RIFT VALLY UNVERSITY AMBO CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING TECHNOLOGY

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CHALLENGES IN PREPARATION OF
CADASTRAL MAP AND ITS REMEDIAL MEASURE IN CASE OF
AMBO TOWN
A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING
TECHNOLOGY FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SURVEYING
TECHNOLOGY

BY;
NO NAME ID NO.

1 .GIRMA KITUMA…………………………… 020/18

2 .BELEY BEYENA…………………………….048/18
3 .HIRPA DIDA ……………………………......101/18
4 .FIKEDU TASHOME…………………………083/18
5 .GUDETA ADUGNA…………………………..104/18

June, 2022
Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
 RIFT VALLY UNVERSITY AMBO CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING TECHNOLOGY

An Investigation of the Challenges in Preparation of Cadastral
Map and Its Remedial Measure In Case Of Ambo Town

By:
NO Name ID NO.
1 .Girma kituma………………………………..020/18
2 .Beley Beyena…………………………………..048/18
3 .Hirpa Dida ……………………………………101/18
4 .Fikedu Tashome……………………….............083/18
5 .Gudeta Adugna………………………………..104/18

Advisor: Mr. Bekele Taso

Declaration
We declare that the thesis for the B.Sc. degree at Rift Valley University, hereby submitted
titled as “An Investigation of The Challenges in Preparation of Cadastral Map And Its
Remedial Measure In Case of Ambo Town.

This thesis is our original work and has not previously been submitted for a degree at any
other university, and that all reference materials contained therein have been duly
acknowledged.
Approval sheet

Approved by examining board: Signature Date

Examiners:
1.____________________________ _______ ________
2. ____________________________ _______ ________
3. ____________________________ ________ ________
Advisor
Mr. Bekele Taso ________ ________

Head department: Mr. Teshale Fekadu ________ _______

Acknowledgments
First of all, we are grateful to the Almighty God, who graces us, and without blessing from
whom, we cannot think of breathing to achieve our goal. This is our Research is investigation
the challenge in preparation of cadastral map and remedial measure in case of Ambo town.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to our Advisors, Mr. Bekele Taso and also we would
like to thank Mr. Teshale Fekedu Head department of surveying. We also want to thank our
department, Department of surveying technology and for essential information it gave us.

We are very much indebted to thank respectfully my all advisor and coordinator of Research
for those precious ideas, support and tolerance throughout the course of our studies program,
and this thesis work. As well for his guidance and enthusiasm, that made this Research work
possible.

i
Abstract
Based on interview data from registered land surveyors, academics in land surveying,
government surveyors and relevant secondary data, this topic presents a case for
improvements the cadastral surveying practice of Ambo town. It argues that current cadastral
practice in Ambo outdated and requires improvements that will position it in line with current
international practice and technological advancements. The paper Investigation the
challenge in preparation of cadastral map and its remedial measure in case of ambo town
General in cadastral survey practice with respect to providing reference information, testing
of survey equipment, lodging and examination of survey records, cadastral survey standards
and regulations. In addition the paper also examines the challenges faced by surveyors in the
existing cadastral management with regard to legislation, archiving of cadastral information,
quality control, and delivery period of cadastral survey services, professionalism and
continuous professional development. The paper offers a modest empirical basis for
investigate cadastral survey practice and how it can be improved.

The cadastral surveying techniques in Ethiopia are using traditional measuring devices (e.g.
chain, rods, tape, or strings).Hence, the plots are described according to their positional
relationship to those features and as to their position relative to neighboring plots (e.g., whose
property is on the north, east, west and south the sides of the plot being registered).For this
reason in the three certification period in Ethiopia none of the regions prepared a (cadastral)
map, not even a sketch and/or they simply measurement based cadastral surveying
techniques.Thus,the integration of GPS and High resolution satellite images with GIS in
producing cadastral map could accelerate the cadastral map coverage in Ethiopia .This is
also tested its‟ procedure in the study area Ambo town urban land Administration office.

ii
 Table of contents

Contents page
Acknowledgments .............................................................................................. i

Abstract ............................................................................................................. ii

Table of contents .............................................................................................. iii

List of figures .................................................................................................... v

CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................ 1

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Background of Study ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Statements of Problems.......................................................................................................... 4
1.2.1. Densify Ground Control Points ....................................................................................... 4
1.2.2. Professional Ethics of Surveyor ....................................................................................... 5
1.2.3. Mistake when operating surveying instrument ............................................................... 6
1.2.4. Due to mismatch of orthophotos and data collected ....................................................... 6
1.3. Objectives................................................................................................................................ 6
1.3.1. General objective ............................................................................................................ 6
1.3.2. Specific objectives .......................................................................................................... 6
1.4. Description of study area ........................................................................................................ 7

2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW ........... 9

2.1. Land Administration System .................................................................................................. 9
2.2. Land Information Management System ................................................................................ 11
2.3. Cadaster and Land Registration ............................................................................................ 12
2.4. Classification of Cadastral .................................................................................................... 14
2.5. Measuring the Success of Cadastral...................................................................................... 15
2.6. Issues in Cadastral Systems .................................................................................................. 17
2.7. Cadastral processes ............................................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER THREE ......................................................................................... 21

3. RESEARCH METHOLOGY AND MATERIAL USE........................... 21

3.1. Geographic Scope of the Study Area .................................................................................... 21

iii
 3.2. Data Source ........................................................................................................................... 21
3.3. Research Design and method ............................................................................................... 22
3.3.1. Basic awareness ............................................................................................................ 22
3.3.2. Reconnaissance for a GPS Survey ................................................................................ 22
3.3.3. Preparation of Base Diagrams or index map................................................................. 23
3.3.4. Collection of Field Information .................................................................................... 23
3.3.5. Investigation of documents related to Land and Demarcation of Boundaries .............. 23
3.3.6. Establishing ground Control point ................................................................................ 24
3.4. Ground surveying method..................................................................................................... 26
3.4.1. Using Real time kinematic (RTK) GPS ........................................................................ 26
3.4.2. Using Total Station ....................................................................................................... 26
3.5. Office Work - Processing of Collected Data .......................................................................... 32
3.6. Public Review ....................................................................................................................... 33
3.7. Material use in cadastral map preparation ............................................................................ 34
3.8. Soft ware‟s: ARCGIS ........................................................................................................... 35
3.8.1. Equipment use ............................................................................................................... 35

CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................... 36

4. RESULT OF THE RESERCH ................................................................ 36

4.1. Othophoto of Ambotown .................................................................................................. 37
4.2. Geodata base (GDB) of Ambo town for one neighborhood ............................................. 37
4.3. The parcel of one owner.................................................................................................... 38

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................... 40

5.1. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 40
5.2. Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 41

