FACULTY OF BUSSINESS ADMINISTRATION

THE NEGATVE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA AMOUNG STUDENTS IN BUHODLE DISTRICT,

SOMALIA.

A project is submitted for partial fulfillment for degree in Bachelor Business Administration

By

Mahamud Ahmed Dualle BBA-102

Abdisitar Abdilahi Mahamed BBA -0078

Mahamed Abdiqani Ibrahim BBA -101

Abdillahi A/wali Mahmed BBA -0076

SUPERVISOR: Dr AWIL ABDI YUSUF

MAY, 2024

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 STUDENTS’S DECLARATION

We declare that research titled the negative impact of social media among the

students In Buhodle District, Somalia. In our original work and to be best of our

knowledge, it has not been submitted to any university or institution for an academic award

whatsoever.

/ /

Committee Member Named Signature

Member (supervisor)

Member

Member

Date:

Supervisor: DR. Awil Abdi Yousuf

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we thank Allah who help us to accomplish this proposal, without him we

wouldn't to finish this work.

Second, a sincere thank you to Dr. Awil Abdi yusuf our teacher and supervisor, who helped us to

achieve this proposal in both a moral and academic sense.

Last but not least, we want to express our gratitude to the Business Administration Department

team for the interesting discussions, the late hours spent collaborating in order to meet deadlines,

and the enjoyment we have shared over the past several months. We constantly gave each other

motivation to keep going

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Table of contents

THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA AMOUNG THE STUDENTS IN

BUHODLE DISTRICT, SOMALIA...............................................................................................1

STUDENTS’S DECLARATION................................................................................................2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................3

List of Charts.............................................................................................................................................4

Abstract......................................................................................................................................................6

Table of contents.......................................................................................................................................7

1. CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................................10

1.1. Background to the study........................................................................................................10

1.2. Statement of the problem.....................................................................................................11

1.3. Purpose of the study..............................................................................................................12

1.4. Objectives of the study..........................................................................................................12

1.5. Research questions................................................................................................................12

1.6. Significance of the study........................................................................................................12

1.7. Limitations.............................................................................................................................12

1.8. Assumptions..........................................................................................................................13

1.9. Scope of the Study.................................................................................................................13

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 1.10. Organization of the study.........................................................................................13

2. CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE............................................15

2.1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................15

2.2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.............................................................................15

2.3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK...............................................................................16

2.4. Conceptual framework.................................................................................................21

2.5. Figure 1: The relationship between financial factors causing social media in business

organizations..........................................................................................................................21

3. Chapter Three: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...............................................................23

3.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................23

3.2. Research design...........................................................................................................23

3.3. Study population..........................................................................................................23

3.4. Sampling techniques and sampling size......................................................................24

3.5. research instruments....................................................................................................24

3.6. Data collection procedure............................................................................................26

3.7. Data analysis techniques..............................................................................................26

4. CHAPTER FOUR; RESULT.............................................................................................27

4.1. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data.......................................................27

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 4.2. Characteristics of Respondents....................................................................................27
4.3. General questions.........................................................................................................27

4.4. Business owners and managers...................................................................................31

4.5. Employees and experienced workers...........................................................................39

5. CHAPTERFIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................47

5.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................47

5.2. Discussion....................................................................................................................47

5.3. Implication...................................................................................................................48

5.4. CONCLUTION...........................................................................................................49

5.5. RECOMMENDATION...............................................................................................50

APPENDEXIES..................................................................................................................53

Appendix I Questionnaire............................................................................................53

Appendix II: Budget Plan............................................................................................59

Appendix III: WORK PLAN ACTIVITIES................................................................60

References...........................................................................................................................61

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background to the study

introduction
Social media started in the mid-1990s with the invention of platforms like GeoCities, Classmates.com, and
SixDegrees.com. While instant messaging and chat clients existed at the time, SixDegrees was unique as it was
the first online service designed for real people to connect using their actual name

The first social media site was born (1997)The most common social media platforms are:

facebook, whatsapp, youtube, twiter, tiktok, instegram, telagaram,

On one of the first true social media sites, SixDegrees.com, you could set up a profile page, create lists of
connections, and send messages within networks. The site amassed around one million users before being bought
out for $125 million, only to shutter in 2000.

