CLONING OF A

COMPUTER SYSTEM
A
PROJECT
WORK PRESENTED
BY ______________________
SUBMITTED TO: THE DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
NUHU BAMALLI POLYTECHNIC ZARIA
KADUNA STATE NIGERIA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
MAY 2024
00:00
03:48

CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project work was prepared by
________ and submitted to the Department of
Computer engineering, Wuhu Banally Polytechnic
Zaria, in partial fulfillment for the award of National
Diploma (ND) in computer
engineering.…………………… ….
ENGR. MOHAMMED MUSTAPHA
DATE …………………………
SIGNATURE………………………

DEDICATION
I dedicate my project to Almighty God, who has given me
the grace to participate in the project. I specially
dedicate this work to my parents; ……………. and as
many that have contributed greatly to the success of my
project.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would express my special thanks of gratitude to
Almighty GOD, who kept us alive to complete this
project successfully
This project wouldn’t have been successful w
i t h o u t t h e s u p p o r t o f m y a b l e supervisor,
ENGR.MOHAMMED MUSTAPHA for his full
support and advice in supervising this project Also,
my appreciation goes to my parents and siblings,
they really had great impacts on the success of this
project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
I
CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BRANDED VERSUS CLONED COMPUTER
SYSTEM
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
1.3 MOTIVATION
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 METHODOLOGY
1.6 EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
2.2 APPLICATION AREA OF COMPUTERS
2.3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
2.4 THE PROCESSOR
2.5 FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
2.6 FACTOR AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF ANY
PART PRICE
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3.1 TOOLS REQUIRED TO CLONE A COMPLETE
COMPUTER
3.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
3.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PC
3.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PC
3.5 PROCEDURAL STEPS TO CLONE A SYSTEM
3.6 INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM
3.7 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE SHOWI
N G L I N K O F C O M P U T E R COMPONENT
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 MOTHERBOARD INSTALLATION
4.2 MEMORY MODULES INTALLATION
4.3 PLACE THE MOTHERBOARD INTO THE CASE
4.4 THE POWER SUPPLY CONNECTION
4.5 GRAPHICS/VIDEO CARD
4.6 CONNECT THE KEYBOARD, MOUSE
AND MONITOR
4.7 INSTALL THE DRIVERS
4.8 TURN THE COMPUTER ON
4.9 INSTALL THE OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
4.10 INSTALL OTHER SOFTWARE
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONSREFERENCES

ABSTRACT
Cloning of a Computer System is very essential in a
computing area. This project
focuses more on how computer system cou
l d b e c o u p l e d a n d m a i n t a i n e d effectively and
efficiently over the years. The main reason why people go
for assembling of system instead of buying a new system
is to allow them to have good and satisfactory
quality of what they want. Buying a new computer
system might not meet the need of some people except in
situation where you go for configuration option from the
manufacturer website or related outfit. But coupling it
themselves will ensure performance and satisfaction. The
main importance of coupling a computer system is to
have access to all those components and to know how
to couple and disassemble it when the system is
faulty. In this project, we shall procure computer
components and couple them together to make a computer
system that could rival the performance of the branded
version.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Cloning of a personal computer components refers to
collection Computer hardware,
which is the collection of physical components t
hat constitutes a computer system.
Computer hardware is the physical parts or
components of a computer, such as the monitor,
keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD),
graphic cards, soundcards, memory (RAM),
motherboard, and so on, all of which are tangible
physical objects. By contrast, software is instructions
that can be stored and run by hardware.
Hardware is directed by the software to exec
u t e a n y c o m m a n d o r i n s t r u c t i o n . A combination
of hardware and software forms a usable computing
system. The use of computers has touched every part
of our everyday lives, the way we work,
learn or even play, it is almost impossible
t o g o t h r o u g h a s i n g l e d a y w i t h o u t encounter
ing a computer. Modern computer system is electronic
devices that obey IPO cycles based on predefine
instructions. A desktop computer is a personal
computer designed for regular use at a single location on
or near a desk or table due to its size
and power requirements. Figure 1 illustrates a desktop co
mputer. The most commonconfiguration has a case that
houses the power supply, motherboard (a printed
circuit board with a microprocessor as the central process
ing unit (CPU), memory, bus, andother electronic
components), disk storage The case may be oriented
horizontally
or vertically and placed either underneath, beside
, or on top of a desk. Building andassembling a
computer system, gives maximum satisfaction to
the user and a very rewarding experience. To
Assembles Desktop PC (Personal Computer)
the users/builders of such systems are probably
contemplating building or assembling a computer instead
of purchasing one pre-built or pre-assembled. This project
is to enlighten us on how a computer student can build a
computer and peer to peer network with less stress
and less amount of money, and how an
assembling system and upgrading a branded can
meet up with the processing requirement of the
school Laboratory. This project has managed to
purchase a branded computer free
dosO.S, some upgradable components that could
suite the performance of desktop PCexpected in a
modern Lab Facility.

