GEDSI Toolkit

Toolkit on mainstreaming
of gender equality,
disability and social
inclusion (GEDSI) in WASH
in health-care facilities
Toolkit on mainstreaming of
gender equality, disability
and social inclusion (GEDSI)
in WASH in health-care
facilities
Toolkit on mainstreaming of gender equality, disability and social inclusion (GEDSI) in WASH in
health-care facilities
ISBN: 978-92-9021-074-0
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CONTENTS
Foreword 7
Acknowledgements 9
Abbreviations 10
Executive summary 12
Introduction 14
The importance of WASH in health-care facilities 15

Ensuring WASH for all health facility users 16
Progress on equitable, inclusive WASH in the WHO South-East Asia Region 18
Benefits of equitable, inclusive WASH 19
Purpose of the toolkit 20
Target audience 21
How was the toolkit developed? 22
Resource 1: WASH barriers faced by marginalized groups 25
Resource 2: The impact of climate change on GEDSI and WASH in health-
30
care facilities
Resource 3: Summary of global commitments 32
Step 1:
Conduct situation analysis and assessment 36
Tool 1.1: Who is left behind in WASH in health-care facilities 40

Tool 1.2: Checklist for policy and programme analysis 43
Step 2:
Set targets and define roadmap 48
Tool 2.1: Tips for planning and running inclusive task force meetings 52
Tool 2.2: Conducting advocacy to build consensus on GEDSI in WASH in
54
Tool 2.3: Checklist of considerations for roadmap development 59
Resource 2.1: Examples of barriers to GEDSI integration and potential
61
activities to address them
Step 3:
Establish national standards and accountability mechanisms 64
Resource 3.1: Illustrative standards for WASH in health-care facilities that
67
support GEDSI
Resource 3.2: Illustrative list of stakeholders who hold the health system
73
accountable for inclusive WASH
Step 4:
Improve and maintain infrastructure 78
Tool 4.1: Checklist to support GEDSI integration into the WASH FIT process 82
Tool 4.2: Qualitative methods for obtaining insights into inclusive WASH 86
Tool 4.3: GEDSI in WASH FIT improvement plans 89
Tool 4.4: Checklist to assess GEDSI integration in improvement activities 92
Step 5:
Monitor and review data 96
Resource 5.1: Illustrative indicators to measure GEDSI integration in WASH
99
Step 6:
Develop the health workforce 108
Tool 6.1: Checklist for building capacities of the health workforce 112
Tool 6.2: Examples of capacity-building exercises on GEDSI in WASH for the
115
health workforce
Resource 6.1: Example of a job aid to enhance staff awareness and
119
knowledge on GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities
Step 7:
Engage communities 122
Tool 7.1: Power walk – An example of a sensitization exercise for communities
126
on GEDSI
Resource 7.1: Tips for activating community platforms 128
Resource 7.2: Sample poster to enhance community awareness on GEDSI in
129
WASH in health-care facilities
Step 8:
Conduct operational research and share learning 132
Tool 8.1: Steps in conducting operational research 136

Resource 8.1: Additional guidance on operational research 138
Annex 1. Additional resources 140

Foreword
The WHO South-East Asia Region has in recent years

achieved significant improvements in access to safe
water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services in health-
care facilities, in alignment with the 2018 Global Call to
Action by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
At both national and regional levels, WHO has enhanced
health worker capacity to implement safe WASH practices
and formulated an array of policies, standards and quality
enhancement tools that can be adapted and implemented
based on country and facility needs.
However, to unlock the full benefits of WASH in health-care facilities, people

who work in or rely on these services must be engaged and empowered,
particularly women and girls, those with disabilities and other marginalized
groups. To that end, this WHO-developed “Toolkit on mainstreaming of gender
Toolkit on mainstreaming of gender equality, disability and social inclusion (GEDSI) in WASH in health-care facilities
equality, disability and social inclusion in WASH in health-care facilities” aims
to support policy-makers, programme managers and facility administrators
to create health-care facilities that are inclusive, accessible and respectful of
every person’s rights and dignity.
The Toolkit is aligned with the eight practical steps outlined in “WASH in
health care facilities: Practical steps to achieve universal access to quality
care”, as well as key components of the “Water and Sanitation for Health
Facility Improvement Tool (WASH FIT)”, which countries across the Region
continue to implement. The Toolkit includes several tools, resources and
case studies from countries that WASH practitioners may find helpful when
designing and implementing facility-level programmes.
I urge all stakeholders to appropriately implement the Toolkit, accelerating our

onward journey to ensure that every health facility meets the needs of every
community. For this, I reiterate WHO’s ongoing and unmitigated support, for
healthier lives, improved quality of care, and a more equitable and sustainable
South-East Asia Region for all.
Dr Poonam Khetrapal Singh

Regional Director
WHO South-East Asia
7
Acknowledgments
This Toolkit on mainstreaming of gender equality, disability and social

inclusion (GEDSI) in WASH in health-care facilities draws on the eight practical
steps outlined in WASH in health care facilities: Practical steps to achieve
universal access to quality care (2019) and key components of the WASH FIT:
A practical guide for improving quality of care through water, sanitation and
hygiene in health-care facilities, Second edition (2022), developed by the
World Health Organization and UNICEF.
This Toolkit includes contributions from several experts within and outside the
World Health Organization and are duly acknowledged. Ms Faustina Gomez
and Mr Hussain Rasheed from the Water Sanitation and Climate Change Unit
at the WHO Regional Office provided technical guidance.
WHO extends its gratitude to StratComm Consulting for both technical and
design support in developing this Toolkit.
The WHO Regional Office (SEARO) gratefully acknowledges the support of the
following who contributed technical content and/or reviewed the document: Dr
Margaret Montgomery (WHO HQ), Dr Arabella Hayter (WHO HQ), Ms Lindsay
Marie Denny (UNICEF HQ), Ms Anjana Bhushan (WHO-SEARO), Ms Chelsea
Hugget (WaterAid, Australia), Ms Indah Deviyanti, Ms Sukma Dwi Andrina
and Ms Alegra Wolter (WHO Country Office for Indonesia), Mr Manjeet Saluja
(WHO Country Office for India), Mr Pema Lethro and Mr Lobzang Dorji (WHO
Country Office for Bhutan), Mr Shamsul Gafur Mahmud (WHO Country Office
for Bangladesh), Dr San Khine and Dr Badri Thapa (WHO Country Office for
Myanmar) and Dr Sudan Raj Panthi (WHO Country Office for Nepal). This
document was edited by the Reports and Documentation team at the Regional
Office.
The Australian Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

(DFAT) funded the production of this publication.
9
Abbreviations
AAAQ availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality care
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
CSO civil society organization
DPO disabled people’s organization
FGD focus group discussion
GEDSI gender equality, disability and social inclusion
HMIS Health Management Information System
IPC infection prevention and control
JMP Joint Monitoring Programme
LGBTQIA+ lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual and others
M&E monitoring and evaluation
MHM menstrual hygiene management
MoH Ministry of Health
MoHS Ministry of Health and Sports

Abbreviations
NGO nongovernmental organization
10
PHC primary health care
PLHIV people living with HIV
PPE personal protective equipment
QA quality assurance
QI quality improvement
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
TB tuberculosis
UHC universal health coverage
UN United Nations
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
WASH water, sanitation and hygiene
WASH FIT Water and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement Tool
WEDC Water, Engineering and Development Centre
WHA World Health Assembly
WHO World Health Organization
11
Executive
summary
At the World Health Assembly in 2019, 194 countries agreed to work towards a global
target of 100% of health-care facilities having basic water, sanitation and hygiene
(WASH) services by 2030. WASH in health-care facilities is fundamental to infection
prevention and control (IPC) and the delivery of high-quality care. It improves staff
ability to provide safe care, increases uptake of services, and saves maternal and
newborn lives.
To realize the full benefits of WASH in health-care facilities, people must be at the
centre of WASH improvement efforts. Engaging health-care workers, clients and
community members gives voice to local needs and prioritizes and supports continued
use of WASH. However, some people and groups are at risk of being left behind.
Women and girls, persons with disabilities, and other marginalized groups face
unique barriers in the use of WASH services, and often lack opportunities to influence
improvement efforts. These inequalities in health and WASH will be further exacerbated
by a number of factors e.g. climate change. It is therefore urgently required to integrate
gender equality, disability, and social inclusion (GEDSI) in planning and improvement of
WASH in health-care facilities at all levels.
A “GEDSI” approach is an explicit effort to leave no one behind in WASH in health
facilities. It ensures that the WASH services that are available at the health facility are
also accessible to all users, acceptable in terms of their privacy, dignity, safety and
cultural values, and equitably used by health facility staff to improve quality of care for
all patients, regardless of their personal characteristics. A GEDSI approach actively
engages marginalized groups in planning, implementing and monitoring WASH at the
health facility and reduces social inequalities.
Intended for national health and WASH sector stakeholders spearheading WASH
augmentation, along with units advocating GEDSI integration this “Toolkit on
mainstreaming of gender equality, disability and social inclusion (GEDSI) in WASH
in health-care facilities” serves as a comprehensive compass, guiding nations in the
seamless integration of GEDSI into strategies and actions fortifying WASH in health-
care facilities. Drawing from the WHO’s South-East Asia Region and fortified by tools
and case studies rooted in GEDSI and WASH amalgamation, this document aligns with
the eight practical steps outlined in “WASH in health care facilities: practical steps
to achieve universal access to quality care”. It harmoniously dovetails with the Water
and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement Tool (WASH FIT), reinforcing GEDSI
priorities. WASH practitioners and health facility managers and staff, community leaders
and representatives, and organizations that represent excluded and marginalized
groups will also find this toolkit useful in ensuring that WASH at their health facility
meets the needs of all the community members.
Executive Summary
While GEDSI integration will strengthen WASH, improve the working environment in
health-care facilities, and contribute to better health outcomes, the approach will also
strengthen gender equality and women’s empowerment and reduce social inequalities,
helping countries achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
12
Integrating GEDSI into the eight practical steps to improve WASH in health-care
facilities calls attention to inclusion in each practical step and the toolkit outlines how
this can be achieved. This is done through eight chapters that describe the means for
inclusion in each of the eight practical steps.
The chapter on integrating GEDSI in Step 1 situation analysis and assessment
calls for a comprehensive examination of existing disparities and obstacles that
hinder equitable access to WASH services. It emphasizes the integration of GEDSI
considerations in policies and strategies. The engagement of key stakeholders in this
process is explored to pave the way for inclusive service delivery.
In the next chapter on setting targets and defining the roadmap as per Step 2, the
GEDSI focus is on establishment of an intersectoral inclusive task force. Further, this
chapter advocates for GEDSI integration in the roadmap for WASH in health-care
facilities through the definition of relevant goals, targets and activities, budgets, and
implementation and monitoring mechanisms. Ensuring the inclusivity of the task force
is envisioned as a catalyst for driving GEDSI perspectives within WASH in health-care
facility initiatives.
While establishing mechanisms for national standards and accountability in Step 3, the
chapter focuses on how GEDSI calls for these standards to measure the availability,
accessibility and acceptability of WASH services in health facilities. It emphasizes
their use for equitable service delivery, and the engagement of marginalized groups in
facility WASH committees and developing accountability at the facility level.
While discussing how to improve and maintain infrastructure as described in Step
4, the chapter focuses on the congruence between infrastructure enhancements
with national GEDSI–WASH standards and how it is critical to address the unique
requirements of marginalized users. It stresses on the use of tools such as WASH FIT
that facilitate engagement of marginalized groups in the assessment and development
of plans for improvement. The outcome is a transformative approach to infrastructure
development that embodies inclusivity.
The next chapter shows how inclusion in monitoring and review of data in Step 5
can be framed around participatory methodologies, with an emphasis on developing
relevant indicators, data collection processes, and mechanisms for interpretation.
Marginalized groups play a central role in these activities, facilitating a comprehensive
understanding of WASH access and utilization.
Preparing the health-care staff with a proficient understanding of GEDSI–WASH
dynamics is key while developing the health workforce as part of Step 6. The chapter
focuses on how empathy towards marginalized groups can be cultivated and provides
practical tools for effective engagement to support inclusion further.
The chapter on Step 7 of engaging communities focuses on community-driven
transformation, and advocates for the integration of GEDSI principles within local
WASH planning, improvement and oversight processes. Representation of marginalized
groups within national and local teams is emphasized, fostering genuine community
participation and leadership.
Finally, the chapter focusing on Step 8 of operational research and sharing learning
helps support GEDSI by identifying effective strategies and proven approaches for
facilitating inclusion for scale up.
13
Introduction
The importance of WASH in health-care facilities
The term “WASH in health-care facilities” refers to the provision of water, sanitation,
health-care waste management, hygiene and environmental cleaning infrastructure
and services across all parts of a health facility. WASH services are fundamental
to providing quality care, including infection prevention and control (IPC) within
the health facility. WASH has a critical impact on safe childbirth and postpartum
care. Health-care workers require clean water for hand washing, cleaning medical
instruments and equipment, the environment, and for maternal and newborn care.1
Without WASH, health goals will not be met, especially those for reducing maternal
and neonatal deaths, stopping the spread of antimicrobial resistance, and preventing
and containing disease outbreaks.2
Building upon the 2018 Global Call to Action on WASH in health-care facilities
issued by the UN Secretary General, in the 2019 World Health Assembly, 194 WHO
Member States unanimously passed a resolution to develop national roadmaps,
monitor progress, and invest in WASH in health-care facilities. Since then, countries
have intensified efforts to achieve the global target of 100% of health facilities
having basic WASH services by 2030. This will improve quality of care, contribute to
increased demand for health services, and save lives.
“Globally, 1 in 10 patients get an infection while receiving care, resulting in
increased illness and death.”
World Health Organization3
“Inadequate WASH increases risk of disease: infections associated with

unclean births account for 26% of neonatal deaths and 11% of maternal
mortality; together these account for more than 1 million deaths each year.”
World Health Organization4
“A 2019 survey of the top maternal and reproductive health service

demands of over 1 million women and girls in 114 countries found that
WASH services and facilities were a key priority, second only to respectful
and dignified maternity care.”
What Women Want – global survey5
1 Global progress report on water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: fundamentals first. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020
(https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/337604, accessed 18 September 2023).
2 World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Global SDG baseline for WASH in health care facilities: practical steps
to achieve universal WASH in health care facilities. Questions and answers. Geneva: WHO and UNICEF (https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/de-
fault-source/wash-documents/wash-in-hcf-q-a-2april.pdf?sfvrsn=69d0d54a_6, accessed 25 August 2023).
3 Infection prevention and control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 (https://www.who.int/teams/integrated-health-services/infection-pre-
vention-control, accessed 23 August 2023).
4
Global progress report on water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: fundamentals first. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020
(https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/337604, accessed 18 September 2023).
5
What Women Want survey: Demands for quality health care for women and girls. Washington DC: White Ribbon Alliance; 2019.
15
Ensuring WASH for all health facility users
To maximize the full benefits of WASH in health-care facilities, it is essential to put

people at the centre. Health-care workers, clients and community members must
be engaged in planning and improvement to understand local WASH needs and
priorities and to ensure continued use of WASH infrastructure and services. However,
some people and groups are often left behind in WASH improvement. They may face
unique physical challenges in accessing WASH facilities or be prevented from using
them by negative social attitudes or discrimination. If excluded from health facility
committees, they are unable to voice their needs and influence WASH improvements.
Subgroups that are often left behind in WASH improvements in health-care facilities
include: persons with disabilities; women and girls; children and older adults; people
from lower-income or education groups; ethnic, racial, religious and linguistic
minorities; people from lower castes; and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer,
intersex, asexual and others (LGBTQIA+).
Resource 1 outlines some population groups who are marginalized, and lists barriers
linked to WASH that they face. Note that the resource is not exhaustive and nor are all
categories exclusive of each other. Many of these individuals may face multiple forms
of disadvantages. The identity of marginalized groups will vary from one country and
community to the next, and will require planned assessment. Resource 2 describes
how the barriers, identified in Resource 1, are likely to be increased as the world
experiences climate change.
“We feel that our dignity is stripped each day when we need to depend on
others to use the toilet.”
A woman interviewed at a health-care facility in Nepal6
A “GEDSI” approach to WASH in health-care facilities entails making an explicit

effort to be equitable and inclusive, leaving no one behind. GEDSI prevents and
addresses discrimination on the basis of gender, age, ethnicity and other factors,
and supports equal treatment of all. It promotes the rights of women and girls,
persons with disabilities, and other health facility users to make their voices heard in
discussions about WASH in health-care facilities and to use WASH at the facility to
improve their health and well-being.
Integrating a GEDSI approach contributes to the commitment to “Leave no
one behind” made by United Nations (UN) Member States to eradicate poverty,
reduce inequalities and end discrimination. It prioritizes the most vulnerable and
marginalized members of society, and is at the heart of the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs). The importance of GEDSI and WASH in health-care facilities is
reflected in numerous global commitments, as summarized in Resource 3.
Achieving the full benefits of WASH in health-care facilities requires increasing the
Availability of WASH infrastructure and services in the facility, while also improving
Access, Acceptability, and equitable use for Quality of care for all, plus (+) engaging
Introduction
6
Towards inclusive WASH: sharing evidence and experience from the field. London: WaterAid; 2012 (https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/
Wateraid-2012-Towards.pdf, accessed 25 August 2023).
16
marginalized groups in planning and improvement to ensure no one is left behind
(AAAQ+).
Gaps in WASH undermine infection prevention and quality of care
+All health facility users engaged
Quality of care for all
Acceptable by all users

Gaps in inclusive and
equitable WASH
Accessible by all users
Actual availabilty
Full coverage with basic WASH services
Adapted from Tanahashi, 1978
Availability: Ensuring that the health facility has sufficient quantities of clean water;
sanitation facilities that separate human excreta from human contact; functional hand
hygiene facilities with soap and/or alcohol-based hand rub; segregation, treatment
and disposal of wastes; and protocols and trained staff for environmental cleaning.
Continued availability requires that WASH programming – including operation and

maintenance of infrastructure and behaviour change to support its use – is included
in health facility and health system plans, budgets and monitoring systems.
Accessibility: Using universal and accessible design to support use of WASH
facilities by all, including those with disabilities, users who are pregnant, children and
older adults, sexual and gender minorities including LGBTQIA+, and users unable to
access hygiene information due to language barriers or inability to read.
Acceptability: Respecting the privacy, dignity and safety of the users, and being
culturally appropriate and sensitive to the users’ needs and priorities, which are
influenced in part by social beliefs and expectations. This includes, for example,
appropriate menstrual hygiene management (MHM) and products for urinary
incontinence after childbirth.
Equitable use to improve Quality of care for all: Ensuring that health facility staff
address the WASH-related needs and priorities of all patients and their caregivers,
regardless of the patient’s personal situation or characteristics. Quality of care also
includes a sustainable and safe service delivery environment, free from health care-
associated infections, maintained by health facility staff who have the WASH facilities
17
they need, and who promote hygienic behaviours in a way that all patients and
caregivers understand.
+: Engaging marginalized health facility users in planning, practice and monitoring
of WASH in health-care facilities. Marginalized facility users are those who have
experienced discrimination and exclusion because of unequal social status
and power relationships. Their exclusion from improved WASH mirrors their
broader exclusion in society where they often experience fewer opportunities and
discrimination.
“People hush me up. I speak my mind and they dislike it.

