Seismic Design of Concrete Buildings - SNI 03-2847-2014

Seismic Design of Concrete Building According to SNI
1726 & SNI 2847, prepared by Djoni Simanta
General Considerations
Seismic Analysis, Design and Detailing of
of Earthquake Resistant Design
Reinforced Concrete Buildings Elements The main goal of earthquake-resistant design is to attain a structure with
according to g and ductility
sufficient strength y to assure life safety,
y, i.e.,, to p
prevent collapse
p
under the most intense earthquake expected at a site during the life of a
SNI 1726-SNI 2847/ACI 318M structure.
In most structures that are subjected to moderate-to-strong earthquakes,

by economical earthquake-resistant design is achieved by allowing yielding to
take place in some structural members. It is typically impractical as well as
uneconomical to design a structure to respond in the elastic range to
Djoni Simanta maximum expected earthquake-induced inertia forces. However, for certain
types of structures such as nuclear containment buildings, yielding in the
structure cannot be tolerated,, and the design
g needs to be elastic.
Civil Engineering Department In general, most earthquake code provisions implicitly require that structures
be able to resist minor earthquakes without any damage, moderate
Parahyangan Catholic University earthquakes with negligible structural damage and some non-structural
Bandung damage, and major earthquakes with possibly some structural and non-
structural damage. As noted above, structures must respond to strong
2014 ground motion without collapse.
Designing structures for the effects of

earthquakes generally includes the following:
• Selecting and laying out a lateral-force-resisting (LFR) system this is

appropriate to the anticipated level of ground shaking. This includes
providing a continuous and redundant load path that ensures that a
structure acts as an integral unit when responding to ground motion.
• Determining code-prescribed forces and deformations generated by

the ground motion, and distributing the forces to the various elements
of the LFR system. Site characteristics, occupancy, configuration,
structural system, and structure height are all considered when
determining these forces.
• Proportioning
P ti i and dddetailing
t ili the
th structural
t t l members b andd jjoints
i t ffor th
the
combined effects of gravity and lateral (including wind) loads so that
adequate vertical and lateral strength and stiffness are achieved to
satisfy the structural performance and acceptable deformation levels
prescribed in the governing building code.
1
Seismic Analysis Procedure

Building Structure
1. Pre-dimensioning and coordination with other design professionals
Floor Diaphragm 2. Definition of all dead and live loads
3
3. D fi S
Define Seismic
i i Risk
Ri k C
Category
t and
d IImportant
t tF Factor
t
Frame and Shear Walls
Floor Slab System 4. Determine Site Classification
Lateral Load Resisting System
Gravity Load Resisting System
Sub-structure and Member Design
Soil Profile Type Parameter to be defined :

Definition of the soil profile is based on averaged soil properties for the upper 30 m of
soil profil.
m
t
i 1
i  30 m
m m m
 ti  ti  ti
vs  i 1 N  i 1 Su  i 1
m m m
 ti / vsi  ti / Ni  ti / Sui
i 1 i 1 i 1
2
5. 6. Determine Seismic Design Category
4.
3
7. Define the Structural System
Two parameters are relevant:
a.The Structural material

b.The Lateral-Load Resisting Systems
4
Moment Resisting Frame SNI 03-2847-02
• The Load is
transferred by shear
in columns, that
produces moment in
columns and in
beams
• The Beam-Column
connection is crucial
for the system to
work k
• The moments and
shear from later
loads must be added
to those from gravity
loads
5
Shear Wall–Frame Interaction

10 Story Wall and cm
Frame
Wall Thickness = 15 cm
Beam Section = 60 cm x 30
cm
Column Section = 50 cm x
50 cm
8. Define the Structural Configuration 10. Structural Analysis Procedure
9. Determine Design Parameters, from Table 9. SNI 1726.
6
11. Loading Combinations
Notes:
1. Structural Concrete Stiffness Recommendations, refer to ACI/SNI
2. Structural Steel Requirements for Frame Stability Analysis, refer to AISC/SNI:

- General 2nd Order Direct Analysis
- General 2nd Order Effective Length Analysis
- Amplified 1st Order Direct Analysis
- Amplified 1st Order Effective Length Analysis
7
8
9
12. Define the Structural Material Detailing Requirements
Note:
SDC = Seismic Design Category
10
Special Moment Resisting Frame
11
Analysis Procedure Foundations Modeling

Stiffness Recommendations:
ACI 318/SNI 201X
12
Table 3 - General Requirements

1. Flexural Members of Special Moment Frames
Sect. No. Fig. No.
Factored axial compressive force  Ag f c / 10 
General Requirements 23.3.1.1
p  4  effective depth
Clear span p 23.3.1.2
Special moment frames are required in regions of high Width-to-depth ratio  0.3 23.3.1.3
seismic risk or for structures assigned to high seismic Width  250 mm.
performance or design categories. Flexural members of Width < width of supporting member (measured on a 1
special moment frames must satisfy the provisions of plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the 23.3.1.4
23.3. The general requirements of 23.3.1.1 through flexural member) + distances on each side of the
23.3.1.4, which are summarized in Fig. 1, have been supporting member not exceeding three-fourths of
guided by experimental evidence and observations of the depth
p of the flexural member.
reinforced concrete frames that have performed well in
the past.
Table 4 - Flexural Requirements
Sect. No. Fig. No.