1.1
BRANDED VERSUS CLONED COMPUTER
SYSTEM
Branded computers are perhaps the best computers in the
market to buy but there are still some people who go for
the cloned ones since they are cheaper and can be
fabricated in the way of choosing the computer
peripherals to use. Of the two, we can single out the
choice as dependent on the end user. For the typical
computer user who simply wants to use software and
do business or anything that a computer will allow
them to perform, most of them would vouch for the
branded ones as offered by big name players in the
computer industry such as IBM, Compaq and Dell.
Although price may be an issue, at least they are assured
of quality parts and service to which will be needed
should they find themselves distraught for sudden
problems with their computer. Cloned computers or
something referred to as chop-chop, are normally
preferred by the technical savvy people who can take
them apart and assemble them as they wish, using various
computer hardware stuff available in the market.
Normally, the typical computer geek would have their
CPU case opened since they often want to upgrade
and change parts as often as they can depends on the one
owning or using the computer. There are people who
have a high level of satisfaction when it comes
to computer requirements while others are
simply satisfied with using them as long as they
can provide the needs of their software to get their job
done. It may seem obvious but depending on the nature of
the person who owns and uses these computers,
chances are it will divide which is for branded
and which is for cloned computers.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Building and upgrading the computer system on t
his project embarks on gatheringdifferent
components/devices of computer system together
in other to make a well-
functioning computer system available to the comput
er laboratory (NUHU BAMALLI POLYTECHNIC
ZARIA) and to enable students to be more famili
ar to each components of the computer system.
Thus, this project will cover all the process
of purchasing components, coupling/upgrading and the pr
ocess of installing the OS
(operating system) into the computer system. Bui
lding/ upgrading computer bringssignificant
benefits which are identified below.

Know about computer components, and how they fit and

work together.
Understanding the internal and hardware workings of a
computer.
Learning computer hardware terminology
Ability to customize a computer according to specialized
specifications.
Building and assembling computer system from
components.
The satisfaction of a job well-done.
Technical problem-solving ability.

1.3MOTIVATION
Considering the rates at which the previous cloned
installations in the school laboratory are often damaged as
a result of component issued, the passion to know the
functions of each and every components of the computer,
building/upgrading a functioning computer SFF (small
form factor) systems for use in any of the school
laboratory.

1.4OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The objectives of this project are:
To identify small form factor (SFF) computer that will be
suitable for laboratory use and stand test of time.
To upgrade the above to meet expected performance
requirement.
To install OS and necessary software.
To setup necessary configuration setting on the PC

1.5 METHODOLOGY
To achieve this system, the component that enha
nce their performance of completecomputer syste
m such as; motherboard, Hard disk (size), proces
sor (size) etc. arespecified and strictly adhere to.
After the procurement of necessary components, the
coupling /upgrading the system shall be carried out.
Finally the operating system (O.S) and other software are
installed.

1.6 EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION

TO KNOWLEDGE
This project when completed, will ensure component
configuration of assembled
and branded upgrade system are to meet with the perform
ance expectation of the computer system.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Assembling of computer system primarily specifics
the ability of a computer science student to have
the technical know how about and how to choose
between buying a whole or sub assembly computer
system. Assembling of a computer system regards as
step by step procedure for coupling computer components
for the purpose of achieving a set of configurations
required by the users.

2.1 THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

A computer is an electronic device that can be
programmed to accept data
(input), process it and generate result (output). A comput
er along with additional hardware andsoftware together is
called a computer
system.A computer system primarily comprises a
central processing unit (CPU), memory,
input/output devices and storage devices. All these
components function together as a single unit to
deliver the desired output. A computer system comes in
various forms and sizes. It can vary from a high-end
server to personal desktop, laptop, tablet computer, or a
Smartphone. Computer like any other thing in the world
begin from a point. In the early days, people who
performed arithmetic operation were referred to as
computers, as the innovation of computerization began, a
machine that could perform these operations was
developed. This was how computer was developed. The
evolution of computer could be divided into five
generations:
2.2.1 GENERATION OF COMPUTER
2.2.1.1 First Generation Computer 1940-1956 Vacuum
Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and
magnetic drums for memory. Their characteristics are:
Very big, taking up entire rooms
Very expensive to operate
Using a great deal of electricity
Generated a lot of heat problem at a time.
2.1.2 Second Generation Computer 1956-1963
Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in
the second generation of computers.

Their characteristics are:

The computers become smaller

They are faster, cheaper and are more energy-efficient

They are more reliable than the first-generation

computers.
They used assembly language to perform operations

Generated lesser heat

Second-generation computers still relied on punched

cards for input and printout for output.
2.1.3 Third Generation Computer 1964-1971
Integrated Circuit
The development of the integrated circuit was the
hallmark of the third generation
of c o m p u t e r s . T r a n s i s t o r s w e r e m i n i a t u r i z e
d a n d p l a c e d o n s i l i c o n c h i p s c a l l e d semicon
ductors. Characteristics of computers in this
generation are:

They were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Drastic increase in speed.

The computers are highly efficient.

Keyboard is used as input device.