6 References .............................................................................................. 42

iv
List of figures
Figure 1 Order of control point ............................................................................................................. 25
Figure 2 data collection using total station. ......................................................................................... 27
Figure 3 Tripod setup. ......................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 4 Mount Instrument on Tripod .................................................................................................. 29
Figure 5 Focused on surveying point .................................................................................................... 30
Figure 6 levelling the instrument .......................................................................................................... 31
Figure 7 The overall prouder of preparation of cadastral map in case of AMBO town ....................... 34
Figure 8 Orthophoto of Ambo town samepart ...................................................................................... 37
Figure 9 GD of one neighborhood of AMBO town .............................................................................. 38
Figure 10 Parcel of one person ownership ............................................................................................ 39

v
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of Study

Cadastral systems have a long tradition. Egypt has had such an institution since about 3000
BC.The Romans, particularly under Emperor Diocletian us in the 3rd century AD, introduced
land inventories in occupied territories. Also in China a taxation system was developed for
land. Spain introduced its first cadaster for taxation purposes in 1714. The colonialists in the
late 19th and early 20th century introduced systematic inventories on land in the colonies to
enforce their power. The purpose of the cadasters has changed over time. Initially, taxation
was the main purpose, later on juridical cadastral systems for land use control were
established; and after private land ownership became more common, the systems were
providing security and reliability and became a basis for land markets (De Soto, 2000).
The Cadaster is a parcel-based system, i.e. information is geographically referenced to
unique, well-defined units of land. These units are defined by the formal or informal
boundaries marking the extent of lands held for exclusive use by individuals and specific
groups of individuals (e.g. families, corporations, and communal groups). Each parcel is
given a unique code or parcel identifier. Examples of these codes include addresses, co-
ordinates, or lot numbers shown on survey plan or map. (Williamson et al, 2001).

Hence, Cadastral systems should be seen as a core component of more comprehensive land
administration systems or infrastructures concerned with the processes of determining,
recording and disseminating information about tenure value and use of land using the
surveying technologies when implementing land polices. Appropriate land administration
systems then provide the basis for sound land management towards economic, social and
environmental sustainability.
A cadastral survey system is an interactive multitude of land administration sub-systems
including adjudication, boundary definition and demarcation, surveying, registration, dispute
resolution and information management (Larsson, 1991; Cheng & Tang, 2002). There has
been a rapid rate of advancement in technology for surveying data collection tools: for
example Total Stations, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Digital
Photogrammetric work stations as well as survey processing software such as Model Maker,

1
AutoCAD, Arc cadaster, SURPAC to name just a few, although these technological
advancements have been well embraced by cadastral surveyor technologies.
Cadastral Surveyors in Ambo, there have been faced with many challenge when the collect
or surveying the boundary, road, neighborhood, and coordinate of the parcel to produce
cadastral map. Surveying is the technology that used to determine and defines land ownership
and boundaries as Property.
Their ultimate purpose are being to give unambiguous, graphical, numerical or Descriptive
information relating to location, extent, shape and size of land.
The level of detail for cadastral survey information is often a contentious issue amongst
stakeholders of the real property registration process. It is generally the case that surveyors
and survey authorities will support or promote the collection of extraneous amounts of data,
whereas lawyers look to collect less data. The challenge lies in balancing the views and
wishes of all stakeholders and ensuring that cadastral surveys collect an adequate amount of
spatial and other related data,so that an individual rear property object can be unambiguously
described and identified.

The property registration system that the cadastral data is supporting also plays a role in the
level of detail of information collected. Under a deeds registration system, including parcel
based variations, the real property object acts as an object that transaction documents (deeds)
are indexed against. In many cases an accurate spatial description (size and location) does not
exist.
It is the responsibility of those conducting transactions on real property objects to investigate
the contents of the deeds to identify what interests, conflicting or enduring, potentially may
exist for the property unit. There is no requirement for the spatial identification of the various
interests that may exist, for example, easements for utility companies. It is only the property
unit itself that requires identification.
Under a title registration system the real property object is registered, as are all rights,
responsibilities and interests connected with that real property object. In transferring from a
deeds registration system to a title registration system all rights, responsibilities and interests
that exist must be investigated, identified and adjudicated before the real property object can
be registered in the title register.
There are likely to be spatial components to many of these rights and interests, which should
also be identified. Examples include public and private rights of way, easements for
underground utilities, etc. Therefore, cadastral data collection for the purposes of supporting

2
title registration systems will in many cases be more time consuming, complex and expensive
than for a deeds registration system.
Although the cadastral surveying has been long in existence within Ambo town it is
recommended; that the following basic concepts should be used as core guiding principles
underpinning the cadastral surveying and mapping system in Ambo:
1. Cadastral surveying data (maps, plans, coordinates) constitute evidence to support the
definition, validation or re-establishment of a real estate object boundary.
2. All available evidence will be evaluated in support of the validation or re–establishment of
a real estate object boundary. Evidence may include physical indications, verbal testimony,
surveying and mapping records and data, etc.
3. In general, all available legitimate boundary evidence will be considered (weighed)
when validating or re-establishing a boundary. The principle of the preponderance of
evidence will prevail.
However, it should be emphasized that accurate (reliable) cadastral surveying information
constitutes very strong evidence, and therefore contributes significantly to the security of
title. Once these cadastral data requirements have been agreed on it is recommended that a
new set of technical fieldwork instructions for the conduct of cadastral surveys be developed
by EMA for use by its technical staff and private survey contractors.

3
1.2. Statements of Problems

Urbanization, changing population demographics, advances in technology, and other major

global trends are affecting every individual and organization around the world.
Collaboration and data exchange are very important in all economy branches, including the
land administration systems. A cadaster, as one of the key registers of land administration,
plays a role in granting access to land information and maintaining cadastral data in
Accordance with the changes that occur on land. It could be stated that the interaction
between the cadastral parcel and the other data is essential and should be guaranteed as
correct. Registers, such are the cadasters, which provide authoritative data play an important
role in protecting the members of the public against the claims of others that are wrongfully
attributed to their property. This can also mean protecting them against the government.
The most problem that we investigate the challenge in preparation of cadastral map in case of
ambo town are problem occurring:
When we applying the following procedure:
 Density Ground control points
 Professional ethics of surveyor
 After data collection applying un appropriate GIS/mapping tool
 Mistake when operating surveying instrument
 Due to not over lapping the data collected and orthophotos of the town

1.2.1. Densify Ground Control Points

This research has been oriented to evaluate the effect of densification and Distribution of
Control points in the Accuracy of Geometric Correction and how to enhance the accuracy by
the best distribution of ground control points and reduce the number of ground control points
when used for the geometric correction of datasets a situation which saves time, effort and
money. To some extant there is ambiguity concerning the use of ground control points for
ground surveying during cadastral mapping.

GCPs are points on the surface of the earth where both image coordinates and map
coordinates can be identified. The proper distribution of GCPs could be studied through the
consideration of the possibilities that might exist in the aerial images and the geometric
transformations used. An evaluation of control point‟s distribution is carried out to explore
the effect of distribution patterns based on different distortions and commonly used geometric
transformation to obtain high accuracy of geometric correction of remote sensing aerial

4
image, the location and distribution of selected GCPs should be taken into consideration as
mentioned before.

