Major Project 47-Publication

Arduino Based Robot for Elderly Assistance
A Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of

Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics & Communication Department submitted to
Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
Major Project-II Report

Submitted by
Saurabh Narawariya (0103EC201149) Sauraj Pandey (0103EC201150)
Saurav Kumar (0103EC201151) Vikas Kumar (0103EC201190)
under the supervision of
Prof. Vinod Pathak (Prof. Shraddha Shrivastava)

(Project Guide)
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
Session 2023 -2024

Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodied in this Project Report entitle
“Arduino Based Robot for Elderly Assistance” has been
satisfactorily completed by Saurabh Narwariya, Sauraj Pandey, Vikas Kumar
and Saurav Kumar. It is a bonafide piece of work, carried out under
our supervision and guidance in the Department of Electronics and
Communication, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal, for
partial fulfilment of the Bachelor of Technology during the academic
year 2023-24.
Under supervision of
Prof. V inod Pathak Prof. Shraddha Shrivastava
Approved By
-----------------------
Dr. Soni Changlani
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
Declaration
We, Sauraj Pandey, Saurabh Narwariya, Saurav Kumar and Vikas Kumar,
students of Bachelor of Engineering, Electronics and Communication
Department, Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal,
hereby declare that the work presented in this Major Project is outcome of our
own work, is bonafide, correct to the best of our knowledge and this work has
been carried out taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work presented does
not infringe any patented work and has not been submitted to any University
for the award of any degree or any professional diploma.
Saurabh Narwariya Vikas Kumar

0103EC201149 0103EC201190
Saurav Kumar Sauraj Pandey

0103EC201151 0103EC201150
Date :
Acknowledgement
Words shall never be able to pierce through the Gamut’s of emotions

that are suddenly exposed during the routine of our college life. We
would like to thank Prof. Vinod Pathak, Project Guide for guiding
and correcting us at each instant and for his continuous motivation.
At the same time we would also like to thank Prof. Shraddha
Shrivastava, Project Incharge of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, for her well-wishes and also to provide his kind support
and valuable knowledge on the subject from time to time. We
express our heart-felt thankfulness to Dr. Soni Changlani, H.O.D. of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, LNCT, Bhopal for her
unfailure inspiration, whole hearted co-operation and constant
encouragement throughout the progress of the dissertation and
incisive comments gave immense confidence to complete the work.
Also, we are grateful to Dr. Ashok Kumar Rai, Director of
Administration, LNCT for providing us a positive learning
environment and to Principal, LNCT for giving us a chance to fulfil our
potential.
Saurabh Narwariya(0103EC201149) Sauraj Pandey(0103EC201150)
Vikas Kumar(0103EC201190) Saurav Kumar(0103EC201151)

CONTENTS
Page no.
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………........ i
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………….. ii
List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………… iii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….. iv
Chapter 1 – Introduction………………………………………………………... 1-4
1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………... 1
1.2 Objective of the Project……………………………………………… 3
Chapter 2 - Literature review…………………………………………………..
Chapter 3 – Problem Formulation…………………………………………….
Chapter 4 – Proposed Methodology…………………………………………..
4.1 Block Diagram……………………………………………………….
4.2 Circuit Diagram………………………………………………………
4.3 Flow Chart…………………………………………………………...
Chapter 5 – System components / Algorithm………………………………..
Chapter 6 – Expect Implementation / Simulations and Result………………
Chapter 7 Conclusion and Future Scope……………………………............
7.1 Conclusion......................................................................................
7.2 Future Scope.................................................................................
References
Annexure I: Presentation Slides
Android-Controlled Arduino Based Robot for Elderly Assistance
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
As our global population ages, there is an increasing need for innovative
solutions that enhance the quality of life for elderly individuals. The "Android-
controlled Arduino-based robot for elderly assistance" project is a pioneering initiative
that leverages the power of robotics and smartphone technology to provide personalized
care and companionship to the elderly. This project revolves around the integration of
two key technologies: Arduino, a versatile open-source microcontroller platform, and
Android, the widely used mobile operating system. By combining these technologies,
we aim to create a sophisticated robotic companion that can be easily controlled and
monitored through a user-friendly Android application.
Key Features:
Arduino Intelligence: At the heart of the robot lies an Arduino microcontroller, serving
as the central processing unit for the entire system. This allows for seamless integration
with a variety of sensors, actuators, and control mechanisms.
Mobile Control and Monitoring: The user interacts with the robot using a dedicated
Android application. This app provides a simple and intuitive interface for controlling
the robot's movements, activating specific functions, and receiving real-time updates
on the robot's activities.
Autonomous Mobility: The robot is equipped with motorized components, enabling it

to navigate its environment autonomously. This mobility is complemented by sensors
that facilitate obstacle avoidance and environmental awareness, ensuring a safe and
reliable interaction with the surroundings.
Sensory Perception: The robot incorporates a range of sensors, including those for
object detection, temperature monitoring, and ambient conditions. These sensors
contribute to the robot's ability to provide valuable information about the elderly
person's living environment.
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Elderly Assistance Functions: Tailored to the unique needs of the elderly, the robot
can perform a variety of assistance functions. This includes medication reminders,
fetching items, and even engaging in conversation to alleviate loneliness.
Communication Module: A communication module enables the robot to relay

important information to the user's Android device. This two-way communication
allows for remote monitoring, ensuring that family members or caregivers are always
informed about the well-being of their loved ones.
Safety Protocols: The design prioritizes the safety of the elderly person. Emergency
stop features, fall detection sensors, and other safety protocols are integrated to mitigate
potential risks.
In essence, the "Android-controlled Arduino-based robot for elderly assistance" project

aims to revolutionize elderly care by introducing a smart and interactive robotic
companion. This innovative solution not only addresses practical needs but also
contributes to the emotional well-being of the elderly, fostering a sense of connection
and support in their daily lives.
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS:

In the realm where technology meets innovation, robotics stands as a testament to
human ingenuity and the desire to create machines with intelligent capabilities.
Robotics is a multidisciplinary field that integrates principles from mechanical and
electrical engineering, computer science, and artificial intelligence to develop machines
known as robots. These entities, equipped with the ability to perceive, process
information, and act upon their surroundings, are poised to revolutionize various facets
of human life. At the heart of robotics lies a sophisticated interplay of key components.
Sensors serve as the eyes and ears of robots, enabling them to gather data about the
environment. These sensors can range from basic touch sensors to advanced cameras,
lidar, and radar systems. Actuators, akin to the muscles of a robot, empower it to execute
physical actions, whether it's the precision of a robotic arm or the mobility of an
autonomous vehicle. The control system, the brain of the robot, orchestrates these
components through intricate algorithms, allowing the machine to make decisions and
respond to dynamic scenarios. The application of robotics is diverse, with robots
tailored for specific tasks and environments. Industrial robots streamline manufacturing
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processes, undertaking tasks such as assembly, welding, and packaging. Service robots
find utility in various domains, from medical applications like surgical procedures to
the delivery of goods via drones. Humanoid robots, designed to mimic human
movements, contribute to research, entertainment, and potentially companionship for
the elderly. Exploration robots venture into inhospitable environments, including space
and underwater, conducting tasks that would be persist. Advancements in artificial
intelligence are crucial for improving the decision-making capabilities of robots.
Human-robot interaction must evolve to ensure seamless collaboration and integration
into everyday life. Ethical considerations surrounding the use of robots, particularly in
sensitive domains, demand careful examination. Looking to the future, robotics holds
exciting potential. Emerging trends include the development of swarm robotics, soft
robotics that mimic the flexibility of living organisms, and the integration of robotics
into the Internet of Things (IoT). As robotics continues to advance, its impact on
industries, healthcare, exploration, and our daily lives is set to be transformative,
shaping a future where intelligent machines coexist and collaborate with humanity.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
In [1] the author proposed the “Monitoring and assessment framework for the European
innovation partnership on active and healthy ageing (mafeip)”. The framework
considers various dimensions, including technological innovation, healthcare services,
and social policies, fostering a holistic approach to address the multifaceted challenges
associated with an aging demographic. MAFEIP not only supports the refinement of
existing strategies but also informs future policy development by identifying best
practices and areas for improvement in the pursuit of fostering active and healthy aging
throughout Europe.
In [2] the author proposed the “Scoping review on the use of socially assistive robot
technology in elderly care”. By synthesizing research findings from various sources,
the review explores the effectiveness of these robots in enhancing social interactions,
mental well-being, and overall quality of life for elderly individuals. Additionally, it
scrutinizes the technological advancements and design considerations that contribute to
the successful integration of socially assistive robots into elderly care settings
In [3] the author proposed the “Results of field trials with a mobile service robot for
older adults in private households”. The field trials offered valuable insights into the
robot's functionality, usability, and acceptance within real-world domestic
environments. Challenges and areas for improvement were also identified, informing
the ongoing development and refinement of mobile service robots tailored to the
specific needs of older adults. The findings from this field trial contribute to the growing
body of knowledge on assistive technologies for aging populations, emphasizing the
importance of user-centric design and practical applicability in
private households.
In [4] the author proposed the “A personal robot in everyday life of disabled and elderly
people”. The findings highlight the positive influence of these robots on users'
independence, social interactions, and mental health. Moreover, the study addresses
potential challenges and considerations, underscoring the need for user-centric design
and continuous improvement to meet the diverse and evolving needs of this
demographic. This research contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on
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the integration of personal robots into the lives of disabled and elderly individuals,
emphasizing the potential for these technologies to positively transform the daily
experiences of those facing mobility or health-related challenges.
In [5] the author proposed the “Development of a next generation robotic home
assistant.” The study underscores the potential of this next-generation robotic home
assistant to redefine the human-robot interaction paradigm and its transformative
impact on the future of smart homes and assisted living. The insights gained from this
research contribute to the ongoing evolution of robotic technologies for domestic
environments, paving the way for innovative solutions in home assistance and
automation.
In [6] the author proposed the “measuring older adults’ perceptions”. Through
qualitative and quantitative methods, the research delves into the subjective aspects of
aging, acknowledging the diversity of perspectives within this demographic. By
utilizing surveys, interviews, and potentially emerging technologies, the study aims to
capture nuanced insights into older adults' perceptions, shedding light on factors that
influence their well-being and satisfaction. The findings are anticipated to inform the
development of age-sensitive policies, services, and products, contributing to the
creation of environments that align with and cater to the preferences of older individuals
In [7] the author proposed “Clinical evaluation of guido robotic walker”. Through
objective measurements and qualitative feedback from both users and healthcare
professionals, the research aims to evaluate the impact of the Guido robotic walker on
aspects such as gait, stability, and overall user experience. Preliminary findings
demonstrate promising outcomes, with the Guido walker showcasing improved support
and adaptability to users' movements. The study also explores potential applications in
rehabilitation and daily living activities, highlighting the device's potential to
significantly enhance independence and overall quality of life for individuals with
mobility impairments.
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CHAPTER 3
DESIGN SYSTEM
The design of the "Android-controlled Arduino-based robot for elderly assistance"
system involves a holistic approach, incorporating hardware, software, and user
interaction elements. At the core of the system is the Arduino microcontroller, serving
as the intelligent control unit. The hardware framework includes motorized components
for mobility, sensors for environmental perception, and actuators for task execution.
The Android application acts as the user interface, allowing seamless control and
monitoring. The communication module facilitates real-time interaction between the
robot and the Android device. For optimal safety, the system integrates emergency stop
mechanisms and fall detection sensors. The design emphasizes simplicity in user
interactions, employing a user-friendly Android app that enables the elderly to control
the robot effortlessly. The inclusion of a camera and microphone facilitates remote
monitoring and communication. Machine learning algorithms could enhance the robot's
adaptability, enabling it to learn from user preferences and adapt to changing
environments. The overarching design prioritizes functionality, safety, and user
experience, creating a comprehensive and effective Android-controlled Arduino-based
robot tailored for elderly assistance.
3.1 OBJECTIVE
The primary objectives of the "Android-controlled Arduino-based robot for elderly
assistance" project are multifaceted, aiming to create a comprehensive robotic system
tailored to the specific needs of elderly individuals. The project seeks to enhance
mobility and assistance for the elderly by developing a robot capable of performing
tasks such as fetching items and delivering medications, thereby promoting increased
independence. The design emphasizes a user-friendly Android interface to ensure
accessibility, with an intuitive application enabling seamless control and monitoring.
The incorporation of a communication module facilitates real-time interaction,
fostering remote monitoring by family members or caregivers through video calls and
feedback mechanisms. Safety is a paramount concern, prompting the implementation
of emergency stop features and fall detection sensors to ensure the well-being of the
elderly user. The project also aims to cultivate a sense of companionship by
programming the robot for interactive conversations, addressing potential issues of
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loneliness among the elderly. Further objectives include incorporating health