Monitor and printouts are used for output. Users

interacted with the third generation computers through an
operating system which allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time with a central program
that monitored the memory. Computers for the first
time became accessible to a mass audience
2.2.1.4 Fourth Generation 1971-Present
Microprocessor
The microprocessor brought the fourth generatio
n of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits
were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first
generation fill dean entire room could now fit in the palm
of the
handI n 1 9 8 1 I B M i n t r o d u c e d i t s f i r s t c o m p u t e r
f o r t h e h o m e u s e r , a n d i n 1 9 8 4 A p p l e introduce
d the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the
realm of desktop more everyday products began to
use microprocessors computers and into many areas of
life as more and As these small computers became more
powerful, they could be linked
together to form networks which eventually led to
the development of the Internet. Fourthgeneration
computers also saw the development of GUI, the mouse
and handheld devices.
2.2.1.5 Fifth Generation (present and Beyond) -
Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices are based on artificial
intelligence. They are still in development. Applications
that have been developed so far in this generation are:

Voice recognition that is being used today.

Parallel processing and superconductors which is
helping to make artificialintelligence a reality.

Quantum computation, molecular and

nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-
generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization.
2.2 APPLICATION AREA OF COMPUTERS
It is a binding fact that are computers are very
productive, efficient and make
our personal and professional lives more rewarding. Thes
e 'magical' machines can do justabout anything
imaginable. Moreover they really excel in certain areas.
Below are some of the principal applications of the
computer systems:
1. Businesses:
Businessmen make bar graphs and pie charts from tedious
figures to convey information with far more impact than
numbers alone can covey. Furthermore, computers help
businesses to predict their future sales, profits, costsetc.
Making companies more accurate in their accounts.
Computers may also play a vital role in aiding
thousands of organizations to make judgmental and
hard provoking decisions concerning financial problems
and prospective trends.2.
Education:
Most good schools in the world have computers
available for use in the classroom. It has been proved
that learning with computers has been more
successful and this is why numerous forms of new
teaching methods have been introduced. This
enhances the knowledge of the student at a much
faster space than the old traditional methods. Likewise,
colleges and various universities have extended the use
of computers as many educators prefer the 'learning
by doing ‘method - an approach uniquely suited to the
computer.3.
Law Enforcement:
Recent innovation in computerized law enforcement
include national fingerprint files, a national file on the
mode of operation of serial killers, and computer
modeling of DNA, which can be used to match
traces from an alleged criminal's body, such as
blood at a crime scene. In addition, computers also
contain a completed database of all the names,
pictures and information of such people who choose to
break the law.4.
Transportation:
Computers are used in cars to monitor fluid levels,
temperatures and electrical systems. Computers are also
used to help run rapid transit systems, load containerships
and track railroads cars across the country. An important
parties the air control traffic systems, where computers
are used to control the flow of traffic between airplanes
which needs a lot of precision and accuracy to be
dealtwith.5.
Banking:
Computers speed up record keeping and allow banks to
offer same-day services and even do-it yourself banking
over the phone and internet. Computer shave helped fuel
the cashless economy, enabling the widespread use
of credit cards, debit cards and instantaneous credit
checks by banks and retailers. There is also a level
of greater security when computers are involved in money
transactions

As there is a better chance of detecting forged cheese and

using credit/debit cards illegally etc.6.
Agriculture:
Farmers use small computers to help with billing, crop
information, and cost per acre, feed combinations, and
market price checks. Cattle rancher’s canals use
computers for information about livestock breeding and
performance.7.
Government:
Among other tasks, the federal government uses
computers toforecast the weather, to manage parks and
historical sites, to process immigrants, to produce social
security checks and to collect taxes. The most important
use of the computer system in this field is perhaps the
Army, the Air Force and the Navy. The computers have
to be very powerful and in order to be run they have
to be very accurate and precise. E.g. in the
use of missiles and other
likes, everyn a n o s e c o n d c o u n t s , w h i c h m a y s a v
e trillions of lives on this planet. Thegovern
ment also uses computers in various simulati
o n s l i k e t h e s p r e a d o f influenza in a particular
locality.8.
Health and Medicine:
Computers are helping immensely to monitor
t h e e extremely ill in the intensive care unit and
provide cross-sectional views of
the body. This eliminates the need for hired nurses to wat
ch the patient twenty-four hours a day, which is greatly
tiring and error prone. Doctors use computers to
assist them in diagnosing certain diseases of the sort.
This type of computer is called the Expert System,
which is basically a collection of accumulated expertise in
a specific area of field. Computers are now able to map,
in exquisite detail, the structure of the human
cold virus - the first step towards the
common cold. Furthermore, computers are used greatly
in managing patients, doctors, wards and medicine
records, as well as deal with making appointments,
scheduling surgeries and other likes.9.
Manufacturing Industries:
Computers have made their way towards jobs that
were unpleasant or too dangerous for humans to do, such
as working hundreds of feet below the earth or opening a
package that might contain an explosive device. In other
industries, computers are used to control the production of
resources
very precisely. All robots and machinery are now controll
ed by various computers, making the production process
faster and cheaper. All the stages of manufacturing, from
designing to production, can be done with the use of
computer technology with greater diversity.10.
Scientific Research:
This is very important for mankind and
w i t h t h e development of computers; scientific
research has propelled towards the better great deal.
Because of high-speed characteristics of computer
systems, systems, researchers can simulate environments,
emulate physical characteristics and allow scientists to
proof of their theories in a cost-effective manner. Also,
many test
labanimals are spared since computers have taken
over their roles in extensiveresearch.