Minimum reinforcement shall not be less than
fcbwd 1.4 bw d
and
4 fy fy
at any section, top and bottom, unless provisions of 10.5.3 are 23.3.2.1
satisfied.
The reinforcement ratio  shall not exceed 0.025.
2
At least two bars must be provided continuously at both top and
bottom of section.
Positive moment strength at joint face  1/2 negative moment
strength provided at that face of the joint.
Neither the negative nor the positive moment strength at any section 23.3.2.2
along the member length shall be less than 1/4 the maximum
250 mm moment strength provided at the face of either joint.
Figure 1 - General Requirements
13
Seismic Design Requirements
Reinforcements Design of Rectangular Beams

M u M n
M n  Rn 
0 .9 b . d t2
 . f c'
 nt  0 , 3 1 9 . 1  nt  nt
R nt   nt . (1  0 , 5 9 . nt ) . f c'
fy
1 . S in g le R e in fo rc e m e n ts :
M n 2 .k n
R n  R nt kn    0 , 8 5 . (1  1 )
f c ' .b . d 2
0,85
 . f c'
  A s t   .b . d A sc  0
fy
C h e c k to :
4 0, 25. f c' 1 , 4 .b . d 
A s m in  m i n  . A s t ; m a x ( .b . d ;  A s m a x  0 , 0 2 5 .b . d
fy fy
 
3
A s m in  A s t  A s m a x and A s c  A s m in
Figure 2 - Flexural Requirements
14
2. D ouble R einforcements:
dt f
 =  nt .( )  nt   . y' k nt   nt .(1  0, 59. nt ) M nt  k nt . f c' .b .d 2
d fc
 M  M n  M nt c max  0, 375.d t
d'  c d'  
if :  0,
0 31 f s'  f y otherw h i : f s'  min
ise i   E s .0,
0 003 max ; fy 
c max  c m ax  
M
Asc 
( d  d ' ).( f s'  0, 85. f c' )
M
Ast   .b .d 
( d  d ' ). f y
C heck to:
4 0, 25. f c' 1, 4.b .d 
As min  min  . Ast ; max( .b .d ;  As max  0, 025.b .d
 3 fy fy 
As min  Ast  As max and Asc  As min
Table 5 - Splice Requirements
Sect. No. Fig. No.

Lap splices of flexural reinforcement are permitted only
if hoop or spiral reinforcement is provided over the lap
length Hoop and spiral reinforcement spacing shall not
length.
exceed
 d/4
 100 mm 23.3.2.3 3
Lap splices are not to be used:
 Within joints.
 Within a distance of 2h from the face of the joint.
 At locations where analysis indicates flexural yielding
causedd bby iinelastic
l ti lateral
l t l displacements
di l t off the
th frame.
f
Mechanical splices shall conform to 23.2.6 and welded 100 mm
splices shall conform to 23.2.7.1. 23.3.2.4  100 mm
Figure 3 - Lap Splice Requirements
15
Table 6 - Transverse Reinforcement Requirements

Sect. No. Fig. No.
Hoops are required in the following regions of frame members:
 Over a length equal to 2h from the face of the supporting member toward midspan at
both ends of the flexural member. 23.3.3.1
 Over lengths equal to 2h on both sides of a section where flexural yielding may occur
in connection with inelastic lateral displacements of the frame.
Where hoops are required
required, the spacing shall not exceed:
 d/4
 8  diameter of smallest longitudinal bar
 24  diameter of hoop bars 23.3.3.2
4
 300 mm.
The first hoop shall be located no more than 150 mm from the face of the supporting
member.
Where hoops are required, longitudinal bars on the perimeter shall have lateral support
23.3.3.3
conforming to 7.10.5.3.
Where hoops are not required, stirrups with seismic hooks at both ends shall be spaced at
23.3.3.4
a distance not more than d/2 throughout the length of the member.
Stirrups or ties required to resist shear shall be hoops over lengths of members in 23.3.3,
23.3.3.5
23.4.4, and 23.5.2.
Hoops in flexural members shall be permitted to be made up of 2 pieces of
reinforcement: a stirrup having seismic hooks at both ends and closed by a crosstie.
Consecutive crossties engaging the same longitudinal bar shall have their 90-degree
23.3.3.6 5
hooks at opposite sides of the flexural member. If the longitudinal bars secured by the
crossties are confined by a slab on only one side of the flexural frame member, the 90-
degree hooks of the crossties shall be placed on that side.
Transverse reinforcement must also be proportioned to resist the design shear forces. 23.3.4 4
16
17
Required Shear Reinforcements

Acv = shear area
1.For Rectangular Sections 2
Vm ax  Vc  ( f c' .) A C V N
ACV  b w .d 3
here
where
 .V c A v
Av f ' .b b If V u  ( )  0 .0
( )min  max( c w ; w ) 2 s
s 4fys 3fys  .V c
e ls e if (  V u   .V m a x ,
2. ForCircularSections 2
1 V -  .V c f c'
ACV  Ag  πD2 Av
 u  m ax (
b
.b w ; w )
4 s  .f y s .d 4 .f y s 3 .f y s
where
e ls e if V u   .V m a x ,
Av f ' .D 0.8.D
( )min  max( c ; ) a fa ilu re c o n d itio n is d e c la re d
s 4fys 3fys
6db (75 mm)
Figure 4 - Transverse Reinforcement Requirements

Figure 5 - Hoop Reinforcement
18

2. Special Moment Frame Members
Subjected to
Sect. No. Fig. No.
Factored axial compressive force > Ag f c / 10 23.4.1 
Bending and Axial Load Shortest cross-sectional dimension measured on a straight
23.4.1.1
line passing through the geometric centroid  300 mm
6
Ratio of the shortest cross-sectional dimension to the
23.4.1.2
General Requirements perpendicular dimension  0.4
• Special moment frame members subjected to bending and axial
load must satisfy the provisions of 23.4. These requirements are for
frame members in regions of high seismic risk or for structures
assigned to high seismic performance or design categories. The
g
geometric constraints in 23.4.1,, which are summarized in Table 7
and Fig. 6, follow from previous practice.
• Note that any frame members in the structure that do not satisfy
23.3.1 are to be proportioned and detailed according to 23.4.
Longitudinal Reinforcement
based on Design Load Combinations
300 mm
Figure 6 - General Requirements
19
Section Capacity with Graphical view of the Capacity

Column Interaction Diagram
20
Slenderness Effect ( P Delta Effect/Second Order Analys

How to Check Capacity

• How do we check capacity when there are three
simultaneous actions and three interaction stress
resultants
– Given: Pu, Mux, Muy
– Available: Pn-Mnx-Mny Surface
• We can use the concept of Capacity Ratio, but which
ratio
– Pu/Pn or Mux/Mns or Muy/Mny or …
• Three methods for computing Capacity Ratio
1. Sum of Moment Ratios at Pu
2. Moment Vector Ratio at Pu
3. P-M vector Ratio
21
Sum of Mx and My Vector Moment Capacity

• Mx-My curve is plotted at applied axial load, • Mx-My curve is plotted at applied axial
Pu l d
load
• Sum of the Ratios of Moment is each • Ratio of Muxy vector to Mnxy vector gives the
direction gives the Capacity Ratio Capacity Ratio
Longitudinal Reinforcement
True P-M Vector Capacity based on Strong Column-Weak Beam
• P-M Curve is plotted in the direction of the

resultant
lt t momentt
• Ratio of PuMuxy vector to PnMuxy vector gives
the Capacity Ratio
22
Table 8 - Minimum Flexural Strength of Columns
Sect. No. Fig. No.