Densification results showed that the number of GCPs used to adjust of the our data collected
by surveying and orthophotos produce approximately the same results

1.2.2. Professional Ethics of Surveyor

Professional land surveyor is truly privilege and honor. However, such distinction carries
within its obligation. Such obligations are ethical and professional.
Practice of surveying" means providing, or offering to provide professional services
involving the making of geometric measurements and gathering related information
pertaining to the physical or legal features of the earth improvements on the earth, the space
above the earth, or any part of the earth; the use and development of the measurements and
information gathered under subdivision into survey products, including graphics, digital data
maps, plats, plans, reports, descriptions and projects. The transcription of public record data
without modification except for graphical purposes into geographic information systems-
based cadasters, including tax maps, zoning maps, and associated records by manual or
electronic means, and the maintenance of that cadaster, if the data are clearly not intended to
authoritatively represent property boundaries.
The preparation of any document by any agency of the federal government that does not
define real property boundaries, including civilian and military versions of quadrangle
topographic maps, military maps satellite imagery, and other similar documents.
. The surveyor is elevated to recognition in the courts of law she is held to a higher degree of
liability for his/her errors than is an ordinary. He/she is presumed to possess those skills and
education required The surveyor should avoid conflicts of interest and should inform his/her
client of any business connections or interests that might influence the surveyor‟s judgment.”
The surveyor should recognize his/her own limitations. His/her should use associates and
other experts when the requirements exceed his/her abilities.”
The surveyor should not accept discounts, allowances, commissions, or any other indirect of
an expert in his/her field. The surveyor should protect his/her client‟s interest .This protection
goes beyond normal business relationships and transcends the legal requirements of the
surveyor-client contract compensation in connection with any work or recommendations. The
surveyor‟s sole source of income is the fee paid by his/her client.”
The surveyor should not attempt to injure the professional reputation, business, or
employment position of another surveyor.” “The surveyor should not review someone else‟s

5
work while the other surveyor is still employed, unless the other surveyor is made aware of
the review.
1.2.3. Mistake when operating surveying instrument

Surveying errors may be negligible or at times be significant .Besides the goal of survey is to
Produce accurate and precise observations. Often measurements with greater accuracy and
precision .Requirements employ multiple observations to minimize procedural errors.

In order to avoid surveyor should be calibrate the instrument before the start the survey.

Since the surveying Equipment industry has many different types of tools, each with own
benefit. But the surveyor ambo towns are used total station to producing legal cadaster of
ambo town. The surveyor should put into much consideration to avoid errors.

The surveyor should be checking the accuracy of the control point. If the control points of
surveyor using is faulty the work itself will have errors. So GCP should be verified by the
Government survey office. The machine being used should be calibrated and checked for
errors before work. Calibration mostly happens for total Station and leveling machine. The
errors my occurred during observation due to variation of temperature, humidity, refraction,
pressure, current velocity and etc .this error may be systematic error or personal error.
1.2.4. Due to mismatch of orthophotos and data collected
This happened due to shifting of the data collected by surveyor and orthophotos of ambo
town.
This problem may come from structural plan of the town and the land use of ambo town are
not match with data collected in each parcel of properties Us we see on ground and
orthophotos. Orthophotos becomes more valuable when distortions have been removed to
match the geodetic control, base map, and cadastral layer.

1.3. Objectives
1.3.1. General objective

The research that describes about Investigation the Challenges in preparation cadastral
map and its remedial measure in case of Ambo town To realize the required accuracy
level in .cadastral surveying and mapping it also Facilitate and simplify the cadastral
surveying and mapping works as a user guide in both field and office work.
1.3.2. Specific objectives

The objective of this Research is to assess the general situation of investigation the challenge
in preparation of cadastral map and its remedial measure cadastral system of the Ambo town

6
based on the experiences of some selected case studies that are already stated and provided
by various organizational reports.
Process of modernization and actualization of the ambo cadastral system and its adjusting
with the land management register so they could reflect the real situation in the field was
done and still is working in the following ways:
1. Cadastral survey – ensures harmonized cadastral and land management data which
represents real situation in the field.
2. Technical perambulation– limited collection and processing of data with the same
purpose as the cadastral survey.
3. Individual transformation of cadastral parcel.
Cadastral survey is the process of collecting and processing all necessary data in order to
form cadastral parcels, record buildings and other structures, note special legal rights in the
field and the land use, in the purpose of making new cadaster of real estate.
Technical revision is done while comparing the cadastral map with ownership registers and
digital orthophotos is established that for a maximum of cadastral parcels needed.

1.4. Description of study area

Ambo is a spa town and separate woreda in central Ethiopia. Located in the West Shewa
Zone of the Oromia Region, west of Addis Ababa, this town has a latitude and longitude of
8°59′N 37°51′E / 8.983°N 37.850°E and an elevation of 2101 meters.
Ambo is known for its mineral water, which is bottled outside of town; it is reportedly the
most popular brand in Ethiopia.Nearby attractions include Mount Wenchi to the south with
its crater lake, and the Guder and Huluka Falls. Ambo is also the location of a research
station of the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research; initiated in 1977, this station hosts
research in protecting major crops in Ethiopia.[3] The town's market day is Saturday. After Lij
Iyasu was captured, he was held for a while at Ambo, before being transferred to house arrest
at Fiche. In the early 1930s, Mahtama Selassie Walda Mesqal, who had studied agriculture in
France and Spain, started an agricultural station near the town. By 1933, Ambo had started to
be a recreation place with the construction of some bath cabins with cisterns of concrete, and
a couple of European-type hotels, as well as simple villas for the Emperor and important
persons.
By 1938, the Guida described improvements to Ambo which included a post office,
telephone service, a clinic for outpatients, restaurants, and a hotel under construction. Two
Italian forts were constructed, and in a cave the Italians had erected a monument for

7
casualties of the Pusteria Division. The approach to Ambo was still over an old bridge, and
below it a natural bridge used by caravans.
When the Allies reached Ambo with a South African armored car patrol in early 1941, they
had to evacuate 140 "utterly panicked Italians". The British operated an improvised camp for
prisoners-of-war at Ambo until 1942.
At least as early as 1955, there was a 170 kW hydro-electric power station in the town; by
1965 the installed electrical capacity was 210 kVA, with annual production of 132,000 kWh.
In 1958 Ambo was one of 27 places in Ethiopia ranked as First Class Township.

8
 CHAPTER TWO

2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Land Administration System

According to the UN Guidelines (1996) Land Administration concerns the processes of

recording and disseminating information about the ownership, value and use of land and its
associated resources. There are three important elements to manage land, the first is to count
with information about land; second to have clear policies on how land should be managed;
and third is to motivate the participation of everyone with an interest on stake in the land to
provide with source information.
Ting and Williamson (1999) relate Land Administration with current global drivers, such as
sustainable development, globalization, economic reform and information technology
revolution. Lately, Williamson (2000) has related another driver that is urbanization, which
represents actions to solve the fast change of the formal and informal tenure in cities.
Sustainable development means development that effectively incorporates economic, social,
political, conservation and resource management factors in decision-making for development.
The challenge of balancing these competing factors in sophisticated decision making requires
access to accurate and relevant information in a readily interactive form.
In delivering this objective, information technology, spatial data infrastructures, and land
information business systems will play an important role. In this sense Cadasters may also be
used in a multi-purpose role to provide a wide range of land related information.
Sustainable development is also linked to globalization. Globalization means the process of
societies to become more interconnected from a social, economic and political perspective.
This process includes events in one part of the world that have more potential to impact on
peoples and societies in other parts of the world. This trend widens the perspectives from the
local to the global level.
The globalization of markets has in turn influenced micro-economic reform. This represents
the initiatives of change from the institutional and governmental side. This includes
initiatives such as privatization, decentralization, downsizing, cost recovery, quality
assurance, public/private partnership, and other policies to ensure service delivery and cost
effectiveness. According to Kaufmann (1998) these initiatives have changed the focus from

9
the pure technological issues to include also managerial components of building and
maintaining national spatial data infrastructures.
The information technology revolution with the technological development such as digital
cadastral databases and the WWW are vital tools for land administration and planning both
now and into the future. In Ting and Williamson (1999), it is mentioned that the advances on
technology had influenced the management of land through the large spatial database
management, GPS technologies and high-resolution satellite imagery, GIS technologies, and
communication technologies such as the WWW.
The global drivers described above influence the form of land administration infrastructures
which support and facilitate the way societies interact with land. These drivers influence the
development of the different land administration policies and models adopted by state and
national governments, which in turn influence and provide the systems on which local
government and city administrations rely. These models and concepts can only be developed
with a clear understanding of current land administration issues and trends. By its very nature
land administration focuses on land tenure and cadastral (land parcel related) issues. The land
administration perspective includes understanding the changing humankind to land
relationship, cadastral issues such as national cadastral systems in countries which are a
federation of states, and land tenure issues such as native title.
At the same time local government or city administrations must fully recognise these land
administration trends and the impact they have on their own spatial information strategies.

