs ( hopelessly far from their
homeland ). Certain adverbs can affect nominal groups ( even your children ), pronominal
groups ( almost everyone, just you ) or prepositional groups ( practically effortlessly ), as well as
modify sentences ( It's probably already four o'clock ). Lexical units that are made up of several
words and perform the syntactic functions that correspond to adverbs, such as suddenly or
without a doubt, are called adverbial phrases.

SPANISH LANGUAGE (Antonio Quilis) Pages 301-302. “ MORPHOLOGY OF ADVERBS. Although it

is said that the adverb is an invariable grammatical category because they are evidently not
subject to any type of grammatical inflection and therefore do not establish agreement with
the word they modify, nevertheless sometimes they present a series of formal variations that
we will highlight:
1. They can have appreciative suffixes such as the diminutive (prontito, cerquita, arribita,
aprisita, ahorita, etc.) and augmentative suffixes (lejotes, arribota, etc.)
2. Like the adjective, some adverbs admit the comparative degree (further than, closer
than...) and also the superlative: very far away, very clearly...)"

b) True . NGLE.
SPANISH LANGUAGE (Antonio Quilis) Pages. 201, 235.

48
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
INVARIABLE NUMBER NUMBER GENDER
NUMBER
THAT WHO WHICH HOW MUCH-A
WHO WHICH HOW MANY-AS

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES
That Which How much-a
which How many-as

RAE
11. adv. excl. how much (‖ weights the degree ). U. prefixed to adjectives and adverbs . It's
difficult! How slowly it goes!

c) False . RAE.
ungrammaticality.1. F. Ling. Characteristic of sequences of words or morphemes that do not
conform to the rules of grammar . (Conclusion. The order of the constituents is not free
because in that case in many statements there would be ungrammaticality)

d) False . GRAMMAR AND EXPRESSION EXERCISES. P. 539. MG Page. “The derivative

morpheme or affix, even having grammatical value, provides a lexical meaning, but does not
establish agreement relationships.

Compared to inflectional morphemes, derivational morphemes determine semantic and,

frequently, also categorical changes; hence its essentially productive character (formation of
new words). It is not uncommon to find some counterexample or some exception that escapes
a certain model that is intended as regular.”

e) False.
NGLE. 18.1.2 Classification of possessives
The fundamental criteria that allow possessives to be grammatically classified are set out
below.

18.1.2a Position in the nominal group. Possessives can be prenominal or postnominal. The
monosyllabic prenominal forms ( my, your, your and their plurals), almost always unstressed,
constitute apocopate variants of the corresponding full postnominal forms ( mine, yours, yours
and their variants of gender and number), which are stressed. The bisyllabic forms our/our ,
your/yours and their plurals can appear in prenominal position, and in this case they are
unstressed ( our son ), or in postnominal position, in which they are stressed: our son . The
possessive adjective whose, always prefixed and unstressed, is analyzed in § 22.4.1

22.4.1 The relative whose and the interrogative cúyo

22.4.1a Like the other inflected determiners, which agree with the noun on which it affects,
which designates the possessed entity, but not with its antecedent, which designates the
possessor: The prosecutor raises before the Court the book whose pages are folded each other
loaded with tight and small features (Fernández Santos, Extramuros ); What to do with that
money, to whose short radius of reach, moreover, all its purchasing power was limited in the
span of a month? (Aira, Varamo ). Like the other possessives, the relative whose does not
agree in plural with coordinated nouns, but in singular with the closest: {cuya ~ *cuias} insight

49
and intelligence

RAE.
whose 1 , already
From lat. cuius, -a, -um.
1. adj. relat. poses. Designates the possessor of that to which the noun it modifies refers,
with which it agrees in gender and number. U. with express antecedent. A writer whose
works are famous. In a place in La Mancha, whose name I don't want to remember.

f) True .
NGLE 2.3.1b Many ambiguous nouns tend to cease to be ambiguous. Although there are
exceptions in some countries, it is more common to use acne, anathema,
aneurysm, backlight, outboard, wicker, rheumatism or rheumatism and vodka. They prefer the
feminine filth, dote, enzyme and pelambre. This is the gender that is also recommended for
aguachirle, apocope, apotheosis, classroom, itching, hemorrhoid, nature, paralysis and portion,
although they are sometimes used as masculine; On the contrary, oil, wire, appendix,
apocalypse, rice, ostrich, color, trigger, emphasis, ghost, bridge, tequila, vinegar and glimpse
are almost always used in the masculine. Although feminine uses of these nouns have been
recorded, the masculine variant is recommended in all of them. They are now used only as
masculine apostrophe and herpes .

Issues… page. 217 Epicene names are the names of sexual realities and some plants that only
know one grammatical gender and that to specify the gender of the referent must resort to
lexical strategies of the type male/female, man/woman, male/female or boy/girl. without
altering the shape of the article (the male giraffe, the female ostrich, the male victim, the
female character, the baby girl (also colloq. The baby, the baby girl)[…] Most of these form the
masculine in –o and more rarely in –e and –n, and the feminine in –a. Those that end in
another vowel or consonant are usually treated as epicenes: puma, gorilla, mandrill,
chimpanzee, coati...

g) False . NGLE 22.1.1d From a semantic point of view, relatives, interrogatives and exclamatives
can refer to people ( who, who ), things ( what, what ), places ( where, where ), ways ( like, how
), times ( when, when ) and quantities or degrees ( how much, how much ). Some of these
words also have non-literal uses, as in where it is deduced that..., since where does not denote
here exactly a place

50
a) False . Issues… page. 226. Inflectional morphemes lack lexical meaning and, therefore,
neither affect the meaning of the base nor, compared to derivatives (which some may be
polysemic: -des, -in, -ero, etc.), do they present different meanings or semantic nuances. (their
value is univocal), they are necessary for the constitution of the lexeme in a word, they are
able to appear superimposed, that is, to be formed as syncretic morphemes, they are
insensitive to the lexicon since they lack generative capacity (their attachment to the lexeme
does not produce a new word)…

b) False . INTRODUCTION TO THE SPANISH LANGUAGE. The non-personal forms, that is, the
infinitive. The gerund and the participle, also called non-inflected forms because they lack
verbal inflection...

(Conclusion. Only the infinitive and the gerund can take enclitics, not the participle. Examples.
Comer se /* Se eat, Eating se / *Se eating, *eaten se / *Se eaten

c) False . Issues… page. 227. Another typology distinguishes between free morpheme and
bound (or bound) morpheme, depending on whether it can constitute a word by itself or its
existence depends on the presence of other elements (that is, it needs to be attached to
others). All inflectional and derivational morphemes are, by nature, bound: perr-os, com-i-
mos, ros-al-eda-s) and only some lexical morphemes can be free morphemes: in a stricter
sense, exclusively adverbs, as long as they do not receive suffixations ( yesterday, there, then,
etc., but soon-it-o, lej-isim-os, arrib-ot-a, etc.). The RAE considers free voices such as sol,
compared to its derivative sol-ar, but modernly it seems to be preferred to assume the action
of the zero morph of the singular number, so that it would become a linked morpheme (sol +
Ø).

d) False . Issues… page. 226. One of the proposed classifications allows us to differentiate the
grammatical morpheme from the lexical morpheme or lexeme. Grammatical morphemes are
of two kinds: inflectional (sometimes also called endings or accidents) and derivations (or
affixes). Although, sometimes the latter are called lexical morphemes, since they
grammaticalize lexical meanings and the branch that studies them is called lexical morphology
(see affixes).

e) False . NGLE 3.1.1c The notion of plurality can be expressed through number, and also
through other procedures. Thus, in Eight arrived it is expressed by the numeral, as indicated
by the agreement. Numeral nouns are pluralized, however, like other common nouns (§
21.2.3a); So, in How bad would it be if Mico won the last one with a pair of eights? (Wolff,
Kindergarten ). Collective nouns also lexically include the idea of plurality, as in The army
dispersed (§ 12.3), and non-countable nouns (§ 12.2): He accumulated sand. Generic nominal
groups that inform about classes or types of beings ( The wolf is a carnivorous animal ) can
also denote plurality, even if they are constructed in the singular, as well as some
constructions of distributive interpretation. Although the expression that is highlighted in
When it passed, the men took off their hats and the women cried (Jodorowsky, Pájaro )
appears in the singular, reference is not made in this text to a single hat, but to as many as the
nominal group
the men.

f) False . Issues… Glossary. P. 205. “ Shortening. Procedure for forming new words based on
the economy of language consisting of the reduction of the phonetic extension of a word.
Shortening can be carried out by any of the three general metaplasmic operations or by the

51
conjunction of several (apheresis, syncopation, apocope). But the most frequent resource is
the apocope: Mathematics > mate(s), professor > professor, university > uni, zoo > zoo,
metropolitan > meter, kilogram > kilo, photography > photo.
Conclusion. Not all. Recently (adverb) is an apocope of recent (adjective).