The flexural strengths of columns shall satisfy the following:
 Mc  (6/5)  Mg (23-1)
where  Mc = sum of moments at the faces of the jjoint,, corresponding
p g
to the nominal flexural strength of the columns framing
into that joint. Column flexural strength shall be
calculated for the factored axial force, consistent with
the direction of the lateral forces considered, resulting in 23.4.2.2 
the lowest flexural strength.
 Mg = sum of moments at the faces of the joint, corresponding
to the nominal flexural strength of the girders framing
into that joint. In T-beam construction, slab
reinforcement within an effective slab width defined in
8 10 shall
8.10 h ll contribute
t ib t to
t flexural
fl l strength.
t th
If Eq. (23-1) is not satisfied, the lateral strength and stiffness of the
columns shall not be considered when determining the strength and 23.4.2.1
stiffness of the structure , and the columns shall conform to 23.9. Also, 
the columns must have transverse reinforcement over their full height 23.4.2.3
as specified in 23.4.4.1 through 23.4.4.3.
23
Table 9 - Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirements
Sect. No. Fig. No.

The reinforcement ratio  shall not be less than 0.01 and
23.4.3.1
shall not exceed 0.06.
Mechanical splices shall conform to 23.2.6 and welded
splices shall conform to 23.2.7. 1. Lap splices are permitted 7
within the center half of the member length, must be only 23.4.3.2
tension lap splices, and shall be enclosed within transverse
reinforcement conforming to 23.4.4.2 and 23.4.4.3
Design of Column Shear Reinforcements
Figure 7 - Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirements
24
a. Hinge at beam ends, Veb
Alternative way Ve1=
b. Hinge at Column Ends

Vec
25
Concrete Shear Capacity

1.If thecolumnis subjectedto axialcompression, Pu is positive
Pu
Vc  0.17(1 ) f c' ACV
14Ag
h
however,
Vc shall
h llnottbe
b taken
t k greater
t than
th
0.29Pu
Vc  0.29 f c' 1  ACV
Ag
2.If thecolumnis subjectedtoaxialtension,Pu is negative
0.29Pu
Vc  0.17(1 )ACV  0.0
Ag
Required Shear Reinforcements

Acv = shear area
2 '
1.For Rectangular Sections Vmax  Vc  ( fc .)ACV N
3
ACV  b w .d
where
here
φ.Vc A v
f ' .b b If Vu  ( )  0.0
A 2 s
( v )min  max( c w ; w )
s 4fys 3fys φ.Vc
elseif (  Vu  φ.Vmax ,
2. ForCircularSections 2
1 A v Vu  φ.Vc f' b
ACV  Ag  πD2   max( c .bw ; w )
4 s φ.ffys .d
φ d 4 fys
4.f 3 fys
3.f
where
elseif Vu  φ.Vmax ,
A f ' .0.8D 0.8.D a failureconditionis declared
( v )min  max( c ; )
s 4fys 3fys
26
Transverse Reinforcement Requirements
27
28
Table 10 - Transverse Reinforcement Requirements (1)

Sect. No. Fig. No.
The transverse reinforcement requirements discussed in the following seven items
need only be provided over a length  o
from each joint face and on both sides of any section where
flexural yielding is likely to occur. The length  o shall not be less than: 23.4.4.4 8
 Depth of member at joint face or at section where flexural yielding is likely to occur
 Clear span/6
 500 mm.
Ratio of spiral or circular hoop reinforcement p, shall not be less than that given by:
 s = 0.12 f c  0.45  g  1  f c
A 23.4.4.1(a) 9
(23-2) and (10-6)
f yh A  f
 c  yh
Total cross-sectional area of rectangular hoop reinforcement for confinement A sh shall
not be less than that given by the following two equations:
A sh = 0.3(sh c f c / f yh )[(A g /A ch ) - 1] (23-3) 23.4.4.1(b)
A sh = 0. 09sh c f c / f yh (23-4) 8
Transverse reinforcement shall be provided by either single or overlapping hoops.
Crossties of the same bar size and spacing as the hoops are permitted, with each end of 23.4.4. 1
the crosstie engaging a peripheral longitudinal reinforcing bar. Consecutive crossties (c)
shall be alternated end for end along the longitudinal reinforcement.
Eqs. (23-3) and (10-6) need not be satisfied if the design strength of the member core
satisfies the requirement of the design loading combinations, including the earthquake 23.4.4.1(d) 
effects.
If the thickness of the concrete outside of the confining transverse reinforcement > 100
mm, additional transverse reinforcement shall be provided at a spacing  300 mm. 23.4.4.1(e) 8
Concrete cover on the additional reinforcement  100 mm.
29
Table 10 - Transverse Reinforcement Requirements (2)

Sect. No. Fig. No.
Transverse reinforcement shall be spaced at distances not exceeding:
 Minimum member dimension/4
 6  longitudinal bar diameter
 sx 23.4.4.2 150 mm
where 100 mm  sx = 100 + 350  hx  150 mm. (23-5)