monitoring features, such as medication reminders, and exploring machine learning
algorithms to enhance adaptability and responsiveness to user preferences. Lastly, the
project strives for cost-effectiveness and accessibility, with a commitment to user
feedback-driven iterative improvements, ensuring the longevity and efficacy of the
developed robotic assistance system. Through the pursuit of these objectives, the
project aspires to contribute meaningfully to the well-being and quality of life of the
elderly population.
3.2 NEED FOR DESIGNING:

The imperative for designing an "Android-controlled Arduino-based robot for elderly
assistance" arises from the pressing challenges associated with an aging global
population. As demographic shifts lead to an increasing proportion of elderly
individuals, there is a growing demand for innovative solutions that address the unique
needs and concerns of this demographic. Traditional modes of elderly care often
struggle to provide comprehensive support, particularly when it comes to issues of
mobility, companionship, and daily assistance. Hence, the development of a robotic
companion, integrated with Android control and Arduino intelligence, emerges as a
crucial response to the evolving landscape of elderly care. The need for such a robotic
solution is underscored by the desire to enhance the quality of life for elderly
individuals. Aging often brings about challenges in mobility, leading to a potential
decrease in independence. An Android-controlled Arduino-based robot can serve as a
versatile aid, providing assistance in daily tasks such as fetching items or offering
medication reminders. Moreover, the integration of Android control allows family
members or caregivers to remotely monitor the well-being of the elderly person,
fostering a sense of security and enabling timely intervention in case of emergencies.
Loneliness and social isolation among the elderly are also significant concerns that this
robotic solution seeks to address. The Android interface facilitates interactive features,
such as video calls and conversation capabilities, promoting emotional well-being and
combating the adverse effects of isolation. The robot becomes not just a practical
assistant but also a companion, contributing to a holistic approach to elderly care.
Furthermore, the design of an Android-controlled Arduino-based robot aligns with the
contemporary trend of smart and connected technologies. Leveraging the ubiquity of
smartphones and the versatility of Arduino microcontrollers, this project embodies a
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technologically advanced solution that is accessible and user-friendly. The simplicity

of Android app control ensures that even those less familiar with complex technology
can seamlessly interact with and benefit from the robotic companion. In conclusion, the
compelling need for designing an "Android-controlled Arduino-based robot for elderly
assistance" stems from the imperative to address the multifaceted challenges associated
with aging. This innovative solution not only tackles practical issues related to mobility
and daily tasks but also recognizes the emotional and social dimensions of elderly care,
fostering a more inclusive and supportive environment for our aging population.
3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 3.1: Block Diagram

The block diagram for an Arduino robot with Wi-Fi control using Node MCU, Arduino,
power supply, and motors can be explained in detail as follows:
Power Supply:
At the heart of the system is the power supply unit, providing the necessary electrical
energy to run the entire robot. This unit typically consists of batteries or an external
power source, ensuring a stable and continuous power flow to all components. The
power supply serves as the foundation for the robot's functionality.
Arduino Microcontroller:
The Arduino microcontroller acts as the central processing unit of the robot. It receives
commands from the user or external sources, processes the data, and controls the
various connected components. In this setup, the Arduino manages the overall
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functioning of the robot, including motor control, sensor data processing, and
communication with the WiFi module.
Wi-Fi Module (Node MCU):
The Wi-Fi module, often a Node MCU, enables wireless communication and control of
the robot. It connects to a Wi-Fi network, allowing users to send commands or receive
data remotely. This module plays a crucial role in establishing a communication bridge
between the robot and external devices such as smartphones, computers, or other IoT
devices.
Motor Control:
The motor control section involves motor drivers and actuators responsible for the
robot’s movement. The Arduino microcontroller sends signals to the motor drivers,
which, in turn, regulate the speed and direction of the motors. These motors power the
wheels or other locomotion mechanisms, enabling the robot to navigate its environment
based on the user’s input received through the Wi-Fi module.
Sensor Interfaces:
Sensor interfaces connect various sensors to the Arduino microcontroller. Depending

on the robot’s design, these sensors may include proximity sensors, obstacle avoidance
sensors, or environmental sensors. The Arduino reads data from these sensors,
providing valuable input for decision-making processes. For instance, obstacle
avoidance sensors can help the robot navigate and avoid collisions.
User Interface (Optional):
An optional component in the block diagram is a user interface, which may include
buttons, a touchscreen, or other input devices. This interface allows the user to interact
directly with the robot or issue commands. The Arduino processes the user input and
translates it into actions, making the robot’s operation more user-friendly.
External Control Devices:
The block diagram also considers external control devices that may interact with the
robot. These could be smartphones, tablets, or computers equipped with the necessary
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applications to send commands or receive data from the robot over the WiFi connection.
The WiFi module facilitates the seamless communication between the robot and these
external devices.
Power Distribution and Regulation:
Power distribution and regulation components ensure that the power supplied to
different sections of the robot is stable and within the required voltage range. Voltage
regulators or power distribution circuits may be employed to guarantee consistent
power delivery to all components, preventing fluctuations that could affect the robot's
performance.
In summary, the block diagram for this Wi-Fi-controlled Arduino robot outlines a
comprehensive system architecture. It starts with the power supply, flows through the
central Arduino microcontroller managing motor control and sensor interfaces,
integrates a Wi-Fi module for wireless communication, and optionally includes user
interfaces and external control devices. This modular and interconnected design
provides a robust foundation for the development of a versatile and remotely controlled
robot. Working of the Wi-Fi controlled Robot is very easy, we just need to give voice
command or the keys (left, right, forward, backward) in the direction, where we want
to move the Robot. Like if we want to move the Robot in Forward direction then we
need to Forward key to go in Forward direction. Likewise, we can move the Robot in
Left, Right and Backward direction by by clicking or giving voice command in
respective direction. Now as soon as we click the stop key in the middle, it will come
back to centre and Robot stops. DiyKit-Robo App sends values to Arduino, through
Wi-Fi medium. Arduino receive the values, compare them with predefined values and
move the Robot accordingly in that direction.
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3.4 FLOW CHART
Fig 3.2: Flow Chart of the Arduino Robot for Elderly Assistance
3.5 ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Establishing Bluetooth connectivity between Android Application and the Bluetooth

module on the robot.
3. To Check whether the device is connected.
4. If connected, provide the pre-defined instructions or commands to the micro-phone

of the mobile handset.
5. The voice commands should be trained to the Easy VR module.
6. Then the stored voice commands are represented in the form of binary numbers such
as move forward – 001, move backward – 010 etc.
7. These binary values are transmitted via Zigbee module which is a transceiver.
8. The transmitted binary values are then received by another Zigbee module which is
present on the receiver side.
9. Microcontroller will take those binary values and performs action (servo motors)
according to the binary values.
10. If it is failed to connect at step 3 than again go to step 2.
11. Stop.

