DKD R 3 8 2018 De-1

Machine Translated by Google
Physically-
Technical
Federal Institute
Directive Static calibration of

DKD-R 3-8 Calibration equipment for
Torque screw tools
Issue 09/2018
https://doi.org/10.7795/550.20180823I
DKD-R 3-8
Static calibration of calibration devices
for torque wrenches https://doi.org/ Output: 09/2018
10.7795/550.20180823I Revision: 0
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German Calibration Service (DKD)
The DKD has been bringing together calibration laboratories from industrial companies, research institutes,
technical authorities, monitoring and testing institutions since its foundation in 1977. On May 3, 2011, the
DKD was re-established as a technical committee of the PTB and the accredited laboratories.
This body is called the German Calibration Service (DKD) and is headed by the PTB. The
guidelines and manuals developed by the DKD represent the state of the art in the respective
technical field and are available to the German Accreditation Body GmbH (DAkkS) for the
accreditation of calibration laboratories.
The accredited calibration laboratories are accredited and monitored by the DAkkS as the legal
successor to the DKD. They carry out calibrations of measuring instruments and measurement
embodiments for the measured quantities and measuring ranges specified during the
accreditation. The calibration certificates they issue are proof of traceability to national
standards, as required by the DIN EN ISO 9000 and DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025 family of standards.
Contact:
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
DKD office
Bundesallee 100 38116 Brunswick
PO Box 33 45 38023 Brunswick
Telephone Secretariat: (05 31) 5 92-8021
Internet: www.dkd.eu
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Suggested citation for the source: Guideline
DKD-R 3-8, Static calibration of calibration devices for torque screwing tools, Edition 09/2018, Revision 0,
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7795/550.20180823I
The work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright and subject to the Creative Commons User
License CC by-nc-nd 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/). In this context, "non-
commercial" (NC) means that the work may not be distributed or made publicly available for the purpose of
generating income. Use of its contents for commercial use in laboratories is expressly permitted.
Authors:
Members of the Technical Committee on Mechanical Quantities and the Technical Committee on Torque of
the DKD from 1994 to 2009.
Published by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) for the German Calibration Service (DKD) as
a result of the cooperation between the PTB and the DKD Torque Technical Committee.
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Table of contents
Page
Foreword
Scope of application 6
1 Symbols and terms Features of the 7
2 torque wrench calibration device Description and marking of the torque 8
3 3.1 wrench calibration device 3.2 Torque introduction 3.3 Measurement of
deformation 4 Calibration 8
of the torque wrench calibration 8
device 4.1 General 4.2 Resolution of the 9
display device 4.3 Preparation of the calibration 4.4 Carrying out the calibration 9
Classification of the 9
torque wrench calibration device 5 5.1 10
Classification principle 5.2 Classification 10
criteria 6 Calibration certificate and period of 11
validity Appendix A Application of calibrated torque wrench calibration devices 16
Determination of the measurement 16

uncertainty Calibration procedure 16
Measurement of impulse wrench tools on statically 17
traceable calibrated measuring devices References
18
Anhang B 19
Appendix C 22
Appendix D
23
27
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Foreword
DKD guidelines are application documents for the requirements of DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025. The guidelines
describe technical, procedural and organizational processes that serve as a model for accredited calibration
laboratories to define internal procedures and regulations. DKD guidelines can become part of the calibration
laboratories' quality management manuals. By implementing the guidelines, the equal treatment of the devices
to be calibrated in the various calibration laboratories is promoted and the continuity and verifiability of the
work of the
Calibration laboratories improved.
The DKD guidelines are not intended to hinder the further development of calibration procedures and
processes. Deviations from guidelines and new procedures are permitted in agreement with the accreditation
body if there are technical reasons for doing so.
This guideline was drawn up by the Torque Technical Committee in cooperation with the PTB and accredited
calibration laboratories in 2003.
This revised new edition contains only an updated imprint.
Its content is identical to that of DAkkS-DKD-R 3-8 (2010 edition). DAkkS will withdraw DAkkS-DKD-R 3-8 by
January 1, 2021 at the latest.
Edition: 10/2003 published by the DKD 1st new

edition: 2010, by the DAkkS 2nd new edition:
2018, by the DKD, identical in content to the 1st new edition
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1 Scope This guideline applies

to the calibration of torque wrench calibration devices with transfer torque wrenches and is
based on the corresponding requirements of DIN EN ISO 6789 [1]. A procedure for the
classification and for determining the relative measurement uncertainty of these devices is
described (Appendix B).
This guideline excludes the use of calibration beams and disks as transfer standards, since it
is not possible to determine the span parameter at different lever arm lengths using these
devices and thus adequate calibration and determination of the measurement uncertainty
cannot be carried out. If no transfer torque wrenches are available as transfer standards, the
calibration certificate must contain this restriction, including a note that the calibration is
incomplete.
Torque wrench calibration devices within the meaning of this guideline are special torque
measuring devices which, due to their design, enable the introduction of the torque via a
torque measuring device with a lever arm (e.g. torque wrench in accordance with DIN ISO
6789). This guideline takes into account the different force introduction conditions on the
calibration object compared to those of torque measuring devices in accordance with DIN 51309 [2] or.
EURAMET/cg-14/v.01 [8].
Calibration devices in which an integrated zero point suppression cannot be switched off
during calibration or in which only the peak values can be recorded are considered not to be
capable of calibration within the meaning of this Directive.
The entire device from the torque transducer up to and including the display device is defined
as a torque wrench calibration device. This guideline generally applies to torque wrench
calibration devices where the torque is defined by measuring the elastic deformation of a
deforming body or a measured quantity proportional to it.
REFERENCE: Appendix D describes a guideline for “Measurement of impulse wrench tools on