SixDegrees.com was a social network service website that initially lasted from 1998 to 2000 and was based on
the Web of Contacts 22model of social networking.

Rachel Stocker, Alisha Gupta, Guy S. Taylor, James A. Shaw, Daniel J. West, Adapting to compromised
routines: Parental perspectives on physical activity and health for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in
the UK during COVID-19 lockdown, Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 10.1016/j.pedn.2024.04.035, (2024).
uhammad Farrukh Shahzad, Shuo Xu, Weng Marc Lim, Xingbing Yang, Qasim Raza Khan, Artificial
intelligence and social media on academic performance and mental well-being: Student perceptions of positive
impact in the age of smart learning, Heliyon, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29523, 10, 8, (e29523), (2024).

1.2 Statement of the problem

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Social media is has advantage but the disadvantage is more than the advatage . most students
spend a lot money and time using the social media every day. The have also complained about
the students using the social media in class . this disrupts the understaning of the lessons . the
parents hve also omplained about the children learning bad behaviours from the social media .

1.3 Purpose of the study

The purpose of the study is to find the impact of social media on the students time and the impact of social

media on students economy

1.4 Objectives of the study

The following are the objectives of the study:

i). The impact of social media on the students time

ii). The impact of social media on students economy

1.5 Research questions

The study was guided by two research questions.

i. Does social media have impact students time

ii. Does social media have impact of the students economy

1.6 Significance of the study

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 The significance of the study lies in the hope that findings may be of benefit to:

Parents, teachers, head masters, ministery of education,

1.7 Limitations

Since the study is carried in region that’s far from the capital of soomalia

It is obvious that there is lack of much information concerning academics. On top 0f that, Ayn I region has

experience in business sector the study will be carried out in buhodle experienced repeated political unrest and

tribal clashes this will have a number of limitations on the study in terms of free movement in order to collected

the required data for study in addition to all these there is limited data availability because the numbers of

teachers in Any region are small compared to the other regions of the company

1.9 Basic Assumptions

The study assumed that the respondents would be honest enough to give accurate and .valid data and also

the results of this findings be utilized by the business organizations

1.10 Scope of the study

The study will cover the whole population in buhodle specially business owners, further question will be

asked those who have experience in business sector the study will be carried out in buhodle

1.10 Organization of the study

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Chapter one consists of the following subheadings: Introduction, Background,

Statement of the problem, Purpose, Objectives, Research questions, Scope, Significance, limitations ,

delimitations and finally the organization of the study .

Chapter two consist of Introduction ,Theoretical review, Conceptual framework , Review of literature , The

concept of social media , social media and the time consumption ,social media and the students economy and

lastly the summary of the chapter.

Chapter three consist of Introduction ,Research design ,Study population ,Sample size ,Sampling

techniques ,Data collection method ,Research instruments ,Data quality control ,Validity ,Reliability , Research

procedure and finally data processing and analysis.

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

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Social media has completely changed how we engage, communicate, and get information. It has
several benefits, including interacting with loved ones, networking, and sharing content and ideas on a
platform. Nevertheless, there are drawbacks as well, such as issues with privacy, the dissemination of
false information, and the possibility of cyberbullying. This article examines social media's many
benefits and drawbacks , offering a fair assessment of how it affects our personal and professional
lives. We may choose how to use social media more wisely if we know these factors.
People exchange knowledge for pragmatic, psychological, and social reasons. First, sharing
knowledge makes people feel more connected to one another and as a group. Through sharing
thoughts, insights, and knowledge, individuals can establish relationships and a feeling of inclusion.
78% of individuals share because it allows them to contact people they otherwise wouldn't remain in
touch with, and 73% share online to meet others with similar interests, according to the New York
Times Customer Insight Group (EveryoneSocial). Social interaction, which puts people in touch with
their peers, is essential to emotional well-being.