3.6 CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS AND EXPLANATION

The circuit connections for the "Android-controlled Arduino-based robot for elderly
assistance" project involve a systematic arrangement of components to facilitate
seamless communication and control. The primary elements include the Arduino Uno,
Node MCU (ESP8266), motors, and a power source. The power supply is established
by connecting the positive terminal of the battery to the VIN pin of both the Arduino
Uno and Node MCU, while the negative terminal is connected to their respective GND
pins.
Fig 3.3 Circuit Diagram

This ensures a common ground reference for the entire system. For communication
between the Arduino Uno and Node MCU, the TX and RX pins of the Node MCU are
linked to the RX and TX pins of the Arduino Uno, respectively. Ground connections
between the two boards are also essential for proper signal transmission. This setup
enables the Arduino Uno to send control signals to the Node MCU, facilitating
coordination between the robot's movements and the Android smartphone.

The motors are controlled through a motor driver, such as the L298N. The input pins
(IN1, IN2, IN3, IN4) of the motor driver are connected to digital pins on the Arduino
Uno (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5). This arrangement allows the Arduino Uno to regulate the direction
and speed of the motors. The output terminals of the motor driver are then connected
to the respective terminals of the DC motors, while the power supply for the motor
driver is connected to the robot's main battery source. This ensures the motors receive
the necessary power for movement. The Arduino Uno also powers the Node MCU by
connecting its 5V output to the 5V input of the Node MCU. Both boards share a
common ground through the GND connections. This setup ensures that both the
Arduino Uno and Node MCU operate with synchronized reference potentials. The
Android smartphone communicates wirelessly with the robot through the Node MCU,
which acts as a bridge for Wi-Fi communication. The user sends control signals through
a dedicated Android application, allowing for real-time control and monitoring of the
robot's movements.
3.7 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

HARDWARE COMPONENTS
1. Node MCU
2. L293D
3. DC motors
4. Robotic chasis
5. Robot wheels
6. Batteries
7. Jumper wires
8. Bread board
9. USB cable
3.7.1 Node MCU

The Node MCU is a versatile and widely used open-source development board that is
based on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. This compact and affordable board has gained
popularity in the realm of Internet of Things (IoT) projects due to its ease of use and
compatibility with the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The key
feature of the Node MCU is its integrated Wi-Fi capability, allowing seamless
connectivity to the internet, making it an ideal choice for applications that require

wireless communication. Initially designed to provide a low-cost solution for

prototyping IoT projects, the Node MCU has found extensive adoption in various
electronic projects beyond its original scope. Its design is based on the ESP-12 module,
which integrates the ESP8266 Wi-Fi chip with necessary components like a USB-to-
Serial converter and voltage regulator.
This integration simplifies the development process, making it accessible even for those
without extensive hardware expertise. The Node MCU board features a range of GPIO
(General Purpose Input/Output) pins, analog pins, and communication pins such as I2C
and UART. These pins provide flexibility for interfacing with sensors, actuators, and
other electronic components, making it a versatile platform for a diverse range of
projects. It is programmed using the Lua scripting language or Arduino IDE, making it
accessible to a wide community of developers. In summary, the Node MCU serves as
a powerful and accessible tool for individuals and developers entering the world of IoT
and wireless communication projects. Its integration of the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module,
ease of programming, and wealth of community support make it a preferred choice for
creating innovative and connected electronic applications.
Fig: 3.4 Node MCU
The Node MCU is a versatile development board based on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module,
known for its compact design and integrated Wi-Fi capabilities. It is widely used in IoT
(Internet of Things) projects due to its ease of use and compatibility with the Arduino
IDE. The Node MCU board features various pins, each serving specific functions.

The Node MCU pin diagram provides a visual representation of the various pins on the
Node MCU development board, offering a quick reference for users and developers.
Here's an introduction to the Node MCU pin diagram:
Fig: 3.5 Pin diagram of Node MCU
Vin (Voltage In): This pin is used to supply external voltage to the Node MCU. It
typically accepts a voltage range of 7-12V, which is then regulated to 3.3V for the
board's operation.
GND (Ground): The ground pin is the common reference point for electrical circuits.
All ground connections in the circuit are linked to this pin.
3V3 (3.3V Output): This pin provides a regulated 3.3V output, which can be utilized
to power external components that require this voltage level.
EN (Enable): The Enable pin is used to reset the Node MCU. Applying a high signal
to this pin resets the module, allowing it to restart.
D0 to D8 (Digital Pins): These pins serve as general-purpose digital input/output pins.

They can be used to read digital signals (0 or 1) or output digital signals to control
external devices.

A0 (Analog Input): Analog pin A0 allows the Node MCU to read analog signals. It is
often used to interface with sensors that provide variable voltage outputs.
RST (Reset): The Reset pin is used to perform a manual reset of the Node MCU.
Applying a low signal to this pin resets the module, like the EN pin.
TX (Transmit) and RX (Receive): These pins are used for serial communication. TX
is the transmit pin, and RX is the receive pin. They are often employed for debugging
and communication with other devices.
SD2 and SD3 (Secondary GPIO Pins): These pins can be used as additional general-
purpose input/output pins.
SCL and SDA (I2C Pins): SCL is the clock pin, and SDA is the data pin for I2C
communication. These pins are utilized for connecting to I2C devices such as sensors
or displays.
GPIO Pins (General-Purpose Input/Output): These pins, labelled as GPIO, are

additional digital input/output pins that can be configured for various functions as
needed in the project.
Understanding the functionalities of each pin on the Node MCU is crucial for
effectively utilizing its capabilities in diverse projects, ranging from simple IoT
applications to more complex systems requiring wireless communication.
3.7.2 MOTOR DRIVER L293D

The L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver IC designed by Texas Instruments, serving
as a fundamental component for precise control of DC motors in electronic circuits.
With its versatile dual H-bridge configuration, this IC enables independent control of
two motors, allowing bidirectional movement in both forward and reverse directions.
Notable for its capacity to handle a wide range of motor voltages (up to 36 volts) and
deliver currents of up to 600mA per channel, the L293D finds extensive application in
robotics, automation, and various electronic projects. The built-in diodes safeguard the
circuit from back electromotive force generated by motors, enhancing the IC's
reliability. Featuring enable and disable pins for each motor channel, the L293D allows
selective motor control, contributing to efficient power management. Its internal logic
circuitry simplifies the control interface, making it compatible with popular
microcontrollers like Arduino and Raspberry Pi. This IC's adaptability, ease of use, and

compatibility with microcontrollers make it a preferred choice for hobbyists, students,

and engineers engaged in projects requiring controlled motor movements. Whether
utilized in motorized toys, robotic vehicles, or automated systems, the L293D's
reliability and versatility make it an indispensable component in the toolkit of those
designing and prototyping electronic systems.
Fig: 3.6 Motor Driver L293D
L293D is 16 PIN Motor Driver IC. It’s very useful in driving DC and stepper Motor
for Robotic car. It can drive two motors. There are many Motors driver board designed
using L293D available in market. If you are concerned about size and space than
consider soldering L293D by yourself, benefit you can save Money, space, and avoid
additional components. Motor drivers acts as an interface between the motors and the
control circuits. Motor requires high amount of current whereas the controller circuit
works on low current signals. So, the function of motor drivers is to take a low-current
control signal and then turn it into a higher-current signal that can drive a motor.
3.7.3 DC MOTORS
DC (direct current) motors are essential electromechanical devices that convert
electrical energy into mechanical motion. They operate on the basic principle of Lorentz
force, where a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a force. DC
motors are widely used in various applications due to their simplicity, reliability, and
ease of control. They come in various types, including brushed and brushless DC
motors. Brushed DC motors feature a commutator and brushes, while brushless DC
motors use electronic commutation for improved efficiency and reduced maintenance.
DC motors find applications in robotics, automotive systems, industrial machinery, and

consumer electronics. One of the key advantages of DC motors is their ability to provide
precise speed and position control. This makes them suitable for tasks ranging from
powering conveyor belts to propelling electric vehicles. DC motors are characterized
by their linear torque-speed relationship, allowing for straightforward control through
voltage adjustments. The compact size and lightweight nature of DC motors make them
suitable for portable devices and applications with space constraints. As technology
advances, the integration of DC motors with smart control systems, such as pulse-width
Fig: 3.7 Dc Motors
modulation (PWM), enhances their efficiency and adaptability in modern electronic

systems. In summary, DC motors play a pivotal role in the electromechanical landscape,
powering an array of devices that contribute to the functioning of diverse industries.
3.7.4 ROBOTIC CHASIS
The robotic chassis forms the structural foundation of a robot, serving as the framework
upon which various components are mounted to create a functional robotic system. It
plays a critical role in defining the robot's size, shape, and overall physical structure.
Robotic chassis designs can vary widely, ranging from simple platforms for educational
robots to complex structures for sophisticated industrial robots. Typically constructed
from materials such as aluminum, plastic, or composite materials, the chassis provides
support for the robot's actuators, sensors, control systems, and power supply. The
selection of a suitable robotic chassis is crucial and depends on the specific application
and functionality of the robot. Different designs cater to diverse purposes, such as
wheeled chassis for ground-based robots, tracked chassis for rough terrains, and aerial
chassis for drones and flying robots.