statically traceable calibrated measuring devices”.
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2 Symbols and terms For the application of this DKD

guideline, the symbols, units and terms given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1: Symbols, units and designation
Symbol designation Unit
Mnom Nenndrehmoment N·m
MA Measuring range start value N·m
ME measuring range end value N·m
Mk introduced calibration torque N·m
I0 Display of the zero signal before loading in installation position BUT 1
If Display of the zero signal after unloading in installation position BUT 1
I(Mk ) Display with increasing calibration torque Mk BUT 1
I'(Mk ) Display with decreasing calibration torque Mk BUT 1
X(Mk ) Display value with increasing calibration torque Mk BUT 1
X'(Mk ) Display value with decreasing calibration torque Mk BUT 1
CAR Display value at measuring range end value BUT 1
Xmin smallest display value from different measurement series BUT 1
Xmax largest display value from different measurement series BUT 1
Xlmin Display value at minimum lever arm length BUT 1
Xlmit Display value at medium lever arm length BUT 1
X (Mk ) Estimated value of the calibration result at calibration torque Mk AE 1
calculated display value from the compensation function at the

Xa (Mk ) BUT 1
calibration torque Mk
Span in the same installation position (repeatability) at calibration
b’(Mk ) BUT 1
torque Mk
Span in different installation positions
b(Mk ) BUT 1
(comparative precision) at calibration torque Mk
(continued)
The output signal can be recorded in different display units AE (e.g. Nm, mV/V, V etc.).
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Table 1: completed
Span at different lever arm lengths for
bl (Mk ) BUT 1
Kalibrierdrehmoment Mk
fa (Mk ) Interpolation deviation for calibration torque Mk BUT 1
fq (Mk ) Display deviation at calibration torque Mk BUT 1
f0 Deviation of the zero signal BUT 1
Reversal range of the torque wrench calibration device at calibration

h(Mk ) BUT 1
torque Mk
r Resolution of the display device N·m
l Lever arm length of the transfer torque wrench mm
lmin Minimum lever arm length of the transfer torque wrench mm
movie maker mean lever arm length of the transfer torque wrench relative mm
measurement uncertainty of the torque value of the

w(Mk ) -
Calibration object at calibration torque Mk

relative uncertainty interval of the torque value of the
W‘(Mk ) -
Calibration object at calibration torque Mk

relative expanded measurement uncertainty of the torque value Mk
WTN(Mk ) -
des Transfernormals
3 Features of the torque wrench calibration device

3.1 Description and marking of the torque wrench
Calibration device
Functionally, a torque wrench calibration device consists of a device for holding a torque transducer, a torque
transducer and the display device. Current technical developments mean that an exact separation of these
functional units is fluid.
All parts of the torque wrench calibration device (including cables for the electrical connection) must be
individually and clearly marked (e.g. with the name of the manufacturer, the type, 4- or 6-wire circuit or similar
and the factory number). The nominal torque must be stated.
3.2 Torque introduction

On the measuring side, the torque can be introduced in the axial direction via exchangeable adapter parts,
which must transfer the transverse forces and bending moments generated by the force introduction via the
lever arm with sufficiently low deformation and must not lead to any radial displacement of the torque vector
that affects the measurement uncertainty. Multiple adapters must not be used that lead to radial deviations
or angular deviations of the measuring axis. The setup can be carried out with both horizontal and vertical
alignment of the measuring axis.
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The lever arm length for generating the torque via the transfer standard must be able to be varied at least
within the range of the lever arm lengths of commercially available torque wrenches (see diagrams 4.4.4-1) in
accordance with the measuring range to be calibrated. The force must be introduced at the lever arm of the
transfer standard in such a way that additional parasitic forces and moments are avoided.
3.3 Measurement of deformation The
change in shape of the deformation body of the torque wrench calibration device can be carried out using
electrical, mechanical, hydraulic2 or optical means, provided the measuring system is sufficiently accurate
and constant over time.
4 Calibration of the torque wrench calibration device General 4.1.1 Requirements Calibration
4.1 consists in
introducing torques,
transverse forces and bending moments into the torque wrench calibration device, which in their combination
correspond to the real application conditions when calibrating torque wrenches, and in recording their
readings.
An electrical indicator is interchangeable with a similar one if its deviations have only an insignificant
influence on the result of the classification due to its technical specification and its measurement uncertainty
(the additional measurement uncertainty due to the replacement of the indicator should not exceed 1
3
the relative
expanded measurement uncertainties of the torque values of the torque wrench calibration device W or W' ).
The transfer standard's own weight must not generate any unacceptable additional disturbing forces
or moments. It should be as close to a comparable torque wrench in the measuring range of the torque
wrench calibration device to be calibrated.
It must be ensured that the torque introduction parts for adapting transfer standards to the torque wrench
calibration device can transmit at least 1.5 times the maximum calibration torque while ensuring linear
deformation behavior.
Before calibrating the torque wrench calibration device, it must be ensured that it is capable of being
calibrated. This can be done by carrying out preliminary tests as defined below and given as an example.
2
Due to the friction of sealed piston-cylinder systems, these are generally not suitable as
measuring systems for torque wrench calibration devices.
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4.1.2 Overload test It must be ensured

that before the first calibration, the torque wrench calibration device including its adaptation parts has been
overloaded at least four times by exceeding the nominal torque by 8% to 12% and that this value has been
maintained for 1 min to 1.5 min each time.
4.2 Resolution of the display device