Besides, Land administration systems all over the world are reviewing their functional
structures and undergoing major legislative and administrative changes. They are doing this
in response to different internal and external drivers. In the developed countries, the major
drivers for reform are advances in geo-information technology (GIT) and the associated
demands from customers for improved service delivery. Reforms include electronic land
administration e.g. electronic lodgment and processing of cadastral and registration
documents, digital management of records and electronic distribution of products and
services through the internet. In the developing countries, the main drivers for reform are the
need for regularization of non-formal land rights. Reforms here mainly include innovative
legislative and administrative adjustments to accommodate and accelerate the
registration of individual and group rights in customary land and informal settlements.
African countries in general have large areas of land, which are sparsely populated. The
economic output from these lands is generally very low. Only specific types of land use can

10
generate income that can motivate the investment in a cadastral system. One aim of a cadaster
is to provide security of tenure.
The customary tenure system in African countries, which usually comprises most land,
provides adequate security of tenure for the members of the community. Transfer of land
between members of the community can usually also be handled with enough security within
the traditional systems.

There is therefore no need and consequently no demand from land users of systematic
establishment of cadastral systems in these large areas. The traditional system is however
unable to provide appropriate security of tenure in areas where it no longer exists, or are
being misused or for other reasons are falling apart.

One such misuse occurs when traditional leaders start to look upon themselves as owners
(instead of custodians on behalf of the community) of the land and see opportunities to own
money on land transactions and speculations. Other disturbances of the customary tenure
occur with migration of people, mixing of people of different origin, diseases and calamities,
investment by foreigners, and the urbanization. In all these situations, which are more and
more frequent, there is a demand for some kind of more elaborated cadastral system in order
to provide the security of tenure that the customary tenure fail to provide.

2.2. Land Information Management System

A Land Information system is a combination of human and technical resources together with
a set of organizing procedures that produces information in support of some managerial
requirement (Dale & McLaughlin, 1999). A land information system gives support to land
management by providing information about the land, the resources upon it and the
improvements made to it for the purpose of land administration while implementing land
management.
A Land Information Management System [LIMS] in the context of Land Administration
Systems consists of a number of broad dimensions, firstly an institutional element, which
includes a corporate structure in terms of policies, legal framework etc. Secondly, it consists
of a set of organizing procedures, which structure the relationship among the functional
components and thirdly, a technological dimension that includes hardware and software.
Fourthly, it includes a platform or a resource-base, on which data are stored and from which
meaningful land information can be produced, analyzed and disseminated. Finally, it includes
an explicit, or implicit, policy towards users, transparency, information dissemination etc.

11
But the system must be appropriate, which means that they must be designed in such a way
that they are affordable and accessible for the users. African countries need economic
development and thus need investments. One of the most important sectors for investments in
African countries is agriculture and other types of efficient land use.
Capital needs to be brought in from abroad.

Generally, the process of land administration needs complete, accurate and reliable
information about the ownership, use and value of existing land and its resources. Cadastres
play the „book-keeping‟‟ role for this information within the wider land administration and
land management systems. The cadaster is considered to be the core of a land administration
system (Steudler, 2004; Wiliamson, 2001a).

2.3. Cadaster and Land Registration

Development of appropriate property locator systems is one the most important challenges
facing governments around the world. These systems support not only property registration
but other key government services such as emergency services, postal services, census data
collection, etc. It is understood that the Ministry of State for Administrative Development
(MSAD) has formed a committee tasked with identifying the most appropriate property
identification system for Egypt. Although this is a positive step, the committee is yet to meet
and there has been no indication as to when it might begin its task. EMA is one of the
agencies represented on this committee, as are RETD, REPD, municipalities, and several
other key agencies. Drawing on previous analysis and findings in this area, it is recommended
that “the parcel identification system should be legally defined and recognized as the official
reference to all data for each parcel.

It is desirable for all jurisdictions in a state or province to use the same primary system of
parcel identification. Because agencies have different needs, various
secondary identifiers may also be used to index parcel data; however, all of the secondary
identifiers must be cross indexed to the legally recognized, unique parcel identifier, allowing
multiple uses of the data.
The American Bar Association also identified a now widely accepted set of six desirable
criteria that should be evaluated when considering property identification systems.

12
They are:cadastral systems comprise a land registration system and a cadastral survey and/or
mapping system as key components. The cadastral survey comprises processes such as the
control of geodetic data, parcel demarcation and surveying, cadastral mapping, cadastral
mutation and map updating. As Zevenbergen and Bogart‟s (2001) mentioned, Land
registration is the process by which the documentation affecting interests in land are recorded
in a public register. This is the official legal registration of properties and legal rights.

The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG, 1995) defines a cadaster as a “parcel based
and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights,
restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels
linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, ownership or control of those
interests, and often the value of the parcel and its improvements. It may be established for
fiscal purposes (valuation and taxation), legal purposes (conveyancing), to assist in the
management of land and land-use control (planning and administration), and enables
sustainable development and environmental improvement”.

However, the concept of Cadaster is difficult to identify. It may be designed in many

different ways, depending on the origin, history and cultural development of the region or
country. Basically, a cadaster as such is just a record that identifies the individual land
parcels/properties. The purpose of this identification may be taxation (as was the reason for
establishing the valuation of properties. This will not happen without a cadastral system,
which can provide security of tenure for these investments. The investor needs security for
his investment. He also needs to finance his investments through financial institutes, which in
turn will demand security for the credit provided. Cadaster is normally a parcel based, and
up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g., rights,
restrictions, and responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels
linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, the ownership or control of those
interests, and often the value of the parcel and its improvements. It may be established for
fiscal purposes (e.g., valuation and equitable taxation), legal purposes (convincing), to assist
in the management of land and land use (e.g., for planning and other administrative
purposes), and enables sustainable development and environmental protection.
Cadaster used to be a set of technical and alphanumerical documents in which a certain
amount of information was contained about cadastral parcels and the immovable objects
located on these parcels. The technical dataset contains measurement data, coordinates of

13
permanent geodetic points and maps, the most important of which is the cadastral map.
The measured data are on the sketches and in the protocols. Before digitization, technical and
alphanumerical datasets were maintained separately. Separate data maintenance caused
redundancy, which further led to inconsistencies between the cadastral map and the register.
Therefore, it makes sense to talk about Cadastral Systems or Cadastral Infrastructures rather
than just Cadaster. These systems or infrastructures include the interaction between the
identification of land parcels, the registration of land rights, the valuation and taxation of land
and property, and the control of present and possible future use of land (Enemark et al, 2005).