But unless I speak up, how else will the crisis here get solved?”
A midwife in India
Progress on equitable, inclusive WASH in the WHO South-East Asia

Region
The WHO South-East Asia Region7 performs better than the global average on WASH
in health-care facilities, particularly in the area of improved sanitation.8 However,
progress towards improved WASH that is also accessible, acceptable, and supports
quality of care has been slow. For example, while the majority of health-care facilities
in the WHO South-East Asia Region have improved sanitation facilities, only four
countries monitor whether they are responsive to diverse user needs.9 Data also
highlight disparities in basic sanitation meeting diverse user needs in countries that
monitor progress. As efforts towards improved WASH continue, it is time to lay more
stress on meeting the needs of all health facility users.
Availability of basic sanitation in Member States of the South-East Asia Region

responsive to diverse user needs (2022)10
Country Any Improved Improved Improved Improved Improved Improved Basic
sanitation sanitation and and and and and sanitation
facility facility usable dedicated gender- providing accessible services
sanitation for staff separated menstrual to those
facility hygiene with
facilities limited
mobility
Bangladesh 97 94 36 98 93 31 38 31
Bhutan 100 99 84 73 31 16 31 16
Maldives 100 100 99 80 15 30 44 15
Thailand - - 96 92 - 81 97 61
7
The WHO South-East Asia Region has 11 Member States – Bangladesh, Bhutan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia,
Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste. Data was not available for all countries in 2019.
8
World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Global progress report on water, sanitation and hygiene in health care
facilities: fundamentals first. Geneva: WHO; 2020 (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/337604, accessed 25 August 2023).
Introduction
9
Progress on WASH in health care facilities 2000–2021: special focus on WASH and infection prevention and control (IPC). Geneva: World Health
Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); 2022 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240058699, accessed
25 August 2023).
10
Progress on WASH in health care facilities 2020–2021 – Special focus on WASH and infection prevention and control (IPC); August 2022.
18
Integrating a GEDSI approach into policies, plans and activities to improve WASH
in health-care facilities can be challenging and will require conscious effort
and persistent advocacy. GEDSI initiatives are often a low priority in resource
allocations, and WASH or health data management systems are generally not
equipped to support monitoring of GEDSI indicators. Deep-rooted social norms and
unequal power structures may seek to maintain exclusion of some population groups.
Benefits of equitable, inclusive WASH
Using a GEDSI approach to WASH in health-care facilities brings benefits in many

areas. It helps ensure that diverse WASH needs and priorities are recognized and
addressed at the health-care facility, helping achieve SDG 6 on water and sanitation
and SDG 3 on improved health outcomes. A GEDSI approach also contributes to
increased gender equality and women’s empowerment (SDG 5), reduces social
inequalities (SDG 10), and improves the working environment in health-care facilities
(SDG 8). Resource 3 provides an overview of different global commitments linked to
GEDSI.
Benefits of integrating GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities
INPUTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES IMPACT
Integrating GEDSI Improved systems and Equitable access to Healthier, more

into policy on WASH structures for inclusive acceptable WASH in productive families
in health-care facilities WASH planning and health-care facilities and communities
continuous (SDG 3)
Training and guidance improvement Greater heath-seeking
to support practice of behaviour Increased gender
GEDSI integration in Occupational and equality and
WASH at health-care patient safety, Improved quality of empowerment of
facilities including violence care, including IPC women (SDG 5)
prevention and patient-centered
Participation of care Greater availability of
excluded groups in Increased skills in water and sanitation to
planning / managing GEDSI-responsive all health facility user
WASH in health-care WASH in Increased patient,
(SDG 6)
facilities health-care caregiver, and health
facilities facility staff
An improved work
satisfaction
Infrastructure environment in
responsive to needs of Increased health-care facilities
Empowered health (SDG 8)
excluded groups engagement and facility user and
empowerment of strengthened GEDSI
Monitoring and diverse groups of Reduced social
continuous health facility users inequalities
Evidence and learning (SDG 10)
improvement
WASH facility and on equitable and
services responsive to inclusive WASH
needs and priorities of services
excluded groups
19
Purpose of the toolkit
This Toolkit on mainstreaming of GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities provides

step-by-step guidance on how countries can integrate GEDSI into their strategies
and activities for strengthening WASH in health-care facilities. It is framed by the
eight steps as outlined in the WASH in health care facilities: practical steps to
achieve universal access to quality care. It also includes case studies from the WHO
South-East Asia Region and tools to support GEDSI integration, drawn or adapted
from existing materials and initiatives that integrate GEDSI and WASH.
Integrating GEDSI across the eight practical steps for WASH in health-care
facilities
1. Conduct situation analysis and assessment to understand:

• who is being left behind and the barriers they face in terms of
availability, accessibility, and acceptability of WASH services, the use
of WASH in equitable service delivery, and engagement in decision-
making;
• what is the status of GEDSI in health and WASH policies and
programmes; and
• who are the influential stakeholders that can champion GEDSI.
2. Set targets and define a roadmap that supports GEDSI by engaging

marginalized groups in an intersectoral, inclusive task force that
champions GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities.
Advocate for GEDSI integration in all areas of WASH in health-care
facilities roadmap development, from definition of relevant goals, targets
and activities, budgets, and implementation and monitoring mechanisms.
3. Establish national standards and accountability mechanisms that

measure the availability, accessibility, and acceptability of WASH services
in health facilities, their use for equitable service delivery, and the
engagement of marginalized groups in facility WASH committees.
Ensure that the standards are reflected in health facility assessments and
used to hold facilities accountable.
4. Improve and maintain infrastructure to meet national GEDSI in

WASH standards and the needs and priorities of marginalized health
facility users by using quality improvement tools such as WASH FIT.
Engage marginalized groups in planning, implementing and monitoring
Introduction
improvements.
20
5. Monitor and review data on availability, accessibility, and
acceptability of WASH for marginalized groups, and its use for equitable
service delivery.
Engage marginalized groups in identifying or developing indicators,
collecting data, and interpretating findings to ensure that they are
relevant and useful.
6. Develop the health workforce to apply GEDSI at the health facility

by increasing knowledge of GEDSI in WASH, improving attitudes
towards marginalized groups, and providing staff with skills to engage
marginalized groups through WASH.
7. Engage communities in planning, improving and monitoring GEDSI

integration in WASH in health-care facilities. This includes involving
marginalized groups on national and local teams working to improve
WASH in health-care facilities; activating community groups and
civil society platforms; and embedding community representation in
monitoring activities.
8. Conduct operational research and share learning to identify and
scale-up innovative approaches to integrate GEDSI in WASH in health
facilities.
Target audience
The toolkit has been designed for practitioners, industry experts and other
stakeholders working towards inclusive and equitable WASH in health-care facilities.
This includes:
■ National health and WASH sector actors who are leading the planning,
development and implementation of activities to strengthen WASH in health-
care facilities, as well as units that want to ensure that GEDSI issues become an
integrated component of WASH in health facilities.
■ WASH practitioners and health facility managers and staff who are taking steps to
improve WASH in their health facilities, as well as staff working with GEDSI issues
who recognize a need to improve GEDSI as part of WASH at the health-care
facility.
■ Community leaders and representatives who want to ensure that the WASH
infrastructure and services at their health facility meet the needs of all the
community members across the life course.
■ Organizations that represent excluded and marginalized groups and are
advocating for increased responsiveness of health facilities to the needs of their
communities.
21
How was the toolkit developed?
The framework for the toolkit is provided by the WASH in health care facilities:
practical steps to achieve universal access to quality care (2019) developed by the
World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
(See box). This document outlines eight practical steps that countries should take
in order to sustain WASH services and practices in a range of health-care settings,
from primary to tertiary facilities. Practical Steps 1–3 involve priority actions that
can be taken at the national level for creating an enabling environment for WASH
in health-care facilities. Practical Steps 4, 6 and 7 focus on actions that can be
taken at the health facility level to improve WASH and health service delivery.
Steps 5 and 8 involve actions that need to be taken to guide, support and sustain
WASH improvements after they have been implemented. While the eight practical
steps are presented in a linear fashion, the actions can occur in any order and/or
simultaneously.11
WASH in health-care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal

access to quality care
In 2018, the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General issued a Global Call to
Action to elevate the importance of and prioritize action on WASH in all health-
care facilities. The call recognizes the important role WASH plays in preventing
infections and saving lives. WHO and UNICEF have established a set of global
targets for achieving universal access to WASH in health-care facilities, and, for
the first time through the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), a
global reporting and monitoring mechanism for WASH in health-care facilities.
The targets are that at least 60% of all health-care facilities globally and in each
SDG region should have basic WASH services by 2022, and 80% by 2025, with
the ultimate aim of 100% by 2030.
Alongside the resolution, WHO and UNICEF published a set of eight practical
steps that can be taken up by Member States, at the national and subnational
levels, to improve and sustain WASH services and practices in health-care
facilities:
1. Conduct a situation analysis and assessment
2. Set targets and define a national roadmap
3. Establish national standards and accountability
mechanisms
4. Improve and maintain infrastructure
5. Monitor progress and review data
6. Develop the health workforce
7. Engage communities
Introduction
8. Conduct operational research and share learning.
11
Key WASH FIT resources – WASH FIT portal | WASH in Health Care Facilities (washinhcf.org)
22
These steps are further described and illustrated with country examples.
Country priorities and contexts are important and will influence how steps are
implemented and whether additional steps are also pursued.
UN agencies, Member States and partners are now mobilizing resources to
invest more in this fundamental element for providing universal, quality care.
The toolkit also reinforces integration of GEDSI priorities in the Water and Sanitation
for Health Facility Improvement Tool (WASH FIT), which contributes to Step 4 of the
eight practical steps.
Water and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement Tool (WASH

FIT): a practical guide for improving quality of care through WASH
in health care facilities, second edition (2022)
WASH FIT is a risk-based, quality improvement tool for strengthening WASH
services in health-care facilities, covering key aspects of WASH services:
water; sanitation; hand hygiene; environmental cleaning; health-care waste
management; and selected aspects of energy, building and facility management.
WASH FIT:
■ provides a framework to develop, monitor and continuously implement an
improvement plan and prioritize specific WASH actions that are climate-
resilient, equitable and inclusive;
■ guides planning and implementation of WASH
improvements as part of wider quality improvement
efforts, and to meet local, national and global
standards;
■ supports the implementation of infection prevention
and control (IPC) standards and transmission-based
precautions according to national guidelines and
standard operating procedures; and WASH FIT
A practical guide for improving quality of care through
water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities
■ facilitates multisectoral actions by bringing together SECOND EDITION
all those who share responsibility for providing WASH

services.
The second edition of WASH FIT published in 2022 responds to member state
and user requests for more guidance and information on incorporating gender
and equity and climate and environment considerations throughout each of
the WASH FIT steps as well as a greater focus on sustainable, implementation
and engagement with health actors. The Second Edition also includes a set of
fact sheets, check lists, training manual and a set of training slides, updated
assessments and examples of national adoption and use of WASH FIT.
As of early 2022, WASH FIT has been used in more than 40 countries, primarily
in small, primary care health facilities in low-resource settings.
23
Resources and Tools
Resource 1: WASH barriers faced by marginalized groups

Examples of groups who are often marginalized in decision-making at health-
care facilities and in relation to WASH
Resource 2: The impact of climate change on GEDSI and WASH in

An overview of how climate change will impact WASH in health-care facilities
and the need to integrate GEDSI
Resource 3: Summary of global commitments

An overview of the different international commitments linked to GEDSI
Introduction
24
Resource 1:
WASH barriers faced by marginalized groups
This resource examines the challenges faced by population groups that are
marginalized and lists barriers linked to WASH that they face. When reviewing
this list, it is important to remember that each of these groups can have multiple
identities that interact and intersect with each other, compounding impact and
leading to unique experiences of marginalization. For example, the challenges faced
by an older woman with disability are influenced by – the challenges linked to gender,
age and disability.
Marginalized Barriers specific to WASH

group
Women and Accessibility

girls • Lack of access to income and decision-making on WASH
• Lack of an adequate number of gender-segregated toilets
• Lack of hygiene facilities and products for menstrual hygiene
management (MHM) and postpartum care
• Limited physical mobility during pregnancy (in some cases)
and linked barriers in WASH in health care
• Privacy concerns from ability to lock toilets and bathing units
from inside
• Limited access to safe drinking water for women in drought-
prone areas or those with contaminated sources of water
Acceptability
• Social and cultural expectations around privacy, maintaining
‘dignity’ and ‘modesty’ and taboos around menstruation and
post-birth bleeding
• Security concerns including risk of harassment and sexual
abuse while accessing water or toilets due to poor lighting,
distant location, lack of a mechanism to lock the toilet door
from inside, etc
• Stigma around incontinence
• MHM facilities that are inconvenient; products that do not
meet user needs
• Discrimination based on specific patient attributes
Utilization and quality of care
• Caregiving responsibilities for children, sick or older relatives,
and persons with disabilities constrain own WASH use
25
group
• Dependency on health facility staff and family members for

WASH and infection prevention and control (IPC) during
childbirth and inpatient care
Engagement
• Limited decision-making authority restricts opportunities to
voice opinion on WASH in health facilities
• Family responsibilities limit time for engaging in committees
for WASH in health-care facilities
Persons with Accessibility
disabilities • Physical barriers such as narrow doorways, internal steps or
distance to WASH facilities
• Challenges to access other infrastructure in the health-care
facilities, such as drinking water
• WASH-related signages that are difficult to read
• Announcements are inaudible to persons with hearing
impairments
• Health worker counselling on WASH that is difficult to hear or
understand
• Risk of stigma and discrimination from health facility staff and
users who refuse to make adjustment to infrastructure and
services for WASH to accommodate the disability or prevent
the person from accessing WASH facilities
Acceptability
• Indignity of using WASH facilities and products that do not
meet physical needs, or that are substandard.
• Attitudinal challenges in the form of stigma and
discrimination from health facility staff
WASH and IPC during visits to the health facility
Engagement
• Discrimination that prevents persons with disabilities from
voicing their opinions or participating in WASH committees
Introduction
26
group
Older adults Accessibility

• Physical barriers such as steps, distance to WASH facilities, or
toilets and handwashing facilities that are difficult to reach
• WASH-related signages that are difficult to read
• Unmet needs related to incontinence
• Health worker (potentially erroneous) assumption that older
adults’ WASH needs will be supported by their caregiver
• Health worker counselling on WASH that is inaudible or
incomprehensible
Acceptability
• Negative or condescending attitudes of other health facility
users who are impatient with or disdainful of WASH needs of
older adults
• Indignity of using WASH facilities and products (e.g. for
incontinence) that do not meet needs
WASH and IPC during visits to the health facility
Engagement
• Discrimination restricting participation of older adults in
WASH committees or disregarding their inputs
Indigenous Accessibility
people, ethnic • WASH-related signages and provider counselling do not meet
minorities the language needs of diverse user groups
• Negative attitudes and stigmatizing behaviour from
health facility staff and users that prevent individuals from
indigenous or ethnic groups from using WASH facilities or
services
Acceptability
• Lack of culturally appropriate WASH facilities and services
• Discrimination resulting in substandard care, e.g. denying
WASH during service delivery or poor IPC
Engagement
• Discrimination against people from different ethnic, racial and
linguistic backgrounds
• Language barriers to participation
27
group
Lesbian, gay, Accessibility

bisexual, • Risk of verbal, physical and sexual abuse or assault, denial
transgender, of access, arrest and expulsion. In Malaysia, for example, a
queer, inter- survey of transgender individuals found that almost half (41%)
sex, asexual had experienced discrimination when using a public toilet12
and others
(LGBTQIA+) • Lack of access to gender-neutral toilets for non-binary and
other gender or sexually diverse individuals
Acceptability
• Toilet stalls used by transmen lack MHM facilities and
products
• Discrimination and risk of violence restrict use of WASH
facilities, increasing health risks such as urinary tract
infections
Engagement
• Exclusion from community and WASH committees and
activities
Frontline Accessibility
health-care • Unavailability of separate WASH facilities from patients/
workers caregivers
• Lack of facilities and products for MHM
• Lack of toilets on site
• Lack of showers for use during/after a long shift
Acceptability
• Social and gender norms linked to WASH
• MHM products that do not meet user needs
• Lack of personal protection in sizes suitable for both women
and men
• Lack of training on IPC and WASH
• Fatigue and time constraints to perform proper hand hygiene
or use WASH facilities, reducing compliance with WASH
practices
• Poor working conditions lead to psychological stress and low
Introduction
motivation to integrate WASH and IPC services
12
Gender identity and the human rights to water and sanitation: a compilation by the special rapporteur on the human rights water and sanitation,
Léo Heller. Geneva: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; 2020 (https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Wa-
ter/10anniversary/GenderIdentity.pdf, accessed 25 August 2023).
28
group
Engagement
• Exclusion from planning and decision-making related to
WASH at the health-care facility despite being significant
users of WASH
• Time and resource constraints to participate in WASH
committee meetings, activities, etc.; often these constraints
are linked to gender roles
Maintenance, Accessibility
cleaning, • Unavailability of non-toxic environmental cleaning supplies
and waste and personal protection
management
staff Acceptability
• Lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) in sizes suitable
for women and men
• Low motivation to comply with environmental standards due
to poor working conditions
Engagement
• Often excluded from WASH and IPC planning and decision-
making
• Inadequate training on WASH and IPC-linked practices
• Reluctant to voice their opinion or offer solutions due to
stigma or fear of losing employment
29
Resource 2:
The impact of climate change on GEDSI and WASH in health-
care facilities
How climate change will impact WASH in health-care facilities
As the climate changes, people are finding it increasingly difficult to stay healthy.
Severe weather events such as heat waves, droughts and heavy storms result in
trauma and injury. Shifting weather patterns increase or change the spread of
infectious diseases. Impacts on our food resources lead to food and water insecurity
and undernutrition. Between 2030 and 2050, climate change is expected to cause
approximately 250,000 additional deaths per year from malnutrition, malaria,
diarrhoea and heat stress alone.13
Climate change can also impact services provided by health-care facilities. Severe
weather events may destroy health infrastructure, disrupt water and sanitation
systems, and damage roads and other transportation systems, preventing health-care
workers and supplies from reaching the facility. The lack of preventive and curative
services further increases the risk of poor health and death for individuals and
communities.
The brunt of the impact will be borne by marginalized groups
Marginalized groups are more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Many
are already living in areas that are more vulnerable to natural hazards, polluted, and
have inferior roads, health-care facilities, water and sanitation systems, and other
resources. With less financial resources, marginalized groups are less able to make
changes such as building a cooler home, procuring seeds for more resilient crops,
or moving to a safe area. Mental stress and competition for resources increases
discrimination and risk of violence against marginalized groups, including gender-
based violence. Pregnant women, older adults, children, and people with chronic
conditions are more vulnerable to heat and infections, but have less access to health
services.
“If you are invisible in everyday life, your needs will not be thought of, let
alone addressed, in a crisis situation.”
Matcha Phorn-In, human-rights defender, Thailand14
Climate change can exacerbate existing health and WASH-related inequalities and
discrimination in health-care facilities. Increased rainfall or heat may make it even
Introduction
13
Climate change [website]. Geneva: WHO; 2020 (https://www.who.int/health-topics/climate-change#tab=tab_1, accessed 25 August 2023).
14
Take Five: “If you are invisible in everyday life, your needs will not be thought of, let alone addressed, in a crisis situation”. UN Women; 2018
(https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2018/7/take-five-matcha-phorn-in, accessed 25 August 2023).
30
more difficult for persons with disabilities to reach WASH facilities. Hazards related
to climate change exacerbate the vulnerabilities of persons with disabilities. During
climate-driven disasters, persons with disabilities may be less able to escape from
hazards, lose essential medications or assistive products such as spectacles or
prostheses, be left behind when a community is forced to evacuate, or experience
greater difficulty accessing basic needs and health service.15 Water shortages due
to drought can come in the way of hygiene and environmental cleaning practices,
and can impede access to WASH to women during labour and delivery, reducing
quality of care and worsening maternal and neonatal outcomes. Floods may cause
sanitation systems to overflow, increasing risk of infection for all health facility users,
particularly cleaning staff. Overcrowded facilities may deprioritize the needs of the
marginalized in using WASH facilities or receiving high-quality care. Frustration
and stress may even result in assault and violence against health facility staff or
marginalized groups. For example, the risk of gender violence is enhanced during a
climate-related event.
What should be done
As health-care facilities struggle to maintain services, people from marginalized

groups may find it more difficult to have their needs and priorities heard and
recognized. In this context, GEDSI integration in WASH in health-care facilities is
even more critical, in health facility planning, practice and monitoring, as well as in
national policies, guidelines and plans. Efforts to strengthen WASH in health-care
facilities must adapt to and mitigate the impact of climate change, particularly on
marginalized groups. Increased advocacy is needed
to ensure that climate change is included in all GEDSI
WHO GUIDANCE FOR CLIMATE-RESILIENT AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
and WASH in health-care facilities-related discourse

at all levels. WHO GUIDANCE FOR
CLIMATE-RESILIENT AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE
Many health facilities are adapting their operations HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
and working to mitigate the impacts of climate

change. Investments in WASH should also be aligned
with these efforts, supporting climate resilience and
protecting the environment. For more information
on how investments in WASH in health-care facilities
can support climate resilience while protecting the
environment, refer to the WHO guidance for climate-
resilient and environmentally sustainable health care
facilities (2020), and the Technical fact sheet 1 (Annex
6) of WASH FIT, second edition (2022).
15
Global report on health equity for persons with disabilities. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022, (https://www.who.int/publications/i/
item/9789240063600 , accessed on 06 October 2023)
31
Resource 3:
Summary of global commitments
Global commitments and relevance
Document Relevance
Sustainable The SDGs, adopted in 2015 by 193 countries, provide a

Development framework for achieving a ‘better and more sustainable future
Goals (SDGs) for all’ by the year 2030. Several SDGs are particularly relevant
to strengthening inclusive WASH at health-care facilities:
SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at
all ages
SDG 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls
SDG 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all
SDG 8: Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth,
employment and decent work for all
SDG 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries.
Leave no one With the adoption of the 2030 Agenda, UN Member States
behind (LNOB) pledged to ensure ‘no one will be left behind’ and to ‘endeavour
to reach the furthest behind first’. As one of the universal values
for achieving the SDGs, LNOB involves reaching the poorest of
the poor and combating discrimination and rising inequalities
within and among countries, and their root causes.
GEDSI in health care
Political The Political Declaration identifies key action areas to frame the
Declaration political objectives, guide implementation, and accelerate action
on Universal towards universal health coverage (UHC). Commitments aim to
Health Coverage achieve UHC as a social contract, leave no one behind, create
(2019)16 a strong, enabling environment responsive to people’s needs,
uphold quality of care, sustain public financing, establish multi-
stakeholder mechanisms, redress gender–power dynamics, and
promote strong and resilient health systems.
Introduction
16
Moving together to build a healthier world. United Nations High-Level Meeting on Universal Health Coverage. UHC2030 [website]. Geneva:
UHC2030; 2019 (https://www.uhc2030.org/fileadmin/uploads/uhc2030/Documents/UN_HLM_2019/UHC_Key_Asks_final.pdf, accessed 25 August
2023).
32
Document Relevance
Joint UN UN entities issued a statement reaffirming their commitment

Statement to address and end discrimination in access to health-care
on Ending services. They agreed to support Member States to put in
Discrimination place guarantees against discrimination in law, policies and
in Health regulations; empower health workers and users of health
Settings (2017)17 services through attention to and realization of their rights, roles
and responsibilities; support accountability and compliance with
the principle of non-discrimination in health-care settings; and
implement the United Nations Shared Framework for Action on
Combating Inequalities and Discrimination.
Resolution The resolution recognizes, acknowledges and reaffirms
75/131 adopted by calling upon Member States and other stakeholders
by the General to strengthen action to prevent, monitor and address the
Assembly on 14: disproportionate effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on
UN Decade on older persons, including the particular risks that they face in
Healthy Ageing accessing social protection and health services, and to ensure
2021–203018 that health-care decisions affecting older persons respect their
dignity and promote their human rights.
United Nations Article 25 reinforces the right of persons with disability to attain
Convention on the highest standard of health care, without discrimination
the Rights of across gender and age. Of the Member countries of the WHO
Persons with South-East Asia Region, the Convention has been signed by
Disabilities Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal and Sri
(2006)19 Lanka.
United Nations Article 24 commits State Parties to provide good quality health
Convention on care, clean water, nutritious food, and a clean environment and
the Rights of the education on health and well-being so that children can stay
Child (1990)20 healthy. Of Member States in the WHO South-East Asia Region,
the Convention has been signed by Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
17
Joint United Nations statement on ending discrimination in health care settings. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2017 (https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/
documents/2017/ending-discrimination-in-health-care-settings, accessed 25 August 2023).
18
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 14 December 2020: 75/131. United Nations Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021–2030). New York:
United Nations; 2020 (https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3896348?ln=en, accessed 25 August 2023).
19
Article 25 – Health. In Resolution 44:25: Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [website]. New York: UNDESA (https://www.un.org/
development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-25-health.html, accessed 25 August 2023).
20
Convention on the Rights of the Child. Resolution 44/25. New York: United Nations General Assembly; 1989 (https://www.un.org/en/develop-
ment/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_44_25.pdf, accessed 25 August 2023).
33
Document Document
World Health The Resolution calls on Member States to provide universal

Assembly WASH in health-care facilities, aligning with global efforts and
Resolution the eight practical steps. It commits Member States to the
WHA72.7 on achievement of at least 50% of all health-care facilities globally
water, sanitation and in each region to have basic WASH services by 2022, 80%
and hygiene by 2025 and 100% by 2030. During the discussion on the
in health- Resolution, countries highlighted the fundamental role of WASH
care facilities in health-care facilities for achieving UHC, improving quality of
(2019)21 care and in preventing the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
WHO Charter- Launched on World Patient Safety Day 2020, the charter
Health worker calls for urgent and sustainable action in a number of areas,
safety: a priority including WASH. Priority actions include ensuring ‘adequate
for patient environmental services, including water, sanitation and hygiene,
safety (2020)22 disinfection, and ventilation, at all health-care facilities’.
The 2018 The Declaration reinforced the commitment of countries
Declaration of to strengthen primary health care (PHC) for accelerated
Astana23 progress on UHC and the SDGs. The resulting draft operational
framework for PHC outlines a series of actions to align health
systems according to PHC principles. The framework for PHC
presents opportunities to invest in and strengthen WASH as a
foundational aspect of quality of care.
World Health Assembly, 72. Patient safety: water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: report by the Director-General. World Health
21
Organization; 2019 (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/328712, accessed 18 September 2023).

