WiMAX

World ide Interoperabilit

Worldwide Interoperability for
microwave access
 Evolution from 3G to LTE
and Mobile WIMAX
Data Rate Comaparisons Among Different
Generations:
GENERATION DATA RATE(Kb/s)
3GPP HSPA Rel
Rel-6
6
` FDD 2x5 MHz Channel ` Uplink:
BW ` BPSK/QPSK
` Downlink: ` (1x2) SIMO
` QPSK/16QAM ` 5.8 Mbps Peak
` (1x2) SIMO ` Availability: 2007
` 14 Mbps
Mb Peak
P k

Mobile WiMAX Rel 1.0 ((TDD,, 10 MHz Channel BW)) has higher
g peak
p
rate & 2x to 3x greater DL sector throughput than
HSPA Rel-6

3
HSPA+ (HSPA Rel-7 and Rel-8)
The Next Step in 3GPP Evolution

FDD 2x5 MHz Channel BW – as in Rel-6

HSPA Rel-7 Enhancements1 (Availability: late 2008)

64QAM in DL with (1x2) SIMO or …
16QAM in DL with (2x2) MIMO
16QAM in UL
Higher VoIP Capacity

HSPA Rel-8 Enhancements (Expected availability: 2009)

Simultaneous
Si l DL support for
f (2x2)
(2 2) MIMO + 64QAM
Higher order MIMO & UL MIMO being considered2

4
5

3GPP & Mobile

3G ob e WiMAX Timeline
e e
Mobile WiMAX
Rel 1.0 Rel 1.5 Rel 2.0
802.16e-2005 802 16 Rev
802.16e R 2 802 16
802.16m

IP e2e Network
3GPP IMT
IMT-
HSPA HSPA+ Advanced
Rel-6 Rel-7 & Rel-8

Ckt Switched Network

LTE & LTE Advanced

IP e2e
Mobile WiMAX
time to market
Network
advantage
CDMA-Based OFDMA-Based

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Upgrade Path for Existing Operators
Radio Access Network Core Network
Backhaul
Network
2G, 3G, GSM, 2G, 3G, Core
T1,E1s
EVDO, HSPA Network

Next Generation All-IP Core

Access Network Increased BH
Network
Data Overlay or Replacement C
Capacity
it
LTE or WiMAX

Comparable CAPEX for WiMAX Conversion to all-IP core & increased backhaul
today or LTE in 2+ years. capacity
it required
i d iin either
ith case
Both require new spectrum
6
Introduction
d i to WIMAX
` The Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX) is a technology that aims to provide wireless
long-distance broadband access for a variety of
applications.
` It is intended primarily as an alternative to wire
technologies ( such as Cable Modems, DSL and T1/E1
li k ) to provide
links id broadband
b db d access to customer
premises.
WiMAX as a Wireless Network
` WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but:
` At higher speeds
` Over greater distances
` For a greater number of users.

` WiMAX
W MAX air interface
f is based
b d on a IEEE standard
d d
emerged from 802.16 working group.
` IEEE 802.16d
802 16d – 2004 Æ Fixed WiMAX
` IEEE 802.16e – 2005 Æ Mobile WiMAX
WiMAX vs. Wi
Wi-Fi
Fi

WiMax Wi-Fi Wi-Fi

Feature
(802.16a) (802.11b) (802.11a/g)
Primary Broadband Wireless
Wireless LAN Wireless LAN
Application Access
Range Up to 50km Up to 90m (30ft) Up to 90m (30ft)
Licensed/Unlicense
2.4 GHz ISM (g)
Frequency Band d 2.4 GHz ISM
5 GHz U
U-NII
NII (a)
2 G to 11 GHz
Channel Adjustable
25 MHz 20 MHz
Bandwidth 1.25 M to 20 MHz
OFDM Direct Sequence OFDM
Radio Technology
(256-channels) Spread Spectrum (64-channels)
Bandwidth
<=5 bps/Hz
p <=0.44 bps/Hz
p <=2.7 bps/Hz
p
Effi i
Efficiency
WiMAX vs. Wi
Wi-Fi
Fi contd.