According to Tuladhar (1998) the term Cadastre includes different types of purposes such as
Juridical: a register of ownership of the proprietary land parcel; Fiscal: a register of properties
recording their value to support taxation; Land use: a register of land use; and when a
cadastre serves as a supplier of up-to-date and reliable land information at an affordable cost,
it is then termed as Multipurpose Cadastre. The objective of the multipurpose cadastre is to
provide a service through which the dynamics of the land parcel may be studied and also
meet the demands of the evolution of LAS which means the needs of the users.

2.4. Classification of Cadastral

They can be grouped under three general heads.
1. Tax Cadaster
2. Real Cadaster
3. Legal Cadaster

1. The Tax Cadaster:

It is a system of survey where information is collected for land taxation. The tax may be
assessed based on area of land, type of land, value of land and produce of the land. The
physical survey may be represented by sketch. Usually, accuracy of the survey is low since
main objective is tax collection. The determination of rightful ownership is not done since
main objective is tax Collection. As long as someone agrees to pay taxes, it does not matter to
the government who the rightful owners are.
2. Real cadaster:
In contrast, the real property cadaster is executed mainly for the physical mapping of land
holding boundaries and locating real other properties for land inventory. Real property
includes not only land, but also buildings, trees etc., which are permanently fixed to it.

14
Minerals below the surface are also integral part. However, in the legal courts of many
countries, private ownership of mineral deposits does not necessarily follow from the
ownership of the land. III. Legal Cadaster:
Survey which furnishes information for the Registration of the land. Determination of legal
ownership and Registration of legal transactions is called as legal cadaster. The requirements
of physical survey of land boundaries preceding registration may not be necessary since
registration can be based on old documents. Thus, in general, the legal cadaster is a
complement to both property cadaster and tax cadaster.
Hence, the most efficient approach is to take all three objectives together and integrate the
three types of cadasters in one system. This, in essence is Land Information System or LIS.

2.5. Measuring the Success of Cadastral

According to Dr Jim Riddell, FAO The success of the cadaster can be measured by:

1. Simplicity
2. Uniqueness
3. Accuracy
4. Flexibility
5. . Economy
6. Accessibility
Simplicity
A property unit identifier should be easy to understand, easy to use and reasonably
permanent. This will ensure that a new system can be readily adopted by its users, is easy to
use and maintain under normal operations, and can be expected to remain in place for a
reasonable period of time.
Uniqueness
An identifier should be assigned to only one real property object and one real property
object should be assigned only one identifier to ensure a one-to-one relationship between
identifiers and real property objects. This contributes to the system‟s simplicity by
avoiding misidentification of property unit related data and contributes to its longevity.
Accuracy
Accuracy is pertinent only for those systems that contain some spatial component within
the identifier. For example, a system using the coordinates of a property unit centroid in

15
the identifier for a real property object in Cairo could be accurate to the nearest 1m in
terms of absolute accuracy.
Flexibility
Any system introduced should be flexible enough to be compatible with various systems
already in place and have the ability to be adapted to future advances in technology GIS.
Economy
The costs of real property identifications should be assessed with regards to the initial
cost of establishing the system, and ongoing costs for maintaining and updating the system.
Accessibility
The parcel identification system should be readily accessible to the various users of
property related data, such as the REPD, RETD and Municipalities in the case of Egypt.
This is an important consideration for whichever agency is chosen for establishing,
maintaining and updating in Egypt. Given ESA‟s existing role in providing maps and
some ownership data to REPD and RETD, it is recommended that ESA be tasked with
this responsibility, and that of disseminating up-to-date data to other agencies.
It is recommended that the committee formed by MSAD first evaluate the appropriateness a
predominantly location based numeric identifier as the primary real property object identifier,
Mas opposed to a system based on administrative boundaries, map based numbering.

The mass scale property registration activities planned for Greater Cairo present a unique
opportunity to design an appropriate property locator system for implementation in urban
areas prior to implementation of field activity. This should be a priority issue that is
addressed by MSAD and other agencies as soon as possible.

Where additional individual real property objects, exist such as buildings or apartments, they
could be represented through a suffix to the location based parcel identifier.
It is recommended that a building suffix (2 digits) sit between land parcel and apartment unit
numbers to accommodate scenarios where more than one building may sit on the land parcel.
Apartment unit suffixes should not need more than 3 digits to accommodate larger apartment
developments as well as commercial buildings. Since the system proposed consists of
coordinates it is again recommended that the NED-95 be adopted as the norm for cadastral
surveying and mapping, at least within Greater Cairo to begin with. Such a numbering system
would meet simplicity criteria given its link with the coordinate based location of property

16
units. This location based approach also ensures uniqueness if adequate levels of accuracy are
achieved during the initial data capture phase.

Since the system proposed consists of coordinates it is again recommended that to be adopted
as the norm for cadastral surveying and mapping, at least within Greater Ambo town to begin
with. Such a numbering system would meet simplicity criteria given its link with the
coordinate based location of property units.

This location based approach also ensures uniqueness if adequate levels of accuracy are
achieved during the initial data capture phase, which is more likely than not. The mass scale
property registration activities planned for Ambo town present a unique opportunity to design
an appropriate property locator system for implementation in urban areas prior to
implementation of field activity.

The cadastral mapping areas are the areas in which cadastral maps have been completed and
when resurveying land parcels in these areas, following instructions should be followed.
It may be required to resurvey the following types of land parcels in cadastral mapping areas.
Many of these initiatives have previously been carried out by the International Federation of
Surveyors (FIG), the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE), cadastral template
project etc. Registration of Urban Land Holding No.818/2014 and regulation of Council of
Ministers No.44/ 2007 provide for Urban Cadastral surveying establishment. Since Cadaster
is up-to-date LIS of which parcel must be surveyed based on the national cadastral surveying
standard.

2.6. Issues in Cadastral Systems

Efficient systems to officially record rights in land comprise two basic sets of information:
 Registers comprised largely of textual or alphanumeric data that record rights in land;
 And maps or a spatial framework that define the boundaries and extent of land parcels
over which these rights apply.
These two basic sets of information constitute the concept of the cadaster.
1. Under the cadastral concept there is a close, explicit linkage between the textual and
spatial data. With this link in place, various search/access mechanisms can be
developed to search information on rights in land. These searches can be from keys in