Introduction
22
Charter: Health worker safety: a priority for patient safety. Geneva: WHO; 2020 (https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/world-patient-safety-
day/health-worker-safety-charter-wpsd-17-september-2020-3-1.pdf, accessed 25 August 2023).
23
Declaration of Astana: Global Conference on Primary Health Care. Geneva: WHO and UNICEF; 2018 (https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/
primary-health/declaration/gcphc-declaration.pdf, accessed 25 August 2023).
34
STEP
1
Conduct
situation
analysis and
assessment
The goal of Step 1 is to conduct a situation analysis and a baseline assessment to
guide planning and resource mobilization. The analysis examines health and WASH
policies, governance structures, and funding streams, whereas an assessment
provides updated figures on WASH coverage and compliance. Together, they form the
basis for prioritizing action and mobilizing resources.
Step 1 provides the baseline information on the status of GEDSI in WASH in health-
care facilities. The results of the assessment guide discussion about strategies and
activities to improve inclusive and equitable WASH in health-care facilities; inform
revisions of national strategies and guidelines to more effectively integrate GEDSI
considerations; and support stakeholder engagement.
Empowering marginalized groups: The situation analysis and assessment should
engage representatives of marginalized groups throughout the process, in line with
the mantra: “Nothing About Us Without Us” from the global disability advocacy
movement. This will help develop a better understanding of who is being left behind
and how. Health-care professionals with varied experience (e.g. in inpatient and
outpatient departments), and others in the health workforce (e.g. pharmacists,
laboratory technicians and cleaning staff), will also be able to provide different
perspectives.
Key questions for situation analysis and assessment
A situation analysis and assessment can help identify who is at risk of being left
behind in WASH in health-care facilities; how GEDSI and WASH in health-care
facilities are currently approached in national policies and guidelines; and who are
the influential stakeholders that can effectively lead the effort.
1. Who are the marginalized population groups?
Tools such as poverty mapping, well-being ranking, social mapping, vulnerability

assessments, and other participatory appraisals can help identify population
groups who fare worse on social indicators and are likely to be left behind in
efforts to improve WASH in health-care facilities. Defining who the marginalized
groups are is a key step for understanding the barriers they face and engaging
them in activities for improving WASH. Tool 1.1 provides guidance on how to
identify population groups marginalized in WASH in health-care facilities and less
likely to benefit from IPC and patient-centred care.
2. What is the status of GEDSI in policies and programmes?
A review of national policies, standards and guidelines, and programme plans

should assess what data is currently available on accessibility and acceptability
of WASH to health facility users and on patient-centred care, and whether any
actions have been planned to address the barriers experienced by different
groups.
37
If GEDSI is a strong element of existing policies, standards and guidelines related
to WASH in health-care facilities, what were the facilitating factors that made it
happen? Conversely, if GEDSI is not currently integrated, why not? Understanding
the context for GEDSI integration is necessary for developing effective strategies.
The review should also determine whether marginalized population groups were
consulted to make sure their needs and priorities related to WASH in health-care
facilities are understood and addressed.
Tool 1.2 provides a checklist to support GEDSI linked assessments of national
policies, standards and guidelines related to WASH in health-care facilities.
Further, consultations with with experts and representatives from marginalized
groups will also support policy and programme analysis. Below is an illustrative
list of stakeholders who can provide expertise to better understanding the context
of GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities and those who can help integrate
GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities.
3. Who are the stakeholders?

Alongside identification of marginalized groups and analysis of policies and
programmes, developing an understanding of stakeholders is critical. Inclusive
WASH in health-care facilities lies at the intersection of many domains. The
process of identifying stakeholders should look at building insights on who are
the stakeholders that can help integrate GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities
and what roles can they play: advocates, technical resource persons, change
influencers, etc. While at this stage you will only be mapping stakeholders,
ideas for the kind of stakeholders and their roles can be drawn from a tool in a
subsequent chapter, i.e. Step 3, Resource 3.2. This resource provides examples
of stakeholders, their role in holding health systems accountable for inclusive
WASH.
Stakeholders well informed about GEDSI
Organisations run by or working with different marginalized groups (indigenous

communities, women, persons with disabilities)
Service providers specifically working with marginalized groups, e.g. occupational
Step 1: Conduct situation analysis and assessment
therapists, volunteers and outreach teams from indigenous communities

Staff working on health and/or WASH, e.g hospital administrators, doctors, nurses,
WASH engineers
Stakeholders with more power to influence change
Ministries of health, water and sanitation or environment, social welfare, gender,

and/or disability
Elected representatives and local administration
38
Resources and Tools
Tool 1.1: Who is left behind in WASH in health-care facilities

Guidance on determining which population groups have less access to
acceptable WASH in health-care facilities and are less likely to benefit from
IPC and patient-centred care
Tool 1.2: Checklist for policy and programme analysis

A checklist to assess content related to GEDSI in national policies, guidelines,
and standards related to WASH in health-care facilities
39
Tool 1.1:
Who is left behind in WASH in health-care facilities24
Note: General Comment No. 14 on the Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health states that
all health services, goods and facilities must be available, accessible, acceptable and of good quality
(UN CESCR, 2000). The terms availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality are known as AAAQ
and are featured in the Tanahashi framework (1978). These and other parameters (+) are used below
to understand populations left behind in WASH in health-care facilities.
1. Characterize and describe how different health facility users risk being left
behind in relation to WASH in health-care facilities
A preliminary analysis should identify which subpopulations risk being left
behind as a result of barriers in five areas, summarized as AAAQ+. An illustrative
example is provided below.
AAAQ+ Who is being left behind
A Availability of improved Example: People in rural or slum areas

WASH where health facilities lack WASH.
A Access to WASH Example: Persons with disabilities, or
people whose language is not used in
hygiene counselling and WASH guidance.
Example: People who risk discrimination
and violence in using public WASH facilities,
e.g. LGBTQIA+.
A Acceptability of WASH Example: People with different cultural
beliefs about menstruation, health facility
staff need for privacy.
Q Equitable use of WASH for Example: Patients who experience
quality of care: IPC and discrimination in the health facility setting,
patient-centred care e.g. people living with HIV (PLHIV).

+ Community/health facility Example: Migrant workers speaking
user engagement in a different language or mothers with
improvement of WASH caregiving responsibilities for small
children.
2. Explore the barriers faced by different groups of health facility users

Based on the analysis about which subpopulations risk being left behind, the
assessment should explore each subpopulation’s WASH-related needs at the
health-care facility.
24
Adapted from: The Innov8 approach for reviewing national health programmes to leave no one behind: Technical handbook. Geneva: WHO; 2016
(https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250442/9789241511391-eng.pdf?sequence=1, accessed 25 August 2023).
40
Subpopulation Physical barriers Social and Institutional
(natural attitudinal (organizational
environment, built barriers rules, policies,
infrastructure) (information, social systems and
norms, beliefs, strategies)
shame)
Example (for a Example: Young Example: Young Example: There

hypothetical health children are too children are are no hygiene
facility WASH short to reach dependent on their education
programme): most toilets and caregivers for help. materials that
Young children handwashing Their opinions could be easily
stations. and needs may be understood by
disregarded. children (e.g.
posters).
Example (for a Example: If Example: Due to Example: HIV
hypothetical health ill, may require discrimination, programmes
facility WASH support to use the WASH needs do not include
programme): the latrine. of PLHIV may hygiene materials.
PLHIV Latrine needs to be neglected by
accommodate health facility
caregiver. staff. They are
also not invited
to participate in
health facility-
community
committees.
3. Use quantitative and qualitative data to verify preliminary analysis of

inequalities in WASH in health facilities
Review existing quantitative and qualitative data to confirm and collect more
information on the subpopulations that risk being left behind in improvements in
WASH in health-care facilities.
■ Quantitative data measure numbers and are often collected through surveys
(e.g. demographic and health surveys, multiple indicator cluster surveys,
etc.) or routine data reporting (e.g. from health facilities). To be useful in
understanding the differences between subpopulations, the data must allow
disaggregation and analysis by different subpopulation characteristics
(e.g. gender, age, income, education, occupation, race or ethnicity, place of
residence, migrant status, etc.)
■ Qualitative data describe characteristics, and are often collected through
interviews or focus group discussions (FGDs). Such data may provide
information on specific subpopulations, which are not available through
quantitative means.
41
AAAQ+ Populations that risk Verification done
being left behind in through which data
WASH improvements sources
Increasing availability of Example: Slum residents Example: Health facility

improved WASH whose health facility has audit
no WASH at all.
Ensuring WASH Example: Older adults Example: FGDs with older
accessibility who lack the physical patients at health-care
dexterity to use the facility
toilets that are currently
available.
Ensuring WASH Example: Women and Example: Patient/visitor
acceptability girls who lack access to experience interviews,
facilities for MHM. interviews with health
facility staff
Increasing equitable use Example: Nurses and Example: Interviews with
of WASH for IPC and midwives who do not have health facility staff, health
quality care a toilet separate from the facility data on workplace
patients. infections
Community/health facility Example: Adolescent Example: Community
user engagement in girls and young women FGDs with identified
improvements in WASH whose needs are not marginalized groups
understood because
they are considered
too inexperienced to
participate in committees.
Tool 1.2:
42
Tool 1.2:
Checklist for policy and programme analysis25
To prepare for the analysis, collect any national documents related to WASH in
health-care facilities, such as policies, standards and guidelines. The checklist is a
rapid assessment tool and will not provide you with the kind of details that a more
thorough GEDSI analysis of an existing policy or programme would provide.26 After
going through the checklist, you can also follow-up with health or WASH programme
managers, statistics departments or institutes, or organizations representing
marginalized groups to obtain additional clarification.
Checklist for policy and programme analysis
Question Comments
Data and evidence
Are disaggregated data presented (e.g.
age, sex, disability status, etc.)?
Do the documents identify

discrepancies in WASH and health-care
service delivery and provide information
on their causes?
Does the policy/programme provide

data on the differential needs of
specific subpopulations?
Have knowledge and information that

exist on GEDSI, WASH, and health from
sources other than health indicators
and/or reports been used as part of the
evidence base?
Goals and objectives
Do the goals and objectives of the

policy/programme have an explicit
commitment to leaving no one behind
or to reducing social inequalities?
25
The Innov8 approach for reviewing national health programmes to leave no one behind: Technical handbook. Geneva: WHO; 2016.
(https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250442/9789241511391-eng.pdf?sequence=1, accessed 25 August 2023) and Gender
mainstreaming for health managers: a practical approach. Participant’s notes. Geneva: WHO; 2011 (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/
handle/10665/44516/9789241501064_eng.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y, accessed 25 August 2023).
26
For example: The Gender Responsiveness Assessment Scale (GRAS) and the Gender Assessment Tool (GAT) described in the “Gender
mainstreaming for health managers: a practical approach”. Geneva: WHO; 2011 (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44516, accessed 18
September 2023).
43
Question Comments
Do the policy/programme goals and

objectives link with the gaps and needs
supported by the data/evidence?
Programme targets
Does the policy/programme identify

targets that specify marginalized
groups?
Target populations
Does the target population of the

policy/programme prioritize any
subpopulations? (e.g. by gender, age
groups, disability, race, ethnicity,
income or education groups, people
with specific occupations, religious/
faith communities, area of residence,
migrants, etc.).
Technical design
Are interventions, services and activities

differentiated for any subpopulations?
Are the interventions, services and
activities linked with evidence on the
identified gaps and needs?
Do the interventions, services and
activities consider the contexts within
which the target population(s) live?
Does the design consider WASH issues
that may otherwise not be discussed

due to social taboos? (e.g. menstruation,
incontinence).
Does the policy/programme aim to
increase availability of improved WASH
in health-care facilities, especially for
marginalized or under-served groups?
44
Question Comments

increase accessibility of improved
WASH in health-care facilities, especially
for marginalized or under-served
groups?
increase acceptability of improved
WASH in health-care facilities, especially
for marginalized or under-served
groups?
Does the policy/programme link
inclusive WASH with IPC?
Does the policy/programme link
inclusive WASH with patient-centred
care?
Have implementation difficulties
been anticipated for the above set of
programme interventions, especially
with regard to marginalized or under-
served groups?
Does the design include training and
orientation for facility staff about the
specific needs, preferences and barriers
faced by specific marginalized groups
and what they can do to address them?
Stakeholder engagement
Did policy/programme development for

WASH in health-care facilities include
rights groups and representatives from
each of the marginalized groups?
Did policy/programme development
engage a range of health facility workers
such as doctors, nurses, pharmacists,
laboratory technicians, cleaning staff,
and others from both inpatient and
outpatient departments, to provide
different perspectives?
45
Question Comments
Did policy/programme implementation

or action plans identify meaningful roles
and responsibilities for marginalized
groups?
Is there a mechanism for engaging
marginalized population groups?
Do any marginalized groups participate
in the planning and implementation of
the policy/programme?
Monitoring and evaluation
Are there indicators for monitoring

disparities in WASH in health-care
facilities?
Are there feasible mechanisms for data
collection for each of the indicators?
Is there a plan for review and
continuous monitoring of disparities?
Do any marginalized groups participate
in the monitoring, review and evaluation
of the policy/programme?
Financing
Is there a budget for implementing

activities that benefit marginalized
groups, including both technical and
monitoring activities?
46
Case study: Multitool assessment of gender equality in WASH
in health facilities in India 27, 28, 29
To understand how women in Maharashtra, India, experience WASH at their health-
care facilities, the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology and
Tata Institute of Social Sciences used three methods to assess infrastructure for
WASH at the facility and to obtain feedback from the users.
1. Semi-structured interviews to ask health facility users about WASH and topics
around menstrual hygiene management (MHM), pregnancy and childbirth. The
respondents represented six user groups: outpatients, inpatients, attendants,
medical staff, cleaning personnel, managers and administrators, and both female
and male in all groups. Special emphasis was made to include vulnerable groups
such as menstruating woman, pregnant women, and postpartum women.
2. Focus groups discussions (FGDs) to capture the WASH-related experiences,

needs and priorities of inpatients and their attendants: Participants discussed
challenges related to their experiences on WASH in the health-care facility,
identified the causes of the problems, and developed potential solutions.
3. Infrastructure spot-check to assess infrastructure for WASH at the health-

care facility and triangulate the user perception data from the FGDs and semi-
structured interviews.
Lessons learnt on study design: Based on the implementation of the study, the
partners made several recommendations, including:
■ Studies should involve lower-level staff such as attendants who play a large role in
supporting WASH in the health facility.
■ To understand the complexity of WASH services in health-care facilities, studies

must move beyond infrastructural assessment towards a holistic evaluation that
includes WASH user and provider perspectives.
■ Use of multiple research methods brings added value and more comprehensive
insights.
The assessment also highlighted the need to ensure that issues such as operation
and maintenance of WASH facilities, MHM, interaction between users, providers and
health facility management, and community engagement are not forgotten in policies
and strategies on WASH in health-care facilities.
27
Kohler P, Renggli S, Lüthi C. WASH and gender in health care facilities: the uncharted territory. Health Care Women Int. 2019;40:3–12. doi:
10.1080/07399332.2017.1395440.
28
Kohler P. Genderised WASH – How Indian and Ugandan health centres manage the sanitation needs of special user groups. Presentation at
the WHO/UNICEF WASH in health care facilities Global Learning Event, Kathmandu, Nepal; 2017 (https://www.washinhcf.org/resource/genderised-
wash-how-indian-and-ugandan-health-centres-manage-the-sanitation-needs-of-special-user-groups/, accessed 25 August 2023)
29
Kohler P, Renggli S, Lüthi C. WASH and gender in health care facilities: the uncharted territory. Health Care Women Int. 2019;40:3–12. doi:
10.1080/07399332.2017.1395440.
STEP
2
Set targets
and define
roadmap
The goal of Step 2 is to develop detailed targets and a national roadmap to
address gaps and estimate costs for WASH in health-care facilities. The roadmap,
supported by an intersectoral national team, outlines the approach, intervention
areas, responsibilities, targets, and budget for WASH improvements over a defined
period of time.
To ensure that the roadmap explicitly addresses GEDSI and that GEDSI continues to
be a priority during implementation and monitoring of the other practical steps, there
must be a clear governance mechanism for GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities.
This involves establishing structures such as a national task force to champion
GEDSI integration, and processes to regularly assess GEDSI needs, monitor
progress, and improve performance.
Inclusion of marginalized groups within the task force for WASH

An effective strategy to support GEDSI integration within targets and roadmaps for
WASH in health-care facilities is with the support of an intersectoral, inclusive task
force. Establishing such a task force signals dedication to promoting equity and
inclusivity.
An inclusive national task force includes representatives from organizations
for women, persons with disabilities, PLHIV, LGBTQIA+, and unions of health-
care staff, who are instrumental in providing the task force with insights and
practical suggestions on how GEDSI can be integrated in WASH policies, plans
and programmes of health-care facilities. An inclusive taskforce helps ensure that
diverse perspectives are considered; it also provides representatives of marginalized
groups with opportunities to lead planning and improvement of WASH in health-
care facilities; and allows for coordinated efforts and collaboration among different
stakeholders leading to more holistic and effective solutions.
Engaging different departments of the national and local governments – such
as development planning, public works, health and environmental departments –
is key to achieving GEDSI in WASH targets.
“Nothing about us without us”
When seeking participation of marginalized groups in the task force, it is important

to ensure that the meetings are organized and structured based on their specific
needs. Tool 2.1 provides guidance for conducting task force meetings that are
inclusive.
Key areas of work for the national task force include:
■ Advocacy and awareness: Champion GEDSI principles within the broader
health-care community and raise awareness about the importance of inclusive
WASH policies and practices. Inclusive WASH policies guide decision-making and
ensure that sufficient resources are allocated for inclusive WASH infrastructure
49
and services. Strong leadership and commitment from local and political leaders
at all levels will be essential to drive GEDSI integration. Tool 2.2 provides
guidance on conducting advocacy to build consensus on GEDSI in WASH in
health-care facilities.
■ Leadership: Provide strategic direction to integrate GEDSI in the roadmap and
targets for WASH in health-care facilities, in implementation of plans and budgets,
and review and improve activities to better meet the needs of marginalized
groups.
■ Foster accountability: Guide development of GEDSI standards, and systems to
monitor and improve performance in health-care facilities (Step 3).
■ Support roll-out of GEDSI activities: Monitor and support implementation of
GEDSI-related activities in the national roadmap at the local level (Steps 4 and 5).
■ Capacity building: Guide training and capacity-building initiatives to sensitize
local leaders, health facility staff, and WASH stakeholders about GEDSI issues
(Step 6).
■ Support collaboration: Facilitate linkages between local government and
organizations representing marginalized groups to build understanding and
identify ways of working together to improve WASH in health-care facilities
(Step 7).
■ Assessments and learning: Guide national assessments on the status of GEDSI
in WASH in health-care facilities, and evaluations of GEDSI-related activities
(Steps 1 and 8).
Integrating GEDSI in targets and roadmaps for WASH in health-care

facilities
The integration of GEDSI activities within the national roadmap for WASH in health-
care facilities will provide a plan for action, ensure that these activities are costed for,
and a mechanism is identified for coordination at the national and local levels. The
roadmap serves as the basis on which partners, donors and government agencies
engage, track progress and target resources for GEDSI-related infrastructure and
human resources.
Concerns related to GEDSI can be considered across all areas of roadmap
development, from definition of relevant goals, targets and activities, budgets, and
Step 2: Set targets and define roadmap
mechanisms for implementation and monitoring. Tool 2.3 provides a checklist for
inclusive roadmaps for WASH in health-care facilities.
Specific GEDSI activities can be developed in response to the barriers to WASH
identified in the analysis and assessments under Step 1. In addition to addressing
current barriers, the roadmap should be forward-looking to anticipate and prepare for
future needs and priorities that may emerge, considering issues such as the impact
of climate change. Some examples of barriers and interventions to address them are
suggested in Resource 2.1.
50
Reviewing progress and adapting to ensure responsiveness
to marginalized groups
The national task force should review progress regularly to identify what activities
are having the intended results, and what activities are proving to be difficult. The
roadmap may need to be updated to address emerging challenges or changes in
the context for inclusive WASH in health-care facilities. For example, if faced with
a cholera outbreak, resources may need to be diverted to accelerate WASH activities
in affected geographical areas. GEDSI integration will be particularly important
during emergency responses, as people who are marginalized are often those
who are the most impacted.
Resources and Tools
Tool 2.1: Tips for planning and running inclusive task force
meetings
Guidance on how to ensure that task force meetings support inclusion
Tool 2.2: Conducting advocacy to build consensus on GEDSI in

Guidance on how to engage diverse stakeholders in dialogue on how to
integrate GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities
Tool 2.3: Checklist of considerations for roadmap development

A checklist to ensure full consideration of GEDSI during development of
roadmaps for WASH in health-care facilities
Resource 2.1: Examples of barriers to GEDSI integration and

potential activities to address them
This resource lists some examples of physical, social, cultural, institutional,
policy/legislative barriers to GEDSI integration and potential activities to
address them
51
Tool 2.1:
Tips for planning and running inclusive task force meetings30
This tool offers six tips to organizing inclusive meetings to ensure equal participation
of diverse task force members. It has been adapted from a World Vision and
Christian Blind Mission guidance note. The United Nations Disability Inclusion
Strategy also provides very detailed guidelines on how to consult and involve persons
with disabilities.31
The tips provide a starting point: given that local contexts and individual needs
will vary widely, it is best to ask all task force members what support they require
to fully participate. In some situations where there are large power imbalances,
separate meetings may be needed for some marginalized groups to be able to speak
comfortably.
1. Identify and specifically invite people from marginalized groups
√ Ask local organizations representing marginalized groups (e.g. women,
persons with disabilities, the elderly, people from lower income or education
groups, indigenous groups, LGBTQIA+, etc.) for advice on how to get the
message out and invite their members to participate.
√ Ensure that all invitations and material used to advertise the meeting or event
show that marginalized groups are welcome and that the event is accessible.
√ Meet with the representatives in advance to provide them an overview of
the technical WASH content, meeting objectives, and how they can most
effectively contribute.
2. Find out whether particular assistance or support is required to enable
attendance and active participation in the meeting/event
√ Ask if task force members from marginalized groups need any additional
support (such as sign language interpreters or accessible transport or venue).
√ Adjust meeting times to accommodate time constraints of specific groups,
e.g. women, persons with disabilities who may need longer travel time.
√ Ensure that it is clear who participants should contact.
3. Ensure promotional and meeting material is accessible