Fig: 3.8 Robotic Chasis
The chassis design also influences the robot's mobility, stability, and payload capacity.
Moreover, it plays a pivotal role in determining the overall aesthetics of the robot. In
recent years, advancements in materials and manufacturing technologies have led to the
development of lightweight and durable robotic chassis, contributing to the efficiency
and versatility of robotic systems. The integration of modular chassis designs facilitates
customization, allowing developers to adapt the robot for various tasks. As robotics
continues to evolve, innovative chassis designs and materials contribute significantly
to the expansion of robotic applications across industries, from manufacturing and
healthcare to exploration and research.
3.7.5 ROBOTIC WHEELS
Wheels are integral components of robotic systems, serving as the primary means of
mobility and manoeuvrability. Whether in industrial robots, autonomous vehicles, or
educational platforms, the design and implementation of robotic wheels significantly
impact a robot's performance and functionality. Robotic wheels come in various forms,
including omnidirectional wheels for precise movements, meconium wheels for
enhanced manoeuvrability, and traditional wheels for straightforward linear motion.
The choice of wheel design depends on the specific requirements of the robot's intended
tasks and operating environment. Omnidirectional wheels, featuring rollers mounted at
various angles, allow robots to move seamlessly in any direction without changing their
orientation. Meconium wheels, with rollers set at 45-degree angles, enable
omnidirectional movement and rotation, making them ideal for intricate manoeuvres.
Traditional wheels, on the other hand, provide simplicity and efficiency in linear

motion, making them suitable for applications where straightforward locomotion is

essential.
Fig: 3.9 Robotic Wheels
Advancements in wheel technologies include the integration of sensors and actuators

for precise control, adaptive suspension systems for improved stability, and the use of
materials like polymers and lightweight alloys to enhance efficiency. The evolution of
robotic wheels contributes to the development of robots capable of navigating diverse
terrains, performing complex tasks, and interacting seamlessly with their surroundings.
As robotic applications continue to diversify, the role of wheels remains fundamental
in shaping the mobility and functionality of robots across various industries and
research domains.
3.7.6 BATTERIES
Batteries stand as the cornerstone of portable and mobile electronic devices, providing
a compact and portable source of electrical energy for various applications. These
electrochemical devices store and release energy through chemical reactions, playing a
crucial role in powering devices ranging from smartphones and laptops to electric
vehicles and industrial machinery. The development of batteries has witnessed
significant advancements, with various types such as lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride,
and lead-acid dominating different sectors based on their specific characteristics.
Lithium-ion batteries, known for their high energy density and rechargeable nature, are
extensively used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles, contributing to the
widespread adoption of portable technology and sustainable transportation. Nickel-

metal hydride batteries find applications in hybrid vehicles and certain portable
electronics, offering a balance between energy density and cost-effectiveness. Lead-
acid batteries, despite being older technology, remain essential for applications like
automotive starting batteries and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems.
Fig: 3.10 Batteries
The drive towards renewable energy sources has also propelled the development of
advanced battery technologies, such as solid-state batteries and flow batteries, aiming
to enhance efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. As the demand for
portable and sustainable energy solutions continues to grow, ongoing research and
innovation in battery technology hold the promise of transforming the way we power
our daily lives and shape the future of transportation and energy storage systems.
3.7.7 JUMPER WIRES
Jumper wires are essential components in the realm of electronics, serving as versatile
and indispensable tools for creating connections between various components on a
circuit board. These wires, typically made of flexible and insulated materials, facilitate
the transmission of electrical signals and power between different points on a
breadboard or electronic circuit. The name "jumper" underscores their primary function
— bridging connections and allowing electrical current to flow seamlessly. Jumper
wires come in various lengths, colours, and connector types, offering flexibility and
convenience in circuit prototyping and development. Whether used in educational
settings for teaching electronics or in professional laboratories for rapid prototyping,
jumper wires provide a convenient means of establishing temporary electrical
connections without the need for soldering. The color-coding of jumper wires assists in

organization and helps identify specific connections within complex circuits. Their
flexibility allows for easy adjustments and modifications during the testing and design
phase of electronic projects.
Fig: 3.11 Jumper Wires
Jumper wires play a pivotal role in creating the intricate networks of connections that
bring electronic circuits to life, enabling engineers, students, and hobbyists to
experiment, iterate, and innovate. As an essential tool in the electronics toolkit, jumper
wires empower individuals to explore the world of circuitry and bring their creative
electronic ideas to fruition.
3.7.8 BREAD BOARD
Breadboards are foundational tools in the world of electronics, providing a versatile

platform for prototyping and testing electronic circuits without the need for soldering.
Comprising a grid of interconnected metal clips, these rectangular boards facilitate the
temporary assembly of circuits, allowing engineers, students, and hobbyists to
experiment with component placement and connections. The term "breadboard"
originates from early electronics, where wooden boards with metal nails were used to
construct prototype circuits. Modern breadboards feature a matrix of holes arranged in
rows and columns, with each hole representing a connection point. Components, such
as resistors, integrated circuits, and jumper wires, can be easily inserted into these holes,
creating a modular and adaptable environment for circuit design. The top and bottom
rows of the breadboard are typically reserved for power and ground connections,
streamlining the distribution of electrical energy throughout the circuit. The

convenience of breadboards lies in their reusability, enabling rapid iteration and

experimentation. This makes them invaluable for educational purposes, allowing
students to learn and understand circuitry principles without the complexities of
soldering. Whether used by professionals for prototyping new electronic devices or by
enthusiasts exploring the world of electronics, breadboards provide an accessible and
user-friendly platform for bringing ideas to life before committing to permanent circuit
construction. Their ubiquity in electronics labs and workshops attests to their essential
role in the iterative and creative process of electronic design.
Fig: 3.12 Bread Board
3.8 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

3.8.1 ARDUINO IDE
Introduction:
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a user-friendly software

platform designed to facilitate programming and development for Arduino
microcontroller boards. Developed by the Arduino team, the IDE provides a
comprehensive environment for writing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino
boards, making it an essential tool for electronics enthusiasts, hobbyists, and
professionals engaging in embedded systems development.
Key features of the Arduino IDE include:
Code Editor: The IDE includes a simple and intuitive code editor that supports the C
and C++ programming languages. Users can write, edit, and organize their code
efficiently.

Compiler: The IDE incorporates a compiler that translates the written code into
machine-readable instructions for the Arduino microcontroller.
Upload and Verification: Users can upload their compiled code directly to Arduino
boards via USB, allowing for quick testing and deployment. The IDE also performs a
verification process before uploading to catch potential errors.
Serial Monitor: A built-in serial monitor enables real-time communication between

the Arduino board and the computer, aiding in debugging and monitoring the behavior
of the code.
Library Manager: The IDE features a Library Manager, simplifying the integration of
pre-written code libraries for various sensors, actuators, and modules into projects.
Board Manager: Users can select the specific Arduino board they are working with,
and the IDE handles the configuration settings automatically.
Examples and Tutorials: The IDE includes a range of built-in examples and tutorials
to help users get started with programming and to explore various functionalities of
Arduino boards.
Cross-Platform Compatibility: The Arduino IDE is compatible with Windows,

macOS, and Linux operating systems, providing flexibility for users across different
platforms.
The Arduino IDE's user-friendly interface and extensive community support make it an
accessible tool for beginners while offering advanced features for more experienced
users. It has played a pivotal role in democratizing embedded systems development,
allowing individuals with varying levels of expertise to create and share innovative
projects powered by Arduino microcontrollers.

Fig: 3.13 Arduino IDE
3.8.2 HOW TO INSTALL ARDUINO IDE
Certainly! Here is a step-by-step guide on how to install the Arduino IDE on Windows:
Download the Arduino IDE:
Visit the official Arduino website: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software .Click on the

"Windows Installer" link to download the installer.
Run the Installer:
Once the download is complete, locate the downloaded installer file (usually named
arduino-x.x.x-windows.exe where x.x.x is the version number).Double-click on the
installer file to run it.
Choose Installation Options:
The installer will open. Click "Next" to begin the installation. Choose the components
you want to install. Typically, you can leave all components selected.
Choose the installation directory or leave it as the default, then click "Install."
Driver Installation (if using Arduino Uno):

If you're using an Arduino Uno, Windows might prompt you to install drivers. Follow
the on-screen instructions to complete this process.
Complete the Installation:
Once the installation is complete, click "Close" to exit the installer.
Launch the Arduino IDE:
After installation, you can find the Arduino IDE shortcut on your desktop or in the Start
menu.
Double-click the Arduino icon to launch the IDE.
Configure Arduino Board (if needed):
In the Arduino IDE, go to "Tools" > "Board" and select your specific Arduino board
model.
Select COM Port (if needed):
Go to "Tools" > "Port" and select the COM port to which your Arduino is connected.
Now you have successfully installed the Arduino IDE on your Windows computer. You
are ready to start programming and uploading sketches to your Arduino board.
Remember that having an active internet connection during the installation process can
be helpful for driver installations and updates. Additionally, ensure that your Arduino
board is connected to your computer via USB.

Fig: 3.14 Choose the components to install.
Fig:3.15 Choose the installation directory.

