History 114 Term 1

Week 1: Chronology and evolution

2018?
Gregorian calendar is accepted (Western Calendar/Christian
Calendar)

Named after Pope Gregory XIII (Introduced in 1582)

Adopted Julian Calendar (46 BCE)

Calendars
Anno Hegirae (AH) - Islamic Calendar (begins in 622 BC)

Anno Mundi (AM) - Hebrew/Jewish Calendar

World chronology
Earliest life - 3.8 billion years BP

Mammals appear - 200 million years BP

Dinosaurs become extinct - 65 million years BP

Evolution
Animal babies differ by chance (mutation)

Differences can be passed on to generations

In each successive generation, animals become better adapted to

their environment

Better adapted meant more offspring

This creates a new species

Charles Darwine explanation

Evolution is explained by the differential survival of organisms
following their naturally occurring variation (natural selection)

Differences are heritable

History 114 Term 1 1

 Traits which are advantageous to survival are passed on when
offspring is made

Differences accumulate over generations

Timeline
5 MYBP - 1.8 MYBP : Australopithecus

2.2 MYBP - 1.6 MYBP : Homo habilis

1 600 000 - 500 000 BP : Homo erectus

500 000 - 80 000 BP : Archaic Homo sapiens

180 000 - 25 000 BP : Homo neanderthalensis

200 000 BP : Homo sapiens sapiens

Familiae/Genera/Species
All hominids are of the same family - Hominidae

There are different genera of hominids

Australopithecus is one genus, with different species

Genus homo emerged with different species

Human Evolution
Australopithecines (5 million y.a.) - meaning southern apes were
initially discovered in Southern Africa

Homo erectus - had the skeletal frame of modern humans (more

robust) and a had a brain capacity close to humans. They used more
advanced tools

Archaic Homo Sapiens

Homo sapiens sapiens (thoroughly modern humans)

Early thoughts on human ancestry

Descent of Man (1871) - Charles Darwin

Darwin’s hunch - he theorised humans evolved in Africa. It was

based on comparative morphological study of humans, chimpanzees
and gorillas

History 114 Term 1 2

 Scientific community rejected the theory because of Eurocentric
bias, the only hominid fossils were from Europe and Asia
Piltdown Hoax
‘Missing Link Found - Darwin’s Theory Proved’ (1912)

Fragmented skull and jawbone were unveiled

Found by Charles Dawson near Piltdown, Sussex

British scientists were desperate to prove they (Britain) played a role

in evolution

Now they could claim Britain was the birthplace of mankind

Piltdown Man has human-like skulls and ape-like teeth

Fit the scientific bias

Timeline
1908 - Dawson discovers Piltdown fragments

1912 - official presentation of Piltdown Man

1949 - Fluorine content test shows Piltdown Man was relatively

recent

1953 - hoax exposed

2003 - full nature of Charles Dawson career in fakes was exposed

Exposed
‘Fossil Hoax makes Monkeys Out of Scientists’ 1953

Human skull and orangutan jaw with teeth (filed down)

Stained to look old

Some suspect Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Taung Child (discov. 1924, named 1925)

Quarry near Taung (north of Kimberley, SA)

Identified by Raymond Dart as hominid

Named it Australopithecus africanus (Southern Ape from Africa)

Dated between 2-3 million years old

History 114 Term 1 3

 Child (3-4 y.o)

Human-like teeth, ape-sized brain

Larger brain than A. afarensis (Ethiopia)

Fully human-shaped jaw, smaller canine teeth

Rejected by European paleoanthropologists

Robert Broom
Robert Broom - medical doctor, amateur palaeontologist, Scottish

Appointed professor of geology in Stellies (1903)

1936 - found first known adult Australopithecus africanus in

Sterkfontein

Found Australopithecus robustus

1947 - named fossil “Mrs Ples”

Ms (Mr?) Ples
Most compelete specimen of Australopithecus africanus

Possibility it was a male and young individual and not old

Week 2: Evolution
Bipedalism (Australopithecus)
Not as developed as Homo sapiens

Torso possessed arboreal features and bipedal legs

Opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord
passes is a feature of bipedalism

For Australopithecus it is more central (stooped posture)

Bipedalism is more energy efficient than quadrupedal locomotion

It frees the hands for other stuff

Tools
Tools replace teeth as a food processing organ so selection will
favour dexterity in tool use

Teeth show heavy wear (from use)