3 500 mm
Crossties or legs of overlapping hoops shall not be spaced more than 350 mm. on 23.4.4.3
center in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the structural member. 8
Vertical bars shall not be farther than 150 mm. clear from a laterally supported bar. 7.10.5.3
Where transverse reinforcement as required in 23.4.4.1-23.4.4.3 is no longer
required, the remainder of the column shall contain spiral or hoop reinforcement
spaced at distances not to exceed: 23.4.4.6
 6  longitudinal bar diameter
 150 mm.
Transverse reinforcement must also be proportioned to resist the design shear forces. 23.4.5
Columns supporting reactions from discontinued stiff members, such as walls, shall 6db  75 mm
have transverse reinforcement as specified in 23.4.4.1-23.4.4.3
23 4 4 1 23 4 4 3 over their full height,
height
if the factored axial compressive force related to earthquake effects > Ag f c /10. This 100 mm
transverse reinforcement shall extend into the discontinued member for at least the
development length of the largest longitudinal reinforcement in the column in
accordance with 23.5.4. 23.4.4.5 10
 If the lower end of the column terminates on a wall, transverse reinforcement per
x  350 mm on center
23.4.4.1-23.4.4.3 shall extend into the wall for at least the development length of
the largest longitudinal bar in the column at the point of termination.
100 mm  sx = 100 + [(350-hx)/3]  150
 If the column terminates on a footing or mat, transverse reinforcement per mm
23.4.4.1-23.4.4.3 shall extend at least 300 mm. into the footing or mat.
Figure 8 - Transverse Reinforcement Requirements - Rectangular Hoop Reinforcement
75 mm
(75 mm)
(25 mm)
75 mm
(10 mm)
Figure 9 - Transverse Reinforcement Requirements - Spiral Hoop Reinforcement
30
31
3. Joints of Special Moment Frames

General Requirements
• The overall integrity of special moment frames, which are required in regions of high
seismic risk or for structures assigned to high seismic performance or design
categories,
i iis d
dependent
d on the
h b behavior
h i off bbeam-column
l jjoints.
i D
Degradation
d i off
joints can result in large lateral deformations, which can cause excessive damage or
even failure. The general requirements of 23.5.1 are summarized in Table 11 and
Fig. 11.
• Since the development of inelastic rotations at the faces of the joints is associated
with strains in the flexural reinforcement significantly greater than the yield strain, joint
shear forces generated by the flexural reinforcement are calculated based on a stress
in the reinforcement equal to 1.25fy (23.5.1.1).
• Slippage of longitudinal reinforcement in a beam column joint can lead to an increase
in the joint rotation. Longitudinal bars must be continued through the joint or must be
properly developed for tension and compression in the confined column core
300 mm (23 5 1 3) The minimum column size requirements of 23
(23.5.1.3). 23.5.1.4
5 1 4 reduce the possibility
of failure from loss of bond, considering load reversals beyond the yield point of the
steel that are anticipated during a major earthquake.
Figure 10 - Columns Supporting Discontinued Stiff Members
32
Joint Failures
33
Ve,col determination
34
35
Transverse Reinforcement in joint

• Transverse reinforcement in a beam-column joint is required to adequately confine the
concrete to ensure its ductile behaviour and to allow it to maintain its vertical load-
carrying capacity even after possible spalling of the outer shell. The transverse
1.7 reinforcement requirements of 23.5.2 for joints of special moment frames are
summarized in Table 12. Minimum confinement reinforcement equal to the amount
Vn  1.2 f c' .A j
specified in 23
23.4.4
4 4 for potential hinging regions in columns must be provided within a
joint, unless the joint is confined by structural members per 23.5.2.2. Figure 11
illustrates the requirements when less than four members frame into a beam-column
joint.
• Fifty percent of the confining reinforcement required by 23.4.4 may be used when
1.0
members frame into all four sides of a joint, provided the width of the member is at
least three-fourths the corresponding column width. This reduction in the amount of
transverse reinforcement recognizes the beneficial effect provided by these members
in resisting bursting pressures that can be generated within a joint. The requirements
of 23.5.2,2 are shown in Fig. 12.
• Section 23.5.2.3 contains provisions for joints where the beam width is greater than the
corresponding column widthwidth. Beam reinforcement that is not confined by column
reinforcement shall be confined by transverse reinforcement per 23.4.4, unless a beam
framing into the joint provides confinement (see Fig. 13).
• The minimum amount of transverse reinforcement for all of the cases noted above
must be provided through the joint regardless of the magnitude of the calculated shear
force in the joint.

Sect. No. Fig. No.
Forces in longitudinal beam reinforcement at the face of the joint shall be
determined assuming that the stress in the flexural tensile reinforcement is equal 23.5.1.1 
to 1.25fy.
Strength of joint shall be governed by the appropriate strength reduction factors in
93
9.3.
23.5.1.2 
Beam longitudinal reinforcement terminated in a column shall be extended to the
far face of the confined column core and anchored
23.5.1.3
 In tension according to 23.5.4
 In compression according to Chapter 12
11
Where longitudinal beam reinforcement extends through a beam-column joint, the
column dimension parallel to the beam reinforcement shall not be less than
 20  diameter of the largest longitudinal bar for normal weight concrete 23.5.1.4
 26  diameter of the largest longitudinal bar for lightweight concrete
(db)
150 mm
5.4
Figure 11 - General Requirements and Transverse Reinforcement

Requirements for Joints not Confined by Structural Members
36
Table 12 - Transverse Reinforcement Requirements
Sect. No. Fig. No.

Transverse hoop reinforcement required for column ends per 23.4.4 shall
be provided within a joint, unless structural members confine the joint as 23.5.2.1 11
specified in 23.5.2.2.
Where members
Wh b frame
f into
i all
ll four
f sides
id off a joint
j i andd eachh member
b
width is at least 3/4 the column width, the transverse reinforcement with
in the depth of the shallowest member may be reduced to 1/2 of the
23.5.2.2 12
amount required by 23.4.4.1. The spacing of the transverse
reinforcement required in 23.4.4.2(b) shall not exceed 150 mm at these
locations.
Transverse reinforcement per 23.4.4 shall be provided through the joint
to confine longitudinal beam reinforcement outside the column core if a 23.5.2.3 13
beam framing into the joint does not provide such confinement.
150 mm
Figure 12 - Transverse Reinforcement Requirements for Joints Confined

by Structural Members
37
Figure 13 - Transverse Reinforcement Requirements for Longitudinal

Beam Reinforcement Outside a Confined Column Core
Figure 14 - Development Length of Straight Bars in Tension
38
Special Reinforced Concrete Structural

Walls and Coupling Beams
Scope
The provisions of 23.6 apply to special reinforced concrete
structural walls and coupling beams that are part of the
earthquake force-resisting system. These provisions are
required in regions of high seismic risk or for structures
assigned to high seismic performance and design
categories.
Shear Wall–Frame Interaction The Basic Issues