Fig: 3.16 Installation in progress.1862
The process will extract and install all the required files to execute properly the
Arduino Software (IDE).
3.8.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ARDUINO IDE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) operates as a user-friendly

platform for programming and developing applications for Arduino microcontroller
boards. Its working principle can be summarized in the following steps:
Download and Installation:
Users download and install the Arduino IDE on their computer from the official
Arduino website.
Interface:
The IDE presents a graphical user interface with a text editor for writing code, a
toolbar, and various menus.
Writing Code (Sketch):

Users write code, known as a "sketch," using the C or C++ programming language.
This code defines the behaviour of the Arduino board.
Verification (Compile):
Users click the "Verify" button to compile the code. The IDE checks for syntax errors
and ensures the code is ready for execution.
Uploading to Arduino Board:
The Arduino board is connected to the computer via USB. Clicking the "Upload"
button compiles the code again and uploads it to the connected Arduino board, making
it ready for execution.
Execution on Arduino Board:
The uploaded code now runs on the Arduino board, controlling its behaviour based
on the programmed instructions.
Serial Communication:
The IDE includes a Serial Monitor tool for real-time communication between the
computer and the Arduino board. This is useful for debugging and monitoring sensor
data.
Library Management:
The IDE provides a Library Manager, allowing users to easily integrate pre-written
code libraries into their projects. These libraries contain functions that enhance the
capabilities of Arduino sketches.
Board Configuration:

Users select the specific Arduino board model they are using through the "Tools"
menu. This configuration ensures compatibility between the IDE and the connected
hardware.
Examples and Tutorials:
The IDE offers built-in examples and tutorials covering various Arduino
functionalities. These resources serve as valuable guides for users of all experience
levels.
In essence, the Arduino IDE streamlines the process of coding, compiling, and
uploading sketches to Arduino boards. It serves as a central hub for developing and
experimenting with electronic projects, providing a straightforward environment for
users to interact with their Arduino microcontrollers.
3.8.4 ANDROID APPLICATION DIYKIT-ROBO
DIYKIT-ROBO is a versatile and user-friendly platform that enables the development

of Internet of Things (IoT) projects, allowing users to easily control and monitor
connected devices through a mobile application. The Blynk app serves as the interface
for interacting with these IoT projects, providing a seamless and customizable
experience. Here's a brief introduction to the DIYKIT-ROBO app:
Overview:
DiyKit-Robo is designed to simplify the process of creating IoT applications without

extensive coding or hardware expertise. It provides a bridge between various
microcontrollers, such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and others, and a mobile device.
Key Features:

Drag-and-Drop Interface:
DiyKit-Robo app offers a user-friendly drag-and-drop interface, allowing users to build

custom dashboards and control panels effortlessly.
Widget Library:
The app includes a diverse library of widgets like buttons, sliders, displays, and graphs.
Users can choose and customize widgets to create an intuitive and interactive interface.
Cloud Connectivity:
Diykit-Robo operates on a cloud-based platform, enabling users to remotely access and

control their IoT devices from anywhere with an internet connection.
Real-Time Data Visualization:
Diykit-Robo allows users to visualize real-time data from their IoT devices through
dynamic and customizable graphs, charts, and displays.
Notifications and Alerts:
Users can set up notifications and alerts based on specific conditions or events,
enhancing the app's utility for monitoring and automation.
Energy System:
Diykit-Robo uses an "energy" system to allocate resources. Each widget added to a

project consumes a certain amount of energy, and users can purchase additional energy
as needed.
Wide Hardware Compatibility:
Diykit-Robo supports a wide range of microcontrollers, including Arduino, Raspberry

Pi, ESP8266, ESP32, and more, making it highly versatile for IoT projects.
Open-Source Platform:

Diykit-Robo is an open-source platform, fostering a collaborative community and

enabling users to contribute to its development.
Use Cases:
Diykit-Robo finds applications in various IoT projects, ranging from home automation
and smart agriculture to industrial monitoring and beyond. It empowers users to create
personalized and efficient interfaces for their connected devices.
In summary, the Diykit-Robo app serves as a central hub for IoT enthusiasts, hobbyists,
and developers to create, control, and monitor their connected devices seamlessly. Its
intuitive design and extensive features make it accessible for users with varying levels
of technical expertise.
Fig: 3.17 DIYKIT-ROBO Application

CHAPTER 4
WORKING
4.1 OPERATION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE
Constructed using thermocol sheets and chart paper, resulting in a lightweight and cost-
effective body. The robot incorporates a solar panel and smart charging station,
ensuring continuous operation and reducing the need for manual charging. To enhance
its functionality, a mobile phone is utilized as an IP camera, allowing caregivers or
family members to remotely monitor the well-being of the elderly person. Amazon
Alexa integration enables control over home appliances and provides entertainment
options for the user.
In future iterations of the Helping Hand, Upflash envisions incorporating 3D-printed

parts to enhance durability and customization. Also, the inclusion of a cooling/heating
system for water bottles aims to provide comfort and promote hydration.
The Helping Hand V1 project is a testament to the power of technology in improving

the lives of the elderly. By combining AI, machine learning, and innovative hardware,
Upflash has created a smart robot that helps, convenience, and entertainment,
promoting independence and well-being. An Arduino-based robot designed for elderly
assistance is a technological solution that integrates hardware components and software
programming to enhance the well-being and independence of the elderly. This robot is
equipped with various sensors and actuators, allowing it to navigate its environment,
detect potential hazards, and perform tasks to assist elderly individuals in their daily
lives. The core of the robot is an Arduino microcontroller, such as the Arduino Uno or
Mega, serving as the central processing unit. Sensors play a crucial role, including
ultrasonic sensors for obstacle detection, infrared sensors for object identification, and
environmental sensors for monitoring factors like temperature and humidity. Actuators,
such as motors and servos, enable the robot to move and interact with its surroundings.
Additionally, communication modules like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi facilitate connectivity
for remote control and data transmission. A reliable power supply, often in the form of
batteries, ensures the robot's autonomy.

Fig: 4.1 Wi-Fi Controlled Robot
The robot incorporates a range of sensors tailored to elderly assistance. Fall detection
sensors, like accelerometers or tilt sensors, can identify sudden movements indicative
of a fall. Obstacle avoidance is achieved through ultrasonic or infrared sensors, enabling
the robot to navigate safely. Voice recognition, implemented using a microphone,
allows the robot to respond to verbal commands and detect distress signals. Advanced
systems may include vital sign monitors, such as heart rate sensors, contributing to
health monitoring. The Arduino microcontroller is programmed using the Arduino IDE,
where the code encompasses algorithms for processing sensor data, decision-making,
and control of actuators. The programming dictates the robot's behaviour, enabling it to
respond to environmental cues, navigate through spaces, and execute specific tasks.
The code also considers safety protocols and emergency responses, ensuring the well-
being of the elderly user.
Guided by sensor inputs, the robot's movement is orchestrated to navigate its

environment intelligently. For instance, it might move forward until an obstacle is

detected, prompting it to alter its course and navigate around the obstruction. The code
governing movement is finely tuned to balance efficiency with safety, allowing the
robot to move seamlessly in various settings. The robot establishes communication with
users or caregivers through diverse channels. This could involve voice commands,
where the robot recognizes and responds to spoken instructions. Text messages or alerts
may be transmitted to caregivers, notifying them of specific events or emergencies.
Remote control features enable caregivers to navigate the robot, providing a means for
them to oversee and assist the elderly individual from a distance. The robot's
programming encompasses a spectrum of assistance tasks tailored to the needs of the
elderly user. This might include fetching items, reminding the user to take medication,
or offering support in emergencies. The robot's capabilities are designed to enhance the
user's independence and address common challenges faced by the elderly population.
To ensure the safety of both the elderly user and the robot itself, the code includes
robust safety features. Emergency stop mechanisms may be implemented, enabling an
immediate halt in case of unforeseen circumstances. The programming also considers
risk mitigation strategies, minimizing the potential for accidents or unintended actions.
Depending on the design, the robot may feature a user interface for interaction. This
could be in the form of physical buttons, a touchscreen display, or voice recognition.
The user interface serves as a means for the elderly user to communicate with the robot,
providing input and receiving feedback. In more sophisticated implementations, the
robot may log data for subsequent analysis. This data can offer insights into the user's
daily routines, activity patterns, and health metrics. Analysing this information can
contribute to refining the robot's performance over time and tailoring its assistance to
better suit the user's needs.

Fig: 4.2 Operating the Robot Using Mobile Application
Developers of Arduino-based robots for elderly assistance must address ethical

considerations and privacy concerns. Implementing robust security measures to protect
user data and ensuring transparent communication about data usage are critical aspects.
Respecting the autonomy and dignity of the elderly user is paramount, and the design
should prioritize user consent and comfort. In conclusion, an Arduino-based robot for
elderly assistance is a complex integration of hardware and software, designed to
address specific challenges faced by the elderly. From hardware components to
programming intricacies, safety features, and ethical considerations, the development
of such a robot requires a holistic and user-centric approach.
4.2 Applications of Arduino Robot for Elderly Assistance
Environmental safety:
An Arduino-based robot designed for environmental safety for elderly people can offer
various functionalities to enhance the living conditions and well-being of seniors.
Here's an overview of how such a robot might be used. The robot can be equipped with
ultrasonic or infrared sensors to detect obstacles in the environment. This is particularly
useful for preventing accidental collisions or falls. The Arduino microcontroller

processes sensor data, allowing the robot to navigate safely around furniture, walls, or
other obstructions. Accelerometers or tilt sensors can be employed to detect sudden
changes in orientation or acceleration, indicating a potential fall. If a fall is detected,
the robot can send alerts to caregivers or emergency services, providing a rapid
response to ensure the elderly person's safety. Sensors for temperature and humidity
can be integrated into the robot to monitor the living environment. Unusual conditions,
such as excessively high or low temperatures, could trigger alerts to caregivers,
signalling the need for intervention or adjustments to the environment. The robot can
be programmed to respond to emergency situations. For example, if the robot detects
smoke or a sudden increase in temperature (indicative of a fire), it can trigger an alarm,
notify the elderly person, and send alerts to caregivers or emergency services. The robot
can act as a mobile surveillance system, allowing caregivers or family members to
remotely monitor the elderly person's living space. This can provide reassurance and
enable prompt responses to any unusual events. Implementing voice recognition
features allows the elderly person to interact with the robot using verbal commands.
They can request assistance, control the robot's movements, or ask for information
about their surroundings. This promotes independence and ease of communication. The
robot can be programmed to provide medication reminders. It may navigate to the
elderly person's location and verbally remind them to take prescribed medications at
specific times. This feature helps ensure medication adherence and supports overall
health. The robot may have a user-friendly interface, such as a touchscreen or buttons,
that allows the elderly user to interact with the robot easily. This interface can be used
for initiating tasks, adjusting settings, or receiving information from the robot. The
robot can keep track of the elderly person's daily activities. By analysing patterns and
deviations from the routine, the robot can provide insights into the individual's well-
being. For instance, it can detect prolonged inactivity and notify caregivers if needed.
Ensuring privacy is crucial in the design of such a robot. The system should be designed
to respect the privacy and autonomy of the elderly person. Cameras and sensors should
be used judiciously, and the robot should operate in a way that minimizes intrusiveness.
The robot's functionalities should be customizable based on the specific needs and
preferences of the elderly person. This includes adjusting alert thresholds, setting
preferences for voice commands, and tailoring the robot's behaviour to individual
requirements.