2.3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

The first step to building a computer is acquiring
the parts. This project work will start with a quick
explanation of essential parts and elaborate on them
further on. A computer is made up of a case (or
chassis) which houses several important internal
components,
and provides places to connect the external compone
nts, including non-peripherals.Inside the case go the
following internal parts:

Motherboard
The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's
a thin plate that holds the CPU,memory, connectors for
the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to
control the video and audio, and connections to your
computer's ports (such as USB ports). The
motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part
of the computer.

CPU/Processor
The central processing unit (CPU), also called a
processor, is located inside the computer case on the
motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the
computer, and its job is to carry out commands.
Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an
application, you’re sending instructions to the CPU.The
CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon
chip located inside. The chip is usually processor's
speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions
of instructions per second; and gigahertz (GHz), or
billions of instructions per second. A faster
processor can execute instructions more quickly.
However, the actual speed of the computer depen
ds on the speed of many different components—not just
the processor.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM is your system's short-
term memory. Whenever your computer perfo
r m s calculations, it temporarily stores the data in
the RAM until it is needed. This short-term memory
disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're
working on a document, spreadsheet, or other type of
file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When
you save a file, the data is written to the hard
drive, which acts as long-term storage .RAM is
measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The
more RAM you have, the more things your computer can
do at the same time. If you don't have enough RAM, you

May notice that your computer is sluggish when

you have several programs open.Because of this,
many people add extra RAM to their computers to
improve performance?

Hard Drive
The hard drive is where your software, documents,
and other files are stored. The hard drive is long-
term storage, which means the data is still saved
even if you turn the computer off or unplug it. When
you run a program or open a file, the computer
copies some of the data from the hard drive onto the
RAM. When you save a file, the data is copied back to the
hard drive. The faster the hard drive, the faster your
computer can start up and load programs.

Power Supply Unit

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power
from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the
computer. It sends power through cables to the
motherboard another components. If you decide to
open the computer case and take a look, make
sure to unplug the computer first. Before touching the
inside of the computer, you should touch a grounded
metal object—or a metal part of the computer casing—to
discharge any static buildup. Static electricity can be
transmitted through the computer circuits, which can
seriously damage your machine.

Expansion cards
Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard
that allow you to add
varioustypes of expansion cards. These are someti
mes called PCI (peripheral componenti n t e r c o n n
ect) cards. You may never need to add any
P C I c a r d s b e c a u s e m o s t motherboards have built-
in video, sound, network, and other
capabilities.H o w e v e r , i f y o u w a n t t o b o o s t t h e p
e r f o r m a n c e o f y o u r c o m p u t e r o r u p d a t e t h e cap
abilities of an older computer, you can always add one
or more cards. Below are some of the most common types
of expansion cards.

Video Card
The video card is responsible for what you see on the
monitor. Most computers have gap (graphics
processing unit) built into the motherboard instead of
having a separate video card. If you like playing graphics-
intensive games, you can add a faster video card to one of
the expansion slots to get better performance.

Sound Card
The sound card—also called an audio card—is
responsible for what you hear in the speakers or
headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound,
but you can upgrade to a dedicated sound card for higher-
quality sound.

Network Card
The network card allows your computer to communicate
over a network and access the Internet. It can either
connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless
connection (often called Wi-
Fi). Many motherboards have built-
in network connections, and anetwork card can also
be added to an expansion slot.

Bluetooth card (or adapter)

Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication
over short distances. It's often used in computers to
communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and printers.
It's
commonly built into the motherboard or included in a wir
eless network card. For computers thatdon't have
Bluetooth, you can purchase a USB adapter, often called a
dongle.
2.4 THE PROCESSOR Figure 2.
A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that resp
onds to and processes the basic instructions that
drive a computer. The CPU is seen as the main
and most crucial integrated circuitry (IC) chip in a
computer, as it is responsible for interpreting most
of c o m p u t e r s c o m m a n d s . C P U s w i l l p e r f o r m m
o s t b a s i c a r i t h m e t i c , l o g i c a n d I / O operations,
as well as allocate commands for other chips and
components running in computer. The term processor is
used interchangeably with the term central processing unit
(CPU), although strictly speaking, the CPU is not the
only processor in a computer. The GPU (graphics
processing unit) is the most notable example, but the
hard drive and other devices within a computer also
perform some processing independently.
Nevertheless, the term processor is generally understood
to mean the CPU.