√ Ask how people prefer to access written material (e.g. braille, large print or
electronic format) and provide materials in this format wherever possible.
√ Try and present information in both visual and audio formats.
30
Adapted from: Six tips for planning and running inclusive meetings and events. Box Hill: CBM and World Vision.
31
United Nations Disability Inclusion Strategy. Guidelines, Consulting with persons with disabilities, Indicator 5, United Nations, 2021 (https://www.
un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/un_disability-inclusive_consultation_guidelines.pdf , accessed on 06 October 2023)
52
√ Use signs in large print and clear font to guide people to the venue or
meeting room.
4. Choose an accessible venue
√ Check that the venue is physically accessible by all users and includes
accessible toilets, dining areas (if providing food), wheelchair access (ramps
and wide doorways) and good lighting.
√ Reserve seating or space for persons with disabilities and the elderly,
particularly in crowded venues. Ensure there is space for wheelchair users.
5. Use inclusive communication
√ Ask a person what type of communication is best for them – for example,
sign language, lip-reading, with help from a family member. If a person uses
sign language, it is important to have a sign interpreter.
√ Open the meeting by asking participants to speak slowly and use clear
language to facilitate translation, interpretation and understanding for persons
with disabilities, and those for whom the language spoken is not their native
language.
√ Introduce yourself to a person with vision impairment each time before you
speak.
√ Discuss sensitive topics (e.g. menstruation) in safe spaces where women feel
comfortable.
6. Facilitate active participation during the meeting/event
√ Ask participants where they would like to be seated, to facilitate access to/
from the area, and to assist lip-reading, use of sign interpreters or language
translation services.
√ Ask people from marginalized groups if they would like to be paired with
another person who could help in individual or group activities.
√ Treat the person with respect at all times and ask their opinion in discussions.
Follow-up after the meeting: obtain feedback on whether the participants were
able to fully participate as equal partners.
53
Tool 2.2:
Conducting advocacy to build consensus on GEDSI in WASH
in health-care facilities32
The importance of GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities can be a difficult concept

to understand and embrace. You may need to conduct advocacy to gain the support
of key stakeholders for integration at the national and health facility levels.
Advocacy: The act or process of influencing decision-makers, stakeholders and
other audiences to support a cause. In the context of GEDSI in WASH in health-care
facilities, advocacy is strategic communication to influence policy or programme
decision-making at the international, national, community and facility levels about
why GEDSI is essential to ensure the full impact of WASH in health-care facilities.
The engagement of marginalized groups themselves is essential to ensure that their
needs are heard and to bring credibility to the activity. At the same time, you need
to anticipate potential negative pushback of the advocacy effort and take steps to
mitigate the impact on the marginalized groups.
Conducting an advocacy campaign includes several steps:
1. Identify the issues
Under Step 1, you defined who are the marginalized groups and the barriers they
face in relation to WASH in health-care facilities. This evidence will strengthen
your credibility and enable you to create a rational, convincing argument. It will
also provide you with the information you need for planning, developing your
messages, and carrying out the advocacy activities.
2. Prioritize issues for advocacy and select the advocacy objective
Based on the evidence, you will next identify the urgent and/or vital issues that
you can influence and narrow down your focus. Do you want to:
■ Integrate GEDSI into the national WASH in health-care facilities roadmap,
standards or guidelines, supported by a sufficient budget?
■ Confirm that the GEDSI activities in the roadmap are implemented, and
WASH at health-care facilities are up to standard, including standards for
GEDSI?
■ Convince the district health officer, the health facility supervisor, and/or
manager to integrate GEDSI into their supervision and support at health
facilities?
■ Persuade health facility staff that integrating GEDSI into WASH will make
the facility a better place to work and result in better health outcomes?
32
Adapted from: Advocacy Toolkit for WASH in health care facilities: Toolkit 1 Local Government. Delhi: WHO SEARO; unpublished.
54
■ Encourage communities and, specifically, marginalized groups within
communities, to work with the health facility on integrating GEDSI in WASH?
You may choose to first focus on issues that can be easily changed – the “low
hanging fruits” that will be a quick win and that can also be an example to the
decision-maker to encourage them to support further.
3. Map the stakeholders
The next step would involve understanding who the decision-makers are and
who are the influencers that can help you reach your message to the decision-
makers. To understand the influence of stakeholders on a policy decision and on
each other, start by listing broad categories and fill in specifics for each category
(some illustrative stakeholders are described in Step 3, Resource 3.3). Then
determine what are the relationships between the stakeholders, who influences
whom, and who has the most power. Visual mapping tools such as “Power
mapping”, “Influence mapping”, and “Chapati or Venn diagrams” can be helpful
in visualizing who is an important stakeholder and who is influential. The diagram
below shows how different stakeholders like media, corporations etc influence
each other.
Advocacy linked influence mapping example
Corporation 1
Corporation 2
Radio UN Agency
channel 2
Radio
channel 1 Ministry of
Public Health Finance
and Minister
Sanitation
TV 1
Parliament
Thematic
working
group
Org X
Based on this, stakeholders can be categorized further as below. You can

tailor your advocacy on the basis of this categorization. These listings and
categorizations are not static but rather change with change in the environment
and context.
55
Influence of the target audience on the issue
Low Medium High

Importance of the issue to
High ■ Secondary ■ Priority audience ■ Priority audience

audience ■ Collaborate with ■ Collaborate with
the target audience
■ Mitigate impacts
Medium ■ Monitor ■ Secondary ■ Priority audience

or ignore audience ■ Collaborate with
Low ■ Monitor ■ Monitor ■ Secondary

or ignore or ignore audience
■ Involve, build
capacity
4. Select advocacy tactics

Advocacy most often entails the use of more than one tactic to be effective.
Multiple ways of influencing a decision, repeated emphasis on the key advocacy
messages are required to reach decision-makers. Some examples of advocacy
tactics are provided below:
■ Media advocacy: Can influence public perception and issues attracting media
coverage serve as trigger for political action. However, it might be difficult to
attract media attention.
■ Lobbying with the government: Meeting influential officials, exposure
visits, and events gives you the opportunity to understand the leanings of the
decision-makers and address their concerns.
■ Working with champions and spokespersons: Celebrities and technical
experts can bring tailored attention to the issue. However, the message
depends on their reputation and credibility.
■ Social media: An opportunity to reach large numbers faster. However, needs
incisive insights and specialization for targeting the right audience segments
and positioning content.
■ Alliance building: Useful when you need to reach multiple stakeholders and
audiences. However, decision-making, follow-up and coordination can be a

challenge.
Incorporate the tactics into an advocacy plan that outlines your objective and
what you want to achieve (interim outcomes), who can make it happen (target
audience), what they need to hear (message), how to reach them (channel), what
materials/information are needed, and how will you measure success.
56
5. Craft an effective message
A message is a clear, concise and compelling statement about what needs
to be done to integrate GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities and why.
Simple and direct messages have the greatest power to attract attention.
In developing your message, you need to consider the target audience’s
interest and knowledge, the concerns they have, and how they can be
motivated. The question is: what is in it for them?
These sample advocacy messages for key stakeholders working in the area
of GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities can help you develop your own
messages based on your context. Test the messages and the materials to
confirm they are effective and easily understood.
Sample audience-specific messages
Target audience Sample messages
Government health Maximize the impact of WASH in health-care facilities by

officials and ensuring that it can be accessed and used by everyone.
working groups Leave no one behind!
■ Integrate a focus on marginalized groups into national
standards for WASH in health-care facilities.
■ Allocate sufficient budget for ensuring that WASH
improvements benefit everyone.
Government water Water and sanitation designs need to meet the needs of
and sanitation all users.
officials and
working groups
■ Provide sustainable management models and technical
expertise on selection, operation and management
of WASH infrastructure and technologies that ensure
accessibility and acceptability.
Local administration, WASH is a priority for health facility users, resulting in

community leaders, satisfied patients and a better working environment.
municipality board Satisfied people are happy voters.
■ Ensure marginalized groups have a voice on committees
working to improve WASH in health-care facilities.
■ Allocate funds to ensure that WASH improvements at
health-care facilities meet the needs of all users.
57
Sample audience-specific messages
Target audience Sample messages
Health facility The benefits of WASH can be maximized by making sure

administration WASH is accessible and acceptable for all users, and used
to improve quality of care.
■ Ask marginalized groups about their WASH needs and
priorities during a health facility WASH assessment.
■ Increase the accessibility and acceptability of WASH
to all users.
■ Ensure health facility staff support WASH needs of
all patients.
Health-care Contribute to a better work environment and more satisfied

facility staff patients by ensuring everyone’s WASH needs and priorities
are met.
■ Speak up to have your WASH needs and priorities heard.
■ Ask your patients about their WASH needs and priorities.
■ Advocate for WASH needs of your patients.
NGOs and civil Everyone has an equal right to WASH in health-care

society organizations facilities.
(CSOs) representing
■ Provide leadership and technical support to ensure that
marginalized groups
the needs and priorities of your communities are heard.
■ Participate in a committee/task force on WASH in
health-care facilities and make your voice heard.
■ Mobilize members of the marginalized groups to speak
up about their WASH needs.
Members of You have equal right to have accessible and acceptable

marginalized groups WASH.
■ Engage in the health facility’s WASH committee to
ensure that barriers to accessibility, acceptability, and
equitable use of WASH are removed.
■ Speak up to have your WASH needs and priorities heard.
Community groups The community is strongest when everyone works together.

■ Talk about what barriers community members have faced

in using WASH at the health-care facility.
■ Engage in the health facility’s WASH committee to
ensure that barriers to accessibility, acceptability, and
equitable use of WASH are removed.
58
Tool 2.3:
Checklist of considerations for roadmap development
The checklist below will assist you to integrate GEDSI into planning and programming
for WASH in health-care facilities by highlighting key questions for consideration.33
Defining the scope, vision, and target audience for WASH in

Yes No
Is GEDSI reflected in the scope and vision for WASH in health-
care facilities?
Are marginalized groups involved in the design phase, as
beneficiaries and as programme staff members?
Does the target audience for WASH in health-care facilities define
specific marginalized groups? If not, why not?
Setting goals or objectives and selecting targets
Does at least one goal or objective explicitly address GEDSI?
Does the roadmap include targets for inclusive WASH, aligned
with WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme’s (JMP)
definition for basic sanitation?
Have other stakeholders or partners, particularly representing
marginalized groups, participated in setting goals and objectives?
Developing activities
Was the context of marginalized groups’ lives, and their
WASH needs and priorities at health-care facilities taken into
consideration?
Have specific activities been identified that meet the needs of
different groups?
Are all aspects of WASH considered, including water and
sanitation facilities and services as well as hygiene behaviours
and products?
Do methods and activities identify ways to address social and
gender norms that undermine the benefits of WASH in health-
care facilities? (e.g. disrespect, mistreatment, gender bias and
discrimination)
Have stakeholders and partners, particularly from marginalized
groups participated in developing activities?
33
Adapted from: Gender mainstreaming for health managers: A practical approach. Participant’s notes. Geneva: WHO; 2011.
59
Defining the scope, vision, and target audience for WASH in
Yes No
Do activities ensure a continuing planning, implementation and
monitoring role for marginalized groups?
Preparing a budget
Does the budget include lines for work on GEDSI in WASH in
health facilities?
Have representatives from marginalized groups been consulted to
estimate planned costs?
Task force composition
Does the task force include members from marginalized groups?
Does the task force have an established mechanism for sharing
information on GEDSI?
Implementing activities
Are mechanisms put in place to ensure that programme
implementation will maintain a focus on GEDSI?
Do programmatic materials or publications reinforce stereotypes
of marginalized groups?
Do members of marginalized groups participate equally in the
implementation stage – both as beneficiaries and as programme
staff members?
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E)
Does the M&E plan collect data that allows disaggregation for
marginalized groups?
Does the M&E plan collect and analyse data specific to
marginalized groups and use the findings to refine programme
design and delivery?
Have sources of information for M&E, including those for aspects
related to GEDSI, been identified?
Does the M&E plan monitor progress towards inclusive WASH at

the health-care facility?
Have women and men, persons with disabilities, the elderly,
LGBTQIA+, and people from other marginalized groups
participated equally in the M&E stage – both as beneficiaries and
as programme staff members?
60
Resource 2.1:
Examples of barriers to GEDSI integration and potential
activities to address them
Type of barrier Illustrative activities

Policy and legislation • Increase coordination between departments and units
barriers working on health, WASH, gender, disabilities, poverty,
etc. for WASH in health-care facilities.
(i.e. absence of • Establish and implement non-discrimination policies
effective governance in the health sector.
and coordination
mechanisms, which • Implement laws with mandatory access standards for
can hinder GEDSI WASH in health-care facilities.
integration) • Integrate GEDSI in policies, guidelines and plans
related to WASH in health-care facilities.
• Document and disseminate information to guide and
advocate national decision-makers for more inclusive
WASH at health-care facilities.
Institutional barriers • Train and mentor WASH and health sector managers,
and health facility staff in inclusive WASH at health-
(i.e. unavailability of care facilities.
systems and processes • Identify sources of funds to support WASH
or infrastructure, improvements.
supplies, within the
health facility that may • Integrate GEDSI in supervision and monitoring
disadvantage certain processes.
groups of people) • Include hygiene supplies, such as sanitary pads
or napkins for menstruation and incontinence, and
personal protective equipment (PPE) in various sizes
in the list of supplies for each health centre.
• Ensure reasonable accommodation/adjustments for
persons with disability if WASH is not accessible.
• Promote health-care worker compliance with quality
standards related to IPC and patient-centred care,
including WASH-related practices.
• Orient health-care workers to the different cultural
beliefs and practices in the community (and among
their patients), and to the needs of LGBTQIA+
individuals.
• Provide hygiene education materials in different
languages and appropriate for different cultures.
61
Type of barrier Illustrative activities
• Develop structures and processes to engage
marginalized groups in planning, improving and
monitoring WASH in health-care facilities, including
patients, caregivers, as well as health facility staff.
Social and cultural • Identify and empower representatives of marginalized
barriers groups in the community and in the health facility to
engage in WASH decision-making.
(i.e. obstacles or • Provider training and community dialogue to address
conflicts that may myths and taboos around menstruation, disability, etc.
arise in the process of
communication due to • Promote IPC and patient-centred care for all health
differences in social facility users.
backgrounds, norms, • Provide separate stalls for women and men, patients
beliefs and practices and staff.
among individuals or • Ensure privacy and safety for WASH users at health-
groups) care facilities.
Physical barriers • Conduct health facility WASH assessments using
WASH FIT or similar frameworks.
(i.e. structural obstacles • Identify resources to support infrastructure
that prevent or block improvements such as:
mobility within the
facility premises) ❍ Install ramps instead of steps.
❍ Install handrails and/or seat for support.
❍ Place a step stool with handrails in the
handwashing area so a child can properly reach
the handwashing station, while also ensuring
sufficient circulation space under the basin for
wheelchair users.
❍ Locate washbasins and MHM disposal bins near
women’s toilets.
❍ Use drawings instead of letters to indicate types of
WASH facilities.
❍ Include options for toilet designs that have
accessible pathways and sufficient space inside
for wheelchair users to be able to propel their
chair, while also ensuring that the designs appeal

to varying cultural norms.
❍ Install water sources in delivery rooms and
maternity wards.
❍ Provide adequate lighting in toilet blocks and
cubicles.
❍ Ensure availability of toilets in maternity
department and that women with limited mobility
(especially around time of delivery) are catered for.
62
Case study: GEDSI in Bhutan’s national strategy for WASH in
Bhutan has made concerted efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene and to increase the
involvement of disadvantaged groups including women-headed households, the elderly, and
persons with disabilities. However, an assessment of WASH in health-care facilities by the
Ministry of Health in 2019 found that although 99% of health facilities had improved toilets
and 84% were usable, only 31% were gender-segregated, 16% had menstrual health and
hygiene management facilities, and 31% were accessible to people with limited mobility.
The National Strategy for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Health care Facilities: Framework
for Action (2021–2030), was developed to address these gaps and achieve 100% coverage
of health-care facilities in every setting with quality WASH services, which are equitably
accessible to all, including children, women and persons with disabilities. The national
working group for sanitation and hygiene which developed the strategy engaged diverse
stakeholders, such as disabled people’s organizations (DPOs), to ensure the needs of
disadvantaged groups were addressed.
The strategy integrates GEDSI in its cross-cutting themes and across the three strategic
objectives. GEDSI is particularly highlighted under Strategic Objective 1, which aims to
increase equitable access to quality wash services. The target is to ensure that 80% of
health-care facilities have improved and usable sanitation infrastructure by 2023, and 100%
by 2030. This includes designing sanitation infrastructure with separate toilets for staff and
women, with menstrual hygiene amenities, and acceptable to users with limited mobility.
Activities to strengthen GEDSI include, for example:
■ Developing standard operating procedures for WASH infrastructure designs with

provisions for a separate toilet for men and women, and an accessible toilet for people
with restricted mobility; and
■ Training health-care professionals and communities responsible for WASH to recognize

and respond to specific needs of persons with disabilities, women and girls, and
vulnerable populations.
STEP
3
Establish
national
standards and
accountability
mechanisms
The goal of Step 3 is to develop national WASH and health-care waste standards that
can provide the basis for design, costing, implementation and operation of WASH
services. Mechanisms for accountability should ensure that all facilities meet national
standards.
Specific standards on GEDSI will ensure that no one is left behind in WASH
improvements. The standards can then be used by a range of GEDSI stakeholders to
monitor progress, hold the health system accountable, and advocate for meaningful
improvements.
Integrating GEDSI in minimum standards for WASH in health-care

facilities
Standards for WASH in health-care facilities should be comprehensive, actionable,

and meet the needs of marginalized populations. Development of the standards
should also define how they will be operationalized, implemented, resourced,
supervised and monitored. These standards should be reviewed and updated to
ensure responsiveness to the needs and priorities of marginalized population groups.
Resource 3.1 lists and illustrates examples of such standards.
The process of setting standards may also consider using or aligning with relevant
regional and global standards, or drawing on other existing standards for WASH as
outlined in the WASH FIT, second edition (2022).
Similar to the development of the roadmap, the process to develop minimum
standards should engage all relevant stakeholders through consultations, particularly
representatives from marginalized groups, to establish a consensus. The standards
should define not only the types of WASH infrastructure and practices for each
level of health care (i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary), but also determine how to
ensure compliance for the infrastructure needs. Resource 3.2 provides examples of
stakeholders, and their role in holding the health system accountable for inclusive
WASH.
Health facility assessments to strengthen accountability
Regular health facility assessments, such as described under Step 4, provide

information on how the facility is performing on the WASH standards developed.
Assessments of WASH in health facilities are important to GEDSI for two reasons:
1. Findings of assessments hold health facilities accountable to meeting national
standards on GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities (top-down accountability).
2. Assessments also ensure that health facilities are accountable to the community
(bottom-up) by asking health facility users for their feedback and using it to guide
improvements.
65
Dual accountability through regular assessments
Accountability towards Health-care facility Accountability to

the community assessment national standards
Resources and Tools
Resource 3.1: Illustrative standards for WASH in health-care

facilities that support GEDSI
A summary of available guidance which can support the development of
WASH standards that integrate GEDSI
Resource 3.2: Illustrative list of stakeholders who hold the health

system accountable for inclusive WASH
A table listing potential stakeholders, their role in holding the health system
Step 3: Establish national standards and accountability mechanisms
accountable, who they are accountable to, and the implications this has for
GEDSI in WASH in health facilities
66
Resource 3.1:
Illustrative standards for WASH in health-care facilities that
support GEDSI
Several resources exist in the public domain that can support the development
of WASH standards that integrate GEDSI. Two resources are summarized below,
with relevant standards included in the table. You can obtain additional guidance
from resource documents listed in Annex 1.
■ Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Public Toilet Standard:34
While the objective of the standard is to ensure the quality, comfort,
safety and proper waste management of public toilets in general at tourist
destinations within the ASEAN region, the standard is also applicable to
toilets in health-care facilities serving local communities. The standard
contains specific criteria for: (i) the design and environmental management
system; (ii) amenities and facilities; (iii) cleanliness; and (iv) safety. It also
contains an audit checklist, checklist criteria, an audit manual, and clarifying
illustrations. The document contains many standards related to design criteria,
amenities and facilities, and safety that are relevant to GEDSI, particularly for
persons with disabilities and older adults, as well as women and children.
■ Female-friendly public and community toilets: a guide for planners and
decision-makers by WaterAid:35 The publication suggests requirements
that should be met to make public toilets (such as in toilets in health-care
facilities) female-friendly. The features are general descriptions rather than
technical specifications and should be read and applied in conjunction with
national standards and specifications.
An illustrative list of standards for inclusive Annex 6 of the WASH FIT guide,
WASH in health-care facilities is provided. second edition (2022) includes
The sources are noted below the table for Technical Factsheet 2 on GEDSI, which
ease of reference. While there is significant provides guidance on improvements in
consensus on standards for accessible maternity and neonatal wards, making
infrastructure, fewer examples of standards WASH facilities female-friendly and,
exist related to the other three areas of the accessible and appropriate to diverse
GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities users. The suggested indicators
framework: accessibility; equitable use of can also serve as the basis for
WASH to improve quality of care (including development of standards.
patient counselling); and the engagement of
communities, specifically marginalized groups. In addition, while the needs of women
and girls, persons with disabilities, and older adults can be found in many standards
for WASH in health-care facilities, standards related to other marginalized groups, such
as linguistic and ethnic minorities, people from lower income or education groups, and
LGBTQIA+ have often not been included.
34
ASEAN Public Toilet Standard. Jakarta: ASEAN; 2016. (https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ASEAN-Public-Toilet-Standard.pdf
accessed on 6th October 2023)
35
Female-friendly public and community toilets: a guide for planners and decision makers. London: WaterAid, WSUP, UNICEF; 2018 (https://
washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/female-friendly-public-and-community-toilets-a-guide.pdf, accessed 25 August 2023).
67
Sample standards for inclusive WASH in health-care facilities
Area Examples of standards
Women and girls, • The ratio of fittings in male and female toilets to be 5:3,
LGBTQIA+ i.e. five WC for female and three WC for male toilets*
• Separate toilets for male/female use exist and are clearly
labelled and provide privacy for users****
• Unisex (gender neutral) or third gender toilets
• Separate entrances for female and male toilets, at a
sufficient distance from each other and if possible, facing
different directions or separated by a wall**
• A functional shower space for women, which is private and
lockable, is available in the labour and delivery area****
Menstrual • At least one usable toilet provides the means to manage

hygiene menstrual hygiene management (MHM) needs****
management • Appropriate provision of the following accessories: waste
bins and sanitary bins with liners (hands-free with foot
pedals)*
• Access to water and soap: Basin, water and soap in each
toilet block, and water access inside the cubicle (tap
or bucket storage) for increased privacy in managing
menstruation, incontinence, diarrhoea, etc.**
• Access to menstrual products such as sanitary pads**
• Disposal of menstrual products: Washable bins with a
lid inside the cubicle, and options for washing reusable
products**
• Washing and bathing units, ideally within the toilet stall,
for washing menstrual materials or the body**
Limited mobility • Reasonable distance between main health-care facility