In summary, an Arduino-based robot for environmental safety for elderly people

combines sensor technologies, robotics, and intelligent programming to create a
versatile tool for enhancing safety and well-being. By addressing aspects such as
obstacle detection, fall prevention, environmental monitoring, and emergency response,
the robot can provide valuable support to elderly individuals and their caregivers.
Personal safety:
An Arduino-based robot designed for elderly assistance plays a pivotal role in

enhancing personal safety for senior individuals. Equipped with an array of sensors,
such as accelerometers and ultrasonic detectors, the robot is adept at fall detection,
promptly alerting caregivers or emergency services in the event of a fall. Additionally,
infrared sensors enable obstacle avoidance, ensuring the robot navigates the living
space safely, reducing the risk of collisions and injuries. The robot's capabilities extend
to environmental monitoring, where it can detect potential safety hazards, such as
smoke or changes in temperature, issuing timely alerts to mitigate risks. Medication
management is streamlined through the provision of regular reminders, while voice
recognition features enable effortless communication, allowing the elderly person to
request assistance or initiate emergency procedures verbally. The robot further serves
as a mobile surveillance tool, providing remote monitoring capabilities for caregivers,
promoting security and real-time assessment of the elderly person's well-being. With
customizable safety protocols, user-friendly interfaces, and privacy protection
measures, the Arduino-based robot acts as a vigilant and responsive companion,
fostering a safe and supportive environment for elderly individuals to age in place with
confidence.
Support in finding objects:
An Arduino-based robot designed for elderly assistance proves invaluable in supporting

individuals by aiding in the retrieval of objects within their living space. Equipped with
sensors and programmed algorithms, the robot can navigate through the environment,
scanning and identifying specific items. Ultrasonic or infrared sensors enable the robot
to detect obstacles and plan an efficient path to reach the desired object, enhancing
safety and preventing collisions. The user can interact with the robot through voice

commands or a user-friendly interface, specifying the item needed. The robot then
utilizes its mobility, guided by the programmed algorithms, to locate and retrieve the
requested object, alleviating the physical strain often associated with searching for
items. This capability is particularly beneficial for elderly individuals with mobility
challenges or those who may have difficulty reaching or locating items independently.
By offering this support, the Arduino-based robot enhances the user's autonomy and
daily living experience, providing a practical solution for locating objects and
promoting a more accessible and comfortable living environment.
Support in the management of daily activities:
An Arduino-based robot designed for elderly assistance serves as a crucial support

system in the management of daily activities, significantly contributing to the well-
being and independence of senior individuals. Equipped with various sensors and
programmed functionalities, the robot aids in tasks such as medication management,
reminders, and daily routines. With the capability to recognize and respond to voice
commands or a user-friendly interface, the elderly person can interact with the robot to
set reminders for medication intake, appointments, or other important events. The robot
can navigate through the living space, providing gentle prompts and assistance,
ensuring that daily activities are carried out seamlessly. Whether it's reminding the user
to take medication, assisting in finding objects, or offering guidance on daily schedules,
the Arduino-based robot acts as a personalized assistant, addressing the specific needs
and preferences of the individual. By promoting a structured and organized approach
to daily activities, the robot not only enhances the efficiency of task management but
also fosters a sense of empowerment and confidence for the elderly user in their daily
life.
Reminders for medicines:
An Arduino-based robot tailored for elderly assistance plays a pivotal role in supporting
medication management by serving as a reliable reminder system. Equipped with
sensors and programmed with intelligent algorithms, the robot facilitates timely
medication adherence for the elderly individual. Through user-friendly interfaces or
voice commands, the robot can be programmed to set reminders for medication

schedules, ensuring that the user takes the right dosage at the prescribed times. As the
robot navigates through the living space, it provides gentle reminders, reducing the risk
of missed doses and promoting overall health. This feature is particularly beneficial for
seniors who may experience challenges in remembering complex medication regimens.
By integrating technology into the daily routine, the Arduino-based robot not only
enhances the safety and well-being of the elderly person but also offers peace of mind
to caregivers, knowing that medication adherence is being actively supported and
monitored.
Reminder for medical appointments:
The Arduino-based robot designed for elderly assistance proves invaluable in helping
individuals manage their medical appointments effectively. Equipped with sensors
and intelligent programming, the robot functions as a reliable reminder system for
upcoming medical appointments. Through user-friendly interfaces or voice
commands, the elderly user can input details about their appointments, such as date,
time, and location. The robot then utilizes its mobility to navigate through the living
space, providing timely reminders and information about scheduled medical visits.
This feature is particularly beneficial for seniors who may face challenges in
remembering complex appointment schedules. By integrating technology into the
daily routine, the Arduino-based robot ensures that crucial healthcare commitments
are not overlooked, promoting proactive healthcare management. The robot's ability
to offer personalized reminders enhances the user's autonomy and contributes to a
sense of security, knowing that they have a dedicated assistant helping them stay on
top of their medical appointments.
Reminders of events:
The Arduino-based robot designed for elderly assistance serves as a valuable

companion in managing and reminding individuals about important events. With
integrated sensors and intelligent programming, the robot allows users to set
reminders for various events through user-friendly interfaces or voice commands.
Whether it's birthdays, social engagements, or other significant occasions, the robot
navigates through the living space, providing timely and personalized reminders. This

capability is particularly beneficial for elderly individuals who may face challenges in
memory retention. By offering proactive reminders, the Arduino-based robot
contributes to a more organized and enriched daily life for the user, fostering a sense
of independence and reducing the likelihood of missed events. The robot's ability to
adapt to the user's preferences and deliver reminders in a friendly and supportive
manner makes it an effective tool in enhancing the overall quality of life for the
elderly.
Healthy lifestyle tips:
The Arduino-based robot designed for elderly assistance goes beyond conventional
support by actively promoting a healthy lifestyle through personalized tips and
guidance. Equipped with sensors and intelligent algorithms, the robot can assess the
user's daily activities and health parameters. By analyzing this data, the robot provides
tailored lifestyle tips, encouraging activities that contribute to physical well-being, such
as regular exercise or hydration reminders. Through user-friendly interfaces or voice
commands, the elderly individual can engage with the robot, receiving proactive
suggestions for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The robot's ability to offer personalized
advice fosters a sense of companionship and support, motivating the user to adopt
healthier habits. By integrating technology into the promotion of well-being, the
Arduino-based robot not only addresses immediate assistance needs but also actively
contributes to the long-term health and vitality of the elderly user.
4.3 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

Remote Monitoring and Control:
Caregivers or family members can remotely monitor the elderly person's activities and
control the robot from a distance, providing assistance when needed. This contributes
to increased flexibility and responsiveness in caregiving.
Enhanced Independence:
The robot can assist elderly individuals in their daily activities, promoting a sense of
independence and reducing dependence on constant human support. This is particularly
beneficial for seniors who wish to age in place.

Customizable Assistance:
The Arduino-based robot's programming allows for customization based on the specific
needs of the elderly user. It can be tailored to offer reminders, fetch objects, or provide
other assistance as per individual requirements.
Real-Time Health Monitoring:
The integration of sensors can enable real-time health monitoring, allowing caregivers
to receive alerts in case of emergencies or changes in the user's vital signs. This can
contribute to early intervention and improved healthcare.
Potential Cost Savings:
Depending on the complexity of the project, an Arduino-based solution may be cost-

effective compared to more sophisticated robotic systems. This could make such
assistance technology more accessible to a broader range of users.
User-Friendly Interface:
The Android interface provides a familiar and user-friendly control system. Android
devices are widely used and understood, making it easier for both caregivers and elderly
users to interact with the robot.
4.4 DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

Dependence on Technology:
Elderly individuals who are not familiar with or resistant to technology may find it
challenging to adapt to an Android-controlled robot. The success of the project relies
on the user's comfort and acceptance of technological assistance.
To Overcome the Disadvantages of Dependance on Technology:

Overcoming the challenge of technology dependency in an Arduino robot designed for
elderly assistance involves a multifaceted approach. To begin with, emphasizing
redundancy and reliability is paramount. Implementing backup systems for critical
functions and thoroughly testing components can significantly reduce the risk of
failures. By ensuring that the robot's core functionalities have reliable alternatives, the

overall dependability of the technology is enhanced. Simplicity in user interface design

is another pivotal aspect. Creating an intuitive and straightforward control system
minimizes the complexity of interactions for the elderly users. The goal is to make the
robot easily navigable, allowing users to engage with it without feeling overwhelmed
by the technological aspects. A user-friendly interface contributes significantly to
mitigating the challenges associated with technology dependence.
Maintenance and Technical Issues:

Like any technological solution, the robot may face issues such as connectivity
problems, software glitches, or hardware malfunctions. Regular maintenance and
technical support may be required to address these issues.
To Overcome the Disadvantage of Maintenance and Technical Issues:
Addressing the challenge of maintenance on technical issues in an Arduino robot

designed for elderly assistance necessitates a comprehensive approach. One key
strategy is to implement predictive maintenance systems. By integrating sensors that
continuously monitor the robot's components, developers can anticipate potential issues
before they escalate. This proactive approach enables timely interventions, reducing the
likelihood of technical failures and minimizing the maintenance burden. In conclusion,
overcoming the challenge of maintenance on technical issues in an Arduino robot for
elderly assistance requires a holistic and proactive approach. By integrating predictive
maintenance, modular design, regular updates, self-diagnostic features, user training,
and robust support systems, developers can create a resilient and user-friendly robot
that minimizes the impact of technical issues on the elderly users' experience.
Continuous monitoring, community engagement, and environmental considerations
further contribute to the long-term reliability of the technology.
CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
Designing an Arduino-based robot for elderly assistance requires a meticulous
methodology encompassing various stages.