4.2.1 Scale display The
graduations on the scale must be of equal thickness and the width of the pointer must be
approximately equal to the width of a graduation mark.
The resolution r of the display device is defined as the smallest estimable fraction of a scale division and
results from the ratio between the width of the pointer and the center distance between two adjacent scale
lines (division distance). The recommended ratios are 1
2,5
1
or 1 10 . A gap of 1.25 mm or greater is required to estimate one tenth of a
division on the scale.
4.2.2 Digital display The

resolution r is considered to be one digit step of the last moving digit on the digital display device, provided
that the display does not fluctuate by more than one digit step when the device is unloaded.
4.2.3 Display fluctuation If the

display (with the measuring device unloaded) fluctuates by more than the value previously calculated for the
resolution, the resolution is equal to half the fluctuation range plus 1 digit step. In the case of display devices
with active zero point suppression, this must be switched off to determine the display fluctuation.
4.2.4 Units
The resolution r is converted into torque units and specified.
4.2.5 Initial value of the measuring range

Taking into account the resolution r with which the display of the torque wrench calibration device can be
read, the minimum torque introduced (initial value of the measuring range) must satisfy the following
condition: The initial value of the measuring range MA must correspond to the
values given in Table 4.
4.3 Preparation for calibration 4.3.1 Display
device The display device

must be set according to the manufacturer's instructions or customer specifications. All variable settings
must be recorded. The display device must be checked for sufficient stability of the zero point before starting
calibration.
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4.3.2 Temperature compensation

Before calibrating the torque wrench calibration device, wait for the temperature equilibrium between the
transducer and the environment with the supply voltage applied.
4.3.3 Sensor zero signal Before

starting the calibration, if technically possible, the untared zero signal of the mechanically unloaded torque
wrench calibration device must be measured and recorded, indicating the position of the measuring axis.
Knowledge of the temporal behavior of the zero signal enables conclusions to be drawn about the temporal
stability of the torque wrench calibration device and its history.
4.3.4 Transducer connection

The sensor must be connected in such a way that an increasing positive reading results with
increasing clockwise torque.
4.4 Carrying out the calibration 4.4.1

Calibration scope and procedure The following
traceable calibrated torque transfer standards [3] can be used to calibrate torque wrench calibration devices:
a) transfer torque wrenches or b) lever-mass systems or lever-force systems (with restrictions - see
point 1).
Calibration is carried out separately for clockwise and anti-clockwise torque. The calibration of torque wrench
calibration devices can be carried out either as a purely static process by measuring discrete torque values
or as a continuous process in a run without a holding time at discrete torque values.
In the case of continuous calibration, it must be ensured that the procedure for transferring measured values
from the torque reference and the calibration object does not lead to any relevant measurement deviation3 .
4.4.2 Preload After installing

the torque transfer standard in the torque wrench calibration device and when changing direction, it must
be preloaded once with the final value of the measuring range ME to be calibrated . The duration of the preload
should be kept as short as possible in order to minimize creeping effects. After the preload, wait until the
zero signal has stabilized within the minimum resolution assigned to the class at the measuring range start
value. Any residual signal that exists must be recorded.
3
The filter settings of the display devices, a possible time difference of the
Measurement value query of the measurement signals from the reference and calibration
object and the torque rise rate. The application of continuous calibration procedures requires
experimental investigations in advance to demonstrate the influence of the process conditions
on the measurement uncertainty of the calibration.
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4.4.3 Installation position of the measuring

axis Calibration should preferably be carried out in the position of the measuring axis of the torque wrench
calibration device in which it is to be used. This means that if the measuring axis is in a vertical position, only
transfer torque wrenches (or possibly lever-force systems) can be used as transfer standards. If lever-mass
systems are used as transfer standards, calibration can only be carried out for the horizontal position of the
measuring axis.
4.4.4 Carrying out the calibration The number of

measurement series is determined according to Table 2 from the desired class accuracy of the torque wrench
calibration device.
Table 2: Number of required measurement series
Number of measurement series at