NGLE. 13.3.3b The adjective holy does not suffer apocope when it modifies common nouns or
is integrated into nominal phrases: the entire holy day, the Holy Father, the Holy Office. On the
other hand, it loses its last syllable before the proper name of a person that does not begin
with all- or do-: Saint Joseph, Saint Sebastian, Saint Paul, Saint Thomas, Saint Dominic. It is
possible to think that in such cases it is part of a paradigm of unstressed appositive nominal
formulas together with don, fray or sor, which is why its status as an adjective has been
questioned.

g) False . Food and belongings (plural tántum) and trapiés (plural of traspié).
NGLE. 3.3.2b The pluralia tantum belong to very varied conceptual areas:
food ( tripe, groceries, spaghetti, custard, provisions, victuals, provisions ), objects
non-specific ( archiperres, belongings, belongings , junk, utensils ), amounts of money ( per
diems, emoluments, finances, funds, fees, means ), manifestations of affection or courtesy
( cuddling, affection, manners, skills, manners, memories ), designations of marriage
( betrothal, betrothal, nuptials ), certain prayers ( compline, lauds, matins, vespers ),
preparatory or previous actions ( preliminaries, preparations, prolegomena ), imprecise places
( outskirts, surroundings, surroundings, andurrials, proximities ), fragments , remains or small
things ( pieces, rubble, residue, remains, shreds ), certain parts of some organism ( innards,
jaws, brains, swallows ). The singular and plural alternate in certain greetings and courtesy
formulas ( good morning ~ good morning; merry Christmas ~ happy Christmas ), but those
that are used almost exclusively in the plural predominate: good afternoon, good evening,
congratulations, congratulations, happy Easter, thanks, etc.

RAE.
stumble.
( Back and foot ).
1. m. Slip or trip.
2. m. Trip with the leg to knock someone down.
give someone ~s.
1. loc. verb. colloq. Make mistakes or mistakes.

QUESTION 4

PREVIOUS DATA

NGLE 8.2.3b
The fundamental parasynthetic schemes are the following:

52
Barely productive are:
aA-ear
dN-ear (spell)
as well as some that were in past times but are no longer so today:
aA-ecer (soften)

Issues …p. 229

Among the least productive circumfixes are:
Des-…-ar (skim)
Tras- …-ar (transfer)
Ex…-ar (release)
Extra_ …-ar (extravenate)
Re-…-ar (pass)
Etc.

Parasynthesis is the type of lexical creation consisting of the simultaneous action of a prefix
and a suffix or, failing that, a verbal theme; that is, it is the derivation by circumfix. The
resulting class of word is normally a verb, although there are parasynthetic participial
adjectives without there being an intermediate verbal base (velvety, brindle, ungainly, untidy,
jewelelado, redomado, encebollado, atornasolado, moratado, amulatado, acolmillado, etc.;
regordido, unshambrido , tasteless < tastelessness, etc.

QUESTIONS

Upsurge
a) Re- (prefix) + -crud- (lexeme) + -ec- (verbal suffix) + -i- (thematic vowel) + -miento
(nominal suffix or deverbal suffix or nominalizing deverbal suffix) + Ø (zero morph of
singular number )
b) Crude > recrudescence > recrudescence

To the lexical base formed by the raw adjective, the reiterative prefix re- and the verbal

53
 suffix –ecer are added, forming the parasynthetic verb recrudecer by means of a
circumfix. The formation process is completed with the 'e' -second conjugation
thematic vowel - converted into -i- when the deverbal suffix -
miento is attached , resulting in the abstract noun recrudescence. The zero morph
indicates the singular number.

Self-righteousness
a) Sant- (lexeme) + -urr- (interfix) + -on- (appreciative augmentative suffix) + -eria
(nominal suffix) + Ø (zero morph of singular number)
b) Saint > self-righteous > self-righteousness

Starting from the lexical base formed by the noun saint, the adjective santurrón is
constructed through the adjunction to the lexeme sant- of the interfix –urr-, and the
appreciative augmentative derogatory suffix –on-. With the nominalizing deadjectival
suffix –ería the formation process of this noun is completed. The zero morph indicates the
singular number.

You pounded
a) A- (verbal prefix) + -porr- (root) + -e- (verbalizing suffix -ear) + -a- (thematic
vowel) + -ba- (inflectional morpheme of tense, mood and aspect; imperfect
indicative , imperfective) + -is (inflectional morpheme of number and person,
second plural)
b) Club > club (parasynthesis)

Ringing

In this case, two analyzes are possible: as the 1st person singular of the present indicative of
the verb 'campanillear' and as a noun 'action or effect of campanillear'

First case
a) Campan- (lexeme) + -ill- (appreciative suffix) + -e- (verbal suffix) + -o (syncretic
inflectional morpheme)
b) Bell > chime > chime > chime
Second case
c) Campan- (lexeme) + -ill- (appreciative suffix) + -e- (verbal suffix) + -o (regressive suffix)
d) Bell > chime > chime > chime

54
Bravado
a) Brav- (lexeme)+-uc- (interfix)+-ón-(augmentative appreciative suffix)+ - ería
(nominalizing deadjectival suffix)+ singular number inflectional morpheme, zero
morph).
b) Bravo > bravado > bravado

They isolated
a) a-(prefix) + -isl- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -ron (inflectional morpheme of
tense, mood, aspect, number and person; past perfect simple indicative, perfective
aspect, third person plural )
b) island->isolate>isolated

The noun island is the basis of formation of isolate, a parasynthetic verb obtained by the
simultaneous adjunction of the prefix a- and the verbal stem of the first conjugation –a(r).
that is, the circumfix a-…-ar.

Unsustainability
a) In- (prefix) + -sos- (prefix) + -ten- (lexeme) + -i- (thematic vowel) + -bil- (adjectival
suffix) + -idad (nominalizing suffix) + Ø (zero morph of singular number )
b) Have > sustain > sustainable > unsustainable > unsustainability
Or also, taking into account that sustainere existed in Latin:
c) Sustain > sustainable > unsustainable > unsustainability

flake
a) des- (prefix) + -casc- (lexeme)+ -a- (thematic vowel) + -r- (infinitive morpheme) + -ill-
(appreciative suffix)+ -a- (thematic vowel)+ -r- ( infinitive morpheme)+ -se
(pronominal mark)
b) husk >husk > husk

Bailing
a) a- (prefix) + -chiqu- (lexeme) + -e- (nominalizing suffix) + -s (inflectional plural
number morpheme)
b) Chico > achicar (parasynthesis) > achiques (regressive suffixation)

55
Sanitation
a) San- (lexeme) + -e- (verbal suffix Izador) + -a- (thematic vowel) + - ment (nominal
suffix)
b) Healthy > sanitize > sanitation

Disarmaments
a) des- (prefix) + -arm- (lexeme) + -e (regressive nominalizing suffix) + -s (inflectional
plural number morpheme)

b) weapon > arm >disarm (parasynthesis) > disarm (sufixation)

Slide
a) Des- (prefix) + -liz- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) +-r- (infinitive ending) + -se
(pronominal mark)

b) liz > slide (parasynthesis)

They revived
a) Re- (prefix) + -anim- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -ba- (preterite imperfect
indicative ending) + -n (3rd pers. inflectional morpheme. plural number).
b) anima > animate > reanimate (repetitive prefixation) > reanimated

Unblocking
a) des- (verbal prefix) + -a- (verbal prefix) + -tranqu- (root) + -e (nominalizing
suffix) + 0 (zero morph of singular)
b) lock > lock (parasynthesis) 'put a lock' > unlock (prefixation)

Incensed
a) a) En-(prefix) + -coler- (lexeme) + --iz- (verbalizing denominal suffix) + -a-
(thematic vowel) + -d- (participle suffix)+ or (masculine gender morpheme)+
zero morph of number)
b) b) Anger > anger (parasynthesis) > Anger

cheapening
a) A- (prefix) + -barat- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -miento (nominalizing
deverbal suffix) + Ø (zero morph of singular number)

56
 b) Cheapen > cheapen (prefixation) > cheapening (derivation by suffixation)
roundings
a) Redond- (lexeme) + -e- (verbalizing suffix) + -o- (nominalizing deverbal suffix) + -s
(inflectional plural number morpheme)
b) Round > round > rounding (derivation)