History 114 Term 1 4

 Australopiths did not shape stone tools, might’ve used sticks but no
evidence
“Lucy”
Discovered by Donald Johanson, Ethiopia (1974)

3.2 million years

Female Australopithecus afarensis

25 years old

40% of skeleton found

Bipedal

107 cm; 28 kg

(males - 1.5 m; 50 kg)

Sexual dimorphism

Australopithecus afarensis
Ape-like face proportions (lower face extends far beyond the eyes, a
strongly projecting lower jaw)

Small brain (1/3 the size of a modern human brain)

Long, strong arms with curved fingers (used for climbing trees)

Small canine teeth

Bipedal

Adaptations for both living on the ground and in trees

Australopithecus africanus
Height - 138 cm (M) and 115 cm (F)

Weight - 41 kg (M) and 66 kg (F)

Relatively long arms and sloping face that juts out underneath the
braincase with a pronounced jaw

Bipedal, but also adapted to climbing

“Mrs Ples”
1947, Sterkfontein

History 114 Term 1 5

 2.5 million years old

Most complete skull of Australopithecus

Dr Robert Broom
Taung Child
1925

Raymond Dart

2-3 million years old

Infant (about 3 years old)

Hunter or the Hunted?

No stone tools were found in same rock as Australopithecus
africanus

Raymond Dart found fossil among broken bones (40’s and 50’s) and
assumed they were weapons

Bob Brain (70’s and 80’s) saw they were left by predators

Australopithecus africanus ate fruit, plants, nuts, seeds, roots and

insects which is shown by their tooth shape, size and wear

Ate tough food but included softer fruits and plants

Proven Wrong Summary

Brain showed the fossil from the cave (SA) looked like residue of
carnivores

Some fossils has identical damage to modern animals eaten by

carnivores

Homo habilis
East and South Africa - 2.8 - 1.65 MYBP

Discovered by Louis and Mary Leakey - 1960

Significant increase in brain size

First to be associated with stone tools

Olduvai Gorge, Tanzani - 1959

History 114 Term 1 6

 Long arms and moderately-prognathic face

Scavengers rather than hunters

Homo erectus
1.8 million - 110 000 years ago

Africa and Western Asia (China and Indonesia)

Resembles modern human

74% brain size

More sophisticated tools

Hunter

Might have been able to control fire (first evidence - 300 000 years
old)

Tools

Stone tools - teardrop shaped hand-axe

1.4 million years old

Fire

Warmth

Keeps animals away

Allows people to cook

Traits

First to leave Africa

Systematic hunting

Tool making and use of fire

Complex life

Brain size increase

Body size increase

Skeleton similar to modern humans but robust

Turkana boy

Age : 10

History 114 Term 1 7

 1.6 MYBP

Near Lake Turkana, Northern Kenya

Homo florensiensis (The Hobbit)
Discovered - 2003

Asia (Indonesia)

100 000 - 50 000 years ago

Height

Weight

Traits

Tiny brains

Large teeth

Forward-shrugged shoulders

No chin

Receding foreheads

Large feet

Short legs

Tools

Stones tools used for hunting

May have used fire

Stature might be cause by island dwarfism (long term isolation with

limited food makes the smaller survive better)

Homo neanderthalensis
Europe and southwestern and central Asia

400 000 - 40 000 y.a.

Height

Weight

Closest extinct human relative

Traits

History 114 Term 1 8

 Shorter and stockier bodies than us

Colder climes

Brains just as large as ours

Tools, fire, shelters and clothing

Hunter big animals and ate plants

Made symbolic objects

Buried their dead

Neanderthal Genome Project - 1856, Germany

Homo sapiens
200 000 y.a.

Omo 1 - Olderst fossil, Ethiopia (195 000 y.o)

Traits

Large brain

Forehead rises sharply

Small eyebrow ridges

Prominent chin

Lighter bone structure

Smaller molars and decreased bone mass

First anatomically modern South Africa

Omo 1 - Ethiopia (195 000 y.o)

South Africa, Klasies River Mouth (120 000 y.o)

Klasies River Cave

Piece of lower jaw and piece of brow

Fossil indicated they practised cannibalism

Found discarded bones

Fished and lived off shellfish

History 114 Term 1 9

 Hunted a variety of fauna
Models of humans spreading
Separate development theory/Multi-
regionalists/candelabra
Development took place in different places but parallel

Homo erectus went to Asia then into Europe making

geographically variable populations

Homo erectus then became distinct ancestors of Homo sapiens

by gradual worldwide evolution

Deep genetic roots

Characterized by regional continuity of anatomical characteristics

Out of Africa/Noah’s Art theory

The origin was Africa alone and everyone spread

Wilson (1987) proved with genetic evidence that all humans

evolved from a single female who lived in Africa 200 000 y.a.
(Mitochondrial Eve Hypothesis)

Mitochondrial DNA shows unbroken genetic trial

Genetic drift and climactic conditions point to a single migration,

80 000 y.a.