People can also communicate who they are and what they stand for when they share information.
People can have a deeper understanding of one another by sharing content reflecting their beliefs,
passions, and life experiences. According to a study by the New York Times, 68% of people share to
express who they are and what matters to them (by imparting insightful or practical knowledge, one
can establish oneself as a thought leader or authority in a particular field, which enhances one's
reputation and clout in society.

Finally, information sharing is a way to benefit others and advance our collective knowledge. People
who are altruistic or want to have a positive influence frequently provide resources, advice, and
recommendations that can help others. According to social media 94% of users share content to
support and inform others, demonstrating a strong desire to assist and educate their networks.
Ultimately, this information sharing can promote problem-solving, better-informed communities, and
the adoption of innovations and best practices, all of which can advance and improve society.

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 2.2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2.2.1 Advantages

1. Improved Communication

Social networking sites allow immediate contact with loved ones, overcoming distances and
promoting stronger bonds. In today's fast-paced environment, retaining relationships and
engaging in real-time exchanges is crucial.

2. Information Dissemination

Social media facilitates the quick dissemination of information, making it easy to stay up to speed
on news and current events. It offers a forum for exchanging differing viewpoints and accessing
real-time information during crises or momentous international events.

3. Marketing Opportunities

Companies can use social media to implement low-cost marketing plans. With the help of tools
for targeted advertising, social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram enable students to
connect with customers directly, access niche markets, and raise brand awareness.

4. Educational Resource

Social media gives users access to a wide range of educational resources and content, making it
a useful tool for education. By exchanging expertise, tutorials, and courses, professionals and
educational institutions increase accessibility to learning.

5. Building Communities

It facilitates the formation of online communities around common interests, encouraging

cooperation and social support. These communities, which foster a sense of belonging and
support among members, can take many forms, from support groups to interest clubs.

6. Employment Opportunities

Professional networking sites such as LinkedIn connect employers and job seekers. These
platforms greatly improve employment chances by providing tools for professional networking,
job searching, and personal branding.

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 7. Entertainment

Videos, music, games, and live streaming are just a few entertainment possibilities on
social networking. Users can find a never-ending supply of entertaining videos on websites like
YouTube and TikTok.

8. Social Movements and Advocacy

It helps to increase awareness and rally support by amplifying the voices of social movements and
advocacy organizations. Social media has been pivotal in propelling transformation and endorsing
social justice initiatives globally.

9. Customer Service and Feedback

Companies use social media to get feedback from customers and offer assistance. Through open
communication, this exchange strengthens client connections and advances goods and services.

10. Creativity & Self-Expression

People can share their artistic pursuits and exhibit their creativity on websites like Pinterest,
Instagram, and TikTok. Aspiring artists and creators may benefit from this exposure through
opportunities and recognition.

11. Collaboration and Networking

Professionals can work together on projects, network with colleagues, and exchange industry insights
using social media. This engagement encourages people to stay current on industry trends and
innovate.

12. Brand Building

By posting content that reflects their values and areas of expertise, people and students may utilize
social media to build their brands. Building a devoted audience is facilitated by regular interactions with
followers.

13. Awareness and Fundraising

Social media is a tool nonprofits and philanthropic organizations use to spread the word about their
negative impact and raise money. Campaigns have the potential to go viral, expanding their
audience and generating substantial donations.

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 14. Acquiring Knowledge of Diverse Cultures

Social media introduces users to various cultures and ways of life, which fosters empathy and
understanding. This global viewpoint opens doors and promotes respect for other cultures.

15. Increased Website Traffic

Social media platforms allow companies and content producers to increase website traffic. Social
media may boost engagement and online traffic by sharing links to product pages, blog articles, and
other information.

2.2.2Disadvantages

1. Privacy Concerns

Personal information users share on social media platforms is frequently vulnerable to exploitation if
inadequate security measures are in place. Significant hazards include unauthorized access to
personal information and data breaches.

2. Misinformation

False or misleading information may also increase due to the quick diffusion of information on social
media. This may result in confusion, rumors, and negative effects on public opinion and conduct.

3. Cyberbullying and Harassment

Cyberbullying and harassment can occur on social media. On these sites, anonymity might encourage
people to act harmfully, which can upset victims emotionally.