Loss
Two analysis options:
as a verb
a) Extra- (prefix) + -ví- (lexeme) + -o (first person inflectional morpheme, singular number,
and present tense and indicative mood)
as a noun
a) Extra- (prefix) + -ví- (lexeme) + -o (nominalizing suffix) + Ø (zero morph of singular number)

b) via>misplace>loss

You package
a) Em- (prefix) + -paquet- (lexeme) + -e- (inflectional morpheme of time and
mood) -is (inflectional morpheme of person and number)
b) Package > pack (parasynthesis) > pack

chasing away
a) a- (prefix) + -hu- (lexeme) + ie (thematic vowel) [the "y" here has vowel value)
+ -nt- (adjective suffix or present participle) + -a- (thematic vowel) + - ndo
(gerund morpheme) + se (different values depending on the context: middle
voice, reciprocal, passive).
b) Flee>flee>away (parasynthesis)

ravaged
a) a-(prefix)+ -sol-(lexeme) + -an- (denom suffix. or adj.) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -d-
(participle suffix) + -o (masculine gender inflectional morpheme) + 0 (singular number
morpheme, zero morph).
b) Sol > Solano (derivation) > asolano (parasynthesis) > asolano (suffixation)

57
They pass through
a) a) a- (prefix) + -travies- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + Ø (zero morph of TM or TMA) + –n
(syncretic morpheme of PN: 3rd pers. Plural)
b) b) through> traverse (parasynthesis)

Requirements
a) re-(prefix)+ --break-(lexeme) + -o- (nominalizing deverbal suffix) +s (nominal inflectional
morpheme of plural number)
b) quebrar > requebrar (derivation by prefixation) > requiebro (derivation by regressive
suffixation)

pigheadedness
a) Cabez- (lexeme) + -on- (adjectival denominal suffix) + -ería (adjectival suffix) + O (nominal
inflectional morpheme of singular number, zero morph)
b) Cabeza>cabezón (derivation by suffixation) >cabezonería (derivation by suffixation>)

boisterously
a) bull- (lexeme)+ -ici- (deverbal, nominal suffix)+ -os- (denomina suffix!,
adjectival) + -a- (old inflectional morpheme of the feminine gender)+
-mente (adverbializing deadjectival suffix)
b) bustle > bustle ( derivation by suffixation) > bustling ( derivation
by suffixation) > boisterously (derivation by suffixation)

Note. The -a does not function as a gender morpheme in the current synchrony.

Indebtedness
a) En- (prefix) + -deud- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -miento (nominalizing suffix)
+ 0 (zero morph of singular number)
b) Doubt > go into debt (parasynthesis) > indebtedness (suffixation)

Lecturing
a) Sermon- (lexeme) + -e- (verbalizing suffix) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -ndo (verbal
ending of gerund)
b) Sermon>sermonize

58
Deployments
a) Des- (prefix, reversive negative) + -fold- (lexeme) + -e- (nominalizing suffix) + -s
(inflectional plural number morpheme)
b) Sheet>Fold>Unfold>Unfold

Vaulted
a) a- (prefix)+-boved- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -d- (participle suffix) + -a-
(feminine gender inflectional morpheme) + -s (number inflectional morpheme) plural)
b) Vault>vaulted (parasynthesis)>vaulted (derivation by suffixation)

Plazoletite
a) plaz- (lexeme) + -ol- (diminutive appreciative nominal suffix, allomorph of -uelo) + -
et- (diminutive appreciative nominal suffix) + -ita (diminutive appreciative nominal
suffix) + Ø (nominal inflectional morpheme of singular number : morph zero)
b) plaza>plazuela (derivation by suffixation)>plazoleta (derivation by
suffixation)>plazoletita (derivation by suffixation)

Flattening
a) a- (prefix)+-plast- (lexeme)+ -a-(thematic vowel) + - ment- (nominalizing deverbal
suffix) + Ø (nominal inflectional morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) plasta>crush (parasynthesis)>crush (derivation by suffixation)

Mismatches
a) des- (reversive prefix) + -a- (prefix) + -just- (lexeme) + -e- (nominalizing deverbal
suffix) + -s (Nominal inflectional morpheme of plural number)
b) just>adjust (parasynthesis)>disadjust (derivation by prefixation)>mismatches
(derivation by backward suffixation)

showers
a) Agu- (lexeme) + -ac- (nominal suffix) + -ero- (denominal suffix) + -s (nominal
inflectional morpheme of plural number).
b) Water>downpour (derivation by suffixation)>downpour (derivation by suffixation).

59
Upsurge
a) Re- (prefix) + -crud- (lexeme) + -ec- (verbalizing suffix) + -i- (thematic vowel) - miento
(nominalizing suffix) + Ø (inflectional morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) Crude > recrudescence (parasynthesis) > recrudescence (suffixation)

bottled
a) Em- (prefix) + -botij- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -d- (participle verbal
morpheme) + -o (masculine inflectional morpheme) + Ø (nominal inflectional
morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) Botijo> embotijar (parasynthesis) > embotijado (suffixation)

Disbursements
a) Des- (prefix) + em- (prefix) + -bols- (lexeme) + -o- (regressive deverbal suffix) + -s
(nominal inflectional morpheme of plural number)
b) Bag > pocket (bypass) + disburse (prefix) > disburse (regressive bypass)

Sore
a) Pain- (lexeme) + -id- (participle suffix) + -o (nominal inflectional morpheme of
masculine gender) – Ø (nominal inflectional morpheme of singular number: zero
morph)
b) Pain > sore (suffixation)

Regrowth
a) re- (prefix) + -brot- (lexeme) + -e- (regressive nominalizing deverbal suffix) +-s
(nominal inflectional morpheme of plural number)
b) sprout > sprout (prefixation) > sprout (suffixation)

Enlistment

60
 a) a- (prefix) + -list- (lexeme) +-a- (VT) + -ment (nominalizing deverbal suffix) + Ø
(nominal inflectional morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) List>enlist (prefixation)>enlistment (subfixation)

heels
a) tac- (lexeme) + -on- (appreciative suffix) + -e- (verbalizing denominal suffix) + -
o- (regressive deverbal suffix) + -s (nominal inflectional morpheme of plural
number)
b) heel>heel>heel>heels

Rinse aid
a) a) a- (prefix) + -brill- (lexeme) + -ant- (adjectival suffix, old present participle
suffix) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -d- (participle suffix) + -o- ( nominal inflectional
morpheme of masculine gender) + -r (infinitive ending) + Ø (nominal
inflectional morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) shine>shine>bright (supfixation)>brighten (parasynthesis)>brightener
(suffixation)

Releases
a) Ex- (prefix) + -carcel- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -cion- (nominalizing
suffix) + -es (nominal inflectional morpheme of plural number)
b) Prison > release (parasynthesis) > releases (suffixation)

Dizziness
Two possible analyzes
a) mare- (lexeme) + -o- (nominalizing suffix) + -s (nominal inflectional morpheme
of plural number)
b) tide > dizziness
and
a) Mar- (lexeme)+-e-(verbal suffix)+-o-(nominal suffix)+-s (plural inflectional
morpheme).
b) Sea>sickness

Sawmill
a) a- (prefix) + -serr- (lexeme) + -a- (VT) + -dero (nominalizing suffix) + Ø (nominal
inflectional morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) saw > saw > saw (prefix) > sawmill (supfix)

Butterfly
a) a-(prefix)+-maripos-(lexeme)+--ad- (participle suffix)+-o (masculine inflectional
morpheme)+ O (nominal inflectional morpheme of singular number: morph

61
 zero).
b) butterfly> butterfly

Indecipherable
a) in-(prefix)+-des-(prefix)+-cipr-(lexeme)+-a-(VT)+-ble-(adjectival deverbal suffix)+-
s(plural inflectional morpheme).
b) cipher > encrypt > cipherable > decipherable > indecipherable
overshadowing
a) en-(prefix)+sobr-(lexeme)+-ec-(verbal suffix)+ -ie- (thematic vowel) + -ndo (gerund
morpheme)
b) Shadow>overshadowing (parasynthesis)>overshadowing

Hacks
a) pirat-(lexeme)+-e-(verbal suffix)+-o-(nominalizing deverbal suffix)+-s (plural
inflectional morpheme).
b) Pirate>hack>hack

Chafing
a) roz-(lexeme)+-a-(VT)+-dura(nominalizing deverbal suffix)+O(inflectional
morpheme of singular number, zero morph).
b) Rub>chafing

gush
a) Chorr -(lexeme)+-et-(interfix)+-ón (appreciative augmentative suffix) + Ø
(nominal reflexive morpheme of plural number: zero morph)
b) Squirt>squirt

mistakes
a) Des-(prefix)+-pist-(lexeme)+ -e-(nominalizing suffix)+-s(plural inflectional
morpheme).