Humans moved along Arabian coastline to the Arabian Gulf and

then moved east

Shallow genetic roots

No regional continuity of anatomical characteristics

1987 - Mark Stoneking, Allan Wilson and Rebecca Cann focused

on the genetic material or Mitochondrial DNA that comes from the
mother and reflects the family history from one mother to the
next.

Different versions of Out of Africa Theory

Modern humans totally replaced local “archaic” populations with
no interbreeding between modern humans and the population

History 114 Term 1 10

 Another version allows for a degree of assimilation and absorption
of other types of humans but still contends that all modern
humans are descended from a single African population
Modern Human Diversity - Skin Colour
Variations are adaptive traits that correlate to geography and UV
radiation

Hot climates

Keeping cool was a challenge

Less body hair

Helped cool the body but made skin more exposed to the sun

Skin darkened to protect against the sun

Cold climates

Developed lighter skin so the body could use the vitamin D, aided
by the sun, to absorb calcium for strong bones

Modern Human Diversity - Genetics

Not very genetically diverse - counterintuitive finding despite large
population and worldwide distribution

Week 3: Agricultural Revolution

Hunter-Gathers
99% of our history - nomadic hunter-gatherers

Foraged for wild food

Exploitation of natural resources had a small impact on environment

Tech was not complex

Population density was low

Centres of origin of agriculture

Fertile Crescent (11 000 BP)

Yangtze and Yellow River Basins (9 000 BP)

New Guinea Highlands (9 000 - 6 000 BP)

Central Mexico (5 000 - 4 000 BP)

History 114 Term 1 11

 Northern South America (5 000 - 4000 BP)

Sub-Saharan Africa (5 000 - 4000 BP)

Easter North America ( 4 000 - 3 000 BP)

Domestication of Plants
23 000 BP - hunter-gatherers in Levant started harvesting cereals

This genetically changed the cereals

Size and number of kernels changed over time due to human

activities

Artificial selection vs Natural selection

Prerequisites for livestock domestication

1. Diet that human can supply

2. Rapid growth rate

3. Willingness to breed in captivity

4. Tractable disposition

5. Social structure involving submissive

6. Lack of a tendnecy to panic when fenced in

Domestication of Animals
10 500 BP - Cattle in pens for access to milk and meat and for pull
ploughs

15 000 BP - Training dogs to be guardians and companions

6 000 BP - Teaching horses to adapt to the plough or take a rider

8 500 BP - Changing the boar into farm animals

Results of Agricultural Lifestyle

Domesticated plants and animals yield more calories

Population growth and population density expands

Permanent dwellings

Technological development and specialization

Wealth gains meaning

History 114 Term 1 12

 Neolithic society
Egalitarianism is gone

New social organisation

Hierarchies emerge

Specialisation and division of labour (people are freed from food

production)

Population increase leads to more complex social structures

Problems that arose due to agriculture

1. Dependant on few plants

2. Greater vulnerability to weather

3. Complete dependency on harvest times

4. Intense and sustained physical effort

5. Population growth

6. Epidemics

Diseases derived from malnutrition

Sewage and throwing out waste

Yali’s question
Diamond argues that environmental differences rather than inherent
racial differences are responsible for some cultures becoming
dominant in the modern world

The abundance of food through agriculture allows the establishment

of large centres of population, this allows the division that facilitates
technological progress

Eurasians developed immunity to certain diseases the animals

carried from which civilizations had no protection

Lack of wild plants, animals suitable for domestication and

geographical barriers hindered civilizations that did not rapidly
advance

Why did we settle down?