medium lever arm length minimum lever arm length
Class
upwards down upwards
0,2
4 1 1
0,5
1 2 1 1
The torque wrench calibration device is calibrated in an installation position with upward and downward rows
and a medium lever arm length. The first two upward rows determine the repeatability in the same installation
position, the other upward rows of classes 0.5 and 0.2 are carried out with a changed installation position
(rotation of the square adapter parts) and are used to calculate the repeatability.
In principle, for Class 1, the position of the force vector relative to the deformation body of the torque
measuring element must be defined or marked accordingly4 .
To determine the influence of the force application point on the lever arm on the calibration result, an additional
upward series must be measured at the minimum lever arm length (see Appendix C).
The values in Table 3 were determined on the basis of the typical lever arm lengths of commercially available
torque wrenches (see diagrams 4.4.4-1)
4
Since in class 1 the transverse force generated by the introduced force and the change in the sensor characteristic
caused by the bending moment are not determined experimentally (only one installation position), the calibration result
is only valid for the calibrated installation position. Depending on the type and specimen, a change in the installation
position can lead to the permissible parameter values being exceeded several times during use.
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Diagram 4.4.4-1: Dependence of the lever arm lengths of torque wrenches on the
Nominal torque
1200
1000
800
Lever
600
400
200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Nennmoment/N m
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
Lever
1000
800
600
400
200
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Nennmoment/N m
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Table 3: Ranges of variation of lever arm length
To me lmin movie maker
N·m mm mm
up to 100 200
20 over 20 to 50 200 400
over 50 to 150 300 500
over 150 to 400 400 700
over 400 to 1000 600 1000
over 1000 to 2000 1000 1500
The minimum number of torque steps (in addition to zero) for each measuring range shall be 8 (appropriately
0.5 5 (20, 40, 60, distributed over the measuring range5 ), for • Class 0.2 • Class
80 and 100 % ME) and for • Class 1 3 (20, 60 and 100 % ME)
The measuring range start value MA must be part of the calibration values. A torque wrench calibration
device can be calibrated separately for several torque measuring ranges.
4.4.5 Loading conditions The time

between two consecutive loading stages must be as equal as possible.
When calibrating in discrete steps, the measured value may only be accepted once the display has
reached a standstill. Display changes due to creep require the timing to be adhered to as precisely as
possible.
Calibration must be carried out at an ambient temperature stable to ±1 K, this

Temperature must be in the range of 18 °C to 28 °C (preferably 22 °C) and must be recorded.
4.4.6 Zero point taring The

display value at the beginning of each measurement series must be tared to zero.
4.4.7 Assessment of the torque wrench calibration device6

7
4.4.7.1 Spans b, b´ and bl
8
The spans in different installation positions b in the same installation position b´ and
,
with different lever arm lengths bl are calculated for each torque level M according to the following
equations:
5
e.g. in steps of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100% ME or 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% ME
6
In the case of continuous calibration, the measured values for the minimum number of b' and bl as well as
To determine the torque levels for each series of measurements and from this to the ,
determine the ranges b, interpolation deviation fa and the reversal range h .

7
For reasons of clarity, the dependence of the individual quantities on the calibration torque is not explicitly
stated.
8
The determination of b is not applicable for class 1.
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n
2
XX ÿ
)
j
(j ÿ= 1
n - number of upward rows for different
b = with
n ÿ
1 Installation positions and average lever arm length (1)

n
1
X = ÿ( I Ij j ÿ
0,
)
n j
= 1
'
b=XÿX X1 and X2 from the upward rows in the same (2)

1 2
Installation position with medium lever arm length
Difference between display values at medium and minimum (3)
bl = Xlmit ÿ Xlmin Lever arm length
4.4.7.2 Interpolation deviation fa

The interpolation deviation is determined for each torque level Mk using a first-order compensation
function without an absolute term, whereby the display is to be specified as a function of the torque. The
mathematical determination of the compensation function must be carried out in such a way that the sum
of the squares of the absolute deviations in the calibrated measuring range results in a minimum.
Instead of the interpolation error, for torque wrench calibration devices with a named scale without the
possibility of electronically adapting the display to the compensation function, the display error is
determined according to point 4.4.7.6.
The interpolation deviation is calculated as:
(X) fXa
=ÿ (4)
a
4.4.7.3 Zero point deviation f0

The zero point indication is recorded after each series of measurements. The zero point reading must
be taken 30 s after complete unloading. The relative zero point deviation is calculated according to
equation (5):
f= 0
max I ÿ I . f 0
(5)
4.4.7.4 Reversal range h

The reversal range is determined by taking a measurement at increasing torque and then at decreasing
torque.
The reversal range is determined according to equation (6) as the average of the differences between
the indications of the up and down series for each torque level Mk :
k
ÿ
1
h = II ÿ
k = number of downward rows

jj (6)
k ÿ= 1
j
4.4.7.5 Estimated value X
The estimated value X is calculated according to equation (7) for each torque level Mk as
Mean value of the measurement results from the n upward rows at medium lever arm length:
n
1 n - number of upward rows for different (7)
X = ÿ( I Ij j ÿ
0,
)
n
j
= 1
Installation positions and average lever arm length
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4.4.7.6 Display deviation fa

The display deviation is only determined for torque wrench calibration devices whose display is shown
directly in the unit of torque and does not allow electronic adjustment of the display to the compensation
function of the calibration result. It is determined according to equation (8) for each torque level Mk from the
average value of all upward series at an average lever arm length:
f q
=ÿ ( )XM k
(8)
5 Classification of torque wrench calibration device

5.1 Classification principle
The measuring range for which the torque wrench calibration device is assigned a specific class includes all
calibration torques for which the corresponding classification criteria are met, starting from the measuring
range end value down to the smallest calibration torque.
5.2 Classification criteria 5.2.1