17
 the alphanumeric data or from queries in the spatial framework and reports can be
produced in either or both domains. The spatial framework can also be a useful tool in
validating the textual data, identifying, for example, parcels where numerical data is
not available. An essential prerequisite for an efficient cadastral system is therefore
ensuring that the two datasets are maintained and up-to-date. No set of rights should
exist without a spatial parcel to assign them to, and all spatial parcels should be linked
to a set of rights. This is a simple concept, but can be very difficult to implement in
practice. In many countries there is a weak or non-existent spatial framework and this
is a major cause of uncertainty in rights in land hence, it is important to consider the
social context of land boundaries in assessing the technical requirements for surveying
and mapping. Where there is a simple, community-accepted system of defining parcel
boundaries or where there is a low social cost in getting agreement on boundaries there
is reduced justification for accurate but costly surveys and comprehensive mapping
systems. This is the situation in many countries for instance; Thailand where the prime
emphasis in re-establishing boundaries is agreement by the parties rather than re-
instatement from information recorded in the land records. Most surveys in Thailand
are undertaken to lower accuracy, but lower cost, graphical standards. In other
countries, such as Tunisia, there is a higher social cost in reaching agreement on
boundaries. When agreement is reached on boundaries in Tunisia, accurate and costly
surveys are undertaken and the coordinates determined from these surveys are used to
re-instate boundaries. In England a general boundary system operates with strong
community acceptance. The general boundaries are charted on large-scale topographic
maps produced by a national authority. Registry maps and file plans are produced from
these maps. Land owners have the option of requesting accurate surveys to fix their
boundaries, but few such requests are made.
2. According to Ting and Williamson 2000, the cadastral map record is a prime layer in
supporting the development of national Spatial Data Infrastructure. In many countries
cadastral maps compiled to graphical standards that support the index aspect as stated
above provide the foundation for SDI. Many users in various countries express a need
for higher accuracy. These users include utility authorities that want to chart their
assets on the cadastral spatial framework and typical express the need for „spade
width‟ accuracy, something that approaches survey accuracy in the cadastral
framework. Few if any developed countries have been able to implement such a

18
 system, even with significant recent improvements in technology and a range of
innovative approaches to phase the introduction of improved accuracy.
Generally, there are two broad aspects to the spatial framework that might support a
land registration system. The first is a topological or indexing the identification of
land parcels recorded in the register, including support for the sub-division or
consolidation of land parcels.

2.7. Cadastral processes

Cadastral processes constitute the activities necessary for access to land and land delivery.
Access to land refers to the opportunities that are available for one to acquire any
form of land rights. Land delivery refers to the channels that are used to supply land
for various uses and the technical and legal procedures that are necessary to support the
process.
The processes involved in cadaster may vary in nature and/or procedure between land
administration systems. However, four common cadastral procedures are recognizable in
many parts of the world:
Adjudication – This is the authoritative ascertainment of existing rights in land.
Adjudication is usually the first component of the land delivery process before first
registration. Adjudication does not alter existing rights nor create new rights. It can be
carried out either as a systematic (compulsory, area by area) or a sporadic (voluntary, on
demand) process.
Demarcation – This is the marking of boundary limits of each unit on the ground. Physical
objects (monuments) may be placed on the ground to clearly indicate the boundaries.
Boundary definitions should meet the requirement of providing evidence of the location of
recognized land units. The nature of boundaries that is adopted determines method of
demarcation. Boundaries are categorised into two: fixed/precise boundaries (accurately
surveyed boundaries that can be reliably re-established from previous survey records in
cases of dispute) and general/approximate boundaries (boundaries that are determined by
relaxed survey methods or no survey at all and that depend on ground evidence in cases
of dispute).
Surveying – This is the actual ground measurement of cadastral land units. Cadastral
surveying is normally conducted under statutory regulations. The regulations stipulate the
methods and standards of accuracy for different kinds of survey. The requirements for
demarcation determine the conduct and accuracy of survey.

19
Mapping – This is the geometric description of cadastral land units. The basic
requirement of cadastral mapping is to provide a sufficient specification of the location of a
land unit (or object). An index (i.e. a spatial framework) that is based on the earth‟s
surface is necessary for this purpose. Aerial photographs provide suitable indices for
cadastral mapping in many countries because land units can be identified by reference
to terrestrial features using simple photo interpretation methods. Land object definitions
without any reference to the earth‟s surface can use other means to meet the demands of
providing evidence of the location of land objects. Any sort of geo-reference that is
recognized by a community will meet the demands of specifying a land object.

20
 CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHOLOGY AND MATERIAL USE

3.1. Geographic Scope of the Study Area

The study area is Ambo Town and located 114kms west of Addis Ababa. It has 6 urban
kebele and 4 rural peasant associations surrounding and located at the altitude of 2100 meters
above sea levels with temperate climate. Afte Lij Iyasu was captured, he was he was held for

Awhile at Ambo, before being transferred to house Arrest at Fiche in the early 1930s.
BY1933 Ambo had stated to be recreation Area with the construction of some bath cabins
With cisterns of Concert and a couple of European type hotel aswel as simple villas for the
Emperor and important person.

3.2. Data Source

This study used as investigation the challenge in preparation of cadastral map in case of
Ambo town and its remedial use as sample data, digital Orthophot of ambo town that capture
in 2012, Data collected by the ground surveying, base map of Ambo town that extracted from
orthophotos and digital line map acquired from aerial photogrammetric survey carried out
over the whole area of one kebele in Ya‟i Gada (02).

21
3.3. Research Design and method
3.3.1. Basic awareness
The Commissioner of Cadastral Team will arrange the divisional level awareness programs
and the Senior Superintendent of Surveys / Superintendent of Surveys / Surveyors should
participate in such awareness programs.

The target groups for awareness programs are

(a) Political and community leaders.
(b) Public media organizations.
(c) Professional organization (Notaries, Bankers, Chambers of Commerce, Industrialists,
Lawyers and Surveyor etc.)
(d) Non-governmental organizations
(e) Officers of the district level government institutions and local government institutions.
(f) Field staff and the staff of the relevant institutions.
(g) The community of the selected area.

The Commissioner of cadastral team will collect the preliminary information of the land
parcels in the area selected for the registration of cadastral map.

The information thus collected will be categorized and entered in sub – schedules by the
Commissioner of Title Settlement and send by a survey requisition to District Senior
Superintendent of Surveys along with the relevant lists of names those live in Ambo town.

3.3.2. Reconnaissance for a GPS Survey

Reconnaissance is one of the most important parts of a GPS survey. For the actual collection
of GPS data, the observing station must have a clear view of the sky when satellites are
passing over the job site. Steps involved in a typical GPS reconnaissance include:
a).Mark the general area where GPS control points are to be located on maps or aerial
photographs.
b). Visit the job site and select the best location for the control point.
c). Using a "Station Visibility Diagram," locate and record all obstructions exceeding 20
degrees above the horizon, as well as any radio frequency (RF) sources. Ideal tools for this
are a compass and an Abney level.
d). Using the station visibility diagrams and ask plot of visible satellites at the time the GPS
survey is to take place, the proper observing session can be planned for each station.

22
3.3.3. Preparation of Base Diagrams or index map
The Ambo town urban land Division is considered as a unit for the preparation of Cadastral
Maps and once the cadastral mapping area is declared, the District Senior Superintendent of
Surveys should make arrangement to assign cadastral map numbers to each Ambo town
Division after getting a digital map of the Divisional Secretary area indicating the Ambo
urban land divisions from the branch of the Land Information System. A copy of this digital
map should be given to relevant Superintendent of Surveys. The Superintendent of Surveys
should collect the required registers, maps, information, to prepare a work plan for the
Ambo urban land Division which is selected to prepare the Cadastral Map.

3.3.4. Collection of Field Information

The Surveyor and Field Investigator may work as a team but, it is not required that they are
always in the field together as a team. Joint investigations should be done together with the
Field Investigator and selected elder for the disputed land mentioned in the classified
Register of Land Investigation sent by the Commissioner of Title Settlement. If there are
more disputes in these lands, the Surveyor should report to the Commissioner of cadastral
Settlement through the Superintendent of Surveys to solve these problems.