Processors can be found in PCs, smartphones, tablets and

other computers. The two main competitors in the
processor market are Intel and Amite basic elements of
a processor the basic elements of a processor include:

The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which carries out

arithmetic and logic operations on the operands
in instructions.

The floating point unit (FPU), also known as a

math coprocessor or numeric coprocessor, a
specialized co-processor that manipulates numbers
more quickly than the basic microprocessor circuitry
can.

Registers, which hold instructions and other data.

Registers supply operands to teal and store the results of
operations.

L1 and L2cache memory. Their inclusion in the CPU

saves time compared to having to get data from random
access memory (RAM).CPU Operations The four primary
functions of a processor are fetch, decode, execute and
write back.

Fetch- is the operation which receives instructions from

program memory from systems RAM.

Decode- is where the instruction is converted to

understand which other parts of the CPU are needed to
continue the operation. This is performed by
the instruction decoder

Execute- is where the operation is performed. Each part of

the CPU that is needed is activated to carry out the
instructions.
2.5 FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
Taking data and instructions from a user, processing
the data as per instructions, and displaying or storing
the processed data, are the four major functions of a
computer. These functions are also known as the input
function, process function, output function, and storage
function, respectively.To provide these functions, a
computer uses its components or devices. Usuall
y, components of a computer are designed to perform
only one of these four functions. But some specialized
components or devices are designed to perform two,
three or all four functions. For example, a hard disk
can perform three functions: input (when files are
read), storage (when files are saved), and output (when
files are written).

Components or devices of a computer, based on the

function in which they are used, can be classified into
four major types: the input devices, output devices,
storage devices,
and processing devices. For example, if a component proc
esses the given instructions, thecomponent is known as
the
Processing device
. Or if a device displays the processed data, the device is
known as the
Output device
.
1. DATA INPUT
As we know that computers cannot work on their own.
According to this, data is required in the form of input
by the users for the computer to perform certain
tasks. Thus data input is considered to be the initial or
first function of a computer system. The computer does
nothing until data is inputted by the user (or a script or a
program) to be processed as per given instructions. Data
can be supplied to the computer system manually,
automatically, or both. Manual data is supplied using
input devices whenever the computer requires it or
whenever users want to accomplish certain tasks. In
addition, automated data input can be done using
automated scripts, applications, and robotics. It
can intelligently feed predefined data into the computer
or execute any task or program at a particular time,
on start-up, based on user’s action, click-activity, etc.
Even with the data being automated, the instructions
are configured indirectly by the users to some
extent. Data can be supplied in computer word
processing programs, spreadsheets, online
forms, databases, etc. The data is given in raw form only.
The mouse and keyboard are one of the primary
input devices of a computer system, which enables
users to input data into the computer. However, there
are many more input devices that help users to input
data in various forms, such as text, numbers, images,
audio, video, etc. For example, webcams can be used
to input data in image or video form, a microphone can
help input voice data, etc.• Mouse: A mouse is an input
device that acts as a point-and-click device and helps
to move the cursor and select specific objects on a
computer's screen (also called a monitor).It can be
connected to the computer both by wire and wirelessly.•
Keyboard: The keyboard consists of several keys that
help to input alphabet letters, numbers, signs, and other
information. Like a mouse, it can also be wired and
wireless.

2. DATA PROCESSING
Data processing is the main function of the computer
system. CPU (Central Processing Unit) plays a major
role in the data processing. Once the raw data is
given to the computer, the processing part comes into
play, according to which the supplied (or raw)data is
manipulated according to instructions to turn it into
meaningful
information.There is always a constant developme
nt in technology to make modern computingdevic
es better than their predecessors. There has also been
a big improvement in
the processing chip or CPU of the computer. Many moder
n computers nowadays use theCPU in conjunction with
a graphics processing unit (GPU), making it an
accelerated processing unit (APU). This combination
of CPU and GPU integrates
powerful graphics processing capabilities with the CPU's t
raditional arithmetic and local calculations, making
computers faster, smoother, and more powerful. The
CPU of a computer is called the ‘brain’ of the
computer because it controls all the functions. It
processes user instructions, executes system scripts and
commands to boot the OS (Operating System), runs
programs, etc. It is also responsible for performing
arithmetic and logical operations in computer systems. It
can also store temporary data, instructions, and results
with the help of a memory unit. Each instruction is
sequentially processed by the CPU and goes through the
following units:
• Control Unit: The Control Unit (CU) of the
C P U c o n t r o l s a l l t h e a c t i v i t i e s a n d operations of
the computer. It is also responsible for controlling
input/output, memory, and other devices connected to
the computer. In short, the control unit determines
the sequence of operations and decodes the instructions
into commands.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit: The Arithmetic Logic U
nit (ALU) of the CPU performs arithmetic and
logical operations. The arithmetic unit performs
mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction,
division, and multiplication. The logical unit
performs logical and decision operations such as
AND, OR, equal, greater, and less than, etc. In
addition, the logic unit is also responsible for performing
many other operations such as comparison, selection,
matching, data merging, and so on.• Memory Unit: The
memory unit allows the CPU to temporarily store the
data, program, intermediate and final results of the
processed data. This is a temporary storage area but is
vital to the functioning of the computer. All the
inputs/outputs are first stored in the memory unit and
then transferred to other units of the computer wherever
necessary as
3. INFORMATION OUTPUT