History 114 Term 1 13

 Pull vs Push
Argued whether they were pushed (forced) to become farmers or
pulled (drawn) by the benefits of the lifestyle

Pull Factors
Members of society are drawn into relationships of inequality to
benefit

Origins of food production may lie more in the ability of certain

individuals to generate a surplus of food and to transform it into
more valued items

Important changes were more cultural than material

Push Factors
Necessity

1. Environmental changes

2. Limited resources

3. Growing population
Why Eurasia?
Domesticable animals have structures based on a dominance
hierarchy

Higher local diversity of domesticated plants and animals

East/West axis vs North/South axis

Guns, Germs and Steel, Jared Diamond

Week 4: Mesopotamia
Centres of origin of agriculture
Fertile Crescent (11 000 BP)

Yangtze and Yellow River basins (9 000 BP)

New Guinea Highlands (9 000 - 6 000 BP)

Central Mexico (5 000 - 4 000 BP)

Northern South America (5 000 - 4000 BP)

Sub-Saharan Africa (5 000 - 4000 BP)

History 114 Term 1 14

 Easter North America ( 4 000 - 3 000 BP)
Why river valleys?
Access to water

Fertile soil

Transportation

River valley civilizations

Mesopotamia - Tigris and Euphrates

Ancient Egypt - Nile

Harappan - Indus

Huan He - Yellow River

1. Nomadic to sedentary life

2. Experimental plant cultivation to calculated farming

3. Building of houses

4. Cemeteries

5. Invention of pottery

6. Specialized craft and distribution of labour

7. Metal production

Hallmarks of a civilization
Large permanent settlements

Urban development

Social stratification

Specialization of labour

Centralized organisation

Formal means of communication e.g. writting

Why Mesopotamia?
Fertile Crescent - “Cradle of Civilization”

Access to three continents

History 114 Term 1 15

 Few natural barriers

Frequent migrations

Between Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Very fertile soil

How did it start?
Palaeolithic development is very slow

23 000 BP - hunter-gatherers in Levant harvested cereals

10 000 BCE - early settlement

4 500 BCE - Permanent settlements and crop planting (Tigris and

Euphrates)

Mesopotamia
Social stratification
Hierarchies developed

Theocracy gradually replaced military leaders

Rulers seen as gods’ representatives

Hierarchies
Lugal (king)

Awilum (free landowners)

Mushkenum (workers, bound to elites)

Wardum (slaves)

Trade and wealth

Agriculture - grains, vegs and dates

Domestication of animals

1. Cows, sheep and goats - milk

2. Oxen - ploughing

3. Donkeys - pulling carts

Textile industry - wool to cloth; flax to linen

Inventions

History 114 Term 1 16

 Wheel

Time

Maps

Mass-produced pottery and bricks

Irrigation

Complex maths

Writing

Beer
Ziggurat
Pyramidal stepped temple tower

Constructed on man-made hills

Religion
Hunter-gatherers

Animism

Belief in afterlife

Shamanism

Ancestor worship

High gods

Active in human affairs

Mesopotamia

Over 3 000 gods

Anthropomorphic

Gods were superhuman (extraodinary powers and size)

Worshiped over time

General

1. Mainly focused on basic needs for survival

2. Defied kings, more structure

3. Gods associated with commoners become more prevalent

History 114 Term 1 17

 4. Gods were related to specific human empires and rulers

The gods

Ea/Enki

Anu

Enlil/Ellil

Inanna/Ishtar

Dagan/Dagon

Nabu

Nergal
Art
Socio-political organisation - glorified military prowess

Organised religion - statues of gods

Natural environment - limited materials

Writing - Cuneiform
Developed 3 500 BCE

Marks in baked clay (papyrus was not available)

Division of history and pre-history

Why writing developed

1. Commercial activity increased

2. Trade became more important

3. Need to record trade

4. Clay tokens for exchange values - cumbersome

5. Replaced by written symbols

The Code of Hammurabi

Hammurabi - ruler of Babylon (1790 BCE)

Oldest collection of laws

Based on older Sumerian legal traditions

282 laws

History 114 Term 1 18

 What they tell us

Stern sense of justice and severe punishments

Class divisions

Advanced business society

Relatively fair treatment of women

The Epic of Gilgamesh
Famous myth

Story of failed quest for immortality

Info on rituals and architecture

Part of a larger Mesopotamian literary tradition

Civilization
Group of states or countries ruled over by a single political unit

Make up of different territories and peoples

Usually created by conquest and divided between a dominant centre

and subordinate peripheries

Case 1: The Mongol empire

General
1206 - 1368

Nomadic culture

Seen as the last barbarians (stereotype) - Genghis Khan united

clans and created the largest contiguous land empire

3 advantages
Leader created unity within disunity

Had horses

No clear goal of world domination

Why did the expand?