3.3.5. Investigation of documents related to Land and Demarcation of Boundaries

The Field Team should not enter any land without giving prior notice on the relevant form
to the personnel claiming rights to the land. Only the documents submitted by the claimant to
the land or his authorized representative should be examined and note down the title after the
verification.

The Surveyor should find out from the owner of the land / claimant whether there is a earlier
surveyed plan or a Court Partitioned plan is available and, if there are no big differences in
boundaries in the field and this plan, the Surveyor can proceed after explaining to the Land
Owner / Claimant only if he agree.

The Surveyor should demarcate the boundaries of the land pointed out by the claimant or his
authorized representative with the agreement of the claimants to the adjoining lands. When
there are disagreements to the common boundaries, should work as a mediator to get an
agreement. Still if they are not agreeing to the common boundary, should try to mediate to
reach an agreement along with Field Investigator. The collective agreement must be obtained
as in the form “Procedure to follow for boundary disputes.

23
3.3.6. Establishing ground Control point
All Cadastral Surveys should be connected to the National Survey Control System (GN ).
The Superintendent of Surveys should decide about the additional control points in addition
to the use of existing, sufficiently accurate control points considering the size of the Ambo
town Land Division / Block at the time of dividing the blocks for the preparation of cadastral
maps. The Control Surveys should be done by using G.P.S. or E.D.M. Instruments. The
numbering of control surveys inside cadastral area should be connected to the Cadastral
Map number. The existence of three or more 2nd order national reference systems for each
new control points. The distance between existing 2nd order control point and the new station
shall not be greater than 15km.

 The new control station shall be free from GPS errors.

 If flat terrain, there shall be one control station in 1 km x 1 km area.

 Higher number of GCPs for rugged areas.

 All stations shall be marked by tablets of non-corrodible metal and set firmly in posts
of concrete.

 Differentiated by alphanumeric code which is stamped on the top of the mark.

The local there shall be the minimum of three local surveying stations in selected
adjudication section within 300 m interval,

A minimum spacing for supplementary control points is 50 meter using total station (100
meter when using GPS).New point shall be shown by authorized cadastral surveyor

24
 Figure 1 Order of control point

If the cadastral map is based on Orthophot for aerial photography; Horizontal Accuracy
in RMSE must not exceed two pixels size of Ground Sample Distance (in x and y).

Vertical Accuracy in RMSE must not exceed three pixels size of Ground Sample
Distance (in z).

Regardless of the method, however, the positional accuracy of the final output should
not exceed 40cm at scale of 1:2000.The first task is to assure whether the positional
accuracy of the Orthophotos is within tolerance limit. To examine how well the line map
overlap with orthophotos (Ortho-verification), Geodata base Design Work;
considering selection of appropriate projection, local datum, ellipsoid etc.

But in our investigation or research we focus on ground based preparation of cadastral in case
of Ambo town.

25
3.4. Ground surveying method
3.4.1. Using Real time kinematic (RTK) GPS
 Checking the existence of GCP point in the adjudication section.
 Reading traverse for existing GCP points to check whether the GCP points moved or
not.
 Using one GCP point as the Base and other as Rovers collect the parcel corners.

To supplement the RTK GPS surveying methodology, it is recommended that EFS

purchase additional total stations to support the survey and mapping activities
performed within its model RO jurisdictions. These will allow rapid and accurate
cadastral surveys in areas where RTK GPS is not able to operate. The additional
instruments should be assigned to the cadastral standard Based Oromia urban land
administration and adequate training should also be provided.

3.4.2. Using Total Station

 Checking the existence of GCP enter visible within the selected adjudication section.

 Checking the GCP reading by mounting the TS on one of points and holding reflector
on the other visible point.

 Identifying the residual error of this GCP points

 Dansifying the turning points on necessary corners for the traverse computation.

26
Figure 2 data collection using total station.

27
Levelling Total station

Levelling the Total station shall be accomplished as sufficient accuracy otherwise the
instrument does not report accurate result. Levelling instrument take 30 OR 40 minute

Make sure to see all targets from the instrument station before going through process.

Step one: Tripod setup;

Tripod legs should be equal spaced.

Tripod head should be approximately level.

Head should be directly over survey point.

Figure 3 Tripod setup.

28
Step 2: Mount Instrument on Tripod:

Placed instrument on Tripod

Secure with cantering screw wile bracing instrument with the other hand

Insert the batter in instrument before levelling.

Figure 4 Mount Instrument on Tripod

29
Step3: Focused on surveying point

Focus the optical plummet on surveying point.

Figure 5 Focused on surveying point

Step4: Levelling the instrument

Adjust the levelling foot screw to centre the surveying point in the optical plummet reticule.

Centre the bubble in circular level Adjusting Tripod legs.

30
Figure 6 levelling the instrument

Step5: Adjust Image and reticule focus;

Release the vertical and horizontal clamps and point telescope to featureless light
background.

Adjust the reticule (i.e. cross hair) Focus Adjustment until reticule image is sharply focus.

Point Telescope ton target and Adjust the focus ring until target is focussed.

31
Move your head from side to side to test for image shift (i.e. parallax).Tangent Screw Use -
When sighting an object, always make the last turn of the tangent
screw, clockwise. This clockwise movement increases the tension on a small spring which
is loaded against the tangent screw. A final turn counterclockwise releases tension and
the spring can temporarily hang up in the heads. A "backlash" error results if the
spring moves after final pointing is made. Cross Hair Use Consistency - Sight each object
with the same part of the cross hair, preferably near the center of the field of view. This
practice will minimize small residual adjustment errors. This procedure is a "must" for
traverse work. Technique - Experiments have proved that the human eye can estimate the
center of a wide object more accurately than it can line up two objects. For this reason,
different pointing techniques should be used.

3.5. Office Work - Processing of Collected Data

At this stage of the works data collected in the field is processed and are preparing for the
process of Public review. Attributes that define them are added to all collected field data, so
for example each measured point is uniquely defined by its number, type, method of origin
and with the way of stabilization. Similar is with property holders who are defined with ID
number, address of residence and contact number.

Digital cadastral map (DKP) is made according to the prescribed specifications. With
topological processing of DKP following data on cadastral parcels are obtained: the number
of parcel, surface and the way of use, address of the parcel and from which parcels of old
survey has formed a new one. These data combined with a holder‟s database is used to create
evidently lists and supporting registers that are used in the process of Public review.

The analysis of inconsistencies is performed by a cadastral expert visually comparing

data from different time series. The visual control was conducted using the GIS software
(QGIS), which supports the use of raster and vector data, as the historical cadastral map
sheets (raster) were overlapped with the vector zed cadastral map and further analyzed
to determine the origin and the documentation of inconsistency.

32
A cadaster is a system of major importance for economy and planning. A cadastre
provides data on land. It is the basis for legal aspects like ownership as well as fiscal
aspects like taxation of land. The cadaster also provides data for planning assignments
(for example, boundaries of constructions, land use, and soil). Storage and update of
these data require a complex system that had been developed in Austria during more
than 100 years. Understanding, using, and improving a cadaster requires knowledge on the
cadastral a processes. The problems a cadaster must solve are important to understand the
needs
for a cadaster. It is also important to understand the processes of a cadaster to see how
a cadaster works. These processes define the way a cadaster handles data and what
prerequisites the data must fulfill to be accepted by the cadaster. Improving a system
requires analysis of the processes.