4. Time management and addiction

Social media is meant to be engaging, which can result in compulsive behavior. Overuse can
negatively affect relationships, productivity, and mental health.

5. Mental Health Issues

Feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem can result from constantly being exposed
to carefully chosen, idealized images and lives on social media. Increased anxiety, depression, and
other mental health problems have been connected to it.

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6. Superficial Connections

Although social media makes it possible to interact with people widely, these connections are
frequently flimsy and superficial. This may result in a lack of deep social connections and loneliness.

7. Distraction

The never-ending barrage of alerts and updates can be extremely distracting, impairing concentration
and productivity. This is especially troublesome for professionals and students who must focus on their
work.

8. Fraud & Scams

Scammers frequently exploit social media sites to trick users out of their money. Users must be
cautious to avoid falling for these schemes, ranging from phishing scams to bogus advertising.

9. Effect on Academic Performance

Using social media excessively can have a detrimental effect on academic achievement. Less time
spent studying and more time on social media by students can result in lower learning outcomes and
grades.

10. Effect on Real-Life Communication Skills

Relying too much on social media for communication can cause one's ability to engage with people in
person to deteriorate. Since in-person communication is necessary to establish solid, fruitful ties, this
may impact both personal and professional relationships

2.3 Top 7 Impacts of Social Media

1. Improved Communication

 Enables immediate, worldwide communication.

 Connects people globally by bridging geographical divides.

 Offers channels for communication and updates in real-time.

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2. Influence on Public Opinion

 Shapes political beliefs and public dialogue.

 Enhances the voices of advocacy organizations and social movements.

 Rapid information dissemination has an impact on society's perceptions.

3. Opportunities for Marketing and Business

 Provides affordable marketing tactics.

 Raises consumer engagement and brand awareness.

 Permits data analytics and customized advertising.

4. Benefits for Education

 Offers a wealth of educational resources.

 Encourages knowledge exchange and online learning.

 Links instructors and students worldwide.

5. Mental Health Concerns

 Anxiety, despair, and loneliness are associated with mental health concerns.

 Encourages irrational comparisons that have an impact on self-worth.

 Adds to stress and internet addiction.

6. False information and counterfeit Fresh

 Fast dissemination of incorrect information.

 A challenge to confirm the reliability of sources.

 Possibility of deception and manipulative efforts.

7. Privacy Concerns

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 Perils of divulging personal information.

 Increased susceptibility to online attacks.

2.4 The Bottom Line

Difficulties with privacy settings and sharing content there are a lot of advantages of social media,
including improved communication, business opportunities, and instructional materials. Navigating
its difficulties, such as privacy issues, false information, and effects on mental health, is vital. By
being aware of these factors, people and organizations may maximize the advantages while
mFurthermore, a balanced approach to social media usage is necessary, given its multiple effects on
society. Through knowledge retention and adherence to recommended procedures, users can optimize
social media's advantages. The Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Course provides insightful information
and practical strategies for professionals looking to enhance their online visibility and content discoverability.
Being informed and flexible is essential to take advantage of social media's ever-changing
landscape.minimizing the disadvantages.

2.5 Conceptual framework

The study’s conceptual framework is based on the model shown in diagram below.

Conceptual
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Dependent variables
Independent Extraneous
variables(I.V) variables (D.V)

1. social media 1. Age

 1.1. Figure 1: The relationship between social media

The diagram above indicates the conceptual framework. It shows how the researcher perceived the

relationships between the variables of the study, as indicated above, the conceptual framework depicted

the relationships in the three objectives of the study. Social media usage are shown in the independent

variables.

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the extraneous variables may moderate any effect that could arise from the independent variables on the

dependent variables for example, age, education, geographical location, experience and image of the business

may revise the effect of social media on students performance

2.6 Summary

2.6.1 What is the main impact of social media on society?

Social media has changed how we live and redefined how we imagine our surroundings. Who could
have imagined that community networking sites would become a major platform for brands to find
potential customers? Social media has both positive and negative impacts on society and students .

2.6.2 What is the impact of social media in our daily lives?

Social media can impact you both positively and negatively. If you are a brand manager or small
business owner, social media is a great platform for you to meet your customers. However, for
individuals, social media is more like an addiction that may cause discomfort if not addressed
properly.