WiMax Wi-Fi Wi-Fi

Feature
(802.16a) (802.11b) (802.11a/g)
BPSK, QPSK, BPSK, QPSK,
Modulation QPSK
16-, 64-, 256-QAM 16-, 64-QAM
Convolutional
Convolutional
FEC Code None
Code
Reed-Solomon
Mandatory-
M d 3DES Optional-
O l RC4 Optional-
O l RC4
Encryption
Optional- AES (AES in 802.11i) (AES in 802.11i)
Mobile WiMax
Mobility In development In development
(802 16e)
(802.16e)
Access Protocol Request/Grant CSMA/CA CSMA/CA
How it Works?

` WiMAX BS can cover up to 10km

` Overall coverage
g upp to 50km
` LOS operation: 10 to 66GHz
` NLOS operation: 2 to 11GHz
IEEE 802.16
Salient Features

` LOS and NLOS operation

` Adaptive modulation and coding
` Support
pp for TDD and FDD
` OFDM-based physical layer
` Veryy high
g peak
p data rates (up
( p to 74Mbps)
p)
` Robust security
` Support for Advanced Antenna Systems (MIMO)
` QoS Support
WiMAX PHY-Layer
OFDM Symbol Structure
` ICI may occur due time/frequency mismatch. These can be
accounted for by choosing suitable PHY parameters to
match the channel conditions.
Mobile WiMAX
IEEE 802.16e
 M bil WiMAX S
Mobile Standard
d d
Feature IEEE 802.16e-2005
Frequency Band 2GHz–11GHz for fixed;
2GHz–6GHz for mobile
applications

Channel bandwidths 1.75MHz, 3.5MHz, 7MHz,

14MHz, 1.25MHz, 5MHz,
10MHz, 15MHz, 8.75MHz

Gross data rate 1Mbps–75Mbps

Application Fixed and mobile NLOS
MAC architecture Point-to-multipoint, mesh
 M bil WiMAX S
Mobile Standard
d d
Feature IEEE 802.16e-2005

Transmission
T i i Single
Si l carrier,
i 256 OFDM
scheme or scalable OFDM with
128, 512, 1,024, or 2,048
subcarriers
Modulation QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM
Multiplexing
p g Burst TDM/TDMA/
OFDMA
Duplexing TDD and FDD
Air-interface
Ai i t f WirelessMAN-SCa
Wi l MAN SC
designation WirelessMAN-OFDM
WirelessMAN-OFDMA
WirelessHUMANa
WiMAX Scalable OFDMA as
implementation Mobile WiMAX
Salient Features of Mobile WiMAX

` WiMAX can provide

id two fforms off wireless
i l service:
i
` Non-line-of-sight:
` Here a small antenna on your computer connects to
the WiMAX tower. In this mode, WiMAX uses a
lower frequency range :
2 GHz to 11 GHz (similar to WiFi).
` Line-of-sight:
` A fixed dish antenna points straight at the WiMAX
tower from a rooftop or pole. Line-of-sight
transmissions use higher frequencies,
frequencies with ranges
reaching a possible 66 GHz.
Salient Features of Mobile WiMAX

` Very high data rates:

` The peak PHY data rate can be as high as 74Mbps when
operating
p g usingg a 20MHz wide spectrum.
p
` More typically, using a 10MHz spectrum operating using
TDD scheme with a 3:1 downlink-to-uplink ratio, the peak
PHY data
d t rate
t isi about
b t 25Mbps
25Mb and d 6.7Mbps
6 7Mb for
f the
th
downlink and the uplink, respectively.
` Scalability:
` WiMAX has a scalable physical-layer architecture that allows
for the data rate to scale easily with available channel
bandwidth.
Salient Features of Mobile WiMAX
` Adaptive Modulation and Coding:
` WiMAX supports a variety of modulation and coding schemes
and allows for the scheme to change on a burst-by-burst basis
per link, depending on channel conditions.
` Link Layer Retransmissions:
` WiMAX supports automatic retransmission requests (ARQ) at
the link layer for connections that require enhanced reliability.
reliability
Salient Features of Mobile WiMAX
` Support for TDD and FDD:
` IEEE 802.16e
802 16e-2005
2005 supports both time division duplexing and
frequency division duplexing.
` Flexible and dynamic per user resource allocation:
` Both uplink and downlink resource allocation are controlled by
a scheduler in the base station. Capacity is shared among
multiple users on a demand basis.
Salient
` : Features of Mobile WiMAX
` Support
pp for advanced antenna techniques
q
It uses multiple antennas at Tx and Rx for purposes such as Transmit
diversity, beam forming, and spatial multiplexing (SM).
` Quality-of-service
Quality of service support:
` The WiMAX MAC layer has a connection-oriented architecture that
is designed to support a variety of applications, including voice and
multimedia services.
` WiMAX system offers support for constant bit rate, variable bit rate,
real-time, and non-real-time traffic flows, in addition to best-effort
data traffic.
` WiMAX MAC is designed to support a large number of users, with
multiple connections per terminal, each with its own QoS
requirement.
Salient Features of Mobile WiMAX