(e.g. persons with building and the toilet block**
disabilities, the • Accessible path to the toilet block and accessible cubicle
elderly, pregnant that is well-lit and wide enough, at least 1.2 m and ideally
women, immobile 1.8 m. Path is flat where possible, even unobstructed and
patients) non-slip. Where ramps are used, the gradient is no more
than 1 in 15, and ideally 1 in 20. Handrails to support use of
ramp**
• Accessible route to be provided, which is usable even by an
unassisted wheelchair user*
• One or more functional toilet meets the needs of people
with reduced mobility****
68
• A door that is minimum 80 cm wide, which can be opened

from the inside out or be a sliding door*
• A wide, outward-opening door (80 cm is a recommended
minimum width), with a railing or rope on the inside to
assist with closing the door**
• The cubicle’s minimum size to be no less than 1.5 m wide
and 2.2 m deep for the whole length*
• Horizontal handrails to be fixed at the rear, sidewall
adjacent to the toilet bowl and at the opposite side of the
toilet bowl*
• Raised toilet seat and sturdy handrails designed to support
body weight extending to the (or) covering the whole inside
of the cubicle**
• Large bolt lock which is easier to grip**
• WCs to be set between 43 cm and 48 cm above the floor*
• Wash basins to be located as close as possible to the WC to
allow persons with disabilities to reach it easily*
• Wash basins should be set at least 110 cm from the nose of
the toilet bowl and to be mounted at a maximum height of
approximately 82 cm off the floor*
• All features (sink, hooks, means for anal cleansing and MHM
facilities) are positioned at a lower height and at suitable
distances**
• Where baby changing facilities are not available, double the
number of larger toilet stalls to facilitate access by both
persons with disabilities and caregivers with small children*
Sensory • The colour of the wall tiles for accessible public toilets
impairments should adopt strong colour contrast to cater to the needs of
the visually impaired*
• Announcements or audio directions to support those with
visual impairments
• Clear signages to support those with hearing impairments
Children • Provision of wash basins, WC, urinals hung at child’s height*

• At least one unisex baby changing facility per 10 000
people*
• Changing space/station for babies that is clean and safe**
69
• Family-friendly cubicle spacious enough for a caregiver and

the person they are caring for to be in at the same time
without touching doors or walls**
• Breastfeeding space that is private and hygienic, in
contexts where breastfeeding in public is not accepted**
Privacy and • Safe location: Reasonably visible, balancing privacy and

security security considerations**
• Good lighting, both internally and externally**
• Adoption of a single entrance/exit, which is door-less and
designed as a maze blocking the immediate view of the
interior from the outside. Mirrors, urinals and cubicles
should be placed away from the line of sight of the
entrance/exit*
• The entrance is designed to conceal the inside from
passers-by, ventilation systems do not allow people outside
to see or hear what is happening inside**
• Solid doors and structure that users can lock from the
inside**
Literacy and • Toilet facilities must be designated by a legible sign

language for each gender and for the disabled located near the
entrance to each toilet facility and displayed clearly in main
passageways. Signage should be commonly recognizable
(female/male/unisex/third gender/disabled signage in dark
colour contrasted on light, reflective background)*
• Clear signs and directions with recognizable male, female,

and accessible toilet symbols along with arrows and text in
local language(s)**
Social, cultural, • Hygiene counselling centres around the patient’s WASH

and linguistic needs and priorities across the life course, taking into
barriers to account their ethnicity, race, cultural background, and status
hygiene in society as influenced by their income, education, etc.
education • Hygiene counselling is delivered in a child-friendly manner
to ensure understanding by children
• Hygiene counselling is provided in the appropriate language
• Health education/community mobilization seeks to address
myths and stigma around MHM and incontinence
• Health education/community dialogue is tailored to include
the needs of marginalized groups
70
Health provider • Awareness of GEDSI in WASH is included in health sector

attitudes and job descriptions and job performance appraisals***
practices • All new auxiliary staff, including waste handlers and those
who clean, receive appropriate training on GEDSI and
WASH, tailored and appropriate to their job function***
• Health sector staff identify and respond to barriers to
participation of marginalized groups in consultations, field
visits and training activities***
*ASEAN Public Toilet Standard. Jakarta: ASEAN; 2016. (https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ASEAN-Public-Toilet-Standard.pdf)
**Female-friendly public and community toilets: a guide for planners and decision-makers. London: WaterAid, WSUP, UNICEF; 2018.
(https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/female-friendly-public-and-community-toilets-a-guide.pdf).
*** Adapted from: Age inclusive disaster risk reduction – a toolkit. Chiang Mai: HelpAge; 2019
**** WHO and UNICEF (2022) WASH FIT: a practical guide for improving quality of care through water, sanitation and hygiene in health care
facilities. Second edition (https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353411).
A few illustrated examples
The illustrations below provide a broad overview of select features outlined in
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Public Toilet Standard and
WaterAid’s Female-friendly public and community toilets: a guide for planners
and decision-makers. For comprehensive details please refer to the original
documents.
Outside the toilet block
71
72
Inside the toilet block
Female-friendly and disabled-friendly

Resource 3.2:
Illustrative list of stakeholders who hold the health system
accountable for inclusive WASH
Stakeholder accountability matrix
Stakeholder Role in holding Accountable to Implications for

health system GEDSI in WASH
accountable in health facilities
Ministry of Health Oversight of health To other branches National policies and

(MoH) facilities and of government guidelines for WASH
providers through and indirectly to in health-care facilities
policies, regulations, citizens. must be inclusive
guidelines, etc. and responsive, with
sanctions and incentives
Ministry of Water Oversight of WASH to ensure compliance.
and Sanitation facilities and
services through
policies, regulations,
guidelines, etc.
Ministry for Women Monitor the

and Children, responsiveness of
Ministry of Social the health system
Affairs, or relevant to the needs of
ministry for persons women and children
with disabilities and persons
with disabilities,
and advocate
for and guide
improvements.
Ministry of Planning Coordinate various Ensure cross-ministerial

government coordination in
programmes development and
to ensure implementation of
effectiveness and strategies and standards
efficiency. for GEDSI in WASH in
health-care facilities.
Health-care Can influence as To families and Users and communities,

facility users and active customers, community especially members of
communities through health members for marginalized groups
facility committees preventing spread within communities,
and elected officers, of infections and must be engaged in
but traditionally ensuring a healthy planning, improving and
weak. environment. monitoring WASH in
health-care facilities. 73

Feedback can also be

provided through focus
group discussions (FGDs)
and client satisfaction
surveys.
Funding agencies Audit that funds Finance ministries Can advocate on

such as finance are spent as accountable to integration of inclusive
ministries and planned. Provider other government WASH in standards for
insurance agencies reimbursement branches. health-care facilities,
systems provide reinforced by financial
Insurance
incentives and incentives and sanctions.
agencies are
sanctions for quality
subject to finance
assurance and
ministries and
performance.
other oversight
entities.
Elected officials Oversight of To citizen voters. Can drive or influence

the MoH and policies, programmes
other ministries, and budgets for inclusive
monitoring through WASH in health-care
committees and facilities.
hearings.
Nongovernmental Bolster citizens’ To funders and Can promote demands for

and community- voices for advocacy service users/ inclusive WASH.
based organizations and provide members.
e.g. disabled information on
people’s health policies,

organizations regulations, etc. so
(DPOs), women’s citizens can hold
groups, human the health system
rights activists, civil accountable.
society
Academia Monitor and Funders Can contribute data and

and research evaluate health (government evidence on GEDSI-
institutions system performance. or private related needs and
Provide data/ corporations/ barriers to WASH in
evidence on health- individuals), as health facilities, test
related needs. well as academic solutions to reduce
peers. inequalities, and monitor
improvements.
74

Professional Self-policing to To members, Health and WASH-related

associations uphold professional and indirectly to associations can train and
codes, and to society. advocate to members on
ensure that training inclusive WASH in health-
(licensing) and care facilities.
accreditation
standards are met.
Health-care Can influence health To their facility/ Can advocate for and
providers facility staff through organizational ensure that health-care
staff committees setting, facilities meet their needs
and monitoring and professional and priorities, as well as
peer support for association, those of their patients
compliance with licensing body and patients’ caregivers.
practice standards for upholding
and guidelines. standards,
community
groups, and
individual patients
for delivery high-
quality care.
Health-care Oversight of health- To government Responsible for ensuring

facilities (managers) care providers and for meeting inclusive WASH at the
service delivery. regulations for health-care facility.
service delivery,
financing and
reporting. To staff/
employees.
International Can prioritize To donor country Can advocate for and

donors funding to drive citizens, and fund activities for GEDSI
selected issues, indirectly to the integration in WASH in
such as inclusive international health-care facilities.
WASH in health- development
care facilities, community.
which supports
the achievement
of globally agreed-
upon SDGs.
75
Case study: Guaranteeing equity for women and persons with
disabilities in Bangladesh through national standards for WASH
To support implementation of the National Strategy for WASH in Health care
Facilities and Framework of Action for 2019–2023, the Bangladesh Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare in 2020 worked with WHO and other partners to develop the
National WASH Standards and Implementation Guidelines for Health Care Facilities
in Bangladesh.36 The standards integrate GEDSI considerations to ensure user-
friendly health-care facilities that have arrangements for female toilets, handwashing,
water and sanitation.
Key sections of the document include:

Standards (chapters 3 and 4).
The standards include, for example, requirements for:
■ Separate toilets for female attendants in inpatient wards.
■ Outpatient toilets, which are gender segregated, also appropriate for people with
limited mobility.
■ Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) facilities in female toilets.
■ Shower/washroom facilities that are accessible to and usable by persons with

disabilities.
Similar GEDSI considerations are integrated in the chapter on WASH in health-care
facilities during emergencies such as natural hazards, war, and disease outbreaks.
The implementation process (chapter 5).
The document describes the WASH FIT process and recommends that the WASH FIT
team include both male and female community representatives and from NGOs (if
applicable) (the assessment checklist is included in chapter 7).
The guidelines also recommend prioritizing vulnerable groups such as pregnant
women, children under-five years of age, people with special needs, and
immunocompromised individuals during resource allocation.
36
National WASH Standards and Implementation Guidelines for Health Care Facilities in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare;
2020.
Further guidance for implementation (chapter 6).
This includes guidance on:
■ social and cultural considerations for sanitation facilities, such as separate toilets
for women and men, including in health-care facility kitchens;
■ special children’s toilets in health-care settings that largely cater to children; and
■ locating toilets in safe places with adequate lighting to reduce any risks, such as
sexual violence.
STEP
4
Improve
and maintain
infrastructure
The goal of Step 4 is to improve and maintain WASH infrastructure at health-care
facilities such that it meets national standards, is appropriate and suitable for the
local context, the size of the facility, and the services the facility provides. Continuous
quality improvement and operation and maintenance of WASH infrastructure and
services in health-care facilities is critical to its functioning and involves regular
assessment, planning activities to improve performance, and taking action. The
WASH FIT is central to this step.
Activities under Step 4 are also instrumental to strengthening GEDSI in WASH in
health-care facilities. Guidance on GEDSI integration into the WASH FIT process is
provided in Technical fact sheet 2 in Annex 6 of the WASH FIT, second edition (2022).
Tool 4.1 provides a checklist for assessing the level of GEDSI integration within the
WASH FIT process.
WASH FIT – National planning and preparation
The WASH FIT assessment form in Chapter 6 (Template 6.2) of the WASH FIT,
second edition (2022) provides a list of indicators that supports a comprehensive
assessment of infrastructure and services for WASH in health facilities, in order to
inform an improvement plan. The assessment form should be adapted to reflect
national standards and guidelines, the facility situation or particular priority
issues before WASH FIT is rolled out. National level adaptation of the WASH FIT
assessment form is the first entry point for GEDSI integration. WASH FIT
assessment covers seven broad areas (i.e. water, sanitation, health-care waste
management, hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, energy and environment,
management and workforce), some of which provide opportunities for GEDSI
integration. Adaptation and pilot testing should engage representatives from
marginalized groups to ensure that WASH FIT assessment measures GEDSI needs
and priorities relevant to the country context. Adaptation should also consider
how to measure the impact of climate change on WASH in health-care facilities,
particularly in the context of marginalized groups.
WASH FIT – Health facility implementation
The WASH FIT improvement cycle consists of five steps that are undertaken by the
facility. GEDSI should be integrated into each step of the WASH FIT improvement
cycle.
1. Establish the team: Ensure that the WASH FIT team includes representatives
from marginalized groups, including health-care workers, maintenance staff,
health facility users and caregivers. Women’s organizations and disability groups
should be involved as key partners. Team meetings should be organized in
accessible locations and at convenient times, and be managed in a manner
that supports equal participation. Any special needs of such groups, e.g. a sign
language interpreter or wheelchair access to the discussion room also needs
attention.
79
The five WASH FIT steps
Step 1 Step 2
Extablish and train the Undertake an
team and document assessment of the
decision-making facility
Step 5 Step 4 Step 3

Monitor, review, adapt, Develop an Conduct a risk
improve incremental assessment to identify
improvement plan and and prioritize areas for
take action improvement
2. Assess the facility: With the support of the WASH FIT assessment form, adapted
to the country context, the facility assessment should check the availability of
WASH facilities and services, and examine their accessibility, acceptability and
equitable use to provide quality care for all patients, particularly those who
may experience disrespect and discrimination within the health-care facility,
and evaluate how marginalized groups are engaged in WASH planning and
monitoring. Another way to collect information relevant to GEDSI is to supplement
quantitative assessment forms with qualitative methods such as interviews
and FGDs. These methods may be more effective in collecting information on
sensitive subjects such as harmful attitudes and discrimination towards certain
groups, but require more training and time. Tool 4.2 suggests some questions
that can be useful during these discussions.
3. Risk assessment: Building on assessment findings, the WASH FIT team will
Step 4: Improve and maintain infrastructure
determine the impact of problems, i.e. the level of risk associated with each
problem identified by the assessment on patients, staff and visitors and rank
the problems according to their risk score to show which to prioritize for
improvements. Here representatives of marginalized groups can provide valuable
insight on impacts that may not be obvious to people who are not from those
groups. Impacts of climate change on marginalized groups should also be
considered.
4. Develop and implement improvement plan: Based on the risk assessment
and the feasibility of addressing the problem, the WASH FIT team will develop an
80
incremental improvement plan to support action. Tool 4.3 provides examples of
GEDSI actions and how they can be documented in the WASH FIT improvement
planning template provided in Chapter 6 of the WASH FIT, second edition (2022).
In determining resources needed and persons responsible, the WASH FIT team
should consider how to involve women, persons with disabilities, LGBTQIA+,
and other marginalized groups in implementation without disproportionately
increasing their work burden. Tool 4.4 is a checklist for assessing GEDSI
integration in improvement activities related to building and maintaining WASH
infrastructure.
5. Monitor, review, adapt and improve: Regular and continuous monitoring and
evaluation of progress is an important part of quality improvement activities.
This can be done through regular review of progress and facility spot checks
or monthly assessments and review. Marginalized groups should have a way to
provide feedback as part of this process. This can be done, for example, during
review meetings, through patient surveys, feedback box/telephone number/
register, informal interactions with service users, etc.
Resources and Tools
Tool 4.1: Checklist to support GEDSI integration into the WASH FIT
process
A description of how to integrate GEDSI into each of the steps in the WASH
FIT process.
Tool 4.2: Qualitative methods for obtaining insights into inclusive

WASH
Example of questions that can be asked in interviews and FGDs, as well as
guidance on organizing a brainstorming exercise to analyse whether barriers
to inclusive WASH are physical, social/cultural, institutional, or are at the
policy/legislation level
Tool 4.3: GEDSI in WASH FIT improvement plans

A template for prioritizing and planning next steps to improve inclusive WASH
at the health-care facility
Tool 4.4: Checklist to assess GEDSI integration in improvement

activities
A checklist for assessing GEDSI in plans for building and maintaining WASH
infrastructure
81
Tool 4.1:
Checklist to support GEDSI integration into the WASH FIT
process
This checklist, based on Technical fact sheet 2 (GEDSI) in Annex 6 of the WASH FIT,
second edition (2022),37 can help you assess if GEDSI has been integrated into each
of the five steps of the WASH FIT improvement cycle.
Checklist of GEDSI considerations

National planning and preparation Yes No
1. Gender and/or accessibility experts consulted to understand

contextual issues.
2. Information is available on who is at risk of being left behind in

WASH in health-care facilities, and the barriers they face.
3. Assessment findings on availability of national standards or

guidelines about accessibility of WASH in health-care facilities for
persons with disabilities (i.e. with difficulty in walking, seeing or
hearing) are used to guide planning and adaptation.
4. Information is available on status of influence and extent of

women’s leadership in WASH and health ministries, and/or the
broader health-care system.
5. Information is available on status of gender equality-linked policies

and guidelines.
6. Data are available on the prevalence of gender-based violence and

effective prevention interventions.
7. There is collaboration between government ministries responsible

for WASH in health-care facilities and rights groups.
Additional items:
■ The WASH FIT adaptation and planning team engages
influential stakeholders who can champion GEDSI integration
in WASH FIT
■ Indicators align with GEDSI interventions in the national
roadmap and the country’s WASH standards
37
World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Water and sanitation for health facility improvement tool (WASH FIT): a
practical guide for improving quality of care through water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities. 2nd edition. WHO; 2022 (https://iris.who.
int/handle/10665/353411, accessed 26 August 2023).
82
■ Indicators are disaggregated by gender, age, and other factors
to help identify gaps from a health-facility user perspective, e.g.
number of female and male latrines
■ In adapting and finalizing indicators for the WASH FIT
assessment, indicators that measure availability of WASH
are complemented by indicators for the accessibility and
acceptability to all health facility users, and the equitable use
of WASH for IPC and to deliver patient-centred care
■ Strategies to complement audits of WASH infrastructure with
feedback from health facility users, particularly women, persons
with disabilities, LGBTQIA+, and other marginalized population
groups are considered
Step 1: Establish a WASH FIT team Yes No
1. The WASH FIT team has an equal gender balance.
2. The WASH FIT team has staff from various health facility roles and
levels (cleaners, nurses, midwives, directors, managers).
3. The WASH FIT team has representatives from organizations of
persons with disabilities.
4. The WASH FIT team has representatives from local women’s

groups.
5. The WASH FIT team has representatives from religious and ethnic
groups.
6. In facilities with births, the WASH FIT team includes a woman who
has delivered at the facility.
7. The WASH FIT team has principles or ways of working to ensure

inclusivity and effective decision-making.
8. Team members are selected and trained to ensure that diverse

groups of users feel comfortable and are able to talk openly.
This may mean, for example, having female team members lead
discussions with female health facility staff on experience of MHM
at work, or safety, hierarchies, etc.
Additional items:
■ The WASH FIT team has the trust of the community so it can
effectively collect data and drive improvements.
83
■ The team is cognizant of and carefully considers the influence
of existing gender and social expectations when assigning team
member roles and responsibilities, particularly the common
exclusion of marginalized groups from leadership positions.
Step 2: Assess the facility Yes No
1. The assessment checks delivery rooms, neonatal care unit and

postnatal care rooms.
2. The assessment checks for female-friendly facilities and

infrastructure, such as gender-segregated toilets.
3. The assessment teams speak to health-care workers and facility

management to understand and challenge harmful attitudes and
discrimination towards certain groups.
4. The assessment teams recognize power imbalances among health

facility staff and make provisions to speak privately to marginalized
staff, particularly women or workers lower in the hospital
management hierarchy, among others.
Additional items:
■ Team members have a shared understanding of concepts. For
example, the question of whether a latrine is ‘safe’ may mean
different things to a young man and young girls, so the survey
should be specific in defining ‘safe’ (e.g. located near the health
facility, well-lit, lockable doors).
■ Presentation of assessment findings describes the difference
in gaps related to WASH between different health facility users/
marginalized groups.
Step 3: Risk assessment Yes No
1. The difference in risk and the impact of poor WASH services on

the health, safety, dignity and access with respect to women is
categorized, scored and described.