10 Story Wall and Frame • What is a Shear Wall?
cm
• Modeling and analysis issues
– Transfer of loads to shear walls
– Modeling of shear walls in 2D
– Modeling of shear Walls in 3D
– Interaction of shear-walls with frames
• Design
g and detainingg issues
Wall Thickness = 15 cm
– Determination of rebars for flexure
Beam Section = 60 cm x 30
cm
– Determination of rebars for shear
Column Section = 50 cm x 50 – Detailing of rebars near openings and corners
cm – Design and detailing of connection between
various components of cellular shear walls
39
Shear Wall or Column
Wall Column
Shear Wall or Frame

Shear Wall Shear Wall or Frame ? Frame
40
Shear Wall or Truss? Planner Walls
Planer Stiffened Regular Irregular Openings

Openings
Cellular Walls
Location and
Layout of
Shear Walls
41
Loads Transferred to Shear

Purpose of Shear Walls
Walls
• Distribution of lateral loads to individual shear
• Resist the lateral loads for medium rise walls, to moment resisting frames, to wall-frames
b ildi
buildings up tto 40 flfloors and
d tto iindividual
di id l columns
l depends
d d on:
– Stiffness of each column and wall
– Reduce total deflection and story drift – Lateral stiffness of each frame or wall frame
– Increase lateral stiffness – Location of the the vertical unit with respect to the load
building lateral stiffness center
– Reduce moments in columns and floor – Location of the load center with respect to the stiffness center
members due to lateral loads – The geometry and in-plane
in plane stiffness of the floor slab system
– Reduce the overall cost of the structural
system
– Can also serve as elevator shafts, service
ducts, etc,
42
Load Transferred to Shear

How to Locate the Walls
Walls
?
• Reduce the eccentricity between the stiffness
center and the load center
Load Center – Consider Eccentricity due to Wind Loads, depending
F on overall geometry of the structure
f D
– Consider Eccentricity due to Earthquake Loads,
depending on Mass Distribution
Stiffness – Consider Eccentricity not only at foundation level but
C
Center at various heights
? • Reduce the in-plane bending in the slab system
Building Plan and Evenly distribute the stiffness in both
directions
• Use building layout in plan to enhance overall
Eccentric and Concentric

How to Check Eccentricity!
Response
• For Wind Loads F
– Apply Wind load in XX-Direction
Direction and check nodal
displacements. If displacement in Y-Directions are
nearly zero or very small, then there is no eccentricity No Eccentricity
between wind load and and stiffness center in Y-
direction
– Repeat the same for Y-Direction Load
F
D
• Seismic Loads
– Assign the Mass properties to the building and Eccentric Shear Wall
carryout a Modal Analysis: If the first two modes are
Translational, and third mode is Torsional, then there
is no eccentricity between the mass center and
43
Eccentric and Concentric

Unsymmetrical MassResponse
Avoid Eccentricity in Plan
and Stiffness
Symmetrical Mass and

Stiffness
Or
Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3
Reduce In-plane Bending in

Vertical Irregularity
Floor
Expansion
Joint
No Shear Walls Balanced Shear Using Expansion

Walls at All Joints to eliminate
Levels some walls
44
Using Efficient Building Plan

Shape
Shear Wall
Behavior
Shear Wall and Frame Behavior
Shear Wall Behavior Frame Behavior
45
Axial
10
Stresses in Planer Walls
46
Axial
10
Stresses in Cellular Walls
Uniaxial Bending
Axial
10
Stresses in Cellular Walls
Biaxial Bending
5 5
2 2
47
48
Basic Design Considerations

• Main Shear Wall
– Flexural Design
– Shear Design
• Spandrels and Links
– Flexural Design
– Shear Design
• Ductility Considerations
• Anchorage with Footings
• Connection with Floor Slab/ Beams
Flexural Design Flexural Design
As Single Flexural
Member
49
Designing as A Flexural
Design Procedure
• Approach Member
– Design the Wall as “Big
Column” 1. Obtain Design Actions from Analysis
– Follow the normal axial-
axial
flexural concept and provisions 2. Assume rebar sizes, amount and
• Input Needed distribution
– P, Mx , (and My)
– Wall Dimensions 3. Determine Cross-section capacity as
• Problems column in form of Interaction Surfaces
– Does not consider the non-
linear strain distribution
and Curves
– In efficient rebar distribution 4. Check if all action sets (P, Mx, My) fall
within the interaction surface. The
extreme values should be near the
surface
Getting Result from Frame Getting Results from Truss

Model
Design actions (P, Mx, My and V) are obtained directly Model P  T  C  Dsin( )
M  Txt  Cxc  D sin( ) xd
V  D cos( )
P P
V Vy Vx Mx
M
My
D P
T C
M V
xd
xt xc
Tension Compression
Member Member
50
Getting Results From Shell

Assuming Reinforcement
CL of wall
Model Fi  Ai f i
n
P   Fi
i 1 • Assume larger bars on the corners
P n
M   Fi xi
i 1
• Assume more bars on predominant
A A V
M
n
V   Ai vi
tension direction/ location
i 1
• Assume uniform reinforcement on wall
t
sides
x1
f5 f4 • Total Rebars ratio should preferably be
T
f3 f2
f1 more than 0.8% and less than 3% for
f1, f2, …..fn are the nodal stresses at
C section A-A , obtained from analysis economical design
x1
Obtaining Section Capacity

Interaction Curves - Uniaxial
Curves The curve is generated by
varying the neutral axis depth
• Can be done manually by using linear
strain
t i didistribution
t ib ti and
d equilibrium
ilib i
conditions
Un-safe
– Generate few control points on the curve
Safe
– Difficult to apply for Cellular and non
rectangular walls
• Can be obtained in more complete form
using Software
– CSI-Section Builder
– GEAR – Column Section Module
PCA C l
51
Interaction Surface - Biaxial +P

Interaction Surface and Curves
The surface is
A cross-section of
generated by interaction surface at P u
Un-safe
changing Angle - My
and Depth of
Neutral Axis Pu
- Mz Safe + Mz
+ My
 1 n 
   x , y  dx
1
N  1  dyy ...   A i  i ( x , y ) ... 
  1 
z
x y 2 i 1 
 1 1 n 
M x  2     x , y  dx dy . y ...   2 
  1 x y i 1
A i  i ( x , y ) y i ... 