` Robust security:
` WiMAX supports strong encryption, using Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES), and has a robust privacy and
key-management
key management protocol.
` The system also offers a very flexible authentication
architecture based on Extensible Authentication Protocol
(EAP), which allows for a variety of user credentials,
including username/password, digital certificates, and
smart cards.
` Support for mobility:
` The mobile WiMAX variant of the system has
mechanisms to support secure seamless handovers for
delay tolerant full-mobility
delay-tolerant full mobility applications
applications, such as VoIP.
VoIP
Salient Features of Mobile WiMAX

` IP-based architecture:
` The WiMAX Forum has defined a reference
network architecture that is based on an all-IP
platform. All end-to-end services are delivered
over an IP architecture
hit t relying
l i on IPIP-based
b d
protocols for end-to-end transport, QoS,
session management
management, security,
security and mobility.
mobility
Physical Layer Block Diagram
802.16m : Gigabit WiMAX
` Release 2.0
2 0 is based on the IEEE 802.16m
802 16m System
Requirements Document
` 802.16m Mirrors IMT-Advanced Requirements
` K Performance
Key P f Targets
T t are:
` Increased DL peak channel & user data rate
` Increased UL peak channel & user data rate
` 2x DL spectral efficiency of Release 1.0 (2.6 bps/Hz)
` 2x cell-edge DL user throughput of Release 1.0 (0.09 bps/Hz)
` 2x UL spectral efficiency of Release 1.0 (1.3 bps/Hz)
` 2x cell-edge UL user throughput of Release 1.0 (0.05 bps/Hz)
` R d i off the
Reduction h connection
i setup, RAN delay,
d l & handover
h d
interruption time
` >60 concurrent sessions per MHz per sector for the AMR 12.2 kbps
speech codec
` M l i C i support ffor contiguous
Multi-Carrier i or non-contiguous
i channels
h l ((up
to 100 MHz operating BW with band aggregation)
` Mobility support up to 500 km/hr
` Mobile WiMAX Rel 2.0 is backwards compatible with
Rel 1.5 and Rel 1.0
 Further Performance Enhancements
Planned for Mobile WiMAX Release 2.0

` Release 2.0 is based on the IEEE 802.16m System Requirements Document

` 802.16m Mirrors IMT-Advanced Requirements
` Key Performance Targets are:
` Increased DL peak channel & user data rate
` Increased UL peak channel & user data rate
` 2x DL spectral efficiency of Release 1.0 (2.6 bps/Hz)
` 2x cell-edge DL user throughput of Release 1.0 (0.09 bps/Hz)
` 2x UL spectral efficiency of Release 1.0 (1.3 bps/Hz)
` 2x cell-edge UL user throughput of Release 1.0 (0.05 bps/Hz)
` Reduction of the connection setup, RAN delay, & handover interruption time
` >60 concurrent sessions per MHz per sector for the AMR 12.2 kbps speech codec
` Multi-Carrier support
pp for contiguous
g or non-contiguous
g channels (up
( p to 100 MHz
operating BW with band aggregation)
` Mobility support up to 500 km/hr
` Mobile WiMAX Rel 2.0 is backwards compatible with Rel 1.5 and Rel 1.0

