WEB FRAMEWORKS (QUESTION BANK SOLUTIONS):

UNIT –2

1) Illustrate the concept of NgModule in Angular. Provide a step-by-step

explanation of how to create and configure a module.

In Angular, an NgModule (short for Angular Module) is a class marked by the

@NgModule decorator that allows you to organize and configure the different
parts of your application. These parts can include components, directives,
pipes, services, and more. NgModules help to keep your Angular application
modular, reusable, and maintainable.

Here's a step-by-step explanation of how to create and configure an

NgModule in Angular:

1. **Create a new Angular application:**

If you haven't already set up an Angular application, you can create one
using the Angular CLI (Command Line Interface). Open your terminal or
command prompt and run the following command:
```

ng new my-app
```

Replace `my-app` with the name of your application.

2. **Navigate to your project directory:**

 Once the Angular application is created, navigate into the project directory:
```

cd my-app
```

3. **Generate a new module:**

Use the Angular CLI to generate a new module. Modules are typically placed
in the `src/app` directory. Run the following command:
```

ng generate module my-module

```

Replace `my-module` with the name you want to give to your module.

4. **Configure the module:**

Open the generated module file (e.g., `src/app/my-module/my-

module.module.ts`) in your code editor. The module file will look something
like this:

```typescript

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

@NgModule({
declarations: [], // Components, directives, and pipes belong to this
module.
 imports: [CommonModule], // Other modules that this module requires.
exports: [], // Components, directives, and pipes to be used outside this
module.
providers: [], // Services to be provided at this module level.

})
export class MyModule { }

```

- `declarations`: This array contains the list of components, directives, and

pipes that belong to this module.
- `imports`: This array contains the list of other modules that this module
depends on. The `CommonModule` is imported by default, providing
commonly used directives such as `ngIf` and `ngFor.

- `exports`: This array contains the list of components, directives, and pipes
that can be used outside this module.

- `providers`: This array contains the list of services that are provided at this
module level. Any service listed here will be available across all components
in this module.

5. **Use the module in your application:**

Once the module is configured, you can use it in your application. For
example, you can import the module into your `AppModule` (the root module
of your application) or any other feature module. Open the `app.module.ts`
file (located in the `src/app` directory) and import your module:

```typescript
 import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';

import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

import { MyModule } from './my-module/my-module.module'; // Import your

module

@NgModule({
declarations: [

AppComponent
],
imports: [

BrowserModule,
MyModule // Include your module here

],
providers: [],

bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})

export class AppModule { }

```

6. **Using components, directives, and pipes from the module:**

Now, you can use any components, directives, or pipes declared in your
module in your application's templates. For example, if your module contains
a component named `MyComponent`, you can use it in your
`app.component.html` like this:

```html

<app-my-component></app-my-component>
```

That's it! You've created and configured an NgModule in your Angular

application. Modules help you to organize and manage the different parts of
your application effectively.

2) Design an Angular module structure for a hypothetical e-commerce

application. Justify your module design choices.

For a hypothetical e-commerce application, we can design the Angular

module structure to encapsulate different features and functionalities into
separate modules to achieve modularity, reusability, and maintainability.
Below is a proposed module structure along with justification for each
module:

1. **Core Module:**

The core module contains services, interceptors, and singleton objects that
are shared throughout the application. It ensures that core functionalities are
available globally and helps in organizing common features.

```typescript

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

 import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

import { AuthService } from './services/auth.service';

import { AuthInterceptor } from './interceptors/auth.interceptor';

@NgModule({
declarations: [],

imports: [
CommonModule,

HttpClientModule
],

providers: [
AuthService,

AuthInterceptor,
{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: AuthInterceptor, multi: true }

]
})
export class CoreModule { }
```

2. **Shared Module:**
The shared module contains components, directives, and pipes that are
commonly used across multiple feature modules. It helps in reducing code
duplication and ensures consistency across the application.
 ```typescript

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

import { FormsModule, ReactiveFormsModule } from '@angular/forms';

import { HeaderComponent } from
'./components/header/header.component';

import { FooterComponent } from './components/footer/footer.component';

import { SidebarComponent } from
'./components/sidebar/sidebar.component';

@NgModule({

declarations: [
HeaderComponent,

FooterComponent,
SidebarComponent

],
imports: [

CommonModule,
FormsModule,

ReactiveFormsModule
],

exports: [
HeaderComponent,
 FooterComponent,
SidebarComponent,

FormsModule,
ReactiveFormsModule

]
})

export class SharedModule { }

```

3. **Authentication Module:**
The authentication module handles user authentication and authorization-
related features such as login, registration, and authentication guards.

```typescript

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

import { LoginComponent } from './login/login.component';

import { RegistrationComponent } from
'./registration/registration.component';
import { AuthGuard } from './guards/auth.guard';

@NgModule({
declarations: [

LoginComponent,
 RegistrationComponent
],

imports: [
CommonModule,

SharedModule // Reuse shared module components and directives

],

providers: [
AuthGuard

]
})

export class AuthModule { }