 1 1 n 
M  3     x , y  dx dy . x ...   2  A i  i ( x , y ) x i ... 
  1 x y
y
i 1 
Narrow Planner Walls Cellular Wall – No Opening

The capacity is almost completely The capacity is
un-axial almost completely
biaxial
Moment capacity can be increased
by providing Rebars at the corners
52
Single Cell Walls Double Cell Walls
Interaction Surface for Shear Walls

Flexural Design
Using Axial Zones
53
Design Walls in Zones Designing as Axial Zones

• Basic Concept
– Design the wall to resist the external actions by
compression, tension and shear zones
– More intuitive and more economical
– Zone of high tension designed as tension
member with concentrated rebars
– Zone of high compression designed as
compression member with appropriate rebar
limits
– Zone of low stress design as wall with nominal
wall rebars
Design Procedure Getting Result from Frame Model

Compute Forces from Actions
P
P
My
1. Obtain Design Actions from Analysis Mx
2 Compute Axial Forces

2. M
3. For each axial force, assume section, assume rebars

and check capacity
F1 F2
4. If capacity not enough, revise section, re-compute Axial
Forces, and continue until required section for each
Fi
force is designed x1 x2 yyi
5. Provide nominal wall reinforcement
f in between the
axial zones
F1  0.5 P  M / x1 P Mx My
F2  0.5 P  M / x 2 Fi   
4 yi xi
54
Getting Results From Shell

Axial Zone Model – Planer Wall
CL of wall
Model
F1=T F2=C
A A
f5 x1 Ai  xi t
f4
f3 Fi  Ai f i
f2
T f1
f1, f2, …..fn are the nodal stresses at
C section A-A , obtained from analysis
x1
Axial Zones for Box Wall Design as Truss: Strut and Tie
• Directly design the tension
members for reinforcement
• Directly design the
compression members as
columns
• The design is similar to the
“Axial Zones” concept
55
Concrete Shear Wall Design in

ETABS Shear Design
• 2D wall pier design and boundary-member checks
• 2D wall spandrel design
• 3D wall pier check for provided reinforcement
• Graphical Section Designer for concrete rebar location
• Graphical display of reinforcement and stress ratios
• Interactive design and review
Spandrel
• Summary and detailed reports including database
formats
Pier
Shear Design Procedure Shear Design of Pier

• For Walls without Openings • Determine Concrete
– Design the wall as piers shear capacity
capacity, Vc
• Check if Vc exceeds
the limit, if it does,
• For Walls with Openings section needs to be
– Design the Piers, the vertical part revised
– Design the Spandrels,
Spandrels the horizontal part • Determine
D t i steel t l Lp
Rebars for Vs=V-Vc tp
• Check additional steel
for seismic
requirements
56
Figure 15 - Web Reinforcement Requirements
57
58
59
60
61
Figure 16 - Boundary Element Requirements per 23.6.6.2, displacement based
Figure 17 - Boundary Element Requirements per 23.6.6.3 based on stress check
62
Figure 19 - Reinforcement Details where Boundary Elements are Not Required

Figure 18 - Reinforcement Details for Boundary Element
Wall Section
• Place more reinforcement at the ends and
distribute the remaining in the middle portion
• Confine the Rebars at the end for improved
Detailing of
ductility and increased moment capacity
Option -1
Shear Walls Option -2
Option -3
63
Effect of Rebar Layout Wall Section

Moment Capacity for 1% Rebars • Place more
a) Uniform Distribution
reinforcement at the
corners and distribute
the remaining in the
middle portion
Max M= 380
b) Concentrated Bars
• Confine the Rebars at
the corners for
improved ductility and
increased moment
capacity
Nearly 25% increase for same steel Max M= 475 • Provide U-Bars at the
corners for easier
construction and
i dl
Effect of Rebar Layout

Moment Capacity for 1% Rebars
a) Uniform Distribution
Max M= 16500
b) Concentrated Bars
Max M= 19600
Nearly 20% increase for same steel
64
Design of Coupling/Spandrel Beams Rebar Detailing For Openings
65
Shear Design for Spandrel ACI Equations for Spandrel

• Determine Concrete hs Design
Basic Concrete Shear Capacity
1 
shear capacity, Vc Ls
Vc 
6
R LW fc tsd s
• Check if Vc Elevation
El ti
Concrete not to Exceed the limit
exceeds the limit, if ts Vu
Vs  Vn  Vc  V
it does, section d r  top
 c
needs to be revised a
c Area of Steel Computed as
• Determine steel hs Vs 2
Av 
Rebars for Vs=V
Vs=V-Vc
Vc f ys d s
Vs 
3
R LW f c t s d s
• Check additional
Check for minimum steel and spacing etc.
steel for seismic d r  bot
Section
requirements
Notations for Shear Design Notations for Shear Design

Ls = Length of Spandrel
ts = Thickness of Spandrel Vn = Nominal Shear strength
dr top
t = Distance from top of spandrel to the centroid of top reinforcing f ys = Shear yyield strength
g of steel
dr bot = Distance from bottom of spandrel to the centroid of bottom reinforcing fc = Concrete Compressive Strength
hs = Total depth of spandrel
Lp = Length of Pier
RLW = Shear reduction factor as specified in the concrete material
properties for light weight concrete. tp = Thickness of Pier
Av min = Minimum vertical required area of distributed shear reinforcing
ds = Effective depth of spandrel
Ah mini = Minimum horizontal required
q area of distributed shear reinforcing
g
Vs = Portion of Shear force in spandrel carried by reinforcing steel
Vc = Portion of Shear force in spandrel carried by concrete
66
Figure 20 - Coupling Beam Requirements per 23.6.7.4
67
Analysis and Design of Foundation