The initial measuring range value MA for classification shall be ÿ 20 % of ME .
5.2.2 The following criteria shall be taken into account:
- span with the same installation position, - span

with different installation positions, - span with different lever
arm lengths, - interpolation deviation or display deviation,
- Zero point deviation and - reversal

range.
5.2.3 Table 4 gives the permissible values of these different parameters for the class of torque wrench
calibration equipment and the associated required relative expanded uncertainty of measurement of the
calibration torques.
Table 4: Classification characteristics of the torque wrench calibration device

Classification characteristics in % Calibration
torque
Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative display or Measuring rel. erw.
Class Span b Span b' Zero point Reversal range
deviation teams h Interpolation start value
deviation f AND Measurement
with f 0
uncertainty9 in % WTN= k·wTN

X
,
X X X X f a q
AND
or.
X X
0,2 0,20 0,10 0,050 0,250 ±0,10 ÿ1000 r 0,040
0,5 0,50 0,25 0,125 0,63 ±0,25 ÿ400 r 0,10
1 1,00 1,00 0,25 1,25 ±0,5 ÿ200 r 0,20
9
According to DAkkS-DKD-3 [4], the relative expanded measurement uncertainty of the calibration torque
corresponds to twice the standard deviation (k = 2) and is determined from the composition of the random
and unknown systematic measurement deviations of the torque transfer standard.
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6 Calibration certificate and period of validity 6.1 If a torque

wrench calibration device meets the requirements of this Directive at the time of calibration, the calibration
laboratory shall issue a calibration certificate in accordance with DAkkS-DKD-5 [5] containing the following
information: (a) applicant, (b) identity of all elements of the torque wrench calibration
device and the
Torque introduction parts and designation of the torque transfer standard,
c) Information on left and right torque and lever arm lengths, d) Classification result
with information on the corresponding measuring range and the relative

Measurement uncertainty according to Annex B,
e) Estimated value (mean values from the measured values of the upward series) and the
balancing function,
(f) ambient temperature at which the calibration was carried out, (g) date of calibration,
(h) details identifying the
calibration laboratory, (i) reference to this Directive, and (j) position
of the measuring axis during calibration
(horizontal and/or vertical).

The calibration certificate should also contain:
k) table of measured values and calculated characteristic values according to point 4.4.7 and l)
graphical representation of the characteristic curve.
The reduction of the information on the result of the calibration to a conformity statement on compliance with
the error limits of a class and the measurement uncertainty is possible for torque wrench calibration devices
with a named scale (e.g. in N m), but for all others only with additional information on the compensation
function.
6.2 For the purposes of this Directive, the torque wrench calibration device must be
be recalibrated at least every 26 months.
The torque wrench calibration device must also be recalibrated if it has been subjected to an overload greater
than that during the overload test (see point 4.1.2), after a repair has taken place or after improper handling
which may influence the measurement uncertainty.
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Anhang A
Application of calibrated torque wrench calibration devices
Calibration is only valid for applications in which the torque wrench calibration device
is used in accordance with the calibration conditions. Precautions must be taken to
ensure that the device is not exposed to torques that are greater than the nominal
torque or is not subjected to disturbing forces and torques due to unsuitable
components and adaptation conditions during use, which could lead to greater
deviations than those determined during calibration.
If a torque wrench calibration device is used for measurements at a temperature that
deviates from the calibration temperature, the resulting additional measurement
uncertainty must be calculated from the manufacturer's information on the influence of
temperature on the zero point and the transmission characteristic and taken into account accordingly
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Appendix B
Determination of the relative expanded measurement uncertainty W for the calibration of torque wrench
calibration devices according to DAkkS-DKD-R 3-8 [4] [6]
The proposal for calculating the relative expanded measurement uncertainty W for torque calibrations is
essentially the same as the calculation of the relative measurement uncertainty of torque measuring
instrument calibrations [7].
The following explanations are intended as an example for calculating the relative measurement uncertainty
of a standard calibration. Depending on the application of the torque wrench calibration device to be
calibrated, it may be useful to deviate from this example or to supplement it with further measurement
uncertainty components. In such cases, the calculation basis must be documented. The example provides
information about the measurement uncertainty at the time of calibration. It does not take into account,
among other things, measurement uncertainty components due to long-term stability or the real adaptation
conditions when using the measuring device. Likewise, under certain application conditions, it may be useful
from a metrological point of view to take the determined reversal range into account as a known systematic
deviation by correcting the measured values and not as their random deviation.
Spans can only ever be determined for defined calibration points. With continuous calibration, the measured
values are usually transferred for each series of measurements at randomly distributed values of the
calibration torque. The spans b', b and bl as well as the reversal span are determined from interpolated values
at specified support points.
The measurement uncertainty is then further considered as in the step-by-step calibration.
For torque wrench calibration devices with a fixed named scale, it is not advisable to determine a
compensation function. Instead, the display deviation is calculated. The display deviation is systematic in
nature, but is not corrected like a known systematic deviation when using the calibrated measuring device. It
should therefore be included additively in the calculation of the measurement uncertainty interval according
to (B.2).
When applying linear compensation functions for torque wrench calibration devices with an unnamed scale,
the interpolation error shall be taken into account as a systematic error in the calculation of the measurement
uncertainty, just like an indication error.
However, if the named scale is created by adapting the display electronics to the compensation function, this
case is to be treated identically to that of a non-named scale according to (B.1).
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the model
n
M M= ÿ k ÿ( ) 1
ÿ
d Me
i = 1
hereby mean
ÿM1 Influence of the resolution r of the display device on the calibration object Influence of
ÿM2 the repeatability b'
ÿM3 Influence of reproducibility b
ÿM4 Influence of the reversal range h
ÿM5 Influence of return to zero f0
ÿM6 Influence of force introduction conditions bl
ÿM7 Influence of the measurement uncertainty UTN of the values of the
transfer torque wrench including a component for long-term stability. The following should
also be taken into account when using the device: Influence of the non-
ÿM8 ideal coupling of the calibration object Influence of the deviation of the calibration
ÿM9 temperature from the reference value
b) Measurement uncertainty budget
For uncorrelated input variables, the relative standard measurement uncertainty w associated with the torque M for an
introduced calibration torque Mk is given by the propagation law.
6
2 2
=
( ) ( w+M w Mk dw Mi
( )
k ) TN (B.1)
ÿ=
i 1
2
hereby ( wTN M determined by the influence of ÿM7 . )
k
The relative uncertainty interval W'(Mk) of the torque value of the calibration object is calculated as
for unnamed scale and application of a linear

