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    IoT 2M Answers

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    rajveerksarraf

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    IoT 2M Answers

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    6 views9 pages

    IoT 2M Answers

    Uploaded by

    rajveerksarraf

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 9

    IoT 2M Answers

    1. Explain the Application of IOT in Health


    Monitoring system

    Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM): IoT devices such as wearable sensors,


    smartwatches, and medical-grade wearables are equipped with various sensors to
    continuously monitor vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen
    saturation, temperature, and activity levels
    Chronic Disease Management: IoT-enabled health monitoring systems play a
    crucial role in managing chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and
    heart disease.

    2. Explain Communication technology IEEE


    802.15.4 in detail.

    • The MAC layer of IEEE 802.15.4 defines various protocols and mechanisms for
    channel access, addressing, frame formatting, and error detection.
    • It supports two main operation modes: beacon-enabled mode and non-
    beacon-enabled mode.
    • In beacon-enabled mode, the network coordinator periodically transmits
    beacon frames to synchronize and schedule communication with other
    devices in the network.
    •

    Power Management:

    • IEEE 802.15.4 is designed for low-power operation, making it suitable for


    battery-powered devices and energy-constrained applications.
    •

    3. Write Short note BLE


    4. Write short note ZigBee

    Low Power Consumption: Zigbee is optimized for energy efficiency, allowing devices to
    operate on battery power for extended periods,

    Mesh Networking: Zigbee supports mesh networking, where devices can relay data
    through intermediate nodes.

    Low Data Rate: Zigbee is designed for low-data-rate communication, typically ranging
    from 20 to 250 kbps

    5. Compare Bluetooth and ZigBee


    S.
    No. Bluetooth Zigbee

    The Bluetooth SIG (Special The Zigbee Alliance is responsible


    Interest Group) is the for managing Zigbee and testing and
    1. organization responsible for approving Zigbee-based devices.
    managing Bluetooth standards IEEE standardizes all Zigbee-based
    and devices. protocols.

    The frequency range supported While the frequency range


    2. in Bluetooth varies from 2.4 supported in Zigbee is mostly 2.4
    GHz to 2.483 GHz. GHz worldwide.

    There are seventy nine RF There are sixteen RF channels in


    3.
    channels in Bluetooth. Zigbee.

    Whereas it also uses BPSK and


    It uses GFSK modulation
    4. QPSK modulation techniques like
    technique.
    UWB.
    S.
    No. Bluetooth Zigbee

    While there are more than sixty-five


    There is a maximum of 8 cell
    5. thousand (65000) cell nodes in
    nodes in Bluetooth.
    ZigBee.

    The radio signal range of While the radio signal range of


    8.
    Bluetooth is ten meters. Zigbee is ten to hundred meters.

    6. Explain LORA Communication

    7. Explain What is Gateways.


    Gateways in IoT serve as bridges between IoT devices and the cloud or central
    server. They aggregate data from diverse devices, translate protocols for seamless
    integration, and preprocess data at the edge of the network to reduce latency.
    Advanced gateways support edge computing for real-time processing, enforce
    security measures, and operate offline to ensure data continuity during
    connectivity disruptions. In essence, gateways play a vital role in facilitating
    communication, data processing, and management within IoT ecosystems.
    Data Processing and Filtering: Gateways can perform data preprocessing tasks
    such as filtering, aggregation, and basic analytics at the edge of the network
    Communication Hub: Gateways act as communication hubs that aggregate data
    from multiple IoT devices within a network
    8. Diffrentiate Between IOT and M2M.

    9. Write a short note -CoaP


    10. Write short note- MQTT
    MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight, publish-subscribe messaging
    protocol commonly used in IoT, M2M (Machine to Machine), and mobile applications.

    1. Lightweight and Efficient: MQTT is designed to be lightweight and efficient,


    making it ideal for constrained environments such as IoT devices with limited
    processing power and bandwidth.

