OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

(23EN1202)

UNIT-1: INTRODUCTION TO OOP AND PYTHON

Dr.Sridhar M Prof. Shilpa Sudheendran Prof. Priyanka S. Marellavar

Associate Professor - CSE Assistant Professor - CSE Assistant Professor - CSE

Email-id: Email-id: Email-id: -

Faculty Cabin: Faculty Cabin: A539 Faculty Cabin: A539

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 UNIT – II 5 Hours
FUNCTIONS AND MODULES:
Need for functions, Function definition, Function call, Scope, Return
statement, Lambda functions, Recursive functions, Modules.
(Chapter 5: 5.1 to 5.11)
PYTHON STRINGS:
String operations, Immutable, string formatting operator, built-in string
methods, string slices, membership operator, comparing strings, Iterating
strings.
(Chapter 6: 6.1 to 6.9)

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 Unit-2
Python Strings
• Python string datatype is a sequence made up of one or more individual characters
where characters are letters, digits, whitespaces or any other symbol.
• Python treats strings as contiguous series of characters delimited by single,double
or triple quotes.
• Python has built in string class “str”.
• We can declare a string in several ways
• Eg: name=“India”
Country= name
graduate=‘N’
nationality=str(“Indian”)
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 Introduction
• Indexing:
• Individual characters in a string are accessed using subscript [ ] operator.
• The expression in brackets is called index.
• The index specifies a member of an ordered set and here it specifies the character
we want to access from given set of characters in a string.
• The index of first character is 0 and last is n-1 where n is number of characters in a
string.
• If you try tom exceed bounds that is below 0 and above n-1 the error occurs.

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 Traversing
• A string traversing is done by accessing characters from one index to another.

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Concatenating, Appending and
Multiplying String
• The word concatenating means to join together.
• In python concatenation of two strings can be done using “+” operator.

• If you want to add one string at the end of another string

then we will use “+=“.

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 Contd..
• “*” operator can be used to repeat a string n number of times.

• The str() function is used to convert values of any other type into string type.
• This helps the programmer to concatenate a string with any other datatype data.

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• Print statement prints one or more literals or values in a newline.
• If you don’t want in newline then we can use “end=‘ ‘ ”.

• A raw string literal which is prefixed by an “r” passes all the characters as it is.

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 Contd…
• ‘u’ is used to write Unicode string literals.
• Example:
• str = u"Hello, こんにちは, привет“
print(str)

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Immutable
• Python strings are immutable which means that once created they cannot be changed.
• Whenever you try to modify an existing string variable a new string is created.
• Every object in python is stored in memory.
• We can check whether two object is referring to same object or not by using Id().
• Id() returns memory address of that object.

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String Formatting Operator
• The ‘%’ operator takes a format string on left and the corresponding values in a tuple on the
right.
• It allows users to construct string replacing part of string with the data stored in variables.
• The syntax for string formatting operation is
• The statement begins with a format string
Consisting of a sequence of character and
Conversion specifications.

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Contd…

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 Built in string Methods and Function
• String is an example of python objects.
• Python supports many built in methods to manipulate strings.
• A method is just like function.
• Method is invoked or called on an object.

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Format()
• It is used for formatting strings
• Format strings have curly braces {} as placeholders or replacement fields which gets replaced.
• We can use positional arguments or keyword arguments to specify the order of fields that have
to be replaced.

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Splitlines()
• It returns a list of lines in the string
• It uses the newline characters such as \r and \n to split lines.
• Linebreaks are not included unless keepends are True.
• Syntax :
• str.splitlines(Keepends)

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Slice Operation
• A substring of a string is called a slice.
• Slice operation is used to refer to the sub-parts of sequences and strings.
• We can take a subset of a string from the original string by using [ ] operator also known as
slicing operator.
• Syntax of slice operation is : s[start: end] where start indicates beginning index of the substring
and end-1 is the index of the last character.
• Omitting either start or end index by default takes start or end of the string. Omitting both
means the entire string.
• Python gives flexibility to access the string either from the first or the last character.
• If we are accessing the string from first character then we can use zero as index value,when
doing it backward index starts with -1.

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Contd….

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Specifying stride/stepsize while
slicing the string
• In slice operation we have the option to specify stride as third argument, which refers to umber
of characters to move forward after the first character is retrieved from the string.
• The default value of the stride is 1.
• Even whitespace characters are also skipped because
they are part of a string.

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Contd..
• Negative value can be also used as stride value.
• With -3.we have skipped every third letter of the string str.

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ord() and chr() functions
• The ord( ) function returns the ASCII code of the character.
• chr( ) function returns character represented by the ASCII number.

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In() and not in() operator –
Membership Operator
• In() and not in() are used in string to determine whether a string is present in another string.
• They are also known as membership operator.

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Contd…
• In() and not in() can be used to check whether a character is present in a word.

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Comparing Strings
• Python allows you to compare the strings using relational or comparison operators such as
<,>,<=,>= etc.

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Contd…
• These operators compares the string by using lexicographical order i.e using ASCII value of the
character.
• The ASCII value of A-Z is 65-90 and ASCII code of a-z 97-122.

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Iterating String
• String is a sequence type(sequence of characters).
• We can iterate through strings using for loop or while loop.

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