After the raw data supplied by the users is processed

by the computer's processor, the processed
data is sent from the primary memory to the output device
by the CPU. This result is used for a meaningful
purpose. The processed data or output is referred to
as information. Information output or information
retrieval is another basic function of a computer.
Output devices are typically used to present the final
result of the processed data. Monitor and printer are the
primary output devices of a computer system. By default,
the monitor is the default output device for computers
these days. However, there are a variety of other
output devices and users can connect one or more
output devices together. For example, speakers and
headphones can be used for the retrieval of sound output.
The output received from the computer can also be stored
in the form of soft copy or
hardcopy. Soft copy output refers to the informati
on stored in the computer's storagemediums, while
hard copy output is the information printed on paper,
cloth, etc.• Monitor: A monitor, also called a
visual display unit, is one of the primary output
devices of a computer. It is made of glass, circuitry,
adjustment buttons, power supply, etc., all enclosed
within a casing. It is connected to a computer to
digitally view the output contents (such as text,
image, video, etc.) on the screen. • Printer: A printer is
another output device that can be connected to a computer
system to make a hard copy of the desired document,
image, or information on paper. The printer takes
electronic data from the computer and creates an exact
copy of it in monochrome (in this context, black and
white) or colors, depending on the type of printer.
There are mainly two types of printers, impact, and non-
impact printers. Note: The process of transferring
data between the computer system and its internal
ande x t e r n a l c o m p o n e n t s i s t e r m e d I / O ( I n p u t /
Output) process and is done using I/O
(Input/Output) devices.
4. DATA AND INFORMATION STORAGE
The fourth basic function of the computer system is
data and information storage. Computer can store data
temporarily, while information can be stored permanently,
both internally and externally. Data is kept in memory
until it is processed into a
meaningful piece of information that can be permanently
saved for future use or additionalmanipulation.After the
input (raw data) is given, it is first stored in the primary
memory for temporary use. It is then sent for
processing and the current or ongoing data is still
saved on the
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 Primary memory. After the data is processed, the results
of the processed data are again placed on the primary
memory, which is then sent as a meaningful
piece of informationt o t h e o u t p u t u n i t s f r o m t h e p
rimary memory. The information is then store
d i n permanent
storage.M u l t i p l e s t o r a g e d e v i c e s a r e u s e d o n t h
e c o m p u t e r ; h o w e v e r , R A M , R O M , a n d SSD/HD
D play an important role in the functioning of the
computer system. RAM is
the primary memory and stores data temporarily, while R
OM and HDD/SSD stores data permanently. Unlike HDD
/SSD, data stored on ROM cannot be modified by users.B
esides, users can take advantage of cloud stor
a g e t o s t o r e t h e i r p r o c e s s e d d a t a permanently,
which can be accessed from anywhere on various
computing devices. • RAM: RAM or Random Access
Memory is the main memory (or primary memory)
of the computer and temporarily stores the curren
t data (or ongoing data). It has fastread/write
speeds and can be accessed quickly by the computer's
processor (CPU). It is volatile memory and the data stored
in it is lost when the power supply is turned off.• ROM:
ROM or Read-Only Memory is a non-volatile storage
medium that permanently stores essential computer data
such as firmware. As the name suggests, the data stored
income is read-only data and is not accessible to the user
for modification. It is primarily read by the computer's
processor to write/load boot-up data and system files
into the primary memory.• SSD/HDD: SSD stands for
Solid State Drive, while HDD stands for Hard Disk Drive.
These are two different permanent storage devices
used on a computer. Both can be connected
internally and externally. Normally, a computer uses
at least one of these storage devices internally to
store the operating system. Unlike ROM, data in
these storage devices can be erased and written by the
users as per their wishes.
2.6 FACTOR AFFECTING THE
CHOICE COMPONENT PARTS1 . F o r m f a c t o r
Form factor refers to the shape and size of a device. For
instance, Apple have a reputation for designing and
creating extremely slim laptops. The choice of an
extremely slim form factor places restrictions on what sort
of hardware can be used. For instance, you won’t find a
mechanical hard drive in any Apple laptop, as they are
physically too thick to fit. Likewise, the size of the
enclosure places limitations on the capacity of
the cooling

System, and therefore components are selected with

a performance level ensuring that the cooling is not
overwhelmed.
2. Power efficiency requirements
Mobile devices clearly require lower-power components
than PCs and servers: a typical may require:
CPU – 65W

RAM/Motherboard – 30W

GPU – 200W

Storage/peripherals – 50W+that’s around 350W for a

“basic” PC. The biggest laptop batteries are found in
Apple MacBook Pros, and are 100Wh – the FAA limit on
battery size for carrying on to a plane. That means it can
provide 100W for one hour before it is exhausted. But
laptops can last up to ten hours on a single charge,
meaning that power consumption must be closer
to10W. This obviously therefore impacts the choice of
component.
3. Price
Hardware is available at many price points; whilst
generally it’d be nice to have the best of everything, even
if there were no other constraints, it is entirely possible
that budget could be a factor in choice.
4. Performance
The required performance of a system will directly dictate
the choice of components
used – for instance, a server that must service thousands o
f clients will be configureddifferently to a server
that supports twenty clients.
5. Compatibility
 Not all hardware is compatible with all software –
whilst Windows is extremely good in terms of
compatibility, other Oases are more particular about the
hardware. For example, Marcos no longer supports NVidia
GPUs.