Nomadic lifestyle

Climate

History 114 Term 1 19

 individual power

Week 5&6: Mongols

General
Barbaric plunderers (stereotype)

Based on Persian, Chinese and Russian accounts

Shaped both Asian and Western images of them

Were they really barbarians?

This view takes attention away from their contributions to civilization
(13th and 14th cen.)

The brutality of military campaigns should not be ignored or

downplayed nor their influence on Eurasian culture be overlooked

Chinggis (Genghis) Khan

Genghis/Jenghiz/Chingis Khan (1162 - 1227)

He united the Mongols by brining the scattered communities of the

south, centre and north together

Temujin - given name as he came from humble beginnings

Raised by his mother

By 1206 - united all Mongol tribes under one ruler

1206 - Given title Khan of Khans and name Genghis Khan

Has authority over a large area and created institutions to perpetuate

Mongol power

Mongol (Golden Horde) subdued all of China in 5 yrs

Within 80 years he and his descendants carved out the largest

continuous land empire

The Mongol Empire

From Korea to Hungary

Max population of 200 000

How did they establish such an empire?

History 114 Term 1 20

 United when Asia was disunited

China was disunited

Abbasid dynasty was declining

Russia was city states

No central government controlling the area

There was a power vacuum in the region

Mongol advantages
Horses (mobility)

Stirrups

Advanced bow technology

They never had any intention of creating an empire

Attacks based on circumstance

No vision of world khan

Military success
Chinggis personally led 3 campaigns

1. 1215

Jin Dynasty

Took Yanjing - capital

Trade dispute

Mongols needed Jin products

Got additional trade and return to Mongolia

2. 1209

Against the Tanguts (Chinese style dynasty) - Xia

Trade dispute

Quickly overwhelmed the Tanguts

Received a reductions of tariffs then returned to Mongolia

3. 1219

History 114 Term 1 21

 Central Asia

Shah of CA killed his envoy without knowing

Serious crime to the Mongols

Campaign was an act of revenge

Most devastating campaign

Mass slaughter over several years

1225 - left CA but kept some of his forces

1227 - Chinggis Khan died

Why was the empire created?
Theory 1 - life-style
Nomadic and dependant on trade

Fragile economy

Never accumulated a surplus

Had no reserves

Depended on trade with China

Had no artisan class

Inequitable economic relationship between them and China

1200 - China reduced trade with Mongolia

They had to attack to survive

Theory 2 - climate
Annual temp. dropped between 1180 - 1290

Shortened growing season

Less feeding grass forcing them to move

Genghis Khan united the tribes

Theory 3 - Genghis Khan

Personal success of the individual leader

Reforms to facilitate mercantile trade

Reforms to facilitate vast postal network

History 114 Term 1 22

 Created first link between Europe and Far East
Leadership and influence
8% of men in the region carry identical Y-chromosomes

16 million descendants living

Speculations that he caused a 10% drop in world population

Don’t forget
Genghis brought a writing system to Mongolia

Spared teachers tax

Helped the rise of an educated class (Korea)

International postal system (the Yam)

Paper currencies before Europe

Prospering economy

Religious tolerance

Valued science

Spread what they learnt from various cultures

Role of women
Women took care of animals if need be

Trained for military and many took part in battle

Had rights and privileges that other East Asian women did not

Right to own property

Right to divorce

Prominent among elite

Sorghaghtani Beki
Chinggis Khan’s daughter-in-law

Widow of Tolui

All 4 sons became khans

She was illiterate

History 114 Term 1 23

 She was a Nestorian Christian

Supported different religions

Recognised that pure exploitation of subjects did not make sense

Supported Chinese peasantry

Summary

Religious tolerance

Indigenous economy

Literacy
After the death of Chingis Khan
Mongols went into rapid decline

No one inherited military and organizational skill

Principle of meritocracy was violated

Corruption and end of old solidarity

Alcoholism

Reverted to internecine warfare and rivalry

Nature of the nomad economy

No potential for expansion

Economic competition was disadvantageous

Significance
Largest continuous land empire

Actions affects Asia and Europe

Legacy
Brought East and West together

Encouraged travel and expedition

Permitted European merchants, craftsmen and envoys

Europeans were in touch were East Asia

Merchants, astronomers and doctors went to China

History 114 Term 1 24

 Exchange of textiles and artisans influenced Asian culture

Asian goods reached Europe

Indirectly led Europe into “Age of Exploration” (15th century)