the health, safety, dignity and access with respect to children is

the health, safety, dignity and access with respect to persons with
disabilities is categorized, scored and described.
84
the health, safety, dignity and access with respect to the elderly is
5. The difference in risk and the impact of poor WASH services

on the health, safety, dignity and access with respect to other
marginalized groups is categorized, scored and described.
Additional items:
■ The potential impacts of climate change on the risks faced by
marginalized groups are identified.
Step 4: Develop and implement improvement plan Yes No
1. The action plan does not increase the work burden for health
facility staff, especially for women, cleaners, and carers.
2. The plan addresses ways of sharing the work burden equitably and
outlines resources to bring in additional help.
3. The differential impact of planned improvements on women and
men have been considered, and mitigation planned for.
4. Benefits of the action plan for persons with disabilities have been
outlined.
Additional items:
■ The plan includes actions that benefit other marginalized
groups.
■ Marginalized groups are engaged in developing and
implementing solutions.
■ Solutions address constraints on the accessibility and
acceptability of care, and the equitable use of WASH for IPC
and quality of care.
■ Implementation of activities provides opportunities to
businesses owned by women, persons with disabilities, or other
marginalized people, or employing them.
Step 5: Monitor, review, adapt, improve Yes No
1. Mechanisms exist for women and other marginalized groups to

provide feedback on WASH services and future improvements.
Additional items:
■ Marginalized groups are involved in the monitoring and analysis
processes.
■ Best practices in GEDSI integration are documented and shared.
85
Tool 4.2:
Qualitative methods for obtaining insights into inclusive WASH
Qualitative methods can provide insight into health facility user and community
opinions and perspectives that may not be clear from health facility audits or surveys.
Information should be collected from both patients and staff in both inpatient
and outpatient departments, a variety of health facility staff (e.g. doctors, nurses,
pharmacists, laboratory staff, cleaning staff), as well as from people of diverse
genders, ages, ethnicities, income groups, etc.
In conducting interviews and FGDs, remember to protect the privacy and
confidentiality of the participants. Recognize power dynamics between different
groups, organize discussions separately for women and men, patients and staff, etc.
to make it easier for the participants to share. It is also important to understand the
functional limitations of those with disabilities. The WHO’s Functioning and Disability
Disaggregation tool (FDD11), is an instrument that can be rapidly and easily used
to produce disaggregated data by disability need, and has been derived from the
WHO Brief Model Disability Survey (MDS) – a larger WHO instrument that has been
validated and broadly implemented in many countries. A few questions from the tool
are provided as examples in the box on page 88.
Illustrative interview questions
Patients and caregivers
■ What are the taboos and superstitions surrounding common health conditions
such as pregnancy, childbirth, menstruation, etc. that impact how you use WASH
at the health facility?
■ What barriers and challenges do you face in accessing toilets and performing
hygiene activities?
■ Can you use the toilet, handwashing station, and the shower independently or
do you require assistance? If required assistance, describe what assistance was
provided (e.g. nurse, family member or equipment)? What improvements could be
made?
■ Do you feel safe when using the toilet and the shower? (If safe or not safe, please
describe.)
■ How well do the toilet and shower meet your needs? What improvements could be
made?
■ Are you able to obtain products to manage personal hygiene, such as pads, anal
cleansing materials, soap or nappies while at the health-care facility? How? What
improvements could be made?
■ Are you able to obtain drinking water while at the health-care facility?
■ Do health facility staff ask you about your specific WASH needs? Do they provide
86 you with assistance when needed?
Health-care workers
hygiene activities?
■ Do patients have different WASH needs? Are you able to respond to them? What
barriers do you face in providing inclusive WASH services to your patients?
■ Have you received training on GEDSI and inclusive WASH? What are the groups
who are at a disadvantage in using WASH in your health facility?
■ Has the health facility made efforts to improve WASH? Were your inputs sought?
Cleaning personnel
hygiene activities?
■ Do you feel safe doing your job?
■ Has the health facility made efforts to improve WASH? Were your inputs sought?
Health system managers
■ Are there any existing national standards or guidelines for ensuring that all health
facility users can access WASH facilities/services that they are acceptable, and
that they are used to improve quality of care?
■ Does the health facility have a mechanism to obtain feedback from users or from
the community, especially those belonging to marginalized groups, on health
facility services, including WASH? If so, how well is it functioning?
■ Has WASH, particularly inclusive WASH, been discussed as part of health facility
quality improvement efforts and how? What were the results?
Community leaders
■ To what extent do community members understand challenges some members
may face in accessing acceptable WASH services and products at the health
facility, and ensuring that WASH contributes to better quality of care?
■ To what extent are marginalized groups involved in decision-making in the
community, or at the health-care facility?
■ Does the health facility have a mechanism to obtain feedback from users or from
the community on health facility services, including WASH? If so, how well is it
functioning?
Organizations representing people from marginalized population groups
■ What is the local situation around gender, disability, ethnicity and other people
who experience marginalization?
■ Are there mechanisms that enable you to participate in decision-making around
WASH in health-care facilities?
87
Sample questions from the WHO Functioning and Disability
Disaggregation tool (FDD11)
A short set of questions such as that outlined below can be used to identify the
needs of persons with disabilities. The questions ask about difficulties they may
have doing certain activities because of a health problem.
Respondents may be requested to answer how much difficulty they have on a
scale from 1 to 5 where 1 means “no difficulty” and 5 means “extreme difficulty
or cannot do the activity.” The interviewer may read aloud all response options
to the respondent and circle one response option that applies to the context
of the respondent.
Questions None Extreme
1 How much difficulty do you have seeing 1 2 3 4 5

things at a distance, even when wearing
glasses?
2 How much difficulty do you have hearing, 1 2 3 4 5
even when using a hearing aid?
3 How much difficulty do you have walking 1 2 3 4 5

or climbing steps?
4 How much difficulty do you have 1 2 3 4 5
remembering or concentrating?
5 How much difficulty do you have washing
all over or dressing? 1 2 3 4 5
6 Because of your health, how much

difficulty do you have with joining 1 2 3 4 5
community activities, social gatherings,
meetings or other activities?
88
Tool 4.3:
GEDSI in WASH FIT improvement plans
Chapter 6 (Template 6.4) of the WASH FIT, second edition (2022) supports health-care facilities in developing an incremental
improvement plan. GEDSI activities should be part of this plan. Some examples of actions to address inclusion barriers are provided
in Resource 2.1. Here we have an example of how a specific GEDSI action item can be included in the WASH FIT improvement
template.
Example of GEDSI activities in WASH FIT improvement plan

Indicator/problem Specific activities Quick fix Date to be Resources needed Person(s) Status
to be undertaken to (Y/N) completed responsible
address the problem
Use a new line for each Financial, material and Completed/

action human resources ongoing/ not
yet started/
delayed by n
Staff feel awkward Engage nurses to act as Y 5 Jul $20 for 2-hour training Chief medical Completed
feeding and washing role models and peer and honorarium for officer
persons with disabilities mentors representatives of
persons with disabilities
Organize staff training N 25 Nov District supervisor Chief medical Delayed due
on caring for persons and representatives of officer to supervisor
with disabilities persons with disabilities schedule
$200 for one-day
training
89
90
Example of GEDSI activities in WASH FIT improvement plan
address the problem

yet started/
delayed by n
Women health-care Procure PPE in different Y 15 Jul Added to supply Supplies Ongoing
workers lack personal sizes – change sizes/ monitoring and manager
protective equipment quantities procured procurement forms
(PPE) in the right size
Latrines designated for Institute daily spot Y 1 Jul Integrated in Cleaning and Ongoing
persons with disabilities checks maintenance in-charge maintenance
cleaned less frequently rounds in-charge
Lack of pads for women Request district N 15 Jul Estimated $15 per Supplies Started
to use after delivery supervisors for month for commercially manager
increased budget for available pads
supplies
Explore procurement of N 30 Aug Estimated $10 for cloth Supplies Started

locally made cloth pads pads manager
Menstruating women do Organize group N 15 Jul Integrate in routine Nurse in- Ongoing
not come to the facility/ education to community outreach visits charge
15 Aug
cancel appointments members on myths
Engage local women’s
due to shame and stigma around 15 Sep
group for follow-up with
menstruation
women
address the problem

yet started/
delayed by n
Limited availability Put large water bottle Y 20 Jul Refillable water bottle Ward Ongoing
of drinking water for in maternity ward, refill and cups in-charge
maternity ward patients twice daily
Include in relevant staff Food services
person’s job description in-charge
Install drinking fountain N 30 Nov $7500 for construction Maintenance Not yet
in maternity ward labour and supplies in-charge started
Young women reluctant Install walls and N 30 Jan Bamboo walls donated Maintenance Started
to use WASH facilities curtains around toilets by community in-charge
due to lack of privacy
$100 for purchasing
cloth
Community donating
labour
$5 for monthly washing
of curtains
Latrines difficult to Replace stairs with N 1 Aug $5000 for construction Maintenance Delayed by 6
access due to high ramp with rail labour and supplies in-charge months due
stairs to budget
constraints
91
Tool 4.4:
Checklist to assess GEDSI integration in improvement activities
The checklist below helps assess GEDSI considerations in building and maintaining
WASH infrastructure. It is adapted from the guide on Female-friendly public toilets
by WaterAid, WSUP and UNICEF.38
GEDSI considerations in building and maintaining

WASH infrastructure
Procurement Yes No
Is budget allocated to include WASH features that ensure equal

accessibility, acceptability, and to support patient-centred care?
Are inclusive, user-friendly considerations included in calls for tender

from contractors and the contracts that are selected?
Does contractor selection consider the contractor’s commitment to

and record of being inclusive and engaging communities?
Operation and maintenance
Does the budget include plan and allocation for cleaning and upkeep?
Do the operating standards include female- and disability-friendly

features?
Is the menstrual waste disposal system culturally appropriate, safe and

environment-friendly?
Do the designated health facility caretakers include women, persons

with disabilities, and other people from marginalized groups?
Will the action plan create an increased work burden (e.g. on women,
cleaners, carers), and how can this be mitigated? How can the work
burden be most equitably allocated, and what resources exist (or can
be accessed) to bring in additional help?
Is there equal pay for equal work for those employed, especially
women, persons with disabilities, and other people from marginalized
groups?
Female-friendly public and community toilets: a guide for planners and decision makers. London: WaterAid, WSUP, UNICEF; 2018 (https://wash-
38
matters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/female-friendly-public-and-community-toilets-a-guide.pdf, accessed 25 August 2023).
92
GEDSI considerations in building and maintaining
WASH infrastructure
Do the designated health facility caretakers have access to personal
protective equipment (PPE) and the supplies they need to do their
job well?
Management
Does health facility training increase understanding of inclusive WASH

and patient-centred care?
Are women, persons with disabilities, and other people from

marginalized groups equally involved in operation and management?
Are there plans to actively monitor user-friendliness of facilities being

built?
93
39, 40, 41
Case study: Integrating GEDSI in WASH FIT in Indonesia
Since 2020, the Indonesian Ministry of Health (MoH) has worked with UNICEF, WHO and
other partners to adapt and roll out WASH FIT across the country. GEDSI has been a key
priority throughout the process. Critical to the success has been engaging organizations for
persons with disability in the WASH FIT process to ensure that infrastructure is inclusive and
responsive to user needs.
WASH FIT adaptation aimed to: (i) develop an improved and contextualized version of the
WASH FIT for Indonesia; (ii) formulate policy recommendations for the MoH on the use of
WASH FIT; and (iii) generate evidence for WASH FIT scale-up.
An initial WASH FIT training for government and partners brought together nearly
30 participants representing government and development partners to discuss the WASH FIT
process, technical aspects, advocacy, and action plan development. As part of the training,
participants identified and discussed their experiences with gender, persons with disabilities,
the elderly, and ethnic minorities in improving WASH at health-care facilities. Discussion
informed the adaptation of training materials and WASH FIT indicators to integrate GEDSI
within the Indonesian context.
The subsequent national training of trainers dedicated a session specifically on GEDSI.

Participants brought insights from their provinces, for example on the cultural aspects of
the use of WASH facilities. They also learned the importance of inviting health facility users,
especially vulnerable groups, to be part of WASH FIT assessment, and to integrate GEDSI in
WASH improvement plans.
The national trainers then guided 181 puskesmas (primary health-care centres) in five
provinces through the WASH FIT process. During implementation, the teams integrated
GEDSI by involving indigenous communities on health facility WASH teams during the
assessment, and by addressing barriers for persons with disabilities in improvement plans.
For example, WASH FIT organizers in East Nusa Tenggara, the southernmost province
of Indonesia, decided to involve organizations representing women and persons with
disabilities as WASH FIT team members and assessors. They also added additional GEDSI
indicators including the availability of protective equipment in sizes appropriate for women
and for men, and prioritized efforts to improve skills of health-care workers to communicate
with persons with disabilities.
To learn more about the impact of WASH FIT at the local level, see the WHO Indonesia
YouTube video Inclusive transformation of WASH in Puskesmas.
39
Inclusive and climate resilient WASH in health care facilities: Equity and climate addressed in WASH FIT training and practice in Indonesia
(Feature story). Jakarta: WHO; 2021.
40
Practicing what is preached: Engaging women and disabled people in Indonesia.
41
WHO strengthens WASH in health care facilities through Water and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement Tool (WASH FIT) [website]. Gene-
va: WHO; 2020 (https://www.who.int/indonesia/news/detail/26-12-2020-who-strengthens-wash-in-health-care-facilities-through-water-and-sanita-
tion-for-health-facility-improvement-tool-(wash-fit), accessed 26 August 2023).
STEP
5
Monitor and
review data
The goal of Step 5 is to systematically analyse, share and use data on WASH in
health-care facilities to measure progress and hold stakeholders accountable. This
involves embedding WASH indicators (aligned with global indicators) into routine
data collection and health monitoring systems (e.g. Health Management Information
Systems [HMIS]).
Monitoring is an essential component of both the national action plans for inclusive
WASH in health-care facilities and health facility action plans for improvement
(e.g. Step 5 of WASH FIT).
Integrating GEDSI in existing national and health-care facility

monitoring systems
Monitoring systems at the national

WASH FIT recommends feedback
and health facility level should include
mechanisms that provide women and
indicators that can measure the
other diverse users (particularly those
progress of GEDSI in WASH in health-
who experience marginalization)
care facilities, in line with national
the chance to give comments and
standards for WASH, and health facility
opinions so that their inputs are
action plans. Women, persons with
considered in WASH services and
disabilities, LGBTQIA+, and other
future improvements.
marginalized groups should be involved
in identifying or developing indicators, At the health facility level, there are
collecting data, and interpretating multiple methods you can use to
findings to ensure that they are relevant collect primary data for monitoring,
and useful. GEDSI indicators can be such as:
integrated into existing, routine data
collection mechanisms and health ■ Interviews
monitoring systems at the national ■ Focus group discussions (FGDs)
level (e.g. HMIS) and similar systems
■ Community-based survey
at the health facility level. However,
for short-term activities, additional ■ Routine feedback systems
data collection – using FGDs or (e.g. patient surveys, feedback
exit interviews with marginalized box/telephone number/register,
patients and staff for example – may informal interactions with service
be needed to collect more in-depth users, etc.)
data. Resource 5.1 has examples of ■ Supervisory checklists
indicators that can be used to measure
progress.
At the health facility level, because of the close link between WASH and IPC and
patient-centred care, review of GEDSI-associated WASH indicators should become a
component of the health-care facility’s routine quality improvement (QI) processes.
GEDSI-associated WASH indicators should also be regularly assessed as part of
WASH processes such as WASH FIT. The data review should track progress on key
indicators over time, aiming to identify any gaps and to determine whether WASH is
becoming more inclusive. Results should also be discussed with communities and
community groups engaging marginalized groups.
97
Utilizing findings to strengthen GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities
Consistent monitoring and reporting helps to understand the specific needs of

marginalized groups that need to be included in plans for improvement. Findings
provide feedback on plans and investments in WASH, and whether key interventions
undertaken by the government and other stakeholders are effective in strengthening
GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities. They may suggest additional modifications
to infrastructure, organization of care, or health workforce training and supportive
supervision. Review meetings should engage representatives from marginalized
groups who can help translate findings into action.
Resources and Tools
Resource 5.1: Illustrative indicators to measure GEDSI integration

in WASH in health-care facilities
Examples of indicators that can be used to measure progress
Step 5: Monitor and review data
98
Resource 5.1:
Illustrative indicators to measure GEDSI integration in WASH in
Indicators for GEDSI integration in WASH can be found in existing documents, such
as country commitments, national strategies and policies linked to inclusive WASH in
health-care facilities, national WASH standards, and in the WASH FIT guide. If these
are not suitable, you may need to develop custom indicators.
To ensure availability of data for different population subgroups, indicators should be
disaggregated by stratifiers relevant to the health facility’s plan, such as gender, age,
and disability status, type of health facility staff, etc.
As you identify indicators, also consider how data on the indicator will be collected
and when. Are there routine health facility data collection mechanisms that can
be used to collect data on GEDSI in WASH? If new data collection mechanisms
are needed, what methods can be used given the available human and financial
resources? Remember that qualitative methods that involve interviews and FGDs can
also be used.
The illustrative logical framework below can help with identifying indicators for
various programme objectives and activities.
Illustrative results framework

Objectives and Indicator Data source
activities
Objective 1. Outcome indicators:
Increase the • Existence of a functional platform for Interviews with
community health facility that supports key stakeholders
proportion of health
dialogue on GEDSI in WASH.
facility WASH activities
• Reduced barriers to participation in Focus group
planned, implemented
health facility WASH committee. discussions
and monitored with (FGDs) with
representatives marginalized
from marginalized groups
groups from 50% to
100% during one year.
Activity 1. Output indicators:
Conduct community • Number of community/group Programme
discussions held to discuss GEDSI documentation
dialogue meetings on
and WASH in the health-care facility,
GEDSI and WASH to including cultural norms and user
identify and prioritize preferences related to WASH.
barriers to WASH in the • Proportion of community/group Programme
health-care facility. discussion members who are from documentation
marginalized groups.
99
activities
Engage marginalized • Proportion of health-care facilities with Document review
established and operational policies at the health
group members in
and procedures for participation facility
the health facility/ of local communities, including
community WASH marginalized groups, in WASH
committee. improvement (adapted from SDG
indicator 6.b.1).
• Women’s, disability, indigenous Programme
groups and other specific users and documentation
staff (nurses, midwives, cleaners, etc.)
are consulted about WASH needs
and technology designs and these
voices influence technology choice,
placement and upkeep.**
• Proportion of women (or other Document review
marginalized groups) in WASH at the health
leadership positions at the health facility
facility (adapted from SDG indicator
5.5.2).
Activity 3. Output indicators: Programme

• WASH monitoring tools/indicators documentation
Conduct regular
integrate GEDSI.
review of the health
facility’s GEDSI/ • WASH action plan includes activities to
strengthen GEDSI.
WASH data engaging
• GEDSI discussed during health facility
health facility staff and
WASH reviews.
community members,
• Proportion of review meetings with
particularly members
input from marginalized groups.
of marginalized groups.
Objective 2. Outcome indicators: Community
• The proportion of women, persons survey as
Increase proportion with disabilities, LGBTQIA+, and other part of WASH
of marginalized marginalized groups visiting the health health facility
health facility users facility who were satisfied with the assessment
who report WASH WASH services provided by the facility AND/OR
is accessible and and would recommend the facility to Question
acceptable from 65% friends and family.* incorporated into
to 95% in one year. • The proportion of all women who gave the discharge
birth in the health facility who were process
satisfied with the environment of the AND/OR
labour and childbirth area, including FGDs with
the cleanliness and proximity to patients and
toilets, disaggregated by age, ethnicity staff
and other relevant background
characteristics.*
100
activities
• The proportion of all health-care
staff at the health facility who were
satisfied with the WASH services
and considered that these services
contribute positively to providing high-
quality care, disaggregated by gender
and type of staff (medical, laboratory,
cleaning, etc.).*
Activity 1. Output indicators: Health

• Toilets are clearly separated/labelled facility WASH
Reduce physical
for male and female or provide privacy assessment such
barriers to WASH as WASH FIT,
(i.e. single stall/room) if gender
through construction neutral.** with integrated
and maintenance GEDSI content
• At least one toilet is available for staff
of WASH facilities and toilet(s) is clearly separated or
and services as per labelled.**
national standard.
• At least one functional toilet meets
the needs of people with reduced
mobility.**
• Lighting for latrines is available where
night-time services are provided and
where there is not sufficient natural
light to safely use the latrine during the
day. Switches for lights, where relevant,
are at an accessible height (max. 120
cm).**
• A functional shower space for women,
which is private and lockable is
available in the labour and delivery
area.**
• Functioning hand hygiene stations
that can be reached by children and
people in wheelchairs are available at
all points of care, waiting/public areas,
and waste disposal area.**
Activity 2. Output indicators: Health

• At least one usable toilet provides the facility WASH
Ensure that WASH
means to manage menstrual hygiene assessment such
facilities and products as WASH FIT,
management (MHM) needs.**
meet user needs and with integrated
• Proportion of patients who could
priorities. GEDSI content
access drinking water during their visit.
101
activities
• Proportion of surveyed users satisfied
with available products for MHM,
incontinence, bed pans (culturally
appropriate, user preferences).
• Proportion of marginalized health
facility users who feel safe using the
WASH facilities at the health facility.