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
The various part/components and the required tools which
will be used to assemble the system and their related
specification. These will be needed to assemble the
components in other to make it a complete computer
system.
3.1 TOOLS REQUIRED TO CLONE A COMPLETE
COMPUTER

PlierAnti-static equipment

A clean workspace

Zip ties

Rubbing alcohol

A CPU installation tool

Human effort and composure

3.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
System architecture is a specification detailing
how a set of software and hardware technology
standards interact to form a computer system or platform.
In short, computer architecture refers to how a
computer system is designed and what technologies
it is compatible with. As with other contexts and
meanings of the word architecture, computer architecture
is likened to the art of determining the needs of the
user/system/technology, and creating logical design and
standards based on those
requirements.The processor alone is incapable of s
uccessfully performing any tasks. It requiresmem
ory (for program and data storage), support logic, and at
least one I/O device (“input/output device”) used to
transfer data between the computer and the outside world.
There are three categories of computer architecture:

Instruction Set Architecture

: The architecture holds a collection of instructions that
the processor renders and surmises. It consists of two
instruction sets: RISC (Reduced Instruction Set
Computer) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set
Computer). It enables versatile implementations of an
ISA; commonly differ in features such as performance,
physical size, and monetary price. It empowers the
evolution of the micro-architectures, implementing ISA as
an exclusive, higher- performance system that can run
software on preceding generations of execution.

Micro Architecture
: Micro-architecture is the structural design of
microprocessor. This computer organization leverages a
method where the instruction set architecture holds a
built-in processor. Engineers and hardware scientists
implement instruction set architecture (ISA) with
various micro-architectures that vary because of changing
technology. It includes the technologies used, resources,
and methods. Using this, the processors physically
devised to administer a particular instruction set. Simply,
it is a logical form of all electronic elements and data
pathways present in the microprocessor, designed in
specific way. It allows for the optimal completion of
instructions. In academe, it is called computer
organization.

System Design
: System design itself defines a design that can serve user
requirements like system architecture, computer modules
having various interfaces, and data management within a
system. The term product developments connective to the
system design. It is the process by which we can take
marketing information to create a product design...
3.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PC
The following are the component for building a
pc:1.Central processing unit (CPU)2.Graphics
processing unit
(GPU)3 . M o t h e r b o a r d 4 . M e m o r y ( R A M ) 5.St
orage Device(SSD, NVME, HDD)6 . P o w e r
s u p p l y u n i t ( P S U ) 7.System cooling(chassis)
3.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PC
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Software requirements d e a l w i t h d e f i n i n g s o f t w a
r e r e s o u r c e r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d prerequisites that
need to be installed on a computer to provide optimal
functioning of
anapplication. These requirements or prerequisite
s are generally not included in thesoftware
installation package and need to be installed separately
before the software is installed.

Windows 10, 64 bits.

Hard disk: SSD.

Small projects (under 100 images at 14 MP): 8 GB RAM,

15 GB SSD Free Space.
OS: Windows 10

CPU: Intel or AMD processor with 64-bit

support; Recommended: 2.8 GHz or faster processor

GPU: Recommended: NVidia GeForce GTX 1660 or

Quadra T1000

Disk Storage: 4 GB of free disk space

Monitor Resolution:
1280x800; Recommended: 1920x1080

Internet: Internet connection required for software

activation
3.5 PROCEDURAL STEPS TO CLONE A SYSTEM
Availability of workshop or a big table which you will put
everything accordingly
must be considered first. Then next step is to un-
wrap all the components/devices from their sachets
staring from the motherboard, processor, memory etc.
make sure the manuals of all the components are intact
and you follow as stipulated in other not to damage
some components. The tool/kits needed for the
completion of the processes should be made available.
After this must have been done then the procedure begins;
Step 1: Mount the Processor
The first step for assembling the computer system starts
with mounting the processor on the processor socket of
the motherboard. To mount the process, you don't need
to apply any force. The special ZIF (zero insertion force)
sockets are usually used to prevent any damage to the
processor pins. Once the processor is mounted, the heat
sink will be attached on top of the processor. The CPU
fan is also attached on top of the heat sink.
Step 2: Fix the Motherboard in the Tower Case
After fixing all the necessary components/devices on the
motherboard and making sure that they all intact then
installing of the motherboard to the system case follows,
it should be noted that the power pack comes with casing
bought that’s why the step is sipped here. Slide the
motherboard gently towards the back of the Case. The
system board standoffsside it the keyhole slots.