3.6. Public Review

After the contractor has collected and processed all the necessary data for cadastral municipal
documentation, in the process of public review this data becomes official. In the process
cadaster and land register commissions jointly conduct a public review procedure by inviting
persons who are recorded in the evidentiary list as holders. The persons participating in the
public review may give their objections as to the status recorded on the basis of surveys and
the corresponding commission is obliged to consider all objections. People who claimed that
they are property holders during the fieldwork need to prove their right to land registrar
commission.

During the survey, the land registry clerks produce new land registration files containing the
data on cadastral parcels and titleholders and reflecting the actual situation. After the
production of all files for the cadastral municipality where the survey has been conducted, the
passes the decision on opening a new land register and closing the old register.

The overall prouder of preparation of cadastral map in case of AMBO town

33
Figure 7 The overall prouder of preparation of cadastral map in case of AMBO town

3.7. Material use in cadastral map preparation

There is an abundance of human resources within Material for a large scale program, but the
technical capacity of the Authority for the most effective and efficient implementation of a
large scale program is less suitable.
Although there are Engineers and Technicians on staff, but do not have adequate modern
surveying equipment (i.e. GPS and total stations) to carry out mass cadastral survey and
mapping activities. The Ambo town only has one total station, one Topcon.

This is not an adequate number of total stations to cover the six Keble districts that fall under
the cadastral jurisdiction, especially under any large scale systematic program.

It had been earlier recommended that cadastral data collection under Task rely heavily on
aerial photography and GPS. Based on the review of technical capacity it is clear that
the use of aerial photography is considerably less likely to happen than was originally
envisioned.

34
Despite having a dedicated unit for the processing of aerial photography and creation of map
products, Ambo town has not yet tested the appropriateness of orthophotos for cadastral maps
in urban areas. It was indicated1 that maps created through aerial surveys would only serve as
a starting point and should be updated with extensive fieldwork using total stations to get
higher absolute accuracy.

The soft ware‟s used in this research in order to analysis the given data were:
Here are lists of Survey instruments used for cadastral surveying

3.8. Soft ware’s: ARCGIS

3.8.1. Equipment use
Total station,
 Differential (DGPS),
 Theodolite
 Cadasters index map,
 Steel tape and optical square,
 Field book,
 Pegs,
 Col 10.3, Handheld GPS and sokia total station

35
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. RESULT OF THE RESERCH

A cadaster is a list of documents. Documents provide data on each change of cadastral data.
A document can also provide a starting point. An owner, for example, receives his ownership
from the previous owner. The previous owner received his ownership from his predecessor
and so on. Finally, at the time of the first registration there is an owner, who has no
predecessor. The cadastral register identifies real properties, which might include more than
one land parcel, by cadastral number(s) and area, the cadastral map shows all land parcels
graphically, legal survey measurements are used to precisely identify all new parcel
boundaries determined after the initial creation of the maps, and the Land Book identifies the
legal land rights based on the cadastral identification.

The importance of the use of the cadaster to support land management has steadily increased.
During the first half of this century the cadastral system served as a basis for managing the
regulations under the Agricultural Holdings Act. During the second half of this century the
cadastral identification has also become an important component for managing a number of
environmental acts. In addition the cadaster provides basic information to support many
activities including the operation of town and country planning processes, construction
planning and implementation, and utility administration.

The basic function of the cadastral map will still be the same even if the maps are
computerized. The benefits will be the multipurpose use of the maps, in combination with
other land data registers and maps, leading towards cadastral based GIS-systems. The concept
of a modern digital cadaster therefore has to face the challenge of being an effective tool to
support the traditional cadastral processes of land transfer and subdivision, as well as being
an efficient tool for land management and administration. The challenge will be to use the
lowest acceptable standard for fulfilling these objectives in order to minimize the costs
of computerization.

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4.1. Othophoto of Ambotown
That show airl Imagenary of the area within data collected by usingGround surveying
procedur .

Figure 8 Orthophoto of Ambo town samepart

4.2. Geodata base (GDB) of Ambo town for one neighborhood
Is map that contains all the necessary cadastral information to be extracted? It can be
prepared by using spatial data obtained from Ground surveying, Aerial photography, and
High resolution satellite imagery. Non-spatial or attribute data can be obtained from Existing
Legal Documents or Field Observation. Other Data sources like Local development plan
(LDP/NDP), Survey Plans and Existing base maps may also use for cadastral base map
preparation.

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 Figure 9 GD of one neighborhood of AMBO town

4.3. The parcel of one owner

A cadaster establishes a chain of owners and stores the restrictions of ownership.
Documentation of the chain of owners requires permanent storage of all changes in the
ownership situation. This requires permanent storage of the documents and therefore
physically removing a document from GDP of Ambo town that show the parcel one

38
Figure 10 Parcel of one person ownership

39
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Conclusions
Ethiopia is like most developing countries of the world the cadastral surveying technique is
still supported by traditional methodologies. Hence, the output comes from this kind of
methodology is apparently the measurement based identification of the parcels .For instance,
cadastral survey was undertaken in the four regional state (Oromia, Amahara, SNNP &
Tigray) with traditional methods in the first ,second and third level of certification. But, the
size of the plot was determined either using ropes or relying on knowledge of the number
„timed‟ of a plot. In addition the plot is described by naming the neighbors on the N, E, S and
W. Hence, the preparation of cadastral map using the integration of GIS and Total station
in urban areas of Ethiopia have the advantage to accelerate the cadastral map coverage for
the whole country in the upcoming decades. As a result, the integration of these techniques
conducted in the study area „Ambo town‟, to see the possibility and procedures of
methodologies.

Due to their different stages of development, different countries have different capacities for
the development of cadastral systems. In particular, human, technological and financial
resources will determine the most appropriate form of cadastral system to meet the needs of
individual countries.

Thus, a simple low cost manual cadaster recording only private ownership rights may
be appropriate for one country, while a sophisticated and relatively expensive fully
computerized cadaster recording a wide range of ownership and land use rights may be
appropriate for another country.

It is difficult to build a complete and resourceful cadastral map using traditional surveying
techniques in short period of time. Hence, it is better to use an up to date surveying
technologies, such as the integrating of GPS and satellite images with GIS, in order to
enhance and accelerate the level of cadastral map the country

Finally, improving land administration and the cadastral system in particular has the potential
to significantly increase investments in urban development by all producers, improve urban
livelihoods, reduce conflicts over land, reduce land degradation, and improve resource use.

40
Along with other interventions, improved tenure security is vital to creating an environment
in which the urban population is able to survive and prosper and at the same time to adapt to
environmental and other shocks.

5.2. Recommendations
Urban cadastres should be principally maintained at‟ kebele „levels where these would
provide for convenient access to the records, considerable costs will be incurred in the
establishment, staffing, and maintenance of offices at this level.

•Enhancing the capacity for the dissemination of information to the public about the various
land administration reform programs, their impacts, objectives, and ways that they will
impact local resource use.
• The land administration programs should be technological center regarding data
collection for land registration purpose and preparation of cadastral map.

The decision makers should aware enough about the integration of surveying
methodologies such as GPS and high resolution satellite images with GIS effectiveness in
cadastral surveying projects.
• Cadastral surveying project should mainly perform in collaboration with academic
institutes like Adama,Ambo, and many town at oromia Region.

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