```

4. **Product Module:**
The product module manages product-related functionalities such as
product listing, details, search, and filtering.

```typescript

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

import { ProductListComponent } from './product-list/product-

list.component';

import { ProductDetailComponent } from './product-detail/product-

detail.component';
 import { ProductService } from './services/product.service';

@NgModule({
declarations: [

ProductListComponent,
ProductDetailComponent
],

imports: [
CommonModule,

SharedModule // Reuse shared module components and directives

],

providers: [
ProductService

]
})

export class ProductModule { }

```

5. **Cart Module:**
The cart module manages shopping cart functionalities such as
adding/removing items, updating quantities, and checkout process.

```typescript
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
 import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
import { CartComponent } from './cart/cart.component';

import { CheckoutComponent } from './checkout/checkout.component';

import { CartService } from './services/cart.service';

@NgModule({
declarations: [

CartComponent,
CheckoutComponent

],
imports: [

CommonModule,
SharedModule // Reuse shared module components and directives

],
providers: [

CartService
]
})
export class CartModule { }

```

6. **Order Module:**

The order module handles order-related functionalities such as order

history, tracking, and details.
 ```typescript

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

import { OrderHistoryComponent } from './order-history/order-

history.component';
import { OrderDetailComponent } from './order-detail/order-
detail.component';
import { OrderService } from './services/order.service';

@NgModule({
declarations: [

OrderHistoryComponent,
OrderDetailComponent

],
imports: [

CommonModule,
SharedModule // Reuse shared module components and directives

],
providers: [

OrderService
]

})
export class OrderModule { }
 ```

By organizing the application into separate modules, we achieve better

separation of concerns, easier maintenance, and improved scalability. Each
module encapsulates related features and can be developed, tested, and
maintained independently. Additionally, the shared module ensures
consistency and reusability of common components and directives across
the application.

3. Discuss the benefits of using Angular modules in a large-scale application.

Provide examples.

Using Angular modules in a large-scale application offers several benefits,

including:

1. **Modularity:** Angular modules allow you to organize your application

into cohesive units of functionality. This makes it easier to manage,
understand, and maintain your codebase, especially as your application
grows larger.

2. **Encapsulation:** Modules encapsulate components, directives,

services, and other artifacts, preventing naming collisions and scope
pollution. Each module can have its own private space, reducing the risk of
conflicts between different parts of your application.

3. **Reusability:** Modules can be reused across different parts of your

application or even in different projects. By encapsulating related
functionality into modules, you can easily share and distribute them,
promoting code reuse and reducing duplication.
4. **Lazy Loading:** Angular modules support lazy loading, which means
modules are only loaded when they are needed. This improves the initial load
time of your application and reduces the overall bundle size by splitting it into
smaller, more manageable chunks.

5. **Dependency Injection:** Angular's dependency injection system works

at the module level, allowing you to provide dependencies to components,
services, and other artifacts within a module. This promotes loose coupling
and makes it easier to write testable and maintainable code.

Here are some examples demonstrating the benefits of using Angular

modules in a large-scale application:

**1. Modularity:**

Let's say you have an e-commerce application with separate modules for
product management, user authentication, and order processing:

```typescript
// Product Module

@NgModule({
declarations: [ProductListComponent, ProductDetailComponent],

imports: [CommonModule, SharedModule],

providers: [ProductService]
})

export class ProductModule {}

 // Auth Module

@NgModule({
declarations: [LoginComponent, RegistrationComponent],

imports: [CommonModule, SharedModule],

providers: [AuthService, AuthGuard]
})

export class AuthModule {}

// Order Module
@NgModule({
declarations: [OrderHistoryComponent, OrderDetailComponent],

imports: [CommonModule, SharedModule],

providers: [OrderService]

})
export class OrderModule {}

```

**2. Lazy Loading:**

You can lazy load feature modules to improve initial load time and optimize
performance:

```typescript
 const routes: Routes = [
{ path: 'products', loadChildren: () =>
import('./product/product.module').then(m => m.ProductModule) },
{ path: 'auth', loadChildren: () => import('./auth/auth.module').then(m =>
m.AuthModule) },
{ path: 'orders', loadChildren: () => import('./order/order.module').then(m
=> m.OrderModule) },
{ path: '', redirectTo: 'products', pathMatch: 'full' }

];
```

**3. Dependency Injection:**

Angular's dependency injection system allows you to provide services at the

module level and inject them into components:

```typescript

// Product Service
@Injectable()

export class ProductService {

constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}

// Methods for fetching products, etc.

}

// Product Module
 @NgModule({
providers: [ProductService]

})
export class ProductModule {}

```

In summary, Angular modules provide a powerful mechanism for organizing,

encapsulating, and managing the different parts of your application. By
leveraging modules effectively, you can improve the structure, scalability, and
maintainability of your Angular application, especially in large-scale projects.

3(ii). Explain the role of lazy loading in Angular modules and how it contributes
to application performance.