Now the motherboard is to be fixed vertically in the

tower case and the screws are fixed from behind of the
motherboard.
Step 3: Connect the Power Supply
Now line up the power supply at the top back end of the
cabinet and screw it. The power connectors for
motherboard power supply and CPU fan power supply are
to be connected. If the cabinet cooling FAN is required
then it is to be screwed at the back end grill of the cabinet
and its power connector is to be connected from SMPS.
Step 4: Install the Drives
Install the CD/DVD drives at the top front end of the
cabinet and screw it. Install the Hard disk drive and
floppy disk drive below CD/DVD drive and screw it.
Make sure once screwed there is no vibration in either of
the CD/DVD, hard disk or floppy disk drives. Readily the
space for the Hard disk and theory-ROM drives in the
computer case are easy to know. The HARD DISK and
thud-ROM drive should be placed in to the casing in the
form that will allow cables to be connected. Connect
power cables to your physical hard and CD-ROM drives.
Step 5: Connect Cables
Now select the appropriate data cable and connect one
end of the cable to its drive socket and another end at its
appropriate connector on the motherboard. For SATA
hard disk drive or CD/DVD drives use SATA cable and
its power cable, else use IDE data cable. Do the
proper jumper settings as per the usage requirement.
Step 6: Mount the Memory Modules
It is time now to mount the memory modules on the
motherboard by aligning the RAM touts socket on the
motherboard and press it downward. Make sure the
side tab are fixed into the RAM notch. If not, you
may still have to press a bit. Find the memory
module bank on your system board. They should
look similar to what you see below. There may only be
two slots instead of four as you see. Align the notches on
the memory module with the notches on the memory
module bank, and then press the module firmly into the
bank. The tabs on the sides of the module bank should
secure the memory module automatically. When the
module is secure, you hear a click.
Step 7: Install the Internal Cards

Install the internal cards to its socket and attach the cables
or power cable to it. The selection of right socket or slot is
required as per the type of socket
Step 8: Cover the Tower
Cover the tower by placing it and pressing towards front
side and screw it.
Step 9: Connect the External Devices and Power
Connect the external devices with CPU at its appropriate
socket. It includes mouse and keyboard at PS2 or USB
connectors. Monitor at the video output socket. Connect
the power cable to the back of tower in SMPS. Plug in the
power cable to the electric board.
3.6 INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM
Now that everything is put together, we have passed
all the difficult stages the rest is acakewalk. Here’s how to
install your operating system and get everything up and
running. Installing Windows on a custom machine can
take a few extra steps than installing it on a pre-built
machine. For this project we are going to use Windows
10, but we can of course install Window XP, Linux, or
even Mac OS X, if we are building a Hackintosh.
Step One: SETTING THE BIOS
When we first start up our computer, it tells us to press a
key to enter setup, because it is HP. This takes us to the
setup of your Basic Inputs/Outputs System,
or BIOS, here; we can configure some of the lowest-
level aspects of your new machine. We may not
actually need to edit any of these settings, but it’s a
good idea to go through, get acquainted with them,
and make sure everything’s in good order before
moving on. BIOS will be a little bit different on different
brands of motherboard, so your screen may not look
exactly like the images here, but it should be close.
Step Two: INSTALLING THE WINDOWS
OPERATING SYSTEM
Next, we grab your Windows installation
DVD (or flash drive, if that be the case) and pop it in and
we start up your computer which automatically boot into t
he Windowsinstaller. Once the installer loads, we hit
the “Install Now” button, accept the terms of use, and
choose “Custom (advanced)” when asked what type of
installation you want we Found our primary hard drive (if
you have more than one), and click on the “Unallocated
Space” partition, and Hit Next. Windows should
start installing
Step Three: ACTIVATING THE WINDOWS
OPERATING SYSTEM
The last thing we did before we actually use your
computer is to install our drivers. If the Ethernet or Wi-Fi
works out-of-the-box, Windows may find most or all of
our drivers for us. If not, we’ll need to pop in the CD
that came with your motherboard to install the
Ethernet or Wi-Fi drivers we need to access the internet.

Once we have gotten the internet up and running,

Windows install drivers for us. It might not catch
everything though, so we had to install some manually.
The CDs that came without motherboard, video card, and
other hardware are probably already out of date, so we
don’t recommend using these to install those drivers.
Step Four: INSTALL WINDOWS UPDATES
This is the last thing we did is to make the Windows
up to date. Chances are, we have already gotten
a notification from Windows Update at this point,
so we, head into your Start Menu, to Programs, and hit
Windows Update. Install all the available updates it gives
us, and reboot our computer. Check for updates again and
it’ll have a whole new slew of them. We had to do this quite
a few times, but eventually it stops serving you
notifications and we were able to make all up to date.
3.7 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE SHOWING LINK
OF COMPUTER
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