62
b) Clue>mislead (parasynthesis)>mislead

daunted
a) a-(prefix)+-milan-(lexeme)+-a-(VT)+-d-(past participle morpheme)+-o(masculine
inflectional morpheme)+ O (nominal inflectional morpheme of singular no. , morph
zero)
b) Milano>amilanar>amilanado

recycling
a) re- (prefix) -cicl- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -je (nominal suffix) + 0
(inflectional morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) cycle>cycle>recycle (prefixation)>recycling (suffixation)

Debasement
a) en- (prefix) + -vil- (lexeme) + -ec- (verbalizing suffix) + -í- (VT) + -miento
(nominalizing suffix) + 0 (inflectional morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) vile> debase (parasynthesis)>debasement (suffixation)

dizziness
Two possible analyzes
a) mare- (lexeme) + -o- (nominalizing suffix) + -s (nominal inflectional morpheme
of plural number)
b) tide > dizziness
and
c) Mar- (lexeme)+-e-(verbal suffix)+-o-(nominal suffix)+-s (plural inflectional
morpheme).
d) Sea>dizziness or sea>dizziness>dizziness

released
a) ex- (prefix)+ -carcel- (lexeme)+ -a- (VT)+ -d- (past participle morpheme)+ -o-
(masculine gender morpheme)+ O (singular number morpheme, zero morph )
b) jail > release (parasynthesis) > release

puff
a) boc- (lexeme)+ -an- (interfix) + + -ada- (nominalizing suffix)+ O (singular number
morpheme)
b) mouth > puff

63
Choteo
a) Chot-(lexeme)+-e-(verbal suffix)+-o (nominal suffix)
b) Choto>chotear>choteo

meltdown
a) Des-(prefix)+-pelot-(lexeme)+-e(nominalizing deverbal suffix)
b) Ball>de-balling (parasynthesis)>de-balling (regressive sufixation)

whiny
a) quej-(lexeme)+-ic-(interfix)+-os-(adjectival denominal suffix)+-o (inflectional
morpheme of masculine gender)+O (inflectional morpheme of singular number, morph
zero).
b) Complaint>complainer>complainer

soaping
a) en-(prefix)+-soap-(lexeme)+-a-(VT)+-dura (nominalizing deverbal suffix).+ Ø
(inflectional morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) soap>soap>lather (prefixation)>lather (subfixation)

Handle
a) em-(prefix)+-puñ-(lexeme)+-a-(VT)+-dura (nominalizing deverbal suffix) + 0 (nominal
inflectional morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) Fist>grip>grip

trick
a) jug-(lexeme)+-arr-(interfix)+-eta (appreciative suffix) + 0 (nominal inflectional
morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) Play>play

embarrassments
a) azor- (lexeme) +-a- (thematic vowel) + -miento (nominalizing deverbal suffix) + -s

64
(inflectional morpheme of plural number)
b) goshawk>astonishment>astonishment

intemperance
a) Des- (prefix) + -templ- (lexeme) + -e- (regressive suffix) + -s (nominal inflectional
morpheme of plural number)
b) temper>temple (retrograde suffixation)>destemple (prefixation)

Falling in love
a) en-(prefx)+-love-(lexeme)+-isc-(interfix)+-a-(VT)+ment (nominalizing deverbal suffix)
+0 (singular inflectional morpheme, zero morph).
b) love>fall in love>falling in love

Outcomes
a)des- (prefix) + -en- (prefix) + -lac- (lexeme) + -e- (regressive suffix) + -s (inflectional plural
number morpheme)
b) loop > link (parasynthesis) > link > denouement

Endless
a) in-(prefix)+-termin-(lexeme)+-a-(thematic vowel)+-ble-(adjectival deverbal suffix)+-0
(zero morph of singular number)
b) term>end>terminable>interminable
pissed off
Two analyzes
As an adjective (Those are the angry boys) There is inflection of gender and number:
mosqueado/s mosqueada/s
a) mosqu- (lexeme)+-e-(verbalizing denominal suffix)+-a-(thematic vowel)+-d-
(participle suffix) + -o- (inflectional masculine gender morpheme) Ø (nominal
inflectional morpheme) singular number: morph zero)
b) fly>mosquear>mosqueado
Preceded by auxiliary verb: They have been upset. The participle is not inflected, but the
auxiliary.
a) mosqu- (lexeme)+-e-(verbalizing denominal suffix)+-a-(VT) +-do (participle suffix)
b) fly>mosquear>mosqueado
-ad- can be analyzed as an adjectival suffix.

65
soaping
a) en-(prefix)+-soap-(lexeme)+-a-(VT)+-dura (nominalizing deverbal suffix).+ -s
(inflectional plural number morpheme)
b) soap>soap>lather (prefixation)>lather (subfixation)

Disentanglements
a) Des- (prefix) + -en- (prefix) + -red- (lexeme) + -o- (regressive deverbal suffix) + -s
(inflectional plural number morpheme)
b) Network>tangle (parasynthesis)>untangle>disentangle

Amulated
a) a-(prefix)+-mul- (lexeme) + -at-(interfix)+-ad-(adjectival denominal suffix)+-o-
(inflectional morpheme of masculine gender)+-0 (inflectional morpheme of
singular number zero morph )
b) mule> mulatto>amulated (parasynthesis)

Softening
a)re- (prefix) + -bland- (lexeme) + -ec- (verbalizing deverbal suffix) + -i- (thematic vowel) + -
miento (nominalizing deverbal suffix) + 0 (nominal inflectional morpheme of singular number:
morph zero)
b)soft>softening (parasynthesis)>softening (suffixation)

PEC QUESTIONS 2015/16 YEAR

How much can be an adjective, pronoun and adverb. The first test is to see what modifies, and
the second to check the agreement. When it modifies nouns it is an adjective (How many
things!), when it replaces (elided) pronouns it is a pronoun (How many [candy] have you
eaten?) and when it modifies verbs it is an adverb (How long has it been since we last saw each
other!). In the statement it modifies the noun flowers. The answer is F

66
Inflectional morphemes are those that do not affect the meaning of the root and are
those of gender (chico/a), those of number (chico/s) and the verbal ones (comí/mos).
Despite the morphemes, the words are still of the same category. Derivative
morphemes do affect the meaning of the root, they can make a word move from one
category to another: sing (verb)/canta-nte (noun). The morpheme -í- coincides with the
fact that it can be inflectional (com-í) and derivational (israel-í). The former continues
to be a verb (comer/comí) and the latter goes from a noun (Israel) to an adjective
(Israelí). The answer is V.

It is only pluralia tantum “nupcias” since it does not admit the singular even in the article: las
nupcias, *la nupcias. On the other hand, “dose” is a noun invariant in terms of number. Admits
the singular and plural: the doses, the dose. The answer is F.

We use examples. What did you make the cake with? what is a pronoun that functions
as the nucleus of the prepositional phrase "with what." What an original idea? What is
an adjective that modifies the noun idea. What do these glasses cost? What is an
adverb that modifies the verb cost. The answer is V.

There are words that only have a lexeme, they are not inflected, they do not have derived
morphemes. Those that have derivatives are linked or locked morphemes (house-s, love-bear,
etc.), those that are only lexeme are free morphemes.
The following are free morphemes: 1) adverbs, except those that have suffixes (cerquita) and
the forms in -mente. 2) Prepositions. 3) Conjunctions. 4) The invariable forms of the
pronominal system (me, us...) 5) The apocopes (saint, good, first...) 6) the pluralia tantum and
singularia tantum. 7) Compounds in -s of the cantamañanas type. 8) The invariable nouns type
crisis and Monday, as long as the zero morph is denied, 9) The primitive words type sun or sea,
if we do not consider the zero morph either.
The answer is F.

The "se" does not act here as a pronoun, but as an impersonal one; That is, it is not a
pronoun, but a morpheme, it has no syntactic value. It is a mark of impersonality. In
the statement there is only one pronoun, which is "all." The answer is F.

67
-il- is part of the “able” lexeme: re-habil-it-ado, habil-idoso, habil-itado, etc. The one
that is interfixed is –it-, which links the lexeme or root with the derivational and
inflectional morphemes that close the word. The answer is F.