'
WM( = f) M + k( ÿw) M
k a k
(
k
) , k=2 (B.2)
compensation function, or k = 2 for named scale
'
WM
(
= f) M + k
k
(
ÿw
)
M q k
(
k
) ,
(B.3)
w is calculated from the measurement uncertainty components, which result, among other things, from the ranges of
the calculated characteristic values according to point 4.4.7 of this guideline. The statistical distribution functions
according to Table B.1 are proposed for the random uncertainty components to be considered. Table B.2 shows an
example of a tabular calculation of the measurement uncertainty. If no reproducibility b is determined by the shortened
calibration procedure for class 1, the contribution of the reproducibility should be recorded by doubling the contribution of
the repeatability b'.
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Table B.1: Distribution functions for the calculation of the relative standard deviations for the parameters calculated from the
experimentally determined ranges
Characteristic value Distribution function Relative standard measurement

uncertainty w in %
ÿ f ÿ
0
Type B
ÿ ÿ
2 100
Zero point deviation f0 = ÿ ÿ
Rectangular distribution In ÿ
0
3 X
'
Span in the same Type A b 100

' =ÿ
wb
Installation position b' Normal distribution 2 X
Span in different Type A b 100

=ÿ
wb
Installation positions b Normal distribution nX
ÿ b l
ÿ
Range for different

ÿ ÿ
Type B
= ÿ 2 ÿ ÿ
100
Lever arm lengths bl U-distribution In l
2 X
ÿ r ÿ
ÿ ÿ
Type B
Resolution r = ÿ 2 ÿ ÿ
100
Rectangular distribution In r
3 M k
ÿ hÿ
ÿ ÿ
Type B
Reversal range h ÿ 2 ÿ 100
Rectangular distribution = ÿ
wh
3 X
Table B.2: Example of the tabular calculation of the relative measurement uncertainty wKE for torque wrench calibration devices
Size Estimated value Limit values distribution relative Sensitivity relative

Standard coefficient Measurement uncertainty
measurement uncertainty contribution
2a * 10
Xi xi w(xi) There wi (y)
Mk Mk normal 1
ÿM1 0 r rectangular 1
ÿM2 0 1
ÿM3 0 1
ÿM4 0 1
ÿM5 0 was f0 distributed 1
normal normal normal rectangular distributed

ÿM6 0 with U-distributed 1
relative standard measurement uncertainty

relative expanded measurement uncertainty with coverage factor k
(for a coverage probability of 95%, k = 2)
10
The sensitivity coefficient ci* is the factor used to convert the relative uncertainty w(xi) into the relative uncertainty contribution
wi(y) . It is related to the sensitivity coefficient ci (see Eq. (4.3) in DAkkS-DKD-3) as follows:
* xi .
c ÿ=
i
ÿ ci
and
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Appendix C
Calibration
procedure The following sketch shows an example of the calibration of a torque wrench calibration device
for clockwise torque with 5 equidistant torque levels.
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Appendix D
Measurement of impulse screw tools on statically traceable calibrated
Measuring devices
Table of contents
1 Purpose of the Directive 23
2 Basics of bolting with impulse wrenches used in the asymptotic working