2.6.3 What is the impact of social media in the modern world?

In the modern world, social media is used to connect with friends and see what they are up to without
even calling them. It provides us with a comfortable solution to connecting with our dear ones. For
brands and students , social media is more like an advertising platform.

2.6.4 What are the five main benefits of social media?

Social media is a great innovation that has changed the way we communicate and interact with each
other. Here are 5 main benefits of social media -

 Stay updated with all the new things in the world

 Communicate anytime, anywhere, from the comfort of your home

 Advertising platforms for brands to find their right set of consumers

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 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introduction

This section outlines the methodology to be used in carrying out the study.it includes the

research design, target population, sample size and the sampling techniques, research

instruments, instrument validity and reliability, data collection procedures and the data analysis

techniques.

3.2. Research design

The study will use descriptive survey research design. A survey is an attempt to collect data

from members of a population in order to determine the current status of that population with

respect to one or more variables (Mbwesa 2006).

This design will be considered suitable because it will allow the researcher to seek responses

from a relatively large number of head Employers, Employees, experienced worker s. the

research will explain the factors causing the social media the business organizations in Ayn region

3.3. Study population

The study population comprises of all parts of the society in the districts of Buhodle.

Mbwesa (2006) defines population as the entire group of people, events or things of interest that

the researcher wishes to investigate. this study targets all students of Buhodle district.

3.4. Sampling techniques and sampling size

A sample is the representation of the population in a research study. Sampling techniques are

methods used to arrive at the desired sample size (Kumar, 2005). Best and Kahn (1998)

recommend a sample size of 80 people of randomly selected cases with in the population.

The researcher will therefore use 30% of the target population,

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3.5. Research instruments

Questionnaire, document analysis, and structured interview will be used for this research.

Questionnaire are more efficient in that they require less time, they are less expensive and permit

collection of data from wide population (orodho,2005).

Structured interview will be conducted with the head teachers where the researcher will have a

list of open-ended questions to ensure that every respondent is presented with the same questions

and in the same order.

In addition to the above two methods there will also be some document analysis to look into the

past data.

3.5.1. Instrument validity

Validity refers to the appropriateness, correctness, and meaningfulness of the specific inferences

the researchers make based on the data they collect with the with the instruments (Frankel and

Wallen, 2006). To determine the validity of the instruments, a pilot study will be conducted in 2

studies and 6respondents will be used. this will be 2% of the total population as recommended by

(Mugenda and Mugenda, 1999). the pilot study will not be included in the final study. Expert

advice will be sought from supervisors and the lectures from the department of university

administration.

3.5.2. Reliability of the instruments

According to Kumar (2005) research is reliable if repeated measurements made by it under

constant conditions give the same results. To test the reliability of the instruments, the researcher

will use test- retest method of establishing reliability during the pilot study. The researcher will

administer the questionnaires. After one week, the researcher will administer the same

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questionnaire to the same respondents,

3.6. Data collection procedure

Data collection procedures refer to the protocol that must be followed to ensure that data

collection tools are applied correctly and efficiently (Mugenda ,2008).

The researcher will apply a permit from the university Office, after the permit the researcher will

make appointment with the respondents and make visits to establish rapport with the respondents

and after that the researcher will administer the research instruments to the respondent

3.7. Data analysis techniques

Data will firstly be edited to identify errors made by respondents. Data collected will be analyzed

both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative data will be analyzed thematically where data

will be coded and classified into topics guided research questions. Quantitative will be analyzed

by use of descriptive statistics. Frequency tables will be drawn.

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 CHAPTER FOUR; RESULT

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the analysis of data used in the study. It was discussed the findings of

research questionnaire to answer research questions. The data analyzed was shown in tables

And graphs then it were interpreted by the researcher. The core issue of this research was to

Find out the negative impact of social media in the students In Buhodle District Somalia. and

this chapter plays important role in the entire research.

4.2 Characteristics of Respondents

The respondent’s bio- data was taken in terms of gender, Age, educational level and working

Experience.

