Particles - Example: 午後 5 時まで勉強します。 (Gogo goji

made benkyou shimasu.) - I study until 5 PM.

1. は (wa)
9. と (to)
- Meaning: Topic marker
- Meaning: And, with
- Usage: Indicates the topic of the sentence.
- Usage: Used to connect nouns or indicate companionship.
- Example: 私は学生です。 (Watashi wa gakusei desu.)
- Example: 友達と映画を見ます。 (Tomodachi to eiga
2. が (ga)
o mimasu.) - I watch a movie with a friend.
- Meaning: Subject marker
10. や (ya)
- Usage: Indicates the subject of the sentence.
- Meaning: And, among other things
- Example: 猫がいます。 (Neko ga imasu.)
- Usage:Connects nouns in a non-exhaustive list.
3. を (o)
- Example: りんごやバナナを買いました。 (Ringo ya
- Meaning: Direct object marker banana o kaimashita.) - I bought apples and bananas,
among other things.
- Usage: Indicates the direct object of the verb.
11. の (no)
- Example: 本を読みます。 (Hon o yomimasu.) - I read
a book. - Meaning: Possessive marker

4. に (ni) - Usage: Indicates possession or a descriptive relationship.

- Meaning: Indicates location, time, direction, indirect - Example: 私の本です。 (Watashi no hon desu.) - It is
object my book.

- Usage: Used to indicate the destination, location, or time 12. も (mo)

of an action.
- Meaning: Also, too
- Example: 学校に行きます。 (Gakkou ni ikimasu.) - I
- Usage: Indicates inclusiveness.
go to school.
- Example: 私も行きます。 (Watashi mo ikimasu.) - I
5. で (de)
will go too.
- Meaning: Indicates the place of action, means/method 13. よ (yo)
- Usage: Used to indicate where an action takes place or
- Meaning: Emphasis marker
the means by which an action is performed.
- Usage: Adds emphasis or assertion to a statement.
- Example: 家で勉強します。 (Ie de benkyou shimasu.)
- I study at home. - Example: これは美味しいですよ。 (Kore wa oishii
desu yo.) - This is delicious, you know.
6. へ (e)
14. ね (ne)
- Meaning: Direction marker
- Meaning:Seeking confirmation or agreement
- Usage: Indicates direction or goal of movement
(interchangeable with に for destinations). - Usage: Adds a nuance of confirmation or agreement,
similar to "right?" or "isn't it?" in English.
- Example: 日本へ行きます。 (Nihon e ikimasu.) - I go
to Japan. - Example: そうですね。 (Sou desu ne.) - That's right,
isn't it?
7. から (kara)
15. か (ka)
- Meaning: From (starting point in time or place)
- Meaning: Question marker
- Usage: Indicates the starting point.
- Usage: Turns a statement into a question.
- Example: 東京から来ました。 (Toukyou kara
kimashita.) - I came from Tokyo. - Example: これは何ですか？ (Kore wa nan desu ka?) -
What is this?
8. まで (made)
Verb forms and their meanings
- Meaning: Until, to (ending point in time or place)
In Japanese, verbs can take many forms to express
- Usage: Indicates the ending point. different tenses, aspects, moods, and voices. Here are some
common verb forms along with their meanings and 9. Imperative Form (命令形) - 〜ろ / 〜れ / 〜よ
examples:
- Commands.
1. Dictionary Form (辞書形) - 〜る / 〜う
- Example: 行け (ike) - go!, 食べろ (tabero) - eat!
- Used as the basic form of the verb, present/future tense.
- Example: 行く (iku) - to go, 食べる (taberu) - to eat
10. Conditional Form (条件形) - 〜えば / 〜たら / 〜な
ら

2. Masu Form (ます形) - 〜ます - If/when something happens.

- Polite present/future tense. - Example: 行けば (ikeba) - if go, 食べたら (tabetara) - if

eat
- Example: 行きます (ikimasu) - to go (polite), 食べます
(tabemasu) - to eat (polite)
11. Causative Form (使役形) - 〜させる / 〜せる

3. Te Form (て形) - 〜て / 〜で - To make/let someone do something.

- Used to connect verbs, request, or command, and for - Example: 行かせる (ikaseru) - to make someone go, 食
continuous/progressive actions. べさせる (tabesaseru) - to make someone eat

- Example: 行って (itte) - go and, 食べて (tabete) - eat

and
12. Passive Form (受身形) - 〜られる / 〜れる
- To be done (by someone).
4. Ta Form (た形 - 〜た / 〜だ
- Example: 行かれる (ikareru) - to be gone, 食べられる
- Past tense. (taberareru) - to be eaten

- Example: 行った (itta) - went, 食べた (tabeta) – ate

13. Tara Form (たら形) - 〜たら

5. Nai Form (ない形) - 〜ない - If/when something happens (casual).

- Negative form. - Example: 行ったら (ittara) - if/when went, 食べたら

(tabetara) - if/when ate
- Example: 行かない (ikanai) - not go, 食べない (tabenai)
- not eat
14. Ba Form (ば形) - 〜ば

6. Nai Form Past (なかった形) - 〜なかった - Another form of conditional, often used in written
language.
- Negative past tense.
- Example: 行けば (ikeba) - if/when go, 食べれば
- Example: 行かなかった (ikanakatta) - did not go, 食べ (tabereba) - if/when eat
なかった (tabenakatta) - did not eat

15. Negative Te Form (〜なくて形)

7. Potential Form (可能形) - 〜られる / 〜れる / 〜え
る - Negative te form, used to connect verbs negatively.
- Can do something. - Example: 行かなくて (ikanakute) - not go and, 食べな
くて (tabenakute) - not eat and
- Example: 行ける (ikeru) - can go, 食べられる
(taberareru) - can eat

8. Volitional Form (意向形) - 〜よう / 〜おう

- Let's do something, or expressing will/intention.
- Example: 行こう (ikou) - let's go, 食べよう (tabeyou) -
let's eat