range 24
2.1 Functional principle of a measuring device with static

Torque transducer 25
2.1.1 Measuring device for asymptotically non-switching off impulse screwdrivers 24 2.1.2
Measuring device for electronically controlled impulse screwdrivers 2.1.3 25
Evaluation and definition of terms 3 26
Construction 26
3.1 Reference torque transducer with base plate 26
3.2 Square drive 26
3.3 Mechanical coupling of the square adapter 27
Literature references: 27
1 Purpose of the Directive All screwdrivers
that are equipped with measuring torque sensors or torque-limiting devices for the purpose of controllability and
documentation of the screwing results and thus represent quality-relevant tools, must comply with
Traceable measurements according to ISO 9000ff.
According to the current state of the art, screwdrivers are now compared statically or dynamically on various, non-
standardized devices. A dynamically traceable measurement method for screwdriver measuring devices is not yet
known.
This guideline defines a statically traceable measuring device for the group of impulse screwdrivers that tighten
with an asymptotic torque curve.
Restrictions:
Impulse screwdrivers with non-asymptotic torque curves (shut-off screwdrivers) are not taken into account in this
guideline.
Impulse screwdrivers with discontinuous pulsed torque are divided into switching-off and non-switching-off
impulse screwdrivers.
The asymptotic torque curve is related to the envelope of the torque peak values (see figure below).
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Torque / %
100
80
60
40
20
0
Time
To ensure comparability, a device/procedure is defined which takes into account or eliminates all essential
boundary parameters and influencing factors.
In terms of machine capability, a statistical evaluation is specified based on the method defined in ISO
5393. Deviating from this, n = 50 screw connections with 2 seconds screwing time and 5
seconds pause time are required.
Table D.1: List of influencing factors to be taken into account during the measurement: - a: must
correspond to the operating condition - b: must be

kept constant according to the screwdriver manufacturer's specifications - c: must be
recorded in the measurement report
Influencing factors asymptotically asymptotically asymptotically

Impulse screwdriver electronically time-controlled not switching off
controlled
Resolutions/extensions etc. a; c a; c a; c
Drive energy (engine speed) b; c b; c b; c
Messfrequenz / Filter a; c a; c a; c
Screwing time / break time c a; c a; c
handheld / machine-guided c c c
2 Basics of screwing with impulse screwdrivers that are used in the asymptotic working range Screws are
generally tightened with a large number of impulses using non-switching-
off and electronically controlled impulse screwdrivers. The angular velocity at the screw head or at the
screwdriver output decreases steadily and tends towards zero at the end of the screwing. This fact allows
such tools to be compared with static reference torque transducers. The screwdrivers are rigidly coupled to
a reference transducer and operated in the nominal torque range. In this arrangement, the pulse signal and
the time behavior correspond almost exactly to the normal operating state of the screwdriver. With
electronically controlled tools, the measured peak torques of the reference and internal torque transducers
are recorded and compared synchronously. The reference torque transducer is calibrated using a static
calibration procedure.
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2.1 Functional principle of a measuring device with static torque sensor
2.1.1 Measuring device for asymptotically non-switching off impulse wrenches The recorded
mechanical impulses of the hollow shaft sensor equipped with strain gauges (full bridge) are converted into
an electrical voltage. After DC amplification and filtering of the signal using a low-pass filter, minimum 2 kHz
cut-off frequency, Butterworth character, the impulses are digitized with a measuring frequency of at least
33 kHz and a resolution of at least 12 bits and fed to a computer (PC) as a reference signal.
Measurement result
M(Nm)
tmess
Mmax
I did can t
Terminal
DC-Ampl.
DMS City
Transducer 2 kHz
24dB/Oct. Butterworth
A/D converter
33 kHz
12 Bit
standardized simulator
a) Measuring device for asymptotically non-switching off impulse screwdrivers
2.1.2 Measuring device for electronically controlled pulse screwdrivers Electronically

controlled pulse screwdrivers are measured using the measuring method shown in Figure b, which basically
works in the same way as the method in 2.1.1. In addition, the result of the reference system is compared
with the result of the pulse screwdriver. These are obtained from the screwdriver's internal torque sensor
and processed in a suitable manner by the pulse screwdriver control.
When comparing the results, the first and last 3 pulses are not taken into account in the evaluation so that
the in- and out-swing behavior of the screwdrivers does not influence the result. The average values are
calculated from the maximum values of the remaining m - 6 pulses. The transmission factor is calculated as
the quotient of the two average values.
M(Nm)
tmess
Mmax
I did can t
steering Terminal
2 kHz City
A/D converter
Measurement result
33 kHz
12 Bit
DC-Ampl.
DMS City
Transducer 2 kHz
A/D converter
33 kHz Reference result
12 Bit
standardized M(Nm)
tmess
Screw joint simulator Mmax
I did can t
b) Measuring device for electronically controlled impulse wrenches

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2.1.3 Evaluation and definition of terms

m ÿ
3
1
Calculating the mean: M =
m ÿ
6
ÿ M imax
i = 4
__
M ref
Calculating the transmission factor: C = (only for monitored impulse wrenches)
M mess
__
Transmission factor ( C ) is the ratio of the torque mean value of the reference
systems (Mref) to the measured mean torque of the impulse wrench (MMess).
3 Structure
3.1 Reference torque transducer with base plate
The reference torque transducer specified below must be mounted in a form-fitting and torque-resistant
manner on a sufficiently large or heavy base plate that can absorb the resulting reaction torque. The
minimum moments of inertia of the base plate are listed in the table in 3.2.
As a guideline for the measuring sensitivity of the nominal torque, a nominal value of 1 mV/V should be
achieved with a strain gauge full bridge circuit. Static hollow shaft sensors should be used primarily for
pulse measurement due to their lower bending sensitivity and higher resonance frequencies.
The fundamental resonance frequency for torsional vibrations including adaptation and base plate must be
greater than 2.3 kHz. For definition of the base plate, see table in 3.2.
The reference sensors must be statically calibrated to accuracy class 1 or better according to DIN 51309.
3.2 Square drive
Table D.2: The nominal size of the drive square according to DIN 3120/3121 is determined
depending on the torque range as follows:
Square drive Torque range Moment of inertia of the

