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Chapter 04 Transmission and Switching

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18 views18 pages

Chapter 04 Transmission and Switching

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BT VITHU
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transmission & Switching

Multiplexing
Multiplexing

• Multiplexing is the process in which multiple Data Streams, coming from


different Sources, are combined and Transmitted over a Single Data
Channel or Data Stream.

• A Multiplexer (MUX) is a device that combines several signals into a


single signal.
• A De-multiplexer (DEMUX) is a device that performs the inverse
operation.
Categories of Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

• FDM is the oldest and probably still the most widely used channel
allocation scheme.

• In FDM a particular communication channel uses a particular band of


frequencies within the transponder bandwidth.

• It is a scheme in which numerous signals are combined for transmission on


a single communications line or channel. Each signal is assigned a different
frequency (sub channel) within the main channel.
FDM Process: multiplexing
FDM Process: de-multiplexing
FDM : Drawbacks

• Guard bands are needed between the channels to keep the stations
separated.
• Large number of modulators and filters are required.
• Inter modulation distortion takes place.
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

• TDM can be handled entirely by digital electronics, so it has become far


more widespread in recent years.
• It is a method of putting multiple data streams in a single signal by
separating the signal into many segments, each having a very short
duration. Each individual data stream is reassembled at the receiving
end based on the timing.
TDM : Drawbacks

• Synchronization is essential for proper operation.

• Due to slow narrowband fading, all the TDM channels may get
wiped out.

• It is not much suitable for continues signals extra guard time are
necessary.
Network Switching
Switching is process to forward packets coming in from one port to a port
leading towards the destination.
• Ingress
• Egress

Switching can be divided into two major categories:

• Connectionless: The data is forwarded on behalf of forwarding tables. No


previous handshaking is required and acknowledgements are optional.

• Connection Oriented:
• Pre-establish circuit.
• Transfer data.
• Turned down the connection.
Network Switching
• Circuit Switching

• Message Switching

• Packet Switching
Circuit Switching
When two nodes communicate with each other over a
dedicated communication path, it is called circuit switching.
Applications which use circuit switching may have to go through
three phases:
• Establish a circuit
• Transfer the data
• Disconnect the circuit
Message Switching
• This technique was somewhere in middle of circuit switching
and packet switching.

Message switching has the following drawbacks:


• Every switch in transit path needs enough storage to accommodate entire message.
• Because of store-and-forward technique and waits included until resources are available,
message switching is very slow.
• Message switching was not a solution for streaming media and real-time applications.
Packet Switching
The entire message is broken down into smaller
chunks called packets. The switching information is
added in the header of each packet and transmitted
independently.
The internet uses packet switching technique.

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