Foundations Foundation Design
(Spread Footing, Bored Piles and driven piles)
• Bearing Capacity Control (Service Load Combinations) :
Scope DL + LL < Q
(1
(1+00,14.Sds).DL
14 Sds) DL+00,7.ρ(f
7 ρ(f .(( Ex + 0,3
0 3 Ey)} < 4/3 Q
Requirements
R i ffor ffoundations
d i supporting
i structures iin (1+0,14.Sds).DL+0,7. ρ(f .(0,3 Ex + Ey)} < 4/3 Q
regions of high seismic risk or for structures assigned to (1+0.105.Sds).DL +0.75.[ LL+0,7.{f. ρ(Ex+0,3 Ey)}] < 4/3 Q
high seismic performance or design categories are (1+0,105.Sds).DL +0,75.[ LL+0,7.{f. ρ( 0,3Ex+Ey)} ]< 4/3 Q
0,6.DL+0,7.ρ (Ex +0,3. Ey) < 4/3.Q
contained in 21.8. Provisions for piles, caissons, and slabs 0,6.DL+0,7.ρ (0,3. Ex + Ey) <4/3.Q
on grade supplement other design and construction DL + LL + Ωo. ρ (1,0 Ex + 0,3 Ey ) < SF Q
criteria in SNI 03-2847-2013. DL + LL + Ωo. ρ (0,3 Ex + 1,0 Ey ) < SF Q Q : Allowable Bearing Capacity.
• Strength Design Combinations (factored loads combinations) :
1,4 DL
1,2 DL + 1,6 LL
(1,2+0,2.Sds) DL+1,0 LL + ρ (Ex + 0,3 Ey )
(1,2+0,2.Sds) DL+1,0 LL + ρ (0,3Ex + Ey )
(0,9-0,2.Sds) DL + ρ (0,3 Ex +Ey )
(0,9-0,2.Sds) DL + ρ (Ex +0,3Ey )
with capacity reduction factor from ACI 318M or SNI 03-2847-2013
Figure 21 - Requirements for Footings, Foundation Mats, and Pile Caps Figure 22 - Requirements for Grade Beams
68
Figure 23 - Requirements for Piles, Piers, and Caissons
Analisis dan Desain Struktur dari Struktur Bawah Analisis dan Desain Struktur dari Struktur Bawah
• Struktur Bawah : Besmen
• Struktur Bawah dapat dianggap sebagai struktur 3D tersendiri di

dalam tanah yang mengalami pembebanan gempa yang berasal • Desain Pondasi :
dari : struktur atas,
atas gaya inersia sendiri dan dari tanah
sekelilingnya.
• Struktur bawah tidak boleh gagal lebih dulu dari struktur atas,
Vpondasi = f1.[f2 .Vupper +0.10Az .I.Wbz ]
karena itu harus selalu berprilaku elastis penuh, sehingga beban
gempa maksimum nominal dari struktur ats pada struktur bawah
adalah : = f1.Vn
Vmn =f2 upper .Vn upper
Beban gempa statik ekwivalen nominal yang bekerja horisontal pada taraf lantai
besmen akibat gaya inersia (empirik):
F  0,10.Az.I.W
bzn bz
Ao  percepatan puncak pada permukaan tanah

I  faktor keutamaan gedung
W  berat lantai besmen (  beban hidup yang sesuai)
b
69
Analisis dan Desain Struktur dari Struktur Bawah Analisis dan Desain Struktur dari Struktur Bawah
• Analisis dan Desain Dinding Besmen terhadap Beban Muka :
Beban gempa horisontal dari tekanan tanah, dapat dianggap mencapai nilai
maksimum senilai
Tekanan
T k leleh
l l h tanah
t h (senilai
( il i tekanan
t k pasifif tanah)
t h) sepanjang
j kedalaman
k d l struktur
t kt
bawah; beban tanah nominal yang bersangkutan didapat dengan membaginya
dengan angka R=1,6; sehingga kombinasi pembebanan terfaktor menjadi :
1,2 DL + 1,6 LL + 1,6 (H/1,6).

 zi 
Azi :  A0 - ×  A0 -Ab  
 30m  Beban gempa horisontal dari tekanan air tanah, dapat dihitung dari massa air yang
Keterangan Notasi : dibatasi oleh parabola
• Akibat beban horizontal gempa Westergaard dikalikan dengan percepatan puncak muka tanah Ao; beban
Westergaard,
statik ekuivalen (Fbzi) : P, M, E : Reaksi-reaksi dari struktur atas hidrodinamik nominal yang
f1 : 1.6
μD : R upper / f1 bersangkutan didapat dengan membaginya dengan angka R=1,6; sehingga kombinasi
• Fbzi = 0.10 Azi . Wbzi f2 upper : 0.83 + 0.17. μD pembebanan
A0 : Percepatan puncak muka tanah terfaktor menjadi :
Ab : Percepatan puncak batuan dasar
zi : Kedalaman yang ditinjau dari muka tanah
(m) 1,2 DL +1,6 LL+ 1,6 (H/1,6) +1,6 (F/1,6)
Analisis dan DesainStruktur Dinding Besmen thd beban muka dari Struktur Bawah
Intermediate Moment Frames

General Requirements
• P
Provisions
i i ffor iintermediate
di moment fframes, which
hi h are
required in regions of moderate seismic risk or for
• Akibat beban hidup pada muka tanah (L) :
p1 = q . Kp
Keterangan Notasi :
structures assigned to intermediate (moderate) seismic
• Akibat tekanan tanah (H) :
h1
h2
:
:
Tinggi daerah di atas GWL (m)
Tinggi daerah di bawah GWL (m)
performance or design categories, are given in 23.10.
K0 : Coefficient of at rest earth pressure for compacted backfill
p2 = p1 + (γt . h1 . Kp)
Kp : Passive Coefficient of earth pressure (= 1.0) • Two options are provided in 23.10.3 to determine the
p : Total horizontal earth pressure (kN/m2)
p3 = p2 + (γt’ . h2 . Kp)
z : Kedalaman yang ditinjau dari muka air tanah (m) design shear strength of beams, columns, and two-way
p4 = p
p p3 + (γ
(γw . h2))  
 A0  Ab 
z
7  
p5  p4   h2  γw  A0  2  A0  Ab 
h
h :  A0 
 30m  slabs,
l b b both
th off which
hi h reduce
d th
the lik
likelihood
lih d off shear
h ffailure
il
8  30m  γ : Unit weight of soil (contoh = 16.5 kN/m3) during an earthquake.
7 γw : Unit weight of water (= 10 kN/m3)
pz   z  h2  γw  αh
8 γ’ : 16.5 - 10 = 6.5 kN/m3
7
ptw   h22  γw  αh
12
Kombinasi Pembebanan :
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 1.6 (H / 1.6)
70
Beams
The requirements of 23.10.4 for beams of intermediate moment frames
are
summarised in, Fig. 24, and Fig. 25.
The main purpose of these requirements is to provide beams with a
threshold level of toughness
Columns
Fig. 26 contain the detailing requirements of 23.10.5 for columns of
intermediate moment frames. Similar to the requirements for beams, these
provisions provide columns with a threshold level of toughness.
Two-way Slabs without Beams