• Hand hygiene promotion materials Health
Establish an facility WASH
are displayed and clearly visible and
environment that assessment such
understandable (images, large font,
promotes GEDSI in relevant languages) in all wards/ as WASH FIT,
WASH. treatment areas.** with integrated
• Proportion of health facility users from GEDSI content
marginalized groups having personally Patient exit
felt stigmatized or discriminated interview
against in relation to their WASH
needs (adapted from SDG indicator
10.3.1).
Objective 3. Outcome indicators: Health

Reduce hospital- • The proportion of all women who gave information
birth in the health facility who had system
acquired infections by
a severe systemic infection or sepsis
5% in one year. in the postnatal period, including
at re-admission after delivery in the
facility.*
• The proportion of all women who gave
birth in the health facility/neonates
born who had proven hospital-acquired
infections.*

Train and supervise • Number of staff (medical, cleaning, Programme
etc.) trained in GEDSI in WASH, documentation
health facility staff on
including patient-centred WASH
GEDSI and WASH as counselling.
a key contributor to Health facility
• Provider and staff compliance with
quality of care. inclusive WASH, infection prevention supervision
and control (IPC) and environmental checklist

cleaning standards.
• Guidelines on WASH in health-care Health
facilities (with integrated GEDSI) facility WASH
available at the health facility. assessment
102
activities
• Adequate personal protective Health
Ensure management facility WASH
equipment (PPE) in a range of sizes is
support for GEDSI for assessment
available at all times and in sufficient
WASH. quantities for all cleaning staff.**
• Policy and practices to improve
occupational safety of cleaners and Health
health-care waste technicians are facility WASH
available and implemented.** assessment
• WASH contractor selection considers
the contractor’s commitment to and
record of being inclusive and engaging Programme
communities. documentation
• GEDSI activities included in health
facility budget for WASH.
Health
facility WASH
assessment
* Outcome indicators adapted from Maternal and newborn care Standard 8: The health facility has an appropriate physical environment, with
adequate water, sanitation and energy supplies, medicines, supplies and equipment for routine maternal and newborn care and management of
complications, in: Standards for improving quality of maternal and newborn care in health facilities Geneva: WHO; 2016
(https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241511216, accessed 17 September 2023).
** World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Water and sanitation for health facility improvement tool (WASH FIT): a
practical guide for improving quality of care through water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities. 2nd edition. WHO; 2022 (https://iris.
who.int/handle/10665/353411, accessed 26 August 2023).
103
Case study: Addressing gender equality and social inclusion,
42
Indonesia
The national roadmap for WASH in community health centres (Peta Jalan Air,
Sanitasi, Higiene, and Pengelolaan Limbah di Puskesmas Tahun 2021–2030)
developed by the Ministry of Health (MoH), with support from WHO, has seven
strategic objectives which relate to policy and regulation, human resources for
quality services, research and development, facility and infrastructure, community
engagement, resilience and sustainability, and monitoring and evaluation.
The roadmap also recognizes that availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality
of water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services in health-care facilities are critical
to improve patient safety and quality of care. It addresses the specific WASH needs
of women and vulnerable populations, aims to prevent stigma and discrimination, and
ensures that no one is left behind in access to WASH in health-care facilities.
On 18, 21 and 22 October 2021, WHO organized and led a series of virtual focus
group discussions (FGDs) with key stakeholders to gather perspectives on the
specific WASH needs of women and vulnerable populations in health-care facilities.
The FGDs also explored both the challenges faced and promising practices in
addressing those needs. The recommendations from the discussions will inform the
development of the national roadmap on WASH in health-care facilities.
Women’s perspectives are critical in WASH improvement efforts. Women are the
main users of health services and the primary caregivers for family members. They
have unique needs around the time of menstruation, pregnancy and childbirth.
Therefore, the burden of poor WASH in health-care facilities falls disproportionately
on women. WHO estimates that globally, up to 1 million mothers and newborns die
from preventable infections linked with unclean births. Further, hospital-born babies
in low-income settings are at a significantly higher risk of being affected by neonatal
sepsis. Inadequate WASH infrastructure and poor hygiene practices in health-care
facilities may also prevent women from seeking care.
42
WASH in health care services for all: addressing gender equality and social inclusion (Feature story). Indonesia: WHO; 2021 (https://www.who.
int/indonesia/news/detail/13-11-2021-wash-in-healthcare-services-for-all-addressing-gender-equality-and-social-inclusion, accessed 26 August
2023).
The WASH needs of vulnerable groups, such as persons with disabilities, older
persons and children are also often overlooked, and they may face physical,
institutional and social barriers when accessing WASH in health-care facilities. WASH
services that are not inclusive for these groups could increase their risk of health-
care associated infections and injuries and reduce their health-care utilization.
These needs were discussed in depth in the series of FGDs. On 18 October, the FGD
started with five selected community health centres in East Nusa Tenggara province.
Heads of community health centres, health-care workers, sanitarians and cleaning
staff participated in the discussion. On 19 October, the discussion continued with
civil society organizations (CSOs) and development partners who work with WASH,
women’s rights, children’s rights and the rights of persons with disabilities in
different provinces in Indonesia. Finally, on 20 October, the discussion concluded
with a session with the MoH that explored the ministry’s policies and practices in
integrating gender and social inclusion in their programmes.
Lessons learnt from the FGDs revealed gaps in awareness, infrastructure and
policies for inclusive and gender-equal WASH. While there is already awareness of
the importance of, for example, inclusive toilets, it is not always addressed in the
budget planning processes of health-care facilities. Further, WASH could be improved
by involving vulnerable groups throughout the process, from participating in WASH
assessments, to the development of improvement plans, their implementation, and
monitoring of WASH services in health-care facilities.
CSOs and development partners shared some promising practices that could be
replicated. These included inviting vulnerable groups as entrepreneurs to provide
WASH infrastructure, organizing men’s groups to promote handwashing practices,
and socialization of inclusive WASH services to health-care facilities, including as
part of the WASH FIT assessment.
Recommendations from the FGDs were as follows:
a. Policy and regulation
■ Emphasizing government’s role to promote meaningful participation of
women and vulnerable groups in the development of WASH policy and
guidelines
■ Creating a specific mandate within the MoH to integrate gender equality and
social inclusion in WASH in health-care facilities
b. Capacity-building for quality services

■ Routine training on gender equality and social inclusion in WASH for all
relevant actors: policy makers, health offices, health-care facility staff, relevant
organizations and community representatives
c. Research and development

■ Supporting research that explores specific WASH needs of vulnerable
populations and innovative ways to address those needs. Support sharing of
experience and learning on integration of gender equality and social inclusion
in WASH in health-care facilities
d. Community engagement
■ Meaningful participation of representatives from vulnerable groups in WASH
improvement efforts – from planning, implementation to monitoring and
evaluation
e. Monitoring and evaluation
■ Advocacy to include indicators related to gender equality and social inclusion
in accreditation of community health centres as well as in a Community-based
Total Sanitation programme (Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat or STBM)
assessment and occupational health curriculum for hospitals
WHO shared these recommendations with health officials in selected districts in
East Nusa Tenggara province, CSOs and development partners and the MoH at
a dissemination workshop on 29 October. The recommendations will help in the
development of an inclusive roadmap for WASH in health-care facilities.
The programme on ‘WASH in health-care services for all’ in Indonesia has been
made possible with the generous support of the Australian government.
Source: https://www.who.int/indonesia/news/detail/13-11-2021-wash-in-health care-
services-for-all-addressing-genderequality-and-social-inclusion
STEP
6
Develop
the health
workforce
The goal of Step 6 is to ensure that health facility staff – from doctors to nurses,
midwives and cleaners – gain the knowledge and skills to apply WASH and related
IPC standards and guidelines in their day-to-day work. This can be achieved through
pre-service training, regular professional development, and on-site coaching. The
capacity-building provides the health workforce with an environment that protects
their occupational health and safety, and allows them to perform their job to the best
of their ability.
GEDSI considerations are important to include as part of health workforce
development. Staff are responsible for ensuring that WASH at the facility is available,
accessible, acceptable and used equitably to support IPC and patient-centred
care for all patients. Competencies include having knowledge of GEDSI and WASH,
positive attitudes, and the capacity to take action. Tool 6.1 is a checklist outlining
workforce competencies required for ensuring GEDSI in WASH in health-care
facilities.
Negative attitudes towards marginalized groups are often the hardest barriers to
overcome in strengthening inclusive WASH in health-care facilities, and may be the
last to remain after physical and institutional barriers have been remedied. Health
facility staff may not consider it appropriate to talk to girls about their menstruation
needs, may disregard the cultural preferences of a pregnant woman from a different
ethnic background, or may be afraid to interact with People Living with HIV (PLHIV)
or with tuberculosis (TB).
Approaches to capacity-building
Several different approaches can be used to improve knowledge, attitudes and

practices related to GEDSI in WASH at the health facility. Often a combination of
interventions is effective. Interventions can include, for example:
Top-down: While stand-alone sensitization and
■ Leadership advocacy for a capacity-building efforts on GEDSI can be
culture of quality improvement planned, integrating GEDSI into existing
for WASH. workforce trainings can ensure sustainability.
Integration can be facilitated by:
■ Training on GEDSI to dispel
myths, accompanied by ■ Adding sessions on unpacking what
supervisor follow-up mentoring, gender, equality, disability and social
using exercises such as those inclusion means
included in Tool 6.2. ■ Including GEDSI considerations into
existing sessions to ensure that the
■ Supervisory checklists on the
workforce keeps GEDSI considerations
availability and accessibility of
in mind at all times
WASH services in health-care
facilities. ■ Facilitating the sharing of experiences by
marginalized groups
■ Staff incentives for good
■ Exposure visits to facilities with GEDSI in
performance.
WASH
109
Within facility:
■ Displaying posters on GEDSI such as the sample included in Resource 6.1.
■ Monitoring patient feedback or regular audits on GEDSI in WASH in health
facilities, and reviewing the results with the health facility staff.
■ Ranking wards according to WASH FIT score.
■ Tracking performance using a run chart on a wall for mutual accountability.
■ Using quality improvement approaches to identify gaps in performance and
develop solutions, increasing confidence of health facility staff that they can
contribute to improve the quality of care.
■ Peer-led learning to encourage inclusive WASH practices.
Bottom-up:
■ Engaging marginalized staff as active participants on the WASH FIT team.
Seeking and respecting the views of these groups can be pivotal to changing
attitudes, both of the health facility staff and the marginalized groups
themselves.
Health facility staff are a key source of insight and innovation. However, most
staff have little power in WASH decision-making. For example, women make
up 70% of the world’s health-care staff, but only 25% of the leadership.43 Staff
from marginalized groups are often in menial jobs such as cleaning and waste
management. Their access to information and personal protection, not to mention
decision-making about WASH in health facilities, is often limited. WASH FIT and
other similar WASH for health facility tools provide an opportunity for frontline
health-care workers and lower-level non-clinical staff to advocate for their needs and
priorities, resulting in a better, decent working environment for everyone.44 However,
they may need active support to increase participation from simple attendance to
speaking up, influencing decisions, and setting their own rules.
“I always underestimated the talent and ingenuity of health facility

cleaners until I had to train them. In fact, they trained me in the ideas
they offered for overcoming limited resources, how they supported each
other, and how quickly they grasped new skills and understanding about
the value of cleaning.”
Environmental hygiene and IPC trainer, Health centre, The Gambia
Step 6: Develop the health workforce
“Menstruating in PPE is tricky, especially if you are used to heavy flow

and there’s a chance you might stain your suit, as the material of our
PPE is of poor quality too. It is shameful to share these things but it is
obvious, so the administrators should be sensitive!”
Nurse-in-charge, India
43
Delivered by women, led by men: A gender and equity analysis of the global health and social workforce. Geneva: World Health Organization;
2019 (Human Resources for Health Observer Series No. 24). Delivered by women, led by men: a gender and equity analysis of the global health and
social workforce (who.int)
44
World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Global progress report on water, sanitation and hygiene in health care
facilities: fundamentals first. Geneva: WHO; 2020 (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/337604, accessed 26 August 2023).
110
Resources and Tools
Tool 6.1: Checklist for building capacities of the health workforce

The table summarizes key health workforce competencies required for
ensuring GEDSI for WASH in health-care facilities
Tool 6.2: Examples of capacity-building exercises on GEDSI in

WASH for the health workforce
Training flashcards to share key points about GEDSI for WASH in health
facilities, and a ‘Wall of Barriers’ group exercise to explore and understand the
barriers faced by marginalized groups
Resource 6.1: Example of a job aid to enhance staff awareness and

A job aid to remind health-care providers about how to integrate GEDSI as
part of their activities related to WASH
111
Tool 6.1:
Checklist for building capacities of the health workforce
Key competencies
Knowledge about GEDSI Patient-specific conselling,
in WASH care and facilities
Recognizing barriers Using patient feedback on

and challenges - of WASH services and using
patients and of peers monitoring data effectively
Non-stigmatizing and non Developing and testing

discriminatory attitude solutions - with patient and
towards patients and peers peer participation
All members of the health workforce have a role to play in strengthening GEDSI
and promoting the human rights of patients and other visitors to the health facility,
as well as their peers within the facility. The table below highlights some of the key
competencies required to integrate a GEDSI lens into their work. This can be used
as a base checklist to examine whether the capacity-building plans cover required
competencies. These competencies are by way of example, more can be added
based on discussions with the WASH FIT team or partners working at the intersection
of GEDSI and health care.
Sample GEDSI-linked health workforce competencies

Cadre of Sample GEDSI competencies Incorporated in
health capacity-building
workforce efforts?
Yes No
Clinical Knowledge of GEDSI and human rights as applied
providers to delivering high-quality care (including WASH)
(physicians, to all patients regardless of their background

nurses, characteristics.
midwives,
physicians’ Non-stigmatizing attitudes and non-discrimination
assistants) of patients and peers, including cleaning staff.
Asking for patient feedback on their WASH needs

and preferences, including issues that might
be considered social taboos (e.g. menstruation,
incontinence).
112
workforce efforts?
Yes No
Delivering patient-centred care, including hygiene

counselling specific to the patient, infection
prevention and control (IPC), and support to
patients’ diverse WASH needs.
Patient Providing hygiene counselling to patients and their
advocates, families in a manner that recognizes the barriers
social workers they face and identifies feasible solutions.
Linking patients from marginalized groups with
community resources to support their WASH needs
both inside and outside the health-care facility.
Quality Monitoring accessibility and acceptability of WASH,
assurance especially with respect to marginalized groups, and
(QA) use to ensure quality health services.
specialists
Collecting data on the barriers faced by
marginalized groups using quantitative and
qualitative methods, possibly through community
members on the QA team.
Engaging health facility staff, including those who
are lower-paid, in developing and testing solutions
to improve GEDSI for WASH in health facilities.
Using findings to advocate for and make changes to
address GEDSI issues in WASH in health facilities.
Cleaning/ Understanding the barriers faced by marginalized
environmental groups.
management
staff Ensuring WASH infrastructure is responsive to the
needs of all patients.
Identifying gaps and problems related to
accessibility and acceptability of WASH, and working
with other health facility staff to develop solutions.
Health Knowledge of GEDSI for WASH.
managers,
supervisors Ensuring implementation of and compliance with
inclusive policies.
Leadership and mentoring to strengthen equity in
health service delivery.
Monitoring availability and accessibility of WASH,
use for IPC and patient-centred care.
Providing or facilitating training on GEDSI to health
facility staff.
113
workforce efforts?
Yes No
Ensuring health facility staff, including those who

are lower-paid (e.g. cleaning staff), have access to
equipment and tools to protect their health.
Engaging diverse community members in planning
and monitoring GEDSI for WASH in health-care
facilities.
114
Tool 6.2:
Examples of capacity-building exercises on GEDSI in WASH for
the health workforce
Exercise 1: Training flash cards on inclusive WASH for health facility

staff
What percentage of patients Answer

worldwide get an infection while
receiving care? 10%
About infection prevention and control. World Health

Toolkit on Mainstreaming of Gender Equality, Organization, Infection Prevention and Control
Disability and Social Inclusion (GEDSI) in WASH Hub and Task Force [website]. Geneva: WHO; 2021.
Toolkit on Mainstreaming
in HealthofCare
Gender Equality, Disability and
Facilities (https://www.who.int/teams/integrated-health-services/infection-preventio
Social Inclusion (GEDSI) in WASH in Health-Care Facilities n-control/about, accessed 26 August 2023).
What signs should Answer
toilets have? Male
Female
Third gender or unisex
Disability access
Toolkit on Mainstreaming of Gender Equality,
Disability and Social Inclusion (GEDSI) in WASH
Child changing station
in HealthofCare
Facilities
Social Inclusion (GEDSI) in WASH in Health-Care Facilities
Answer
What are some ways
Observation
you can collect data on
inclusive WASH? Patient interviews
Group discussions
Interviews with marginalized
community members
Formal assessments such as
in HealthofCare
Facilities WASH FIT
Answer
People typically left out of
planning, such as women, persons
with disabilities, and people from
What does the saying disadvantaged or marginalized
‘Nothing about us groups, can provide the best
without us’ mean? inputs on how to make WASH
facilities and services at the
health-care facility inclusive. They
should be involved in the planning
and delivery of WASH services in
in HealthofCare
Facilities
115
True or false: Answer
Health facility staff have specific Absolutely true! The needs of all
WASH needs and priorities. facility staff should be voiced and
taken into consideration when
improving WASH.
in HealthofCare
Facilities
What materials are Answer

needed for MHM? Washable waste bin with lid, liner
Basin, water, soap
Products such as sanitary napkins
Drying rack for washing reusable
in HealthofCare
Facilities
products
True or false:
There are existing tools that Answer
health facilities can use to assess True. Two examples include WASH
and improve inclusive WASH. FIT and the Participatory
Management Tool for user-friendly
WASH in health-care facilities.
(WaterAid, 2020).
in HealthofCare
Facilities
Which of the following is true about

inclusive WASH:
- improves patient satisfaction and
health outcomes Answer
- improves staff satisfaction All of them.

- increases community
engagement
- reduces social inequalities
between different groups of people
in HealthofCare
Facilities
116
Exercise 2: Group exercise to understand barriers to inclusive WASH
in health-care facilities45
The “Wall of Barriers” exercise developed by WEDC and WaterAid helps teams
identify and analyse the barriers that create problems for users in accessing
WASH facilities. The tool is adapted here for use in health-care settings.
Exploring and discussing the barriers to accessible and acceptable WASH
support services that support quality of care and are used to strengthen GEDSI
is a way to sensitize health-care workers to the diverse needs of their patients.
The exercise can also be used in a community setting to increase awareness of
community members (Step 7).
Step 1. Obtain resource materials
In advance of the exercise, identify case studies from resource materials such
as documents or video clips about problems faced by some marginalized
groups in accessing and using WASH in health-care facilities. Select 3–5 such
resources. They can all be about one group, or about different groups.
Step 2. Identify barriers
Give group members a case study to read or share it with all of them. Ask the
participants to write down what barriers they observe that prevent or create
problems for users when trying to access or use WASH facilities. Each barrier
should be written on its own piece of paper or post-it note.
Step 3. Sorting
When the participants have listed all the barriers they can think of, have them
place the post-it note under one of four headings that are on the wall:
■ Physical-natural: The person’s own limitations.
■ Physical-infrastructure: Structural obstacles that prevent or block mobility.
■ Policy/Institutional: How policies and programmes on WASH in health-care
facilities are organized and implemented.
■ Social/Cultural/Attitudinal: Conflicts that may arise due to differences
in social backgrounds, norms, beliefs and practices among individuals or
groups.
Group similar barriers together. When you have finished, you have a wall of
barriers, composed of all the problems, issues and obstacles that you have
identified.
45
Adapted from: Activity Sheet 2: Identifying barriers to water, sanitation and hygeine. Loughborough: WEDC and WaterAid; 2013. (https://
wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/learning/EI_AS2_Identifying_barriers_v2.pdf, accessed 26 August 2023) and Jones H, Gosling L,
Jansz S et al. Equity and inclusion in WASH provision – using the social model of exclusion (Powerpoint presentation). Loughborough:
WEDC and WaterAid; date unavailable (https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/learning/EI_WASH_Social_model_of_exclusion_
v3.pdf, accessed 26 August 2023).
117
Step 4. Group discussion and summary
Ask the participants to talk about the barriers they identified.
■ Are many of the barriers different?
■ Are they mainly in the same category or in all different categories?
Which barriers are the most common?
Physical - natural facilities sources
obstructed
ob
paths
unsafe
Physical-- infrastructure high platform
with no steps
nno mhm facilities
dark
interiors
steps
no lifting
mechanism
no door
lack of pr
privacy door hard to high
steps
no platform
m to operatee
lack of info on lack of knowledge

pprocedures
r ce do not accessibilty and skills of
technicians about
accessibility and
MHM
security andd
Policy-Institutional
nstittuuti nnaal pprivacy for
women’s views
Social Cultural
al Attitudinal
Att
ttit d nal ignored
stigma taboos and

ignorance violence
about against
decision-making menstruation women, girls

dominated by men and children
118
Resource 6.1:
Example of a job aid to enhance staff awareness and
Engage communities in Take positive action to advocate

maintaining a clean and for your WASH needs and those
healthy facility of your co-workers
environment..
environment
Identify and address barriers

Promote awareness and to accessibility and
understanding of gender acceptability of WASH in the
equality,, disabilities and
equality health facility.
facility.
social inclusion.
inclusion.
Ask patients if they need
Respect and water,, help in using the
water
support the toilet,, help in washing
toilet
different WASH their hands.
hands.
needs of all patients.
patients.
119
Case study: Integrating GEDSI into TEACH CLEAN training in
46, 47
Myanmar
A key component of the Supporting Safer Births in Myanmar Project was building
health facility staff capacity in GEDSI. The project, funded by the Australian
Government and the Water for Women Fund, was implemented by WaterAid in
partnership with Jhpiego and in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Sports
(MoHS) in five township hospitals in the Ayeyarwady region (Myan Aung, Kyan Kin,
Pantanaw, Lemyathna and Zalun).
To strengthen the capacity of health facility staff to improve GEDSI-sensitive WASH
and infection prevention and control (IPC) in their facilities, the project designed and
delivered the TEACH CLEAN training, which aims to improve environmental cleaning
services in health facilities by focusing on the frontline workforce, specifically
cleaners and those with cleaning responsibilities. The training manual included
GEDSI concepts and approaches by discussing different vulnerabilities in health-care
facilities, barriers in accessing WASH and IPC services in health-care facilities, and
how to address it.
Cleaners in project health-care facilities received environmental cleaning training
for the first time, which gave them a better understanding of cleaning processes and
best practices in hospital settings. The training employed participatory exercises,
such as barrier analysis and squatting exercise to understand accessibility of WASH
infrastructure for persons with different disabilities.
For example, during the ‘gender barrier analysis’ session, three case scenarios
were provided for three groups. One scenario presented the case of an HIV-
positive postpartum woman. Participants discussed the consequences of stigma
and discrimination on that marginalized population, and how to prevent it, as well
as humanitarian principles and work ethics in the health-care setting. The second
scenario was about a woman with mental illness and no family support who came to
the hospital for childbirth. Participants discussed non-judgemental behaviour and
social support available in the community. The third scenario was about a person
with disability and use of the hospital’s toilet. Discussion highlighted the need for the
sympathy and understanding towards people with special needs.
As central and regional MoHS officials were involved in TEACH CLEAN trainings as
facilitators, they also gained a fuller understanding of GEDSI, WASH and IPC in health
facility settings. In Kyangin, the township medical officer decided to independently
fund and install GEDSI-sensitive infrastructure such as user-friendly toilets with MHM
facilities, gender separate bathing facilities, and proper pathways. This demonstrates
the importance of involving all health facility staff (district supervisors, nurses and
cleaners) in the training to ensure the training can be applied.
46
Supporting Safer Births in Myanmar: Strengthening health systems to improve the quality of maternal health care. Yangon: WaterAid Myanmar;
2020 (https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/2022-05/WASH%20in%20HCFs%20-%20Myanmar%20case%20study.pdf,
accessed 26 August 2023).
47
Training report: Training of trainers (ToT) in Environmental Hygiene and Cleaning in Health care (TEACH-CLEAN training). Pathein City, 4-6
February 2020. Yangon: WaterAid Myanmar; 2020.
STEP
7
Engage
communities
Community members serve an important role in defining, demanding, using and
providing feedback on health services. Under Step 7, communities are engaged in
developing WASH policies and plans, reviewing WASH coverage and implementation
data, and providing feedback on health facility performance.
The engagement of community members, particularly women, persons with
disabilities, LGBTQIA+, and other marginalized groups is essential for planning,
improving and monitoring GEDSI integration in WASH in health-care facilities.
GEDSI integration in Step 7 can be achieved through three approaches: empowering
marginalized groups, activating existing community platforms, and establishing
systems for community monitoring.
The focus at the facility level
Engage Activate Embed
Marginalized Community Community
communities platforms representation into
monitoring
Engaging marginalized groups
Marginalized groups are more impacted by poor WASH in health-care facilities,

while lacking representation in WASH task forces and teams that drive improvement.
To address this gap, they need to be involved in activities at both the national and
health facility-levels:
National and subnational level task forces WASH FIT teams
Situation analysis and assessment of GEDSI for Health facility assessment

WASH in health-care facilities and risk assessment
Development of improvement
Development of roadmaps and national standards
plan
Infrastructure improvement and health workforce