NGLE 2.4.2a "The noun baby is common in terms of gender in many American
countries (the baby), but in Spain it is epicene (the baby/*the baby)." Gorilla is also
epicene and cyclist is not epicene but a common noun in terms of gender. How to
differentiate them? First, keep in mind that the epicenes encompass the species and
refer to sexual realities, that is, to people, animals and plants: baby (boy and girl),
gorilla (the male gorilla and the female gorilla). If the noun can be preceded by a
determiner, an article, etc., that indicates its sex, then it is a common noun in terms
of gender: the cyclist, a lecturer...In the epicenes this cannot be done ( the
gorilla/*the gorilla) but rather the pairs male/female, male/female... Then it would be:
the male gorilla, the female gorilla/the baby boy, the baby girl/the male giraffe, the
female giraffe...In the epicene it is seen that the article does not change, but rather
the adjective that is added to it, which is also the one that distinguishes them
(female, male, male...). The answer is F.

We find out if they are interfixes by segmenting the words: hum-(lexeme) + -ar- (interfix) +
eda (nominalizing suffix) + 0 (zero morph of singular number)/ros- (lexeme) + -al-
(nominalizing suffix ) + -eda (nominalizing suffix) + 0 (zero singular number
morpheme). The answer is F.

Its meaning would be: not responsible/not forgivable. Negative sense in which they
coincide. Therefore, im-, i- and also in- are allomorphs with a negative meaning
(irresponsible, unforgivable, unnecessary). Different are im-, em- and en- which are
allomorphs with a locative sense (embed, embed, bury). The answer is V.

68
If we syntactically analyze the statement it would be: he/she (elliptical subject) has
nothing (verb) to say (CD formed by the pronoun "nothing" with its own function of the
noun, plus the adjacent adjectival (that is to say, subordinate relative adjectival
proposition with syntagmatic function). The answer is F.

ble and -bil are allomorphs (adjectival suffixes: kind>kindness/*kindness), so they are
not interfixes. –bil- is, therefore, a suffix. The answer is F.

There are multisyllabic words ending in a vowel that do not make the plural in –s, but in –es:
faralá, faralaes/ albalá, albalaes. The answer is V.

The thematic vowels are:

- From the first conjugation: a (cant-ar, dream-ar...)
- From the second conjugation: e (tej-er, beb-er...), ie (tuv-ie-ra) i (ten-í-a)
- Of the third conjugation: i (re-ir, mor-ir), ie (mur-ie-ndo)
The answer is V

“After” can only be a preposition. Not to be confused with the adverb “behind.” The official list
of prepositions of the RAE for current Spanish is: a, before, under, fits, with, against, from,
during, in, between, towards, until, through, for, for, according to, without, so, on, after,
versus, via. The answer is F

The segment -ec-, as a verbal suffix, according to the NGLE, would be joined to -er, (-ecer). But
Page does not join them, and then it is the case that -ec- verbal suffix coincides with -ec-
interfix. It is an interfix because what it does is link the root or lexeme with the closing affixes

69
without further ado. On the other hand, if it were a verbal suffix the result would be a verb or
verb derivative: rejuven-ec-er, rejuven-ec-ido (verbal suffix). The answer is V.

Positive Comparative Superlative

Well Better Optimum

Bad Worse Appalling
Big Elderly Maximum
Little Minor Minimum
High Superior Supreme
Low lower Infimum

The answer is F

The infinitive is not inflected, but the imperative is: buy, buy/drink, drink/salt, salid, etc. The
answer is F.

Issues in Spanish Morphology . Glossary (p. 218.) HYPOCORISTIC. Personal name of a person, of
a family or emotional nature, generally obtained through the shortening of another personal
name or anthroponym. The shortening can be produced by one of the following three
metaplasms: a) apocope: preserves the head of the anthroponym: Margarita > Marga,
Bienvenido >Bienve; b) Apheresis: Guadalupe > Lupe; Genoveva >Veva; c) Syncopation:
Manuel >Manel; Gonzalo >Gonzo. The hypocoristic can also be obtained by combining several
metaplasms: apheresis + apocope (Inmaculada >Macu); apheresis + syncopation (Antonio >
Tono); syncopation + apocpe (Manuel > Mane); apheresis + syncopation + apocope (Eleuterio
>Lute). The answer is V

70
NGLE. 4.8 “Verbs that present an incomplete conjugation are called defective, that is, those
that constitute paradigms that lack some inflectional forms: dawn, dusk, snow, rain, arrecir,
aterir, discolor, embaír…”
They are defective because they are not conjugated completely: *I rain, *you snow, *we get
worse...Some are conjugated only in the third person, others in the second, etc. we land The
answer is F.

OTHER ANALYSIS AND NON-EXAM QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS

a) F. It can also occur by heteronymy (man/woman, bull/cow), by prefixing the article el/la in
common nouns (the tennis player), adding the adjectives male or female in the epicenes (male
gorilla/female gorilla). .

b) F. The participle of phrasal verbs is invariable, what agrees is the auxiliary verb that
accompanies it, the verb haber: A person has eaten/Several people have eaten

c) F. Also in neutral. NGLE “ 2.1.2b Nouns do not have neuter gender in Spanish. Only the
demonstratives have it ( this, that, that ), the quantifiers ( so much, how much, much, little ),
the article what and the personal pronouns it and what (§ 14.5.1a, 16.2.1f, 17.2.5 and 19.2 .1).
The gender in which the adjectives and other modifiers of these neuter elements appear does
not differ morphologically from the masculine:
I know that there is a lot of good and a lot of bad in me (Gómez Avellaneda, Autobiografía);
Well, I tell you that that is stupid and monstrous (Baroja, Aurora); All of this was false, as was
later demonstrated (Semprún, Federico Sánchez); This is only true for wars of conquest
(Madero, Succession

71
d) V. The thematic vowel, which is considered an inflectional morpheme, is endowed
with certain derivational powers; salt, water, water.

e) V. The derivational suffix -mente converts the base adjective to which it is applied
into an adverb, so it must remain unchanged and other morphemes (such as gender or
number) cannot be added.

f) V. Quilis: "Relative pronouns have three fundamental characteristics:

1. They replace a name or NP that has previously appeared in the spoken chain, which we call
antecedent name or simply antecedent.
2. Links sentences, serves as a link between the main proposition and the subordinate one.
When the pronoun is preceded by a preposition and an article, the entire set performs the
same function.
3. Within the subordinate clause that they lead, they perform the same functions as the name
or the NP, although not necessarily the same as their antecedent.

INVARIABLE NUMBER GENDER/NUMBER GENDER/NUMBER

that Who who he/which Whose-a
the ones Whose-as

g) V. Quilis. Whose is inserted between the pronouns by custom. However, they have the
double value of a link relative to an antecedent or transpositor, and of a possessive adjective.
It never works as a noun. Its function is always an adjective of the name that follows it.

h) V. The neuter pronoun THIS does not have plural. The plural THESE corresponds to the
pronoun THIS.

i) F. Not always. Ex. Here, there, then, then, so, etc. They are free morphemes. Issues …p. 227
“Another typology distinguishes between free morpheme and bound (or locked) morpheme,
depending on whether it can constitute a word by itself or its existence depends on the
existence of other elements. All inflectional and derivational morphemes are bound and only
some lexical morphemes can be free morphemes.”

j) F. Issues …p. 226 “Derivative morphemes, also called lexical, grammaticalize lexical
meanings”

All derivatives in -tion are feminine. T or F.

V

In "There aren't that many people who live that long! ", what are "tanta"
and "tanto"?
"So many" is an adjective since it can be variable, "so many people" and "so much" is
invariable, it modifies a verb that is also intransitive so it has to be an adverb.

The -e of dizzy, is it a verbalizing denominal suffix?

72
It is a denominational suffix

-bil and -ble are not allomorphs in all cases.V or F.

F

The adverbs "while" and "when" are sometimes interchangeable. T or F.

V

"From time to time" is a) a prepositive phrase b) a conjunctive phrase c)

an adverbial phrase d) a composition.
c

"When" can be a) adverb b) conjunction c) preposition d) all three things.

d

An example of "little" as an adv., another as an adj. and another as a

pronoun.
Two examples:
I usually eat little (adverb). There is little time left (adjective). Little is known about
that matter (pronoun).
Adverb (It almost fell) adjective (It's a little cold) Pronoun (Give me a little)

Does the adverb admit appreciative morphemes?

Yeah. Examples: cerquita, lejitos, ahorita, Prontito, lejotes, arribota, get down...

What is the name of the phenomenon by which the expression or

realization of two or more morphemes occurs through the same morph: a)
acronym b) allomorphy c) syncretism d) Polyptoton.
c

If allomorphs are characterized by formal identity or similarity and by

identity of meaning. Is morph zero an allomorph, considering it has no
physical form? T or F
V

in-, i-, im- and en- are allomorphs with the same meaning. T or F.
F. in-, i- and im- are allomorphic, they are prefixes with a negative meaning (unsafe,
unexpected, illegal). In-, Im- and en- have locative meaning (embed, implant, bury)

sub- sus- su- so- sor- sos- son- sa- cha- za- zam- and soto- are allomorphic.
T or F.