Lazy loading in Angular refers to the practice of loading modules only when
they are needed, rather than loading the entire application upfront. This
improves application performance by reducing the initial bundle size and load
time, especially for large-scale applications with multiple feature modules.

Here's how lazy loading works in Angular and how it contributes to application
performance:

1. **On-demand Loading:** When a user navigates to a route that requires a

lazy-loaded module, Angular loads that module asynchronously. This means
that only the code necessary for that particular route is fetched and executed,
while the rest of the application remains untouched.
2. **Smaller Initial Bundle Size:** By lazy loading feature modules, you can
split your application into smaller chunks, each containing only the code
necessary for specific functionality. This significantly reduces the initial
bundle size, resulting in faster load times, particularly for applications with a
large number of features.

3. **Faster Initial Load Time:** Since Angular loads only the essential
modules upfront and defers loading other modules until they are needed, the
initial load time of the application is greatly improved. Users can see and
interact with the core functionality of the application more quickly, enhancing
the overall user experience.

4. **Optimized Network Usage:** Lazy loading helps optimize network usage

by fetching resources on-demand. This can be especially beneficial for
mobile users or users with limited bandwidth, as it reduces the amount of
data transferred during the initial load.

5. **Improved Developer Experience:** Lazy loading promotes a modular

architecture, making it easier to manage and maintain large-scale
applications. Developers can organize their code into separate feature
modules, which can be developed, tested, and deployed independently.

Here's an example of how to implement lazy loading in Angular:

```typescript

// app-routing.module.ts

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { Routes, RouterModule } from '@angular/router';

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: 'dashboard', loadChildren: () =>
import('./dashboard/dashboard.module').then(m => m.DashboardModule) },
{ path: 'products', loadChildren: () =>
import('./products/products.module').then(m => m.ProductsModule) },

// Other routes...
];

@NgModule({
imports: [RouterModule.forRoot(routes)],

exports: [RouterModule]
})

export class AppRoutingModule { }

```

In the above example:

- Each route is associated with a loadChildren function that asynchronously

loads the corresponding module when the route is activated.
- When a user navigates to '/dashboard', Angular loads the
'DashboardModule' lazily.
- Similarly, when navigating to '/products', Angular loads the
'ProductsModule' lazily.
- This approach ensures that only the necessary modules are loaded when
navigating to specific routes, contributing to better application performance.

4. Describe the role of Dependency Injection in Angular services. Provide an

example of a service being injected into a component.

Dependency Injection (DI) in Angular is a design pattern and mechanism for

providing objects that a class (such as a component, directive, or service)
needs to perform its function. DI helps to manage the dependencies between
different parts of your application and promotes loose coupling, making your
code more modular, reusable, and testable.

In Angular, services are a commonly used type of dependency that can be

injected into components, directives, and other services. Services are used to
encapsulate reusable logic or data that can be shared across different parts
of your application.

Here's how Dependency Injection works in Angular services:

1. **Provider Registration:** Angular's DI system maintains a registry of

provider objects. Providers are responsible for creating and managing
instances of the services they provide. You can register providers at different
levels: at the module level, component level, or as a root-level provider.

2. **Injection Tokens:** Each service in Angular is associated with an

injection token, which serves as a key for looking up the provider from the DI
registry. The injection token is typically the service class itself or an abstract
class or interface that the service implements.
3. **Injection Tree:** Angular's DI system constructs an injection tree that
represents the relationships between different parts of your application and
their dependencies. When a component or other consumer requests a
dependency, Angular traverses this tree to find the appropriate provider and
injects the dependency into the consumer.

Here's an example of how a service can be injected into a component in

Angular:

1. **Define a Service:**

```typescript

// product.service.ts
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root', // Register the service at the root level

})
export class ProductService {
getProducts() {

// Logic to fetch products from an API or other data source

return ['Product 1', 'Product 2', 'Product 3'];

}
}

```
2. **Inject the Service into a Component:**

```typescript
// product-list.component.ts

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

import { ProductService } from './product.service';

@Component({
selector: 'app-product-list',

templateUrl: './product-list.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./product-list.component.css']

})
export class ProductListComponent implements OnInit {
products: string[];

constructor(private productService: ProductService) { }

ngOnInit(): void {
this.products = this.productService.getProducts();

}
}

```
3. **Use the Service in the Component Template:**

```html
<!-- product-list.component.html -->

<div>
<h2>Products</h2>
<ul>

<li *ngFor="let product of products">{{ product }}</li>

</ul>

</div>
```

In this example:

- The `ProductService` class is a service that provides a method

`getProducts()` to fetch a list of products.
- The `ProductListComponent` class is a component that injects the
`ProductService` using constructor injection.
- In the `ngOnInit` lifecycle hook, the component uses the injected
`ProductService` to fetch the list of products and assigns it to the
`products` property.

- The component template then iterates over the `products` array and
displays each product in a list.
This demonstrates how Dependency Injection allows you to inject services
into Angular components, making it easy to share functionality and data
across different parts of your application.