Needs Assessment: Begin with a comprehensive needs assessment, engaging elderly

individuals through interviews and surveys to identify specific challenges such as
mobility issues, medication management, and emergency situations.
Conceptualization: Develop a conceptual framework that addresses the identified

needs, considering features like voice commands, obstacle avoidance, and user-friendly
interfaces.
Hardware Selection: Choose appropriate sensors, actuators, and Arduino-compatible

components with a focus on durability, low power consumption, and ease of integration.
Hardware Selection: Choose appropriate sensors, actuators, and components

compatible with Arduino for the robot's construction. Prioritize durability, low power
consumption, and ease of integration.
System Architecture: Design a modular system architecture to facilitate future upgrades

and maintenance. Ensure efficient communication between different components using
protocols like I2C or Bluetooth.
Sensor Integration: Integrate sensors such as ultrasonic sensors for obstacle detection,
temperature sensors for environment monitoring, and biosensors for health tracking.
Implement algorithms for sensor data interpretation.
Actuator Implementation: Incorporate actuators for mobility, manipulation, and

communication. Implement motor control algorithms to ensure smooth movement and
precise actions.
User Interface: Develop a user-friendly interface, possibly through a touchscreen or

voice commands, considering the cognitive and physical abilities of the elderly.
Prioritize simplicity and clarity in the design.
Communication System: Establish a reliable communication system between the robot

and external devices, such as smartphones or a central monitoring station. Implement
encryption and security measures to protect sensitive information.

Emergency Response Mechanism: Design a robust emergency response system that can
detect falls or health emergencies. Implement automated alerts to caregivers or
emergency services.
Machine Learning Integration: Explore the possibility of integrating machine learning

algorithms for adaptive behaviour based on user preferences and patterns.
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS
Certainly! The idea of an Android-controlled Arduino robot for elderly assistance is
promising for addressing the needs of the aging population. Such a project could
involve creating a robot equipped with sensors and actuators to assist with various tasks,
ranging from monitoring health parameters to providing companionship.

Android Interface: Utilizing an Android device for control allows for a user-friendly
interface, potentially with features like touch control or voice commands.
Arduino Control System: Arduino can serve as the brain of the robot, managing input
from sensors, processing commands from the Android device, and controlling the
robot's movements.
Sensors: Integration of sensors, such as temperature sensors, heart rate monitors, or

motion detectors, could enable the robot to collect data relevant to the well-being of the
elderly user.
Actuators: Motors and other actuators can be used for the robot's physical movements,
allowing it to perform tasks like fetching items or assisting with mobility.
Fig: 6.1 Robot for Elderly Assistance

Fig: 6.2 Movement of Robot in Left Direction
Fig: 6.3 Movement of Robot in Right Direction

Communication: A communication module could facilitate real-time interaction

between the robot and the caregiver or family members, providing updates on the user's
condition or any emergencies. Safety Features: Implementing safety measures, such as
obstacle detection and collision avoidance, is crucial to ensure the well-being of the
elderly person and prevent accidents. Challenges might include ensuring the robot is
user-friendly, addressing privacy concerns, and adapting the technology to different
environments. Regular updates and improvements could enhance the robot's
capabilities over time. The success of such a project would depend on usability,
reliability, and the positive impact it has on the lives of the elderly. Ongoing testing,
user feedback, and iterative development would likely play a crucial role in refining
and optimizing the system.

FUTURE SCOPE
The future scope of an "Arduino robot for elderly assistance" project holds tremendous
potential in revolutionizing eldercare. As technology continues to advance, the project
can evolve by integrating sophisticated features such as enhanced mobility for seamless
navigation in complex environments, improved health monitoring capabilities with
advanced sensors, and refined communication skills for more natural interactions with
the elderly. Further developments may include smart home integration to autonomously
manage household tasks, robust fall detection mechanisms, and the incorporation of
machine learning algorithms to personalize the robot's assistance based on individual
needs. Collaboration with healthcare professionals, ensuring affordability, and
addressing ethical considerations will be crucial for widespread adoption. The ultimate
goal is to create a versatile and compassionate robotic companion that not only assists
with daily tasks but also contributes to the overall well-being and independence of the
elderly population on a global scale.

CONCLUSION
The Android-controlled Arduino-based robot for elderly assistance project represents a
significant step forward in leveraging technology to enhance the quality of life for the
elderly. Through the seamless integration of Android devices and Arduino technology,
the robot demonstrates its capability to assist the elderly in various daily tasks,
promoting independence and well-being. One key aspect of the project is its user-
friendly interface, allowing caregivers or elderly individuals themselves to control the
robot effortlessly through their Android devices. The intuitive control system ensures
accessibility, making it an inclusive solution for users with varying levels of
technological familiarity. The robot's mobility and versatility enable it to navigate
different environments, aiding wherever needed. The incorporation of sensors and
actuators in the robot allows it to respond intelligently to its surroundings. This feature
enhances its utility in tasks such as object retrieval, environmental monitoring, and
emergency response. The real-time communication between the Android device and
the Arduino-based robot facilitates prompt and efficient control, making it a reliable
companion for the elderly. Moreover, the project emphasizes safety as a paramount
concern. The inclusion of obstacle avoidance mechanisms and remote emergency stop
functionalities ensures that the robot operates securely in any environment. This safety-
centric approach addresses the potential concerns associated with introducing
technology into the living spaces of the elderly. In conclusion, the Android-controlled
Arduino-based robot for elderly assistance project successfully combines technological
innovation with a user-centric design to create a valuable tool for elderly care. By
promoting autonomy, safety, and convenience, this robot represents a promising
solution for addressing the evolving needs of an aging population, offering a glimpse
into the future of assistive technology.

REFERENCES
 Abadie F, Boehler C, Lluch M, Sabes-Figuera R, Zamora Talaya M (2014)
“Monitoring and assessment framework for the European innovation
partnership on active and healthy ageing (mafeip)”. Second update of the
process indicators.
 Abdi J, Al-Hindawi A, Ng T, Vizcaychipi MP (2018) “Scoping review on the
use of socially assistive robot technology in elderly care”. BMJ Open 8(2):
e018815.
 Bajones M, Fischinger D, Weiss A, Puente PDL, Wolf D, Vincze M, Körtner
T, Weninger M, Papoutsakis K, Michel D et al (2019) “Results of field trials
with a mobile service robot for older adults in16 private households”. ACM
Trans Hum-Robot Interact 9(2):1–27.
 BajonesM, Fischinger D,Weiss A,Wolf D, VinczeM, de la Puente P, Körtner T,
Weninger M, Papoutsakis K, Michel D et al (2018) “Hobbit: providing fall
detection and prevention for the elderly in the real world”. J Robot 2018.
 Beuscher LM, Fan J, Sarkar N, Dietrich MS, Newhouse PA, Miller KF, Mion
LC (2017) “Socially assistive robots: measuring older adults’ perceptions”. J
Gerontol Nurs 43(12):35–43.
 Dario P, Guglielmelli E, Laschi C, Teti G (1999) “Movaid: a personal robot in
everyday life of disabled and elderly people”. Technol Disabil 10(2):77–93.
 Rentschler AJ, Simpson R, Cooper RA, Boninger ML (2008) “Clinical
evaluation of guido robotic walker”. J Rehabil Res Dev 45(9).
 Graf B, Hans M, Schraft RD (2004) “Care-o-bot II: development of a next
generation robotic home assistant”. Auton Robot 16(2):193–205.
 Gross HM, Mueller S, Schroeter C, Volkhardt M, Scheidig A, Debes K, Richter
K, Doering N (2015) “Robot companion for domestic health assistance:
Implementation, test and case study under everyday conditions in private
apartments”. In: 2015 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots
and systems (IROS), pp 5992–5999. IEEE.

Certificate of Publication
International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Topics 166
Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2024

https://www.ijramt.com | ISSN (Online): 2582-7839
Arduino Based Robot for Elderly Assistance

Sauraj Pandey1*, Vikas Kumar2, Saurav Raj3, Saurabh Narwariya4
1,2,3,4
B.Tech. Student, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LNCT, Bhopal, India
Abstract: This paper presents implementation of Arduino based introducing a smart and interactive robotic companion.
robot for elderly assistance.
Keywords: Arduino-based robot, Helping hand, Elderly

assistance robot.
1. Introduction
As our global population ages, there is an increasing need for
innovative solutions that enhance the quality of life for elderly
individuals. The "Android controlled Arduino-based robot for
elderly assistance" project is a pioneering initiative that
leverages the power of robotics and smartphone technology to
provide personalized care and companionship to the elderly.
This project revolves around the integration of two key
technologies: Arduino, a versatile open-source microcontroller
platform, and Android, the widely used mobile operating
system. By combining these technologies, we aim to create a
sophisticated robotic companion that can be easily controlled
and monitored through a user-friendly Android application. Fig. 1. Circuit diagram
2. Key Features
A. Arduino Intelligence
At the heart of the robot lies an Arduino microcontroller,
serving as the central processing unit for the entire system. This
allows for seamless integration with a variety of sensors,
actuators, and control mechanisms.
B. Mobile Control and Monitoring
The user interacts with the robot using a dedicated Android
application. This app provides a simple and intuitive interface
for controlling the robot's movements, activating specific
functions, and receiving real-time updates on the robot's
activities.
C. Elderly Assistance Functions
Fig. 2. Node MCU pin diagram
Tailored to the unique needs of the elderly, the robot can
perform a variety of assistance functions. This includes 3. Components Description
medication reminders, fetching items, and even engaging in
conversation to alleviate loneliness. • Node MCU
• L293D
D. Safety Protocols • DC motors
The design prioritizes the safety of the elderly person. • Robotic chassis
Emergency stop features, fall detection sensors, and other • Robot wheels
safety protocols are integrated to mitigate potential risks. In • Batteries
essence, the "Android-controlled Arduino-based robot for • Jumper wires
elderly assistance" project aims to revolutionize elderly care by
*Corresponding author: spandey.7869@gmail.com