Ended several dynasties and created new power centres

Flow of ideas, products and people was the most important

contribution from the Mongols

Week 7: Rome
Why do civilizations collapse
Warfare

Environmental factors

Catastrophe

Disease

Environmental changes impact food supply

Economic sustainability

Internal decay

Interplay between internal and external factors

Examples

Mayan civilization

Violence

Disease

Foreign culture (Spain)

Mesopotamia

Invasions

Eroding agricultural productions (saline)

Political instability

Mongols

China

Crisis of the third century

History 114 Term 1 25

 Germanic threat

Infighting with roman generals

Unrest

Quick successions

Invasions

Economic weakness

Civil wars

Plague

Weakened central power of Rome

Succession
1st century - 13 emperors

2nd century - 9 emperors

3rd century - at least 37 emperors

Senate would declare generals who marched on Rome, emperor

Many were assassinated (only force legitimized their position)

Problems
Corrupt bureaucracy

Wealth was concentrated in a minority

Immense borders strained the military resources

Conquests stopped in 2nd century, therefore no inflows of plunder

and slaves

Tax increased and and production fell

Work force declines

The Plague of Cyprian killed 20% of the population - reduced trade

Borders
409 CE - Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine

Moved through France looting

History 114 Term 1 26

 Men, women and children came, seemed to want to stay

Divided loyalties

Since 378 CE - The Visigoths live inside Roman Empire

Did not get food or housing

408 CE - Honorius (Wester Roman Emperor) executed Stilicho and

his family

Incited Roman population to massacre Goths in the military

30 000 Gothic soldiers defected to Alaric

410 CE - Alaric and the Visigoths marched on Rome

Rome sacked
410 CE - Alaric and Goths sacked Rome

Huge psychological blow

476 CE - Romulus Augustulus (last Caesar) was dethroned

Germanic kingdoms took the place of the Imperium Romanum

General
Existed as a power for over 1 000 years

Brought stability, prosperity and order to the West

Excellent roads

Military purposes

Improved communications and trade

Roman law - internal peace (pax romana)

20 - 30 legions defended the frontiers

Theories about collapse

Elite mismanagement
Series of weak rulers

Inability to deal with problems

Plagues

Invasions

History 114 Term 1 27

 Civil wars

Extravagance
Economic collapse
Receding economic might

Lack of circulating currency

Hoardings of bullion by citizens

Widespread looting

Trade deficit in Eastern regions

Insufficient funds to repair structures

Insufficient economic power

Could not support itself

The decline of the military

Decline in military might

Barbarian hordes due to lack of security

Arthur Ferrill blames the government in the West

Army disintegrated

Overreliance on mercenaries

Lack of recruits from ‘Romanized’ backgrounds

Granting citizenship to all free men

Originally non-citizens served the army and given citizenship

at the end of term

Barbarians infiltrated as settlers and merchants, then as tribes

and groups

Environmental factors
Climactic change lead to resource insufficiencies

Changing rainfall patterns and climate

Unstable climate

History 114 Term 1 28

 Decrease crop yield

Forced irrigation projects

Large reservoirs and standing water

Mosquitos - malaria

Epidemic levels

Killed a large % of the population

Mystical factors/dysfunctional society

General sense of futility

Spirit of ease and comfort dissolved

Racial shock

Plague and malaria

Materialism

Other complex societies

Germanic tribes and the Huns

Huns came from China (200 - 1 BC)

By 350 AD - moving towards Europe and pushed Scythians

Scythians pushed Germanic groups and they looked for

protection i.e. Roman Empire

By 378 AD - Visigoths moved into Roman Empire and towards

Rome

Gradual transformation
Transformed into a rudimentary form - Medieval Europe

Toppling of Western Empire was the last step in social change

Empire became less ‘Romanized’ over time

Germanic people assimilated

Continuation of Christianity, Roman law and the Byzantium

History 114 Term 1 29

 Military was already been “barbarian”

Fashions started offending

Church carried on with Roman dress

Greek philosophy and Roman law

Papacy - 700 million people

No specific reason, but gradual transformation

History 114 Term 1 30