29
 WIMAX Detailed
Coding and Multiplexing
Techniques
Data Randomization
` Used to encrypt the signal at the beginning of every FEC
block
` Implemented by using a maximal-length shift register
Channel Coding
` The channel coding stage consists of:
` Randomization
` FEC (Forward Error Correction) Coding
` HARQ
` Interleaving
` Repetition
p
` Symbol Mapping

Symbol
Randomizer FEC Interleaver Repetition
Mapping

HARQ
Convolutional Coding

Generator polynomial for X: G1=(1111001)2=(171)oct

G
Generator
t polynomial
l i l ffor Y
Y: G2=(1011011)
(1011011)2=(133)
(133)oct
Interleaving & Symbol Mapping
` The first step of interleaving is mapping the adjacent bits
into non
non-adjacent
adjacent subcarriers. This provides frequency
diversity. The second step maps adjacent bits alternately
to LSB and MSB of the modulation constellation. This
reduces burst errors.
` After interleaving, the binary bit stream is converted to
complex value bits,
complex-value bits so as to match a certain constellation
(e.g. QPSK)
Tailbiting
` The 6 bits from the end of the data block are appended to
the beginning,
g g to be used as flush bits.

` These appended bits flush out the bits left in the encoder
by the previous FEC block.
block
` The first 12 parity bits that are generated by the
convolutional encoder which depend on the 6 bits left in
the encoder by the previous FEC block are discarded.
Puncturing:
` It is used to change the code rate of the
encoded code.
` It removes some parity bits to increase the
code rate.
` It allows the same low rate and low
complexity decoder to be used for the high
rate encoded signal.
` Example: For a code rate=1/2
` Omitting 2 out of 6 bits Æ code rate=3/4
` Omitting
O itti 1 outt off 4 bits
bit Æ code
d rate=2/3
t =2/3
` Puncturing patterns for convolutional coding:

` Example:
` For code rate=3/4:
` Instead of transmitting X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 we transmit X1Y1Y2X3
` At the receiver we insert zeros in the locations of the
punctured bits Æ X1Y10Y2X30
` The sequence is then decoded with a Viterbi Decoder, as usual.
 Concatenated Reed
Reed-Solomon
Solomon
Convolutional Code (RS-CC)
` FEC: concatenation of an outer RS code and a rate-
rate
compatible inner convolutional code supported on both UL
and DL.
` Reed--Solomon Coding:
Reed
` Systematic RS code (N=255, K=239, T=8) using GF(28)
` Code Generator Polynomial: g(x)=(x+λ0)(x+λ1)(x+λ2)...(x+λ15) where
2t-1=15
` Field Generator Polynomial:
p(x)=x8+x4+x3+x2+1
Mandatory Channel
Modulation Uncoded CodedCoding Per Modulation
Overall RS Code CC Code
Block Size Block Size Coding Rate
(bytes) (bytes) Rate

BPSK 12 24 1/2 (12,12,0) 1/2

QPSK 24 48 1/2 (32,24,4) 2/3

QPSK 36 48 3/4 (40 36 2)

(40,36,2) 5/6

16-QAM 48 96 1/2 (64,48,8) 2/3

16-QAM 72 96 3/4 (80,72,4) 5/6

64-QAM 96 144 2/3 (108,96,6) 3/4

64-QAM 108 144 3/4 (120,108,6) 5/6

Interleaving
` All encoded data bits are interleaved by a block interleaver.
` I t l i iis a ttwo-
Interleaving two-step
t process:
1. Adjacent coded bits are mapped onto nonadjacent subcarriers
((Frequency
q y Diversity).
y)
2. Adjacent bits are alternately mapped to less and more
significant bits of the modulation constellation.
` IInterleaving
l i iis performed
f d on each
h FEC bl
blockk
independently.
` The relation between the bit indices before & after
interleaving is given by:
` First Permutation:

⎛ NC ⎞ ⎛k⎞
mk = ⎜ ⎟k mod( d ) + floor ⎜ ⎟
⎝ d ⎠ ⎝d ⎠
` Second Permutation:

⎛ mk ⎞ ⎛⎜ ⎛ d .mk ⎞⎞
jk = s. floor ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ mk + N C − floor ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ ⎟
⎝ NC ⎠ ⎠ mod(d )
` NC : total number of bits per block
` s=M/2 , M: Modulation index
` d=16 (arbitrary parameter)
` First Permutation:

1 17 33 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

2 18 34 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
3 19 35 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
4 20 36 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
5 21 37 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
6 22 38 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
7 23 39 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
8 24 40 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
9 25 41 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
10 26 42 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
11 27 43 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
12 28 44 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
13 29 45 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
14 30 46 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
15 31 47 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
16 32 48 .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
` Second Permutation:

` The points 0000,

0000,0001,
0001,0101 and 0100 have the lowest power,
while 1010,
1010,1011,
1011,1111 and
and1110
1110 have the highest power.
` Bits are alternately mapped into less and more significant bits
of the constellation diagram.
g
` The second stage is carried out only in case of 16QAM
16QAM and
64QAM.
64 QAM.
Advantages of Interleaving:
` Protection against burst errors.
errors
Without Interleaving:
Message AAAABBBBCCCCDDDD Æ Burst Error Æ
AAAA
AAAA____CCCCDDDD
CCCCDDDD
With Interleaving:
Message: AAAABBBBCCCCDDDD
Interleaving Æ ABCDABCDABCDABCD
BURST ERROR Æ ABCD____ABCDABCD
After De-interleaving: A_AAB_BBC_CCD_DD

Disadvantages of Interleaving:
` Increases latency (time taken for a sent data packet to reach the
receiver).
` When convolutional turbo codes are used, the interleaver
is bypassed,
bypassed since a sub
sub-block
block interleaver is used within the
encoder.
Symbol Mapping
` The sequence of binary bits is converted to a sequence of
complex-valued
complex valued symbols.

QPSK 64 QAM

16 QAM
` The modulation schemes used are QPSK, 16QAM and
64QAM.
Q
` For the downlink, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM are used.
` For the uplink, 64QAM is optional.

` Each modulation constellation is scaled by a number “c”

such
h that
h the
h average transmitted
i d power is i unity:
i
` QPSK: c=1/ √ 2
` 16QAM: c= 1/ √ 10
` 64QAM: c= 1/ √ 42
TDD (Time Division Duplex)
` TDD requires only one channel for transmitting downlink and uplink sub-
sub
frames at two distinct time slots.

` The IEEE 802.16e-2005 air-interface supports both TDD and FDD modes
,however, the initial release of mobile WiMAX profiles only includes the
TDD mode of operation.
Mobile WiMAX TDD Details
‰ The TDD mode is preferred for the following reasons:
` TDD enables adjustment of the DL/UL ratio to efficiently support
symmetric and asymmetric broadband traffic. while with FDD, DL
and UL always have fixed and generally, equal bandwidths.

` As TDD only requires a single channel for both DL and UL therefore

has higher spectral efficiency than FDD.

` Transceiver designs for TDD implementations are less complex and

therefore less expensive.
p

` TDD assures channel reciprocity for better support of link

adaptation,
d t ti MIMO and d other
th closed
l d loop
l advanced
d d antenna
t
technologies such as transmit beam-forming.
TDD Frame Structure
` Each frame is divided into DL and UL sub-frames separated by TTG and
RTG(Transmit/Receive and Receive/Transmit Transition Gaps)
to prevent DL and UL transmission collisions.

` The downlink-to-uplink-subframe
p ratio mayy be varied from 3:1 to 1:1 to support
pp
different traffic profiles.

` In a frame,
frame many control information are used to ensure optimal system operation:

‰ Preamble:
ƒ The preamble is the first OFDM symbol of the frame .
ƒ The preamble can be used for a variety of PHY layer procedures
such as time and frequency synchronization, initial channel estimation, and noise
and interference estimation.
ƒ To create the preamble BPSK modulation is used.
‰ FCH(Frame control header):
` It provides the frame configuration information such as the modulation and
codingg scheme and usable sub-channels.
‰ DL-MAP and UL-MAP:
` They provide subchannel allocation and Multiple users data regions within the
frame and other control information for the DL and UL sub-frames respectively.
It is often sent over a very reliable link,
link such as BPSK with rate 1/2 coding and
repetition coding .
‰ DL-channel descriptor (DCD) and UL-channel descriptor (UCD)
` It contains additional control information to describe the channel structure and
the various burst profiles that are allowed within the given BS.
‰ UL Ranging:
` The UL ranging sub-channel is allocated for mobile stations (MS) to perform
closed-loop time,
time frequency,
frequency and power adjustment as well as bandwidth requests
requests.
‰ UL CQICH:
` The UL CQICH channel is allocated for the MS to feedback channel state
information.
‰ UL ACK:
` The UL ACK is allocated for the MS to feedback DL HARQ ( Hybrid Automatic
Repeat Request ) acknowledge.
` Burst Regions is used as Data regions from different users.
users
Calculation of the total number of bits in one TDD frame:
‰ TTG & RTG :
` Frame duration is almost 5 ms (it is variable from 2 ms to 20 ms).
` Each frame has 47 OFDM symbols each symbol duration is 102.9 μs.

1.UL-PUSC
‰ No of bits in the UL subframe = No of Data Symbols × Mi × Rc
Where Mi is 1 in case of BPSK , 2 in case of QPSK,
Where, QPSK 4 in case of 16QAM,
16QAM 6 in case of
64QAM
‰ No of Data symbols= No of Data Symbols/slot × No of Slots

‰ No of Data Symbols/slot = (12-4) × 6 = 48 symbols .

‰ No of slots = ‫۽ ܎ܗ ܗܖ ܔ܉ܜܗܜ‬۴۲‫ ܌܍ܛܝ ܎ܗ ܗۼ × ۺ܃ ܖܑ ܛܔܗ܊ܕܡܛ ۻ‬SC

3 6×4
‰ T‫۽ ܎ܗ ܗܖ ܔ܉ܜܗ‬۴۲‫ ۺ܃ ܖܑ ܛܔܗ܊ܕܡܛ ۻ‬in case of ( 3 : 1 )ratio operation =
d
duration
i off UL fframe 1 25
1.25m
duration in one OFDM symbol 102.9 μ 12 Symbols
2.DL-PUSC
‰No of bits in the DL subframe = No of Data Symbols × Mi × Rc
Where Mi is 1 in case of BPSK , 2 in case of QPSK,
Where, QPSK 4 in case of 16QAM,
16QAM 6 in case of
64QAM .

‰ No of Data symbols= No of Data Symbols/slot × No of Slots

‰ No of Data Symbols/slot = (28-4) × 2 = 48 symbols .

‰ No of slots = ‫۽ ܎ܗ ܗܖ ܔ܉ܜܗܜ‬۴۲‫ ܖܑ ܛܔܗ܊ܕܡܛ ۻ‬D‫ ۺ‬-1× ‫ ܌܍ܛܝ ܎ܗ ܗۼ‬SC

2 2 × 14

‰ T‫۽ ܎ܗ ܗܖ ܔ܉ܜܗ‬۴۲‫ ܖܑ ܛܔܗ܊ܕܡܛ ۻ‬D‫ ۺ‬in case of ( 3 : 1 )ratio operation =

duration of DL frame 3.75m
duration in one OFDM symbol 102.9 μ 35 Symbols
 SOFDMA
` The FFT size is scalable from 128 to 2048
` When the available bandwidth increases, the FFT size
is also increased such that the subcarrier spacing is
always 10.94kHz
Parameter Scalable OFDM-PHY
FFT Sizes 128, 512, 1024, 2048
Number of Data subcarriers 72 360,
72, 360 720,
720 1440

Number of pilot subcarriers * 12, 60, 120, 240

Number of guard band/null subcarriers 44, 92, 184, 368

Cyclic Prefix 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4

Channel BW (MHz) 1.25, 5, 10, 20
*For DL PUSC
WiMAX Applications
` WMANs
` R lA
Rural Area BBroadband
db d Services
S
` Last-Mile High speed access to buildings
` Wi l
Wireless B
Backhaul
kh l
` Enterprise/Private Networks
` Wireless Vide
Video SSurveillance
r eillance
` Voice over IP (VoIP)
` Other:
` ATMs, Online Gaming, Multimedia communication, Medical
Applications,Vehicle data and voice, Real-time monitoring,
Sensor networks