Improvement activities
development
Monitoring progress and operations research Monitoring, reviewing and

adapting
123
Engaging these groups can be challenging, especially when they face resistance
from other, typically more powerful, community members or health facility staff.
They may need guidance and capacity building to effectively advocate for their
rights to WASH and to participate in decision-making. In the long-run, their
participation will help weaken the barriers that contributed to their marginalization
in the first place.
Activating community platforms
Efforts will be more powerful when the broader community understands the
importance of GEDSI integration and provides support. Tool 7.1 is an example of a
sensitization exercise that can be used with communities. Tool 6.2 has examples
of activities for health workforce sensitization and these can also be adapted for
communities. Community groups and CSOs can be powerful partners as well.
Resource 7.1 provides tips for activating community platforms. Resource 7.2 is a
sample poster on GEDSI and WASH in health-care facilities for communities.
Community engagement in monitoring WASH in health-care facilities,

including GEDSI
It is a key element of WASH FIT and other similar processes, as described under
Step 4. Community members should be adequately prepared and supported so they
can be confident that their views will be understood and addressed.
The most effective approach to engaging communities and empowering marginalized
groups will vary from one community to another. Some groups may be uncomfortable
to speak about conditions in the local health facility, and may prefer to provide
feedback indirectly. Other groups may work through an organization that represents
their interests. Yet others will be willing and comfortable to work together as part
of the broader community to ensure that WASH is accessible and acceptable to
everyone across the life course.
Step 7: Engage communities
124
Resources and Tools
Tool 7.1: Power walk – An example of a sensitization exercise for

communities on GEDSI
The power walk is an exercise that helps participants understand the impacts
of marginalization and exclusion. This can be used with communities to
initiate conversations on GEDSI
Also see Step 6, Tool 6.2: A group exercise to understand barriers to inclusive
WASH in health-care facilities. The group exercise can be used by health
facility staff as well as community members to understand the physical,
institutional and social/cultural barriers to inclusive WASH in health-care
facilities
Resource 7.1: Tips for activating community platforms

This resource provides simple tips to activate community platforms to support
GEDSI integration
Resource 7.2: Sample poster to enhance community awareness on
GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities
A poster to create awareness among community members and provide them
simple action points to increase their engagement
125
Tool 7.1:
Power walk – An example of a sensitization exercise for
communities on GEDSI
The power walk helps participants understand how marginalized communities

are impacted in different aspects of their life and provides insights into
communities and population segments that wield power. Ideally, there should be
8–12 participants participating in the activity. If you have more participants in
the session, 8–12 can participate in the activity and the others can observe. The
use of a cloth covering the eyes helps participants stay true to character and
not be influenced by others. Make changes to statements and character slips
depending on your own context.
■ Start the session by informing the participants that in this exercise
everyone’s eyes will be covered.
■ Provide the instructions as below:
■ Stand horizontally across the room in one line.
■ Everyone should have the same line as their starting point.
■ Each participant will be given a character to play. They need to play that
character throughout this game and respond to statements read out by
the facilitator depending on whether the statement holds true for the
character or not. (Hand out character slips to each participant and ensure
participants do not share their character details with each other.)
■ Now cover your eyes using the cloth being handed out.
■ The facilitator will read out statements and if the statement holds true for
your character, then take a step forward. If it does not, then stay where
you are. Remember, you are an actor, think like the character and not as
yourself.
■ Once all statements are through, you will be able to remove your eye
cover.
Characters (Please add delete or Statements (Please add delete or

modify) modify)
1. 16-year-old boy 1. I can go to the neighbourhood

2. 16-year-old girl market by myself.
3. 16-year-old girl using a wheelchair 2. My family trusts me to make my
own decisions.
4. 50-year-old rich man
3. I can go out with whoever I want.
5. 50-year-old rich woman
126
Characters (Please add delete or Statements (Please add delete or
modify) modify)
4. 50-year-old man with a visual 13. People at the health-care centre
impairment speak to me kindly.
5. 30-year-old man from an upper/ 14. People make fun of me.
dominant caste/race (add any as 15. I have been beaten up by parents/
culturally appropriate) strangers/spouses/providers.
6. 30-year-old woman from an upper/ 16. I can reach the washbasin at the
dominant caste/race (add any as health-care facility.
culturally appropriate)
17. If I have gone to the market, and I
7. 30-year-old man from a lower/ need to go to the toilet, I can find
marginalized caste/race (add any one that I am comfortable using.
as culturally appropriate)
18. I can take the bus whenever I want.
8. 30-year-old woman from a lower/
marginalized caste/race (add any 19. I can easily drink water from the
as culturally appropriate) well/tap that is meant for everyone.
9. 30-year-old woman from a lower/ 20. It is easy for me to find work and
marginalized caste/race (add any earn a living.
as culturally appropriate) with 21. I do not need assistance for
mobility impairment and no wheel bathing, going to the toilet, etc.
chair 22. There is someone in my life that I
10. 6-year-old boy am scared to be alone with.
11. 6-year-old girl 23. A relative has touched me in a way
12. 6-year-old boy with developmental that makes me uncomfortable.
challenges
■ When all statements have been completed, ask everyone to open their eyes
and look around the room in silence.
■ Now read out the character descriptions one by one and ask the participants
how far ahead do they think this character would have reached. After
participants guess, ask the person playing the character to put their hands
up and reveal their position. Do this for all characters. Let the participants
remain in their positions.
■ Now ask the following characters to raise their hands:
■ All people playing female characters
■ All people playing a character from lower/marginalized caste
■ All people playing characters with a disability
■ All people playing male characters
■ Summarize the discussion reinforcing the experience of marginalization and
how it impacts lives of communities.
127
Resource 7.1:
Tips for activating community platforms
√ Map community groups and identify their potential interest in working towards
GEDSI for WASH in health-care facilities.
√ Identify specific organizations working on inclusion of marginalized populations,
disability rights groups, etc.
√ Meet with the groups and CSOs to share about the importance of GEDSI for
WASH in health facilities, how it impacts them, and how they can be involved.
√ Ensure participation of local health facility staff and local leaders in such
meetings and sessions.
√ Encourage community groups and CSOs to become involved with WASH FIT or
other similar processes, focusing particularly on advocating for and monitoring
GEDSI.
√ Provide opportunities to build group capacity on GEDSI and WASH, and
encourage the group to include GEDSI and WASH in their workplans.
√ Support them in securing membership and representation to committees and
task forces working on GEDSI in health-care facilities.
128
Resource 7.2:
Sample poster to enhance community awareness on GEDSI in
HEALTH FOR ALL INCLUDES WASH FOR ALL

Challenges faced by health facility users
I get so thirsty, but there is no water I wish the staff toilets had better menstrual
available during antenatal care. products and dustbins for disposal
Because I’m
different, I’m told
that I can’t use the
toilet!
My wheelchair
doesn’t fit through
the doorway!
People get impatient

when I’m slow in the
bathroom.
I can’t reach the

sink!
Awareness
We all have different WASH needs across the life course, depending on our gender, age,
physical and mental abilities, and other characteristics.
We are all in this together: Every Action

person at the health-care facility
needs to be able to wash their hands Talk to your health facility staff or
and use the sanitation facilities to community health leaders about ways to
keep the facility clean and stop the improve WASH at your health facility.
spread of infection.
Volunteer your time and resources to help

High-quality care means that health keep the facility and its environment clean.
facility staff wash their hands,
maintain a clean environment, and
make sure the patient’s WASH needs Get involved in the health facility’s
are met. committee for WASH.
WASH services at health-care facilities are for everyone

We all need to practice hygienic behaviours to keep the facility clean and keep
ourselves healthy.
Talk to your health-care facility staff to make sure the WASH services meet your needs!
129
Case study: Learning from gender networks and disabled
people’s organizations (DPOs) in Myanmar
During 2018–2021, WaterAid, in partnership with Jhpiego and in collaboration with

the Ministry of Health and Sports (MoHS) implemented the Supporting Safer Births
in Myanmar Project funded by the Australian Government and the Water for Women
Fund. The goal of the project was that women in Myanmar have safer births through
improved quality of maternal and newborn care. This would be accomplished
through health-care system strengthening by integrating gender and socially
inclusive WASH and IPC, and demonstrating quality improvements at five township
hospitals in the Ayeyarwady region (Myan Aung, Kyan Kin, Pantanaw, Lemyathna
and Zalun). The project was aligned with the government’s National Health Plan
(2017–2021), which aims to provide a basic package of essential health services
to everyone by 2020, and the National Strategy for Rural WASH (2016–2030),
which aims to see all health facilities with adequate water supplies, toilets and
handwashing facilities by 2030.
The project convened a national network of GEDSI stakeholders to engage them
in WASH in health-care facilities-related issues and to consult on project plans
and approaches for their expert input. Regular sessions were held between gender
networks, DPOs, and the project team to build a mutual understanding of GEDSI in
WASH. Several workshops were held in collaboration with rights groups to improve
project staff and stakeholders’ understanding of GEDSI and facilitate reflection on
how to integrate GEDSI within the project context. WaterAid Myanmar also held a
workshop with rights groups to familiarize them with WASH.
The regular engagement between rights groups and the project team enabled rights
groups to contribute to specific activities, strengthening processes and outputs
to be more gender and socially inclusive. For example, the working group was
regularly consulted on infrastructure assessments and WASH in health-care facilities
policies. The project developed a participatory technical assessment tool for WASH
infrastructure in health-care facilities in consultation with the gender networks and
DPOs.
STEP
8
Conduct
operational
research and
share learning
The goal of Step 8 is to develop a stronger evidence base, identify innovative
strategies and proven approaches to improve WASH in health-care facilities, which
can drive continued action and investment. Programme strategies and interventions
are reviewed and tested using operational research which provides health-care
facilities and programmes opportunities for “learning by doing”. Also known as
implementation research, it evaluates alternative programme strategies to determine
which has the greatest impact on quality of care, is the most efficient, cost-effective
and sustainable, and has the best outcomes.
Operational research methods can also be used to test which changes or
improvements in WASH in health facilities have the biggest impact on GEDSI.
For example, an operational research study could test different combinations of
interventions at health facilities, examine their comparative effectiveness, safety, cost
and equity, and evaluate which is the best approach for the specific context.
Illustrative design of operational research on GEDSI for WASH
Illustrative design of operational research on GEDSI for WASH in

Control group Intervention group 1 Intervention group 2
Intervention: Intervention: Intervention:

Install a specific type of Install a specific type of Install a specific type of
accessible WASH accessible WASH accessible WASH
infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure
and and
Provider training and Patient awareness
supervision on GEDSI campaigns that address
stigma and
discrimination
Impact on:
Patient satisfaction of marginalized group members
Uptake of health services by marginalized group members
133
Planning an operational research study
Operational research is most successful when it is conducted by a team that includes

both researchers and implementers, in this case, health facility teams and community
members working to integrate GEDSI in WASH in health-care facility.48 While the
researchers bring expertise in research methods, the implementers’ role is to:
■ take the lead in defining the programme problem;
■ specify when the study result is needed for decision-making;
■ ensure that providers and facilities cooperate with the researchers;
■ use the findings in programme decision-making; and
■ disseminate research findings.
The team should work together to identify the problem related to GEDSI for WASH
in health-care facilities, explore the causes and develop possible interventions, and
finally test selected solutions in health-care facilities, documenting the impact on
the original problem. The results will inform further replication in other health-care
facilities. Tool 8.1 outlines the process for operational research and Resource 8.1
lists additional resources that you can refer to.
Learning from experiences in integrating GEDSI in WASH in

Whether the results of the research indicate that the changes in the health-care
facility’s WASH facilities and practices proved beneficial, had no impact, or were even
detrimental, it is important to share the findings so that others can learn from the
experience. Because the effectiveness of any intervention is influenced by the social
networks and operational environment of the participating health-care facilities,
it will be important to collect and share such background information and analyse
how it facilitated or hindered success, so that others can take these factors into
consideration when they adapt or replicate the intervention.
Step 8: Conduct operational research and share learning
48
Guide to operational research in programmes supported by the Global Fund. Geneva: WHO, The Global Fund; 2009 (https://www.medbox.org/
document/guide-to-operational-research-in-programs-supported-by-the-global-fund#GO, accessed 26 August 2023).
134
Resources and Tools
Tool 8.1: Steps in conducting operational research

A summary of the key steps in conducting operational research
Resource 8.1: Additional guidance on operational research

A collection of resources for in-depth guidance on how to conduct operational
research
135
Tool 8.1:
Steps in conducting operational research
Steps to conduct operational research
Identify the Identify possible Test selected Analyse and use

problem solutions interventions the results
1. Identify the programme problem49

Clearly defining what is the problem that needs to be solved is critical to being
able to develop solutions. Involving different groups of people – health providers,
facility staff, and diverse community members – in discussing the problem can
bring new insight into pressing issues. The problem definition can also draw on
the findings of WASH FIT health facility assessments.
The problem could be related to accessibility or acceptability of WASH to health
facility users, the equitable use of WASH for IPC and to improve quality of care, or
the engagement and empowerment of marginalized groups through WASH-related
activities. Some illustrative problems could include:
■ Some patients are not using the toilets or handwashing stations.
■ Some patients, such as young girls, LGBTQIA+, or ethnic minority members
are reluctant to use the WASH facilities provided.

■ Women do not use the menstrual hygiene bins provided.
■ Health-care providers and staff are not aware of the differing WASH needs of
their patients.
■ Despite the availability of WASH, the facility has a high rate of infections in the
maternity ward.
■ Health managers do not prioritize WASH improvements to better meet the
needs of diverse users in the facility budget.
49
Adapted from: Guide to operational research in programmes supported by the Global Fund. Geneva: WHO and the Global Fund; 2009 (https://
www.medbox.org/document/guide-to-operational-research-in-programs-supported-by-the-global-fund#GO, accessed 26 August 2023).
136
2. Identify possible solutions
The next step is to understand the causes of the problem using the problem
tree analysis or other similar tools. For example, in reference to the problems
described above, why are mothers reluctant to use WASH facilities, why are
health-care providers and staff not aware of the patients’ WASH needs, why are
GEDSI priorities so low in health facility WASH budgets?
Based on the root causes identified, the research task force should explore and
develop possible interventions that can change the problem. Research team
members who are also WASH users at the health-care facility can provide relevant
suggestions about what would work for them, while external researchers or
experts can provide examples of what has worked in other settings.
Solutions can take the form of infrastructure improvements, training, mentoring,
or group work to increase knowledge, change attitudes, or practice new
behaviours for example. Some ideas have been provided in Step 4, Tool 4.4 on
action planning. Good solutions have to be measurable, easy to implement, and
sustainable. The data collection may need to determine not only whether the
intervention is effective, but also how much it cost and what other resources are
needed for broader implementation.
3. Test selected intervention(s)
Operational research uses a scientific method to determine whether the proposed
solution(s) are effective. One approach is to collect data on the problem both
before and after the intervention, comparing whether they resulted in a change.
A second approach is to implement the intervention in an “experimental”
health-care facility and compare the results with another health-care facility, the
“control”, which did not receive the intervention.
Both quantitative and qualitative methods can be used. Quantitative methods
include structured questionnaires or the analysis of service statistics. Qualitative
methods include FGDs or individual interviews with service providers or clients
or observational studies, e.g. observing the use of WASH practices at the health-
care facility.
The same data collection process should be used across all health-care facilities
or individuals being monitored.
4. Analyse and use the results
The results of the study will be important to guide decision-makers in choosing
the best, and most cost-effective solutions to strengthen inclusive WASH in
health-care facilities. Teams working to improve WASH in health-care facilities,
including GEDSI integration for increased equity, should also seek new learning
from other settings and countries.
137
Resource 8.1:
Additional guidance on operational research
Publications
WHO (2013) Implementation Research in Health: A Practical Guide
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/91758
WHO and the Global Fund (2008) Guide to operational research in programmes
supported by the Global Fund
https://medbox.org/document/guide-to-operational-research-in-programs-supported-
by-the-global-fund#GO
The Global Fund (2008) Framework for Operations and Implementation Research
in Health and Disease Control Programs
Websites
The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR):
Massive open online course (MOOC) on implementation research: infectious diseases
of poverty
https://tdr.who.int/
Implementation Research Toolkit
https://adphealth.org/irtoolkit/
The Structured Operational Research and Training IniTiative (SORT IT)
https://tdr.who.int/activities/sort-it-operational-research-and-training#
138
Annex 1.
Additional resources
Resources on WASH in health-care facilities
Publications
WHO (2023) Global SDG baseline for WASH in health care facilities: Practical steps to
achieve universal WASH in health care facilities. Questions and answers
https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/wash-documents/wash-in-hcf-q-a-
2april.pdf?sfvrsn=69d0d54a_6
WHO and UNICEF (2022) Water and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement Tool
(WASH FIT): A practical guide for improving quality of care through water, sanitation
and hygiene in health care facilities (second edition)
WHO (2020) Quality health services: a planning guide
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240011632
WHO (2019) Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to
achieve universal access.
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2018) Core questions and indicators for
monitoring WASH in health care facilities in the Sustainable Development Goals
WHO (2017) Safe management of wastes from health care activities: A summary
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-FWC-WSH-17.05
WHO (2016) Standards for improving quality of maternal and newborn care in
health facilities
WHO (2008) Essential environmental health standards in health care.
(John Adams, Jamie Bartram)
Websites
WHO and UNICEF (2022) WASH FIT portal
https://www.washinhcf.org/wash-fit/
WASH in Health care facilities portal
https://www.washinhcf.org/
141
Resources on GEDSI integration in WASH in health facilities
Publications
(WASH FIT): A practical guide for improving quality of care through water, sanitation
and hygiene in health care facilities (second edition): Technical factsheet 2: Gender
equality, disability, and social inclusion (GEDSI)
https://www.washinhcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/220420_BLS21265-WHO-
WASH-FIT_TF2_GEDSI_web_COMPLETE.pdf
(WASH FIT): WASH FIT Training Modules: GEDSI Technical Module.
https://www.washinhcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/GEDSI_MODULE_0422_
COMPLETE.pptx
WaterAid (2018) Developing a participatory management tool for user-friendly
WASH in health care facilities (WaterAid)
https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/developing-a-
participatory-management-tool-for-user-friendly-wash-in-healthcare-facilities.pdf
WHO Western Pacific Region (2020) Disability-inclusive health services toolkit:
a resource for health facilities in the Western Pacific Region
Resources on GEDSI integration in health service delivery
Publications
WHO (2017) National Health Inequality Monitoring: a step-by-step manual
https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/gho-documents/9-june-web-
version-17136-national-health-inequality-monitoring-step-by-step-manual.
pdf?sfvrsn=2a9ac9a9_2
WHO (2016) The Innov8 approach for reviewing national health programmes to leave
no one behind
Facilitator’s manual: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-FWC-17.1
Technical handbook: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241511391
WHO (2011) Gender mainstreaming for health managers: A practical approach
Facilitators’ guide: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44516
Annex 1. Additional resources
Participant’s notes: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241501057
142
Websites
WHO Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT)
https://www.who.int/data/gho/health-equity/assessment_toolkit
Jhpiego Gender Analysis Toolkit for Health Systems
https://gender.jhpiego.org/analysistoolkit/
Resources on GEDSI integration in WASH
Publications
Australian Aid (2019) Gender Equality and Goal 6 – The Critical Connection
https://waterpartnership.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Gender-Equality-
and-Goal-6-The-Critical-Connection.pdf
National Disability Authority, Centre for Excellence in Universal Design (2019)
Building for everyone: a universal design approach. (See chapter 6 on Sanitary
facilities)
http://universaldesign.ie/Built-Environment/Building-for-Everyone
WaterAid, WSUP, UNICEF (2018) Female-friendly public and community toilets:
a guide for planners and decision makers
https://washmatters.wateraid.org/publications/female-friendly-public-and-
community-toilets-a-guide-for-planners-and-decision-makers
WEDC (2014) Compendium of accessible technologies for people with disabilities
https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/learning/EI_Compendium_of_
accessible_WASH_Technologies.pdf
Australian Government AusAID (2013). Accessibility design guide: universal
design principles for Australia’s aid program. Annex C Water, sanitation and hygiene
facilities.
https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/accessibility-design-guide.pdf
WaterAid (2012) Towards Inclusive WASH: Sharing evidence and experience from
the field
https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Wateraid-2012-Towards.pdf
Websites
Water for Women
https://www.waterforwomenfund.org/en/index.aspx
WaterAid: Inclusive WASH: A Free learning portal for WASH practitioners and
researchers
https://www.inclusivewash.org.au/
WEDC: Equity and Inclusion in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Learning material
https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/collections/equity-inclusion/general.html
143
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Toolkit on mainstreaming

© World Health Organization 2023

Suggested citation. Toolkit on mainstreaming of gender equality, disability and social

Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris.

Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/

The importance of WASH in health-care facilities 15

Tool 1.1: Who is left behind in WASH in health-care facilities 40

Tool 8.1: Steps in conducting operational research 136

Annex 1. Additional resources 140

The WHO South-East Asia Region has in recent years

However, to unlock the full benefits of WASH in health-care facilities, people

I urge all stakeholders to appropriately implement the Toolkit, accelerating our

Dr Poonam Khetrapal Singh

This Toolkit on mainstreaming of gender equality, disability and social

The Australian Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

CSO civil society organization

DPO disabled people’s organization

FGD focus group discussion

GEDSI gender equality, disability and social inclusion

HMIS Health Management Information System

IPC infection prevention and control

JMP Joint Monitoring Programme

M&E monitoring and evaluation

MHM menstrual hygiene management

MoH Ministry of Health

MoHS Ministry of Health and Sports

NGO nongovernmental organization

PLHIV people living with HIV

PPE personal protective equipment

SDGs Sustainable Development Goals

UHC universal health coverage

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

WASH water, sanitation and hygiene

WEDC Water, Engineering and Development Centre

WHA World Health Assembly

WHO World Health Organization

“Inadequate WASH increases risk of disease: infections associated with

“A 2019 survey of the top maternal and reproductive health service

To maximize the full benefits of WASH in health-care facilities, it is essential to put

A “GEDSI” approach to WASH in health-care facilities entails making an explicit

Gaps in WASH undermine infection prevention and quality of care

+All health facility users engaged

Quality of care for all

Acceptable by all users

Full coverage with basic WASH services

Continued availability requires that WASH programming – including operation and

“People hush me up. I speak my mind and they dislike it.

Progress on equitable, inclusive WASH in the WHO South-East Asia

Availability of basic sanitation in Member States of the South-East Asia Region

Benefits of equitable, inclusive WASH

Using a GEDSI approach to WASH in health-care facilities brings benefits in many

Benefits of integrating GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities

Integrating GEDSI Improved systems and Equitable access to Healthier, more

This Toolkit on mainstreaming of GEDSI in WASH in health-care facilities provides

1. Conduct situation analysis and assessment to understand:

2. Set targets and define a roadmap that supports GEDSI by engaging

3. Establish national standards and accountability mechanisms that

4. Improve and maintain infrastructure to meet national GEDSI in