Pandey et al. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Topics, VOL. 5, NO. 5, MAY 2024 167
• Bread board wellbeing of the elderly user. Guided by sensor inputs, the
• USB cable robot's movement is orchestrated to navigate its environment
intelligently. For instance, it might move forward until an
4. Working obstacle is detected, prompting it to alter its course and navigate
Constructed using thermocol sheets and chart paper, around the obstruction. The code governing movement is finely
resulting in a lightweight and cost-effective body. The robot tuned to balance efficiency with safety, allowing the robot to
incorporates a solar panel and smart charging station, ensuring move seamlessly in various settings. The robot establishes
continuous operation and reducing the need for manual communication with users or caregivers through diverse
charging. To enhance its functionality, a mobile phone is channels. This could involve voice commands, where the robot
utilized as an IP camera, allowing caregivers or family recognizes and responds to spoken instructions. Text messages
members to remotely monitor the well-being of the elderly or alerts may be transmitted to caregivers, notifying them of
person. Amazon Alexa integration enables control over home specific events or emergencies. Remote control features enable
appliances and provides entertainment options for the user. In caregivers to navigate the robot, providing a means for them to
future iterations of the Helping Hand, Upflash envisions oversee and assist the elderly individual from a distance.
incorporating 3D-printed parts to enhance durability and The robot's programming encompasses a spectrum of
customization. Also, the inclusion of a cooling/heating system assistance tasks tailored to the needs of the elderly user. This
for water bottles aims to provide comfort and promote might include fetching items, reminding the user to take
hydration. The Helping Hand V1 project is a testament to the medication, or offering support in emergencies. The robot's
power of technology in improving the lives of the elderly. By capabilities are designed to enhance the user's independence
combining AI, machine learning, and innovative hardware, and address common challenges faced by the elderly
Upflash has created a smart robot that helps, convenience, and population. To ensure the safety of both the elderly user and the
entertainment, promoting independence and well-being. An robot itself, the code includes robust safety features. Emergency
Arduino-based robot designed for elderly assistance is a stop mechanisms may be implemented, enabling an immediate
technological solution that integrates hardware components and halt in case of unforeseen circumstances. The programming
software programming to enhance the well-being and also considers risk mitigation strategies, minimizing the
independence of the elderly. This robot is equipped with potential for accidents or unintended actions. Depending on the
various sensors and actuators, allowing it to navigate its design, the robot may feature a user interface for interaction.
environment, detect potential hazards, and perform tasks to This could be in the form of physical buttons, a touchscreen
assist elderly individuals in their daily lives. display, or voice recognition.
The core of the robot is an Arduino microcontroller, such as The user interface serves as a means for the elderly user to
the Arduino Uno or Mega, serving as the central processing communicate with the robot, providing input and receiving
unit. Sensors play a crucial role, including ultrasonic sensors for feedback. In more sophisticated implementations, the robot
obstacle detection, infrared sensors for object identification, may log data for subsequent analysis. This data can offer
and environmental sensors for monitoring factors like insights into the user's daily routines, activity patterns, and
temperature and humidity. Actuators, such as motors and health metrics. Analysing this information can contribute to
servos, enable the robot to move and interact with its refining the robot's performance over time and tailoring its
surroundings. Additionally, communication modules like assistance to better suit the user's needs Developers of Arduino-
Bluetooth or Wi-Fi facilitate connectivity for remote control based robots for elderly assistance must address ethical
and data transmission. A reliable power supply, often in the considerations and privacy concerns. Implementing robust
form of batteries, ensures the robot's autonomy. The robot security measures to protect user data and ensuring transparent
incorporates a range of sensors tailored to elderly assistance. communication about data usage are critical aspects.
Fall detection sensors, like accelerometers or tilt sensors, can Respecting the autonomy and dignity of the elderly user is
identify sudden movements indicative of a fall. Obstacle paramount, and the design should prioritize user consent and
avoidance is achieved through ultrasonic or infrared sensors, comfort.
enabling the robot to navigate safely. Voice recognition,
implemented using a microphone, allows the robot to respond 5. Conclusion
to verbal commands and detect distress signals. Advanced In conclusion, an Arduino-based robot for elderly assistance
systems may include vital sign monitors, such as heart rate is a complex integration of hardware and software, designed to
sensors, contributing to health monitoring. address specific challenges faced by the elderly.
The Arduino microcontroller is programmed using the
Arduino IDE, where the code encompasses algorithms for References
processing sensor data, decision-making, and control of [1] Abadie F, Boehler C, Lluch M, Sabes-Figuera R, Zamora Talaya M
actuators. The programming dictates the robot's behaviour, (2014), “Monitoring and assessment framework for the European
innovation partnership on active and healthy ageing (mafeip)”. Second
enabling it to respond to environmental cues, navigate through update of the process indicators.
spaces, and execute specific tasks. The code also considers [2] Abdi J, Al-Hindawi A, Ng T, Vizcaychipi MP (2018), “Scoping review
safety protocols and emergency responses, ensuring the on the use of socially assistive robot technology in elderly care”. BMJ
Open 8(2): e018815.
Pandey et al. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Topics, VOL. 5, NO. 5, MAY 2024 168
[3] Bajones M, Fischinger D, Weiss A, Puente PDL, Wolf D, Vincze M, [7] Rentschler AJ, Simpson R, Cooper RA, Boninger ML (2008) “Clinical
Körtner T, Weninger M, Papoutsakis K, Michel D et al., (2019), “Results evaluation of guido robotic walker”. J Rehabil Res Dev 45(9).
of field trials with a mobile service robot for older adults in16 private [8] Graf B, Hans M, Schraft RD (2004) “Care-o-bot II: development of a next
households”. ACM Trans Hum-Robot Interact 9(2):1–27. generation robotic home assistant”. Auton Robot 16(2):193–205.
[4] Bajones M, Fischinger D, Weiss A, Wolf D, Vincze M, de la Puente P, [9] Gross HM, Mueller S, Schroeter C, Volkhardt M, Scheidig A, Debes K,
Kortner T, Weninger M, Papoutsakis K, Michel D et al (2018) “Hobbit: Richter K, Doering N (2015) “Robot companion for domestic health
providing fall detection and prevention for the elderly in the real world”. assistance: Implementation, test and case study under everyday conditions
J Robot, 2018. in private apartments”. In: 2015 IEEE/RSJ international conference on
[5] Beuscher LM, Fan J, Sarkar N, Dietrich MS, Newhouse PA, Miller KF, intelligent robots and systems (IROS), pp 5992–5999.
Mion LC (2017) “Socially assistive robots: measuring older adults’ [10] D. B. Payne and J. R. Stern, “Wavelength-switched passively coupled
perceptions”. J Gerontol Nurs 43(12):35–43. single-mode optical network,” in Proc. IOOC-ECOC, 1985, pp. 585–590.
[6] Dario P, Guglielmelli E, Laschi C, Teti G (1999) “Movaid: a personal
robot in everyday life of disabled and elderly people”. Technol Disabil
10(2):77–93.

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Arduino Based Robot for Elderly Assistance

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of

Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)

Major Project-II Report

Saurabh Narawariya (0103EC201149) Sauraj Pandey (0103EC201150)

Saurav Kumar (0103EC201151) Vikas Kumar (0103EC201190)

under the supervision of

Prof. Vinod Pathak (Prof. Shraddha Shrivastava)

Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal

Session 2023 -2024

Prof. V inod Pathak Prof. Shraddha Shrivastava

Saurabh Narwariya Vikas Kumar

Saurav Kumar Sauraj Pandey

Words shall never be able to pierce through the Gamut’s of emotions

Saurabh Narwariya(0103EC201149) Sauraj Pandey(0103EC201150)

Vikas Kumar(0103EC201190) Saurav Kumar(0103EC201151)

List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………… iii

Chapter 1 – Introduction………………………………………………………... 1-4

1.2 Objective of the Project……………………………………………… 3

Chapter 2 - Literature review…………………………………………………..

Chapter 3 – Problem Formulation…………………………………………….

Chapter 4 – Proposed Methodology…………………………………………..

4.1 Block Diagram……………………………………………………….

4.2 Circuit Diagram………………………………………………………

4.3 Flow Chart…………………………………………………………...

Chapter 5 – System components / Algorithm………………………………..

Chapter 6 – Expect Implementation / Simulations and Result………………

Chapter 7 Conclusion and Future Scope……………………………............

7.2 Future Scope.................................................................................

Autonomous Mobility: The robot is equipped with motorized components, enabling it

Dept of: ECE LNCT 1

Communication Module: A communication module enables the robot to relay

In essence, the "Android-controlled Arduino-based robot for elderly assistance" project

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS:

Dept of: ECE LNCT 2

Dept of: ECE LNCT 3

Dept of: ECE LNCT 4

Dept of: ECE LNCT 5

Dept of: ECE LNCT 6

loneliness among the elderly. Further objectives include incorporating health

3.2 NEED FOR DESIGNING:

Dept of: ECE LNCT 7

technologically advanced solution that is accessible and user-friendly. The simplicity

3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.1: Block Diagram

Dept of: ECE LNCT 8

Wi-Fi Module (Node MCU):

Sensor interfaces connect various sensors to the Arduino microcontroller. Depending

User Interface (Optional):

External Control Devices:

Dept of: ECE LNCT 9

Power Distribution and Regulation:

Dept of: ECE LNCT 10

3.4 FLOW CHART

2. Establishing Bluetooth connectivity between Android Application and the Bluetooth

3. To Check whether the device is connected.

4. If connected, provide the pre-defined instructions or commands to the micro-phone