4.2 1General questions

These questions are common to all respondents

4.2.1 Chart: gender of the respondents

Gender of respondents

As shown in the above table gender of respondents 90% was male Where 10% was female It

Implies that data obtained was gender biased male is more than the female.

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 4.2.3. Chart: age of the respondent

Age of Respondent

Chart 2- age of the respondent

As shown in the above table majority of the respondents were aged between 30-40 years with

44% and also followed by 40-50 years with 31%. This shows that the data was obtained from

Very active and creative age groups.

4.2.4. Chart: education Background of the respondents

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 Chart 3- Level of education

In the educational background of the respondents the majority of respondents was secondary

graduates with 64% and 26% was university degree holders, were only 10% was Primary

education. It implies that the data for the study was gathered form educated and qualified

respondents who exercise decision making.

4.2.5. Chart: Number of years you have been in the business

Chart 4- Experience

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 As shown in this table, the majority of respondents 44% have 5-10 years’ experience in business,

where 24% have less than 5 years of experience in business, where fallowed 22% have 10-15

years of experience in business, finally 10% of respondents have above 15 years of experience in

business.

This shows that the data was obtained from experienced people Who are familiar with their work

segment.

4.2.6. Chart: type of respondent: Are you business owner, manager or employee?

Chart 5- Type of respondent

Majority of respondents 45% are Employees, where highest second percentage 22% are Business

managers, where 19% of respondents are experienced workers, finally 14% are business owners.

So, the information they provided to the researcher is reliable since they are experts involved in

the business sector with diversified ranks and job titles.

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APPENDEXIS A QUESTIONAIRES

88%
Questions about social media Agree Undecid Disagre Total
ed e
1. Social networking tools increase students 88%
creativity and interactivity 4% 8% 100
2. I can freely create participate in group 75% 12% 13% 100
discussions through social media
3. Students will be able personalize their 93% 5% 2% 100
learning by using the social networking
application
Questions aboutof the learning
social media Agree Undecid Disagre
4. Social networking tools facilitate 98% 0%ed 2%e 100
6.knowledge sharing
Social media enable me to be a knowledge 88% 2% 10%

7. Producer rather than a consumer 73% 15% 12%

5. I can get information that I want through 85% 5% 10% 100
8.social
Usingmedia
social networking sites improves my 85% 15% 0%
study hubits

Frequency of posting something of

social media
1. Every month 43%

2. Daily 30%

3. Multiple times and day 27%

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 Frequency of the flowing social
media

Not daily
53%

2Times aday
35%

3Times aday
6%
4times or more 6%

Times spends on social media day

2 1hor or less 20%

3 2-5h 55%

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 5 5h 25%

Agree Undecided Disagre Total

e

association between the se of social 70% 30% 0% 100

media and under graduate acedamic
performance
use of social media

number of social media account

one account 15%

2-3 accounts 40%

four accounts 38%

five accounts 7%

100 %

Time spend on social media daily Agree

1 h or less 20%

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 2-5h 55%

>5h 25%

Frequency of following social media

daily
Not daily 18%

1-1o times a day 59%

>10 times a day 23%

Characteristics of well-being

Duration of sleep

<6h 60%
6-9h 25%

Over 9h 15%

Presence of sleep problems

Never 18%

Sometimes 82%

Effects of health

Yes 85%

No 15%

Effects on activities of daily living

Yes 90%

No 10%

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 CHAPTER FIVE : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Introduction

This study investigated the negative impact of social media in the students in Buhodle

District. Data was collected from a random sample of 100 respondents in Buhodle Somalia.

Data was compiled, analyzed and interpreted as reported in the previous chapter. This chapter

makes a summary of findings, draws a conclusion and makes recommendations.