73
V

One of the reasons why allomorphy occurs is substitution or supletism,

but substitution or supletism is not always allomorphy. T or F
F

Toc- and toqu- from toc-ar and toqu-e a) They are allomorphs b) They are
allolexemes c) They are neither one nor the other.
c

Can it be understood that -er of grant-er and -ion of grant-ion are

allomorphs?
NO

In which series are all the pronoun terms?: a) a lot, this, everything,
something; b) nothing, nobody, so, he; c) both, un, me, os; d) the, this,
too, you; e) what, who, what, how.
TO

What type of adjective is "true" in: I received certain information and I

received certain information?
In the first it is a determinative adjective, and in the second it is a qualifying adjective.

Depending on the context, can "me" be a possessive adjective,

possessive pronoun, personal adjective and personal pronoun?
Personal pronoun only.

In "Those flowers are violets": a) "Those" is an adjective b) flowers is a

noun c) violets is a noun d) violets is an adjective e) all of them are
correct
AND

In which of the following series are all the elements are or can be
adjectives: a) low, very, much, none; b) my, that, tall, quite; c) early, late,
mine, some; d) none, some, first, first.
d

How is "Víveres" analyzed? There may be one or more answers.

a) Food
b) Food-Ø
c) Vívere-s
d) Víver-es
e) Vívere-Ø-s

74
f) You live
g) None is true

The true answer is a. For pluralia tantum and singularia tantum it cannot be
assumed that there is a zero morph. Nor in the invariables in terms of number:
Food/thirst/crisis

There may be one or more answers. The acronym means:

a) Necessarily a change of meaning
b) Necessarily a morphological change
c) Necessarily a phonetic change
d) Necessarily a grammatical change
e) I believe that a and b are true
f) I think a, b and c are true
g) I believe that a, b, c and d are true
h) I think they are all false.

The answer is f.

There may be one or more answers. “Handyman” (skilled in manual work)

is:
a) Epicene
b) Invariant as to number
c) Pluralia tantum
d) Common noun regarding gender
e) B and c are true
f) Neither answer is true.

The answers are b and d

Are "jealousy", "wives" and "Monday" pluralia tantum?

No, just jealousy and wives. Monday is invariable as to number.

There may be one or more answers.

a) The adjectival and pronominal nature of “a lot” is verified by resorting
to agreement.
b) The adjectival and adverbial nature of “a lot” is verified by resorting to
agreement
c) The pronominal and adverbial nature of “a lot” is verified by resorting
to agreement.
d) They are all true.
e) They are all false.
Explain why.

75
To solve this question, the first thing we must take into account is that the
categories of words are divided into variable (which can be inflected) and invariable
(which cannot be inflected). We already know that nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs
and articles are variables, they have the ability to agree, and adverbs, conjunctions
and prepositions do not, they do not have the property of agreement. Therefore, all
questions in which the adverbial nature appears must be discarded, because the
adverb does not agree, it is not inflected. So out with b, c and d. Since we already
know that pronouns and nouns are inflected, then the answer e is not valid either, and
the true answer is a.

a) The apocope cu can only modify adjectives

b) The apocope can only modify adverbs
c) The apocopes so, how and just can modify adjectives and adverbs
d) The apocopes very, so and just can modify adjectives and adverbs
e) The apocope very can only modify adjectives
f) The apocopes very, how and just can modify adjectives and adverbs
g) The apocopes very, tan and quant can modify adjectives and adverbs.
h) The apocope can only modify adjectives
i) G and h are true.

The answer is the i

In which case do the prefixes coincide in meaning?

a) Impossible and wrap
b) Wrap and inseminate
c) Inseminate and impossible
d) They are all true

The answer is b

One of these three is an adverbial phrase: despite, however, the more

than.

"Despite" is a prepositive phrase. Prepositives have the most

productive patterns of prep+N+prep, or n+prep (despite). "The more
than" is a conjunctive phrase that is distinguished because it has the
conjunction that, and "however" is an adverbial phrase. The latter is
somewhat strange because the most productive pattern of adverbial
phrases is prep+n (knowingly, in conversation) but there are others
like prep+n+y+n (in fits and starts). In general I have seen that we are

76
not given tangled locutions in exams and practically those that follow
the guidelines that I say. Adjectives don't seem to interest you much.
Its guidelines are as if adjacent (of volume and spine, light of
hooves). And nominal phrases are what he tries to entangle us with
regarding compounds. Nominals and compounds appear as phrases,
but they are differentiated by meaning: figurative in nominal phrases
(dead fly) and literal in compounds (wrench). Interjective locutions
are recognized by the exclamation: oh, blessed, for the cheetah. And
the verbal ones because they have a verb: sing the forties. I believe
that having this clear is enough to recognize them.

In summary, let's remember the most productive guidelines for locutions:

Adverbial phrase: prep+N
Prepositive phrase: prep+N+prep or N+prep.
Conjunctive phrase: N+que
Interjective phrase: expression of admiration.
Verbal locution: includes verb
Nominal phrase: structure of SN (N+A)
Adjective phrase: Structure of adjacent (de+N)
According to this, what class are the following utterances?
1-Fishing in troubled rivers
2-Oh, blessed
3-Of course
4-so that
5-in the name of
6-cinema
7-the afterlife
Answers. 1 verbal, 2 interjective 3 adverbial 4 conjunctive 5 prepositive 6 adjectival 7 nominal

One is not an adverbial phrase: consequently, consequently, so that

It is not an adverbial phrase, but rather a conjunctive phrase "so

that." It presents the typical structure of a prepositional phrase, plus
a noun, closed by the conjunction that. The feature of functional
equivalence to a conjunction is not easily fulfilled, compared to what
usually happens with the other phrases.

77
Identify the following phrases: no matter how bad it is, I neither go in nor
go out, on the edge of, like a motherfucker, drowning in the heat, with a
fresh wind, all in all.

It's bad that I regret it: adverbial phrase

I neither enter nor leave: verbal locution
On the edge of: prepositive phrase
Of fucking mother: adjective phrase
Drowning in heat: verbal locution
With fresh wind: adverbial phrase
Of volume and lomo: adjectival phrase

They are not characteristics of the interfix:

a) Its anterradical position, its tonic nature and its structure as a segment made up of a
single vowel sound
b) Its post-radical position, its tonic nature and its structure as a segment made up of a
single vowel sound
c) Its anterradical position, its unstressed nature and its structure as a segment made up
of a single vowel sound
d) All three are false.

The answer is a

Can "less" and "more" be considered pluralia tantum?

Not because pluralia tantum are nouns and “less” and “more” are not.
Nor can they be considered number-invariant for the same reason,
because they are not nouns. “Less” and “more” can be adverbs,
adjectives and pronouns, and in the case of “less” also a conjunction.

The appreciative suffixes:

1- They do not function as a closing mark.
2- They do work as a closing mark.
3. They are both false.

78
Not all of them work, nor do they all stop working as a closing mark. Only some do it: far
away, far away, and little else. They are a closing mark because they do not support
segmentation. You cannot say *lej-it-o/*lej-it-a. In this sense they are assimilated to the
pluralia and singularia tantum, to the plural invariables, and others in which Page does not
consider that they have zero morph: * arribota-Ø. The answer is C.

Are -dero, -dor and –tor allomorphs? True or false.

-dor and its cultured variant -tor yes, but dero no. All three result in nouns, but -dero is
locative rather: watering hole, dunghill, etc.

Are -dero and -thorium allomorphs? T or F.

-dero and -thorium are locative, they coincide in meaning but not in formal similarity, which
are two of the characteristics of allomorphs. The answer is F.

Keys to distinguish pluralia tantum and singularia tantum of nouns

invariable in terms of number.

Keys to distinguish pluralia tantum and singularia tantum of nouns invariable in terms of
number. In invariable nouns the determiners can alternate, but in singularia and pluralia they
cannot.

