EEE 534

EEE 534
Power System Engineering

Lecture 1: Introduction
AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

(AUN), YOLA
Course Syllabus
• Introduction and review of phasors & three phase

• Transmission line modeling
• Per unit analysis and change of base
• Models for transformers, generators, and loads
• Power flow analysis and control
• Economic system operation/restructuring
• Short circuit analysis
• Transient stability
• System protection
• Distribution systems
1
Simple Power System
• Every power system has three major
components
– generation: source of power, ideally with a
specified voltage and frequency
– load: consumes power; ideally with a constant
resistive value
– transmission system: transmits power; ideally as
a perfect conductor
2
Complications
• No ideal voltage sources exist

• Loads are seldom constant
• Transmission system has resistance, inductance,
capacitance and flow limitations
• Simple system has no redundancy so power system
will not work if any component fails
3
Major Power Grid Components
The
distribution
system is the
source of
most
outages, but
these are
almost
always
small-scale
events
Notation - Power
• Power: Instantaneous consumption/transfer of

energy.
• Power Units
• Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
• kW – 1 x 103 Watt
• MW – 1 x 106 Watt
• GW – 1 x 109 Watt
• TW – 1 x 1012 Watt
• Installed Nigeria generation capacity is about
14000 MW
5
Notation – Energy
• Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what

people really want from a power system
• Energy Units
– Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
– kWh = Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
– Btu = 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh
– One gallon of gas has about 0.125 MBtu (36.5 kWh);
• Nigeria electric energy consumption is about 3,689.700
MWh as at September 2023, according to CBN.
6
Power System Examples
• Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as

an island, to one covering half the continent
• Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight is
primary consideration; frequency is 400 Hz.
• Ships and submarines
• Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard
• Battery operated portable systems
7
Nigeria Interconnections
8
Electric Systems in Energy Context
• Class focuses on electric power systems, but we

first need to put the electric system in context of
the total energy delivery system
• Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy
transportation
• Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually
converted into another form of energy when used
• Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and
fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for
change in world energy infrastructure
9
Nigeria Historical Energy Usage
Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, July 2016

10
Renewable Energy Consumption
Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, July 2016

11
The World
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2016

12
Energy Economics
• Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff

between fixed costs (costs to build them) and
operating costs
• Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating
costs (though cost of solar has decreased substantially
recently)
• Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but can have higher
operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
• Coal, wind, hydro are in between
• Also the units capacity factor is important to
determining ultimate cost of electricity
13
Ball park Energy Costs
Energy costs depend

upon the capacity factor
for the generator.
The capacity factor is the
ratio of the electricity
actually produced,
divided by its maximum
potential output. It is
usually expressed on an
annual basis.
Source: Steve Chu and Arun Majumdar, “Opportunities and challenges for a
sustainable energy future,” Nature, August 2012, Figure 6
14
Natural Gas Prices 1997 to 2015
Marginal cost for natural gas fired electricity price

in $/MWh is about 7-10 times gas price
Source: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/rngwhhdW.htm 15
Coal Prices have Fallen
Substantially from Five Years Ago
July 2016 prices
per ton range
from $8.70 to
$43.35
BTU content per pound varies between about 8000

and 15,000 Btu/lb, giving costs of around $1 to 2/Mbtu
Source: eia.gov/coal
16
Solar PV Prices
https://www.woodmac.com/news/opinion/is-the-end-of-high-us-solar-system-prices-in-sight/
17
Brief History of Electric Power
• First real practical uses of electricity began with the

telegraph (1860's) and then arc lighting in the 1870’s
• Early 1880’s – Edison introduced Pearl Street dc
system in Manhattan supplying 59 customers
• 1884 – Sprague produces practical dc motor
• 1885 – invention of transformer
• Mid 1880’s – Westinghouse/Tesla introduce rival ac
system
• Late 1880’s – Tesla invents ac induction motor
• 1893 – Three-phase transmission line at 2.3 kV
18
History, cont’d
• 1896 – ac lines deliver electricity from hydro

generation at Niagara Falls to Buffalo, 20 miles
away; also 30kV line in Germany
• Early 1900’s – Private utilities supply all customers
in area (city); recognized as a natural monopoly;
states step in to begin regulation
• By 1920’s – Large interstate holding companies
control most electricity systems
19
Vertical Monopolies
• Within a particular geographic market, the electric

utility had an exclusive franchise
Generation In return for this exclusive
franchise, the utility had the
Transmission obligation to serve all
existing and future customers
at rates determined jointly
Distribution
by utility and regulators
Customer Service
It was a “cost plus” business
20
Vertical Monopolies
• Within its service territory each utility was the only

game in town
• Neighboring utilities functioned more as colleagues
than competitors
• Economies of scale keep resulted in decreasing
rates, so most every one was happy
21

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Power System Engineering

AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

• Introduction and review of phasors & three phase

• No ideal voltage sources exist

• Power: Instantaneous consumption/transfer of

• Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what

• Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as

• Class focuses on electric power systems, but we

Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, July 2016

Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, July 2016

Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2016

• Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff

Energy costs depend

Marginal cost for natural gas fired electricity price

BTU content per pound varies between about 8000

• First real practical uses of electricity began with the

• 1896 – ac lines deliver electricity from hydro

• Within a particular geographic market, the electric

• Within its service territory each utility was the only

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