    2. Publish-Subscribe Model: MQTT follows a publish-subscribe messaging


    pattern, where publishers send messages (known as "publish") to a central
    broker, and subscribers receive messages (known as "subscribe") from the
    broker based on topics of interest
    11. Advantage of CoaP over HTTP
    Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) offers several advantages over HTTP (Hypertext
    Transfer Protocol), particularly in constrained environments such as IoT (Internet of Things)
    devices and networks. Here are some key advantages of CoAP over HTTP:

    Efficient Communication: CoAP is designed to be lightweight and efficient, making it


    suitable for constrained devices with limited processing power, memory, and bandwidth.
    Unlike HTTP, which has a relatively high overhead

    Low Power Consumption: CoAP is optimized for low-power communication, enabling


    devices to conserve energy and prolong battery life

    Built-in Support for UDP: CoAP operates over UDP (User Datagram Protocol) by default,
    which is a connectionless and lightweight transport protocol. UDP's simplicity and low
    overhead make it more suitable than TCP

    Native Support for Resource Discovery: CoAP includes built-in support for resource
    discovery, allowing clients to discover available resources on a CoAP server without relying
    on external mechanisms

    12. Explain XML Format


    Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language and file format for storing,
    transmitting, and reconstructing arbitrary data. It defines a set of rules for encoding
    documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable
    Syntax: XML documents consist of text-based data organized into a hierarchical
    structure of elements. Each element is enclosed within angle brackets ("<" and ">") and
    can contain attributes and data

    Tags and Elements: XML documents are composed of tags, which represent elements in
    the document's structure. Tags come in pairs: an opening tag ("<element>")

    Hierarchy: XML documents have a hierarchical structure, with elements nested within
    each other to represent relationships between data

    Root Element: Every XML document has a single root element that serves as the top-
    level container for all other elements in the document.
    13. Explain CoaP and its advantages.

    Efficiency: CoAP is designed to be lightweight and efficient, making it well-suited for


    resource-constrained devices with limited processing power, memory, and bandwidth

    Low Power Consumption: CoAP is optimized for low-power communication, enabling


    devices to conserve energy and extend battery life.

    Asynchronous Communication: CoAP supports asynchronous communication through its


    non-blocking request-response model, allowing multiple transactions to occur concurrently
    over a single connection.

    Built-in Support for Resource Discovery: CoAP includes built-in support for resource
    discovery, allowing clients to discover available resources on CoAP servers without relying on
    external mechanisms

    Proxying and Caching: CoAP supports proxying and caching mechanisms, allowing
    intermediate nodes to cache frequently accessed resources and act as proxies for clients and
    servers

    14. Explain MQTT protocols used in IOT.


    MQTT is a standards-based messaging protocol, or set of rules, used for machine-to-
    machine communication. Smart sensors, wearables, and other Internet of Things
    (IoT) devices typically have to transmit and receive data over a resource-constrained
    network with limited bandwidth. These IoT devices use MQTT for data transmission,
    as it is easy to implement and can communicate IoT data efficiently. MQTT supports
    messaging between devices to the cloud and the cloud to the device.

    Lightweight and efficient


    MQTT implementation on the IoT device requires minimal resources, so it can even be used on
    small microcontrollers. For example, a minimal MQTT control message can be as little as two
    data bytes. MQTT message headers are also small so that you can optimize network bandwidth.

    Scalable
    MQTT implementation requires a minimal amount of code that consumes very little power in
    operations. The protocol also has built-in features to support communication with a large number
    of IoT devices. Hence, you can implement the MQTT protocol to connect with millions of these
    devices.

    Reliable
    Many IoT devices connect over unreliable cellular networks with low bandwidth and high latency.
    MQTT has built-in features that reduce the time the IoT device takes to reconnect with the cloud.
    It also defines three different quality-of-service levels to ensure reliability for IoT use cases— at
    most once (0), at least once (1), and exactly once (2).

    Secure
    MQTT makes it easy for developers to encrypt messages and authenticate devices and users
    using modern authentication protocols, such as OAuth, TLS1.3, Customer Managed Certificates,
    and more.

    Publish-Subscribe Model: MQTT follows a publish-subscribe messaging pattern,


    where clients (devices or applications) can publish messages to topics or
    subscribe to receive messages from specific topics.

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