base plate min.
6,3 mm (1/4“) bus 15 N·m Jp = 1 kg·m2
10 mm (3/8“) bus 63 N·m Jp = 1 kg·m2
12,5 mm (1/2“) bus 160 N·m Jp = 1 kg·m2
20 mm (3/4“) bus 500 N·m Jp = 3 kg·m2
Note: If the
connection geometry differs, backlash-free intermediate adaptations must be used or corresponding
reference torque transducers with this geometry must be used.
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3.3 Mechanical coupling of the square adapter Adaption must
be designed with its tolerances according to DIN 3121 / ISO 1174.
Recommendation:
To reduce negative transmission influences during torque measurement caused by the coupling play between
the reference sensor and the impulse screw tool, the following recommendation is made:
The square mount of the reference sensor must be designed in such a way that the output of the impulse
wrench can be fixed without play, e.g. using two threaded pins. It is important to ensure that the basic
resonance frequency for torsional vibration is not significantly changed.
Threaded pin
Additional static guidance (bracing) of the tool to be tested is not permitted.
Literature references
[1] DIN EN ISO 6789 “Hand-operated torque tools; Requirements and

Tests (ISO 6789:2002)"
[2] DIN 51309:02/98 “Calibration of torque measuring instruments for static

Torques”
[3] DKD-R 3-7 “Static calibration of indicating torque wrenches”, PTB, Braunschweig, 2nd new edition
2018 [4] DAkkS-DKD-3 “Indication of the
measurement uncertainty in calibrations”, new edition 2010, (EA–04/02 “Expression of the Uncertainty of
Measurement in Calibration”, 04/97)
[5] DAkkS-DKD-5 “Instructions for preparing a calibration certificate”, new edition 2010 [6] “Guide to
the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement”, ISBN 92-67-10188-9, International Organisation for

Standardisation, Geneva, 1995 [7] Peschel, D. “Determination of the
smallest measurement uncertainty that can be specified

Torques with a torque reference standard measuring device”, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt,
Braunschweig, Working Paper, FL 1.13
[8] EURAMET/cg-14/v.01: „Guidelines on the Calibration of Static Torque Measuring Devices“, 07/2007
Editor:
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
German Calibration Service
Bundesallee 100
38116 Brunswick
www.dkd.eu
www.ptb.de

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Machine Translated by Google

Directive Static calibration of

German Calibration Service (DKD)

Suggested citation for the source: Guideline

device 4.1 General 4.2 Resolution of the 9

torque wrench calibration device 5 5.1 10

Classification principle 5.2 Classification 10

criteria 6 Calibration certificate and period of 11

validity Appendix A Application of calibrated torque wrench calibration devices 16

Determination of the measurement 16

Calibration laboratories improved.

Edition: 10/2003 published by the DKD 1st new

1 Scope This guideline applies

REFERENCE: Appendix D describes a guideline for “Measurement of impulse wrench tools on

2 Symbols and terms For the application of this DKD

Table 1: Symbols, units and designation

Symbol designation Unit

Mnom Nenndrehmoment N·m

MA Measuring range start value N·m

ME measuring range end value N·m

Mk introduced calibration torque N·m

I0 Display of the zero signal before loading in installation position BUT 1

If Display of the zero signal after unloading in installation position BUT 1

I(Mk ) Display with increasing calibration torque Mk BUT 1

I'(Mk ) Display with decreasing calibration torque Mk BUT 1

X(Mk ) Display value with increasing calibration torque Mk BUT 1

X'(Mk ) Display value with decreasing calibration torque Mk BUT 1

CAR Display value at measuring range end value BUT 1

Xmin smallest display value from different measurement series BUT 1

Xmax largest display value from different measurement series BUT 1

Xlmin Display value at minimum lever arm length BUT 1

Xlmit Display value at medium lever arm length BUT 1

X (Mk ) Estimated value of the calibration result at calibration torque Mk AE 1

calculated display value from the compensation function at the

fa (Mk ) Interpolation deviation for calibration torque Mk BUT 1

fq (Mk ) Display deviation at calibration torque Mk BUT 1

f0 Deviation of the zero signal BUT 1

Reversal range of the torque wrench calibration device at calibration

r Resolution of the display device N·m

l Lever arm length of the transfer torque wrench mm

lmin Minimum lever arm length of the transfer torque wrench mm

measurement uncertainty of the torque value of the

Calibration object at calibration torque Mk

Calibration object at calibration torque Mk

3 Features of the torque wrench calibration device

3.2 Torque introduction

3.3 Measurement of deformation The

4.1.2 Overload test It must be ensured

4.2 Resolution of the display device

4.2.2 Digital display The

4.2.3 Display fluctuation If the

The resolution r is converted into torque units and specified.

4.2.5 Initial value of the measuring range

4.3 Preparation for calibration 4.3.1 Display

device The display device

4.3.2 Temperature compensation

4.3.3 Sensor zero signal Before

4.3.4 Transducer connection

4.4 Carrying out the calibration 4.4.1