Two-way slabs without beams are acceptable lateral-force resisting systems
in regions of low or moderate seismic risk, or for structures assigned to low or
intermediate seismic performance or design categories. They are not
permitted to be part of the lateral-force-resisting system in regions of high
seismic risk, or for structures assigned to high seismic performance or design
categories. Figure27 illustrates the detailing requirements of 23.10.6.1
through 23.10.6.3 at support locations. The moment Ms is that portion of the
factored slab moment that is balanced by the supporting members at a joint
for a given load combination that includes earthquake effects. It is not Figure 24 - Flexural Requirements for Beams
necessarily equal to the total design moment at a support.
Detailing requirements for column strips and middle strips are contained in
Figs 28 and 29 respectively
Figure 25 - Transverse Reinforcement Requirements for Beams
Figure 26 - Transverse Reinforcement Requirements for Columns
71
Figure 28 - Reinforcement Details in Two-way Slabs without Beams: Column Strip
Figure 27 - Reinforcement Details at Supports of Two-way Slabs without Beams
Detailing Requirements for Frame Members Not

Proportioned
to Resist Forces Induced by Earthquake Motions
Frame Members Not Proportioned to Resist

Forces Induced by Earthquake Motions
Figure 29 - Reinforcement Details in Two-way Slabs without Beams: Middle Strip
72

Detailing Requirements for Frame Members Not Proportioned
Proportioned to Resist Forces Induced by Earthquake Motions
to Resist Forces Induced by Earthquake Motions (continued)
(continued)
Figure 30 - Detailing Requirements of 21.9.2.1


Proportioned Detailing Requirements for Frame Members Not
to Resist Forces Induced by Earthquake Motions Proportioned
(continued) to Resist Forces Induced by Earthquake Motions
(continued)
73

Proportioned
to Resist Forces Induced by Earthquake Motions
(continued)
Figure 34 - Detailing
Requirements
of 21.9.3.3
Figure 36 - Reinforcement Requirements for Chords

Figure 35 - Minimum Diaphragm Thickness and Reinforcement Requiremen
and Collectors at Splices and Anchorage Zone
50 mm
74
References
• Seismic Detailing of Concrete Buildings, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 2000.
• Standard Building Code, Southern Building Code Congress International, Birmingham,
AL, 1994, 1997, 1999.
• Uniform Building Code, Vol. 2, International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier,
CA, 1991, 1994, 1997.
• International Building Code, International Code Council, Falls Church, VA, 2000.
• NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other
•
Structures, Building Seismic Safety Council, Washington, D.C., 1997.
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (318M-2008) and Commentary Thank you
(318R-2008), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008.
• Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of Civil
Engineers, New York, NY, 1993, 1995, 1998.
• NEHRP Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for New
Buildings, Building Seismic Safety Council, Washington, D.C., 1991.
• NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings, Building
Seismic Safety Council, Washington, D.C., 1994.
• Notes on ACI 318
318-99
99 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete with Design
Applications, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 1999.
• The BOCA National Building Code, Building Officials and Code Administrators
International, Country Club Hills, IL, 1993,1996, 1999.
75

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Seismic Design of Concrete Building According to SNI

1726 & SNI 2847, prepared by Djoni Simanta

In most structures that are subjected to moderate-to-strong earthquakes,

Designing structures for the effects of

• Selecting and laying out a lateral-force-resisting (LFR) system this is

• Determining code-prescribed forces and deformations generated by

Seismic Analysis Procedure

Sub-structure and Member Design

Soil Profile Type Parameter to be defined :

5. 6. Determine Seismic Design Category

7. Define the Structural System

Two parameters are relevant:

a.The Structural material

Moment Resisting Frame SNI 03-2847-02

Shear Wall–Frame Interaction

8. Define the Structural Configuration 10. Structural Analysis Procedure

9. Determine Design Parameters, from Table 9. SNI 1726.

11. Loading Combinations

1. Structural Concrete Stiffness Recommendations, refer to ACI/SNI

2. Structural Steel Requirements for Frame Stability Analysis, refer to AISC/SNI:

12. Define the Structural Material Detailing Requirements

Special Moment Resisting Frame

Analysis Procedure Foundations Modeling

ACI 318/SNI 201X

Table 3 - General Requirements

Table 4 - Flexural Requirements

Sect. No. Fig. No.

Figure 1 - General Requirements

Seismic Design Requirements

Reinforcements Design of Rectangular Beams

Figure 2 - Flexural Requirements

Table 5 - Splice Requirements

Sect. No. Fig. No.

Figure 3 - Lap Splice Requirements

Table 6 - Transverse Reinforcement Requirements

Required Shear Reinforcements

6db (75 mm)

Figure 4 - Transverse Reinforcement Requirements

Table 7 - General Requirements

Figure 6 - General Requirements

Section Capacity with Graphical view of the Capacity

Slenderness Effect ( P Delta Effect/Second Order Analys

How to Check Capacity

Sum of Mx and My Vector Moment Capacity

• P-M Curve is plotted in the direction of the

Table 8 - Minimum Flexural Strength of Columns

Sect. No. Fig. No.

Table 9 - Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirements

Sect. No. Fig. No.

Design of Column Shear Reinforcements

Figure 7 - Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirements

a. Hinge at beam ends, Veb

Alternative way Ve1=

b. Hinge at Column Ends

Concrete Shear Capacity

Required Shear Reinforcements

Transverse Reinforcement Requirements