- Singularia tantum: sed/*sedes, la sed/*el sed/*las sed/*las sedes

- Pluralia tantum: the nuptials/*the nuptials

- Nouns invariable in terms of number: the crisis/the crises/ *the crisis/*the crises- the
cardigan/the cardigan/*the cardigan/*the cardigans/*the cardigans/*the cardigans

Keys to distinguish the functions of QUË

WHAT can have four functions: exclamatory and interrogative adjective,

exclamatory and interrogative pronoun, exclamatory adverb and
interjection
We must see what modifies “what” and not confuse it with the conjunction THAT:
What a pretty house! (what+noun=adjective)
Living is beautiful! (what + adjective = adverb)
What do you read in summer? (what+verb= pronoun).
That? To express negation and weighting (interjection)

79
Which of the following generally has or have the power to change the
morphological category of its lexical source:
1- Prefix
2- Infix
3- Interfix
4- Evaluative suffixes
5- Derivative suffixes

Morphology issues p. 160. “Among the characteristics of derivational

suffixes is the ability to change the morphological category of their
lexical source: bitter (adjective) bitterness (noun). Phenomenon that
does not always occur with prefixes, infixes, interfixes and evaluative
suffixes.”
Although some prefixes change nouns into adjectives (Color, noun/ multicolor, adj.), this is
not a generalized mechanism. For the most part, that is, in general, prefixes do not change
the category of the word, but derivatives do. The answer is 5.

Adjective apocopes, in general, are also adjectives. T or F

good → good: good day

bad → bad: bad omen
big → big: big race
saint → saint: Saint Anthony

All adjectives. The answer is V.

All adverb apocopes are also adverbs and only adverbs. T or F

Very, so and how are adverbs and only adverbs, and are derived from adverbs: much, so
much, how much. The answer is V.

Difference between compound words and holophrastic words.

They are the same in that they are words joined graphically, but the compositions are phrases
and the holophrases are sentences: "think about it."

80
We already know that "very" is always an adverb. It modifies adjectives
(very nice), it modifies adverbs (very easily) but, in examples like "very
man", what is it?

"Man" has the function of an adjective in this case.

RAE
4. m. A man who has the qualities considered masculine par excellence. Now that is a man!
OR. t. c. adj. Very man.
The same thing happens with “very woman”

Keys to distinguish the grammatical categories of the apocopes of

adverbs and adjectives.

The apocopes of adverbs are only adverbs and the apocopes of

adjectives are only adjectives. So if they give us statements like: "He is
a good boy but very lazy" there is no need to think about it any further:
very and good are adverb and adjective respectively,

Apocopes of adverbs
Very (very much)
So (so much)
How (how much)

Apocopes of adjectives
Bad (bad)
Good (of good)
Big (big)
Saint (holy)

WHAT can be a subordinating conjunction and a pronoun. In the following

cases, when is it a pronoun and when is it a conjunction?

a) The car I bought

b) He who wants chocolate will have chocolate
c) Juan is more innocent than your brother
d) Good luck

In a and b pronoun, and in c and d conjunction. In the first two cases it is a pronoun because it
replaces a noun, "car", it refers to the car, which is its antecedent, and because “what” is a
relative pronoun. Furthermore, the pronoun appears in relative subordinate clauses
(adjectives.

81
In "first of all", "first" is:
- Adjective
- Noun
- Adverb
- Pronoun

"LO is limited in its ability to combine with other words. In the examples proposed so far (the
good, the good, the good) we see it determining an adjective (the characteristic function of the
adjective is to appear as adjacent to the noun within an NP, while the other articles can
determine the names, he is incapable of doing so. We find it unacceptable * nño. One of the
functions of the article is as a noun for any category of words. Well, LO in particular and
compared to the other articles, specifically and exclusively determines words that can vary in
gender, that is, adjectives (the good, the good, the good). Likewise." Antonio Quilis, Spanish
language (“The neutral article” page 216)

However, it seems that it is not the only interpretation. In a section of Page in Grammar and
Expression Exercises (page 512) he says: "(the adjective) can be preceded by the form LO (The
surprising thing about the matter). In this case it admits two analyses: LO as a substantive
article (the adjective is the nucleus of the SN) or it can be analyzed as a pronoun (the adjective
is adjacent to LO, which is the nucleus) and can take an adverbial complement."

The answer is NOUN (PAGE. 80 OF THE MANUAL)

What kinds of words can “less” be?

Manual page 122 Less can be an adverb, adjective or pronoun.

1- This exercise is the least long
2- There are fewer houses in the neighborhood
3- He is thirty years old but looks younger

One is false. Hypocoristics can be formed by:

a) Apocope
b) Apheresis
c) Syncopation
d) Substitution
e) Elongation
f) The acronym
g) The combination of some metaplasms

All metaplasms can be combined. The answer is G.

The hypocoristics are:

a) Proper names arising from other proper nouns

82
b) Proper or common names arising from other names
c) Common names arising from other common names

The answer is A

"Until" can be:

1- preposition and adverb
2-adverb, preposition and pronoun
3- adverb and pronoun

The answer is A

All anthroponyms can be shortened less:

a) trisyllabic and bisyllabic words
b) Trisyllabic and monosyllabic words
c) Disyllabic and monosyllabic words
d) They are all false

Monosyllables, obviously, cannot be shorter. The answer is D

True answer(s)?
A) If a lexical morpheme is free, then it can be a closing morpheme
B) If a lexical morpheme is bound, then it cannot be a closing morpheme.
C) If a lexical morpheme is locked then it can be a closing morpheme
D) If a lexical morpheme is bound, then it can be a closing morpheme
E) If a lexical morpheme is free, then it cannot be a closing morpheme
F) If a lexical morpheme is locked, then it cannot be a closing morpheme

Bound and locked morpheme are the same, and from the moment a derivational morpheme is
attached to the lexeme it can no longer be a closing morpheme. The closing morpheme would
be the derivative. The correct answers are A, B and F.

They are free morphemes:

1) adverbs, except those that have suffixes (cerquita) and the forms in -
mente.
2) Prepositions.
3) Conjunctions.
4) The invariable forms of the pronominal system (me, us...)
5) The apocopes (saint, good, first...)
6) the pluralia tantum and singularia tantum.
7) Compounds in -s of the cantamañanas type.
8) The invariable nouns type crisis and Monday, whenever the zero
morph is denied,
9) Primitive words like sun or sea, if we do not consider the zero morph

83
either.
10) They are all true

The answer is 10

They are ambiguous words that raise doubts regarding their gender. Of
the following, which is the true answer?
a) Linde, rheumatism, accent, heat and sea.
b) Border, baggage, sea, heat, accent and rheumatism
c) Linde, bagaje, rheumatism, accent, heat and accent
d) Tilde, baggage, rheumatism, heat and sea

The answer is a

What do the features of pluriverbality, fixation, idiomaticity and

institutionalization of utterances consist of?

More than one word, without variants, with a non-compositional meaning (which is not
deduced from the mere sum of meanings), adopted as specific and particular to a linguistic
community. They are gradual features.

In other words:
Pluriverbality: combination of two or more words
Fixation: gradual conversion of a free and variable construction into a fixed, stable, invariable,
solid construction, thanks to the insistent literal repetition.
Idiomaticity: non-compositionality, that is, not as the sum of the normal meaning of the
components, as a synonym for figurative or metaphorical.
Institutionalization: the process by which a linguistic community adopts a fixed expression,
sanctions it as its own and becomes part of the vocabulary.

How to distinguish compounds from collocations

The former cannot receive modifiers or complements (suit of lights, *suit

of many lights), the latter can (coffee with milk, coffee with cold milk).

Basically, how to differentiate collocations, locutions and compositions

84
Difference between common and ambiguous nouns in terms of gender

The common ones specify the gender through an article or adjective (the journalist). The
ambiguous ones, you can use feminine or masculine, there is no change in meaning (the sea)

How to distinguish colors.