5.2. Discussion

The research informing this discussion paper consisted of study of 100 respondents across

Buhodle . Researchers residing in the provinces where the survey was conducted were engaged

to carry out interviews. This meant that researchers could translate the questions into local

languages and dialects if required (PNG is home to over 800 languages, although most people

speak Tok Pisin along with their local language). Social media is a deeply contested and

multidimensional concept. It includes, but is not limited to acts of bribery, nepotism, fraud, and

state capture. Chibnall and Saunders (1977: 144) argue that ‘different definitions of social media

can be held by the same individual or group, and that an individual’s choice of definition is

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 dependent on both his [sic] practical purposes at the time, and his assumptions about the social

world and his place within it’ (Cited in: Gorta & Forell, 1995: 317). Given this, a number of

scholars have argued that research on social media should include multiple representations of the

concept (Johnston, 1986, 1989; Truex, 2011; Walton, 2015). However, most surveys on social

media use a single proxy for corruption, with research based on the World Values Survey,

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 for instance, equating social media to bribery (Truex, 2011). This fails to capture

corruption’s multidimensional nature and the multiple ways it is interpreted.

5.3. Implication
Moreover, the research on attitudes towards social media is important as it has influenced the

antisocial media industry and its programs (World Bank, 2001; AusAID, 2007). We also draw on

crime reporting literature (which includes research into whistleblowing). Though most of this research

has been conducted in developed countries and focuses on acts other than corruption, we find it useful

given the paucity of literature on citizens reporting corruption. A range of socio-economic factors

have been found to influence people’s perceptions about social media in a growing number of studies.

Studies have focused on issues such as the impact of education (Truex, 2011; Lavena, 2013), gender

(see: Goetz, 2007), age (Seligson, 2002; Lavena, 2013;

Peiffer & Alvarez, 2014), and financial wellbeing (Independent Commission Against Corruption,

1994; Soares, 2004; Melgar, Rossi, & Smith, 2010) on social media perceptions and reporting.

Most of the factors thus far mentioned – gender, age, and financial well-being – have had a

moderate impact on policy responses to corruption. For example, while policy makers have

considered enfranchising women as an anti-social media response (World Bank, 2001; AusAID,

2007), it has not been at the centre of anti-social media thinking. There has certainly been little

serious discussion about the role of age or income in anti-social media efforts. Although a

number of studies show that social media is less likely to be tolerated by the old (Seligson, 2002;

Lavena, 2013) and those that are not well off (Melgar et al., 2010), few would suggest that social

media can be addressed by increasing the number of older, or less well off

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 (2005; McCusker, 2006; Marquette, 2007). Marquette (2007) suggests there are three

assumptions that aid donors operate under in their belief that education helps reduce corruption.

First,

5.4 CONCLUTION

By addressing social media through a human rights framework “the social impact of social media is

made visible; this generates awareness in society about the consequences of this scourge and

creates new alliances in the fight against corruption” (UNHRC, 2015, p. 10).
Thus, determining whether the consequences of social media include human rights violations could

contribute to a better understanding of the effects of social media – notably, its human dimension and

social implications – and can be an essential step towards making social media a public issue. In

addition, a human rights approach has the potential to result in remedies provided to individual victims,

as explained by the United Nations Human Rights Council (2015, p. 10):[Criminal prosecution is not …

an effective tool for remedying the negative consequences of social media for the individual, for

specific groups or for society in general, since from a human rights perspective, States are required not

only to prosecute such crimes but also to take measures to address the negative impact of social media

… In that sense, a human rights perspective to combating social media and its effects is complementary

to the criminal justice. As with other criminal offences (e.g., torture and unlawful detention), a human

rights-based approach along with the criminal justice approach can be mutually reinforcing in the case

of corruption. At the same time, some of the risks discussed in this Module must be reduced by ensuring

a coordinated approach where anti-social media and human rights bodies – at the national,

international, civil society and private sector level – cooperate effectively to mitigate the harmful impact

of social media on human rights (UNHRC, 2019). Indeed, while recognizing the risks of the human
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rights-based approach to corruption, it can be argued that these risks are outweighed by the practical

benefits of the human rights-based approach to corruption. Peters (2018, p. 1278), for example, makes

this argument, explaining that

“[overall, the infusion of international human rights law into efforts to combat social media

seems apt to complement or bolster the criminalization of social media and, to that extent, has

benign effects” (see also Peters, 2018, p. 1251). Still, the human rights movement and the anti-

social media movement are quite separate, and there has been little dialogue and cooperation

between the two to address violations of human rights by corruption.

