E-voting system using Proof of Voting (PoV)

consensus algorithm using Block chain

Technology
Ketulkumar Govindbhai Chaudhari,
Department of Information Technology, University of The Potomac, USA

Abstract: Designing an electronic voting system is the biggest challenge, especially in India. It has to satisfy all the legal
functionalities and tamper proof system. E-voting system can be made up of central and distributed network type, but main
disadvantage of central network is single point of failure. Blockchain technology is a distributed type network many
applications like Electronic medical records (EMR), IoT and E-voting. In this paper we developed an electronic voting system
using blockchain technology with powerful Proof-Of-Voting (POV) consensus algorithm. In this paper we evaluate the legal
issues that raised in conventional methods and how can we overcome in blockchain technology. In this paper we made one
system with PoV which increases security, low cost and low power consumption.

Index Terms— Proof-of-voting (POV), Blockchain Technology (BCT), Electronic Voting (E-Voting).

I. INTRODUCTION
In early 80’s and 90’s some countries used traditional pen, paper method for conduction general and national
elections, but in this traditional method there is a chance of doing fraud, misleading the results, due to this the total
national security may decreases and cost of the election also increases. There are many studies were made to overcome
these issues. E-Voting is one best and accurate method for conducting elections in democratic countries. Now a days
many countries are E-voting systems with micro controller, software and program designed. But at some point, of time
there may be chance of do tamper or hack the system because of central accessible storage and access. This may lead to
misleading of national security and election result. To overcome such type of problems here in this paper we
implemented E-voting system with blockchain with the considerations of national security, efficient man power and
limits the fraud.
In democratic country the election process should provide some essential qualities:
1. E-voting system should made for willing persons.
2. Voter information and vote casting should keep in secret.
3. Voter id verification and count of votes have to be correct.
4. No other person should not tamper the vote.

Blockchain is a digital trust with decentralized, digitized, public and shared ledger of information that is resistant to
tampering. The main features of blockchain technology are;
1. enhanced security features, preventing fraud and data theft.
2. Improve the overall robustness and integrity.
3. Securing edge devices with authentication and data management.
4. Reduce the fishing attacks, DDoS (Distributed denial of service) attacks.

With these features of cryptography, every node in blockchain is linked with hash pointer, verified signed
transactions is replicated globally on millions of nodes. For these reasons and features now 33% of organizations are
using blockchain technology.
Section II gives the information about Blockchain as a service for E-voting. Section III describes proof of vote
consensus mechanism. Section IV describes security analysis proposed consensus algorithm. Section V describes
conclusion and future scope.

II. BLOCKCHAIN AS A SERVICE FOR E-VOTING

In this section we considered E-Voting system based on blockchain technology. Firstly, in this section we will
discuss about how to create smart contacts, next discuss about different frameworks in blockchain then how to deploy
election using smart contacts and in last about the proposed system.

A. Creating election smart contacts

Smart contacts include identifying the roles that are involved in election like voter, officer, nodal officer. There are
different election roles can be made as smart contacts. Figure 1 shows the participants in E-Voting system and how

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3729053

election will be initiated. Firstly, election administrator starts the election and after particular time he closes the
election, total election process monitored by election administrator. Next district officer having the information about
next sub level like district-wise, next boot officer to the voter last. Boot officer will be in the polling booth and he
monitors the election of single polling booth. Smart contacts created for all of them in the network from administrator to
voter. To cast vote every node has to make authentication. So that it will give perfect result and no other persons can
tamper the network.

Figure 1: election process initiation using smart contacts

B. Election procedure

Election officer creates decentralized application for election procedure. Main activities of election process using
blockchain technology are election creation, voter registration, voter transaction, tallying results and verifying vote.
Figure 2 shows how the election process done using proof of vote network.

In this paper we are proposing new consensus method permissioned Proof of voting. After initiating election
process election starts with candidates list and smart contacts of every candidate.
Each ballot smart contact created by node officer to particular candidate and it is verified by district and node
officer. Voter registration made by using proof of vote (POV). If the candidate’s