85
TUTOR ANALYSIS

Beggar
A) Ped- (lexeme) + -i- (thematic vowel) + -gu- (interfix) + -eñ- (adjectival suffix) + -
o- (masculine inflectional morpheme) + 0 (zero morph, indicates singular).
B) ask>pidón>pedigueño

Disobedient
a) Des- (prefix) + -obed- (lexeme) + -ie (thematic vowel) + -nte (adjectival suffix,
old present participle morpheme) + 0 (zero morph, singular).
b) Obey > obedient (suffixation) > disobedient (prefixation)

We modeled
a) Maquet- (lexeme) + -á- (thematic vowel) + -ba- (morpheme of time and mood) +
-mos (morpheme of number and person).
b) model>layout>we modeled

They came back

a) volv-(lexeme)+ie (thematic vowel) +O (zero morph tense and mode) + ron (no.
and person morpheme).
b) Back> they came back

They would deny

a) Neg- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -r- (infinitive morpheme) + -ía- (tense
and mood morpheme) + -n (number and person morpheme).
b) Deny> would deny

Hesitate
a) Dud- (lexeme) + 0 (thematic vowel) + -e (tense and mood morpheme) + 0 (zero
morph, number and person)
b) doubt> doubt

I will start
a) Arranc- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -re- (TM morpheme, indicative
mood and future tense) + Ø (inflectional morpheme of singular number:
zero morph)
b) Boot > (parasynthesis) > I will boot

come out
a) sal- (lexeme) + -i- (VT)+ O (TM)+ -d(PN)
b) exit> exit

86
Beggar
a) by-(root)+-god-(root)+-er-+-o-+-s
b) god>beggar>beggar

Aviator
a) avi- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -dor (nominalizing suffix) + 0 (inflectional
morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) Aviary>aviation

minimalist
a) minim- (lexeme) + -al- (interfix) + -ista (nominalizing suffix) + 0
(inflectional morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) Minimal>minimalist

Trigger
Two analyses:
Trigger (animal)
a) gat- (lexeme)+-ill- (diminutive appreciative suffix)+-o (masculine inflectional
morpheme)+O (singular zero morphine, zero morph)
b) cat>trigger (sufixation)
Trigger (of weapon)
a) gat- (lexeme) + -illo (diminutive appreciative suffix)
b) cat>trigger (sufixation)

we sadden
a) En-(prefix)+-trist-(lexeme)+-ec- (verbal suffix)+-i-(VT)+-mos (NP suffix)
b) Sad>sadden (parasynthesis)>we saddened

will attenuate
a) a-(prefix)+-tenu-(lexeme)-a-(Thematic vowel)+-rá (TAM suffix).
b) Dim>attenuate (parasynthesis)>will dim

you would attest

a) a-(prefix)+-testigu-(lexeme)+ -a-(VT)+-ría-(TMA)+-is(PN).
b) Witness>witness>witness.

humming

87
 a) cant-(lexeme)+-urr-(interfix)+-e- (verbalizing nominal suffix)+-a-(VT)+-ndo
(gerund suffix).
b) Sing>humming>humming.

We will soften
a) suav- (lexeme) + -iz (verbalizing suffix) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -re-
(infinitive ending) + -mos (morpheme of TM, PN)
b) soft>smooth

joke.
a) Chasc- (lexeme) + -a- (VT) + -rr- (interfix) + -illo (diminutive appreciative
nominal suffix) + 0 (flexible singular number morpheme, zero morph).
b) chasco>chascarro>chascarrillo

illegally
a) i- (prefix) + -leg- (lexeme) + -al- (adjectival denominal suffix) + -mente
(adverbializing deadjectival suffix)
b) law > legal (suffixation) > illegal (prefixation) > illegally (suffixation)

idiosyncrasy

a) Idio- (prefix) + -sin- (prefix) + -crasia (lexeme)

b) Crasia>syncrasia (prefixation)>idiosyncrasy (prefixation)

Lumps

a) a- (prefix) + -bult- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -miento-

(nominalizing suffix) + -s (Plural number inflectional morpheme)
b) bulge > bulge (parasynthesis) > bulge (suffixation)

will derail

a) des- (prefix) + -lane- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -á (ending of

TM, future: 3rd pers. Future simple singular)
b) lane> derail

Ministerial

a) ministeri- (lexeme) + -al (adjectival suffix) + Ø (nominal inflectional

morpheme of plural number: zero morph)
b) ministry>ministerial

Deconstructed

a) de- (prefix) + -constru- (lexeme) + -i- (thematic vowel) + -d- (past

participle suffix) +a (feminine inflectional morpheme) + Ø (nominal
inflectional morpheme of plural number: morph zero)
b) construct > deconstruct (prefixation) + deconstructed (suffixation)

88
Very close

a) cerqu- (lexeme) + -ísima (superlative appreciative suffix)

b) cerca> cerquísima (suffixation)

orange

a) a- (prefix) + -naranj- (lexeme) + -ad- (adjectival suffix) + -o-

(masculine inflectional morpheme) + -s (plural number inflectional
morpheme)
b) orange > orange (parasynthesis)

Butcher shop

a) carni- (lexeme) + -c- (interfix) + -ería- (nominalizing suffix) + Ø

(nominal inflectional morpheme of plural number: zero morph)
b) meat>butchery (suffixation)

Simply

a) simple- (lexeme) + -mente (?) or simply-mente

b) simply>simply

Hairy

a) melen- (lexeme) + -ud- (augmentative appreciative suffix) + -a-

(nominal inflectional morpheme of feminine gender) + -s (nominal
inflectional morpheme of plural number)
b) manes>many (suffixation)

Politicize

a) Polit- (lexeme) + -iz- (verbalizing suffix) + -a- (VT) + -r (infinitive

ending)
b) Politics>politicize

curvy

a) Curv- (lexeme) + -i- (linking vowel) + -line- (lexeme) + -a- (feminine

gender inflectional morpheme) + -s (plural number inflectional
morpheme)
b) curvilinear

They tied up

a) man- (lexeme) + -i- (linking vowel) – at- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -ro-
(TMA morpheme) + -n (PN morpheme)
b) hand>tie

junk

89
 a) Cach- (lexeme) –i- (linking vowel) + -vache- (lexeme)
b) junk

Reinstated

a) Re- (prefix) + -in- (prefix) + -corpor- (lexeme) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -d (past participle
morpheme) + -o- (nominal inflectional morpheme of masculine gender) + - s (nominal
inflectional morpheme of plural number)
b) [corpor> ] incorporate(parasynthesis) > reincorporate (reiterative prefix)>
reincorporated

Indecomposable

a) Ind- (prefix) + -des- (prefix) + -com- (prefix) + -pon- (lexeme) + -i- (thematic vowel) + -
ble- (adjectival deverbal suffix) + -s (nominal inflectional morpheme) plural number)
b) Put>Compose> decompose > decomposable> indecomposable

Resqueezing

a) Re- (prefix) + -a- (prefix) + -pret- (lexeme) + -uj- (interfix) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -
miento- (nominalizing deverbal suffix) + 0 (nominal inflectional morpheme of singular
number: morph zero)
b) [appectorare>]Squeeze> squeeze>re-squeeze>re-squeeze

OTHER ANALYSIS

Requetesoaked

a) requete-(pref)+-em-(pref)+-pap-(lex)+-a- (Thematic vowel) +-d-(suf. part. pas.)+-o

(morph. flex. masc. gender nominal) +-0 (morph. flex. nominal of singular number,
morph zero)

b) potato>soak (parasynthesis) > soak (suffixation) > requetesoak (prefixation)

Fish shop

a) Pesc- (prefix) + -a- (thematic vowel) + -d- (past participle suffix) + -ería
(nominalizing suffix) + 0 (nominal inflectional morpheme of singular number:
zero morph)
b) fish>fishmonger (subfixation)

Bobaliconerías
a) Bob- (lexeme) + -al- (interfix) + -ic- (interfix) + -ón- (appreciative suffix) + -ería
(nominalizing suffix) + 0 (zero morph of singular)
b) Bobo > foolishness (interfixation plus suffixation) > foolishness (suffixation)

Forties

90
 a) Cuarent- (lexeme) + -ón (appreciative augmentative suffix) + Ø
(Nominal inflectional morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) Forty>forty-year-old (suffixation)

Pitiless
a) In- (preijo) + -misericord- (lexeme) + -e- (nominalizing suffix) + Ø
(nominal inflectional morpheme of singular number: zero morph)
b) Mercy > merciless (prefixation)

brainless
a) Des- (prefix) + -cerebr- (lexeme) + -ado- (denominal adjectival
suffix) + -s (nominal inflectional morpheme of plural number)
b) Brain> decerebrate (parasynthesis)

GLOSSARY

91
92
93
How to differentiate placement, locution and composition?

Collocations do not seem to interest Page much, but rather that we distinguish between
compound and locution: wrench/Toledan night, Chinese ink, Chinese tale. Wrench and
Chinese ink have literal meaning (compounds) and Toledo night (figurative meaning, that one
spends the night without getting sleep) and Chinese tale (figurative meaning, a lie). In reality,
he is interested in two things about phrases: that we distinguish between prepositives,
adverbials and conjunctives (so we have to see what patterns each one has) and that nominal
phrases are distinguished from compounds, so there are You have to test whether it is
figurative or literal meaning.

The locutions have a figurative meaning and the collocations and compositions have a literal
meaning. The latter are distinguished because the collocations are free combinations

94
(lightning trip) and the compounds and locutions are fixed combinations. That is: locutions
(fixed combinations and figurative sense), collocations (free combinations and literal sense)
and compositions (fixed combinations and literal sense). In collocations, the second term can
in turn be a phrase: pouring rain, crying your eyes out.

95