5.4. RECOMMENDATION
The study concludes that the students must make increases to the salary paid to workers and be aware

of the rising in the cost of living. can and should adopt appropriate legislation, take an active role in the

ratification of relevant international instruments and incorporate their provisions in national legislation.

They should also make maximum use of the constitutional, parliamentary and other legal mechanisms

available to ensure full accountability and transparency in government. In this context, students should

also rely on the Supreme Audit Institutions of their respective countries.For students to fulfil this

function efficiently, they themselves should promote and foster integrity, confidence and legitimacy.

This requires that the processes whereby students are

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 elected should be transparent and fair and should ensure equitable representation of the society.

Furthermore, parliamentarians should design and implement for themselves such integrity

instruments as codes of ethics/conduct, including, among other provisions, declaration of assets,

conflict of interest legislation, etc.

The international community should extend support to students , particularly in developing

countries and emerging democracies, in strengthening their capacity to combat social media

through sensitization programmers, establishment of effective parliamentary structures and

processes (committees and other oversight mechanisms), promoting greater access of

parliamentarians to information on public affairs and ensuring greater interaction between

students and the civil society to ensure its effective involvement in the management of public

affairs.International co-operation is also required among parliamentarians in order to foster the

exchange of best practices and coordinate parliamentary contribution to the fight against

corruption. The Union, the world organization of students should be encouraged to play this role

as well as contributing to the strengthening of parliamentary capacity in this field.

In recognition of the important role Supreme Audit Institutions, as well as other bodies such as

Ombudsman, play in combating corruption, students should lay down the appropriate legal

framework for the establishment and functioning of such institutions including through the

provision of adequate resources and proper follow-up to the work and reports of such bodies.

Supreme Audit Institutions and their umbrella organization, the International Organization of

Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) see their main contribution to fight social media in

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 improving overall transparency and accountability, supporting an environment that limits the

opportunity for acts of social media and creating a climate of good governance.

SAI should play a may or role in auditing government accounts and operations and in promoting

sound financial management and accountability in the governments. Citizens, international

donor organizations and other entities should be able to put increasingly higher expectations into

their national governments and those governments depend on the SAI to help ensure public

accountability. INTOSAI will support its members by providing a platform to exchange

experience and information. SAI should increasingly pay attention to the risks connected with

the globalization and especially to the negative effects of social media and fraud.

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Appendix

SECTION B

Kindly provide your opinion on each of the issues as objectively as possible.

1. Sex of the respondent ………………………….

2. Level of educational qualification ………………….

3. Age bracket of the respondent

- Below 30 yrs. ………. –Between 40-50 yrs.

- Between 30-40yrs……… - Above 50 yrs.

4. Number of years you have been in the business

1) Less than 5 years ………………. 2) 5-10 years………………………

3)10 – 15 years…………………………. 4) Above 15 yearsSex of the

respondent ………………………….

1. Level of educational qualification ………………….

2. Age bracket of the respondent

- below 30 yrs. ………. –Between 40-50 yrs.

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 - Between 30-40yrs……… - Above 50 yrs.

3. Number of years you have been in the business sector

1) Less than 5 years ………………. 2) 5-10 years……………………
3)10 – 15 years…………………………. 4) Above 15 years…………………

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 5.5. Appendix II: Budget Plan

DESCRIBTION QUANTITY UNIT PRICE TOTAL

Currents Travel Cost USD/ go and back 17 USD

Internet usage 5 hours 5 USD/hour 5 USD

Airtime recharge 45 hours 9USD 9USD

Questionnaire Copying 25 pages 12USD/PAPER 12 USD

Refreshment and dress 12+45 1 57 USD

Discussion meetings 14 I 14 USD

TOTAL 114 USD

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 5.6. Appendix III: WORK PLAN ACTIVITIES

No Activity Time(month) Period Dependency

A Proposal writing 3 March 1 -2024– March 15- 2024 A

B Data collection ¼ May -7- 2024 – May 10- 2024 B

C Report Writing 2 May 12-2024— May 18- 2024 C

MAP OF BUHODLE

Chart 30- Map of Buhodle

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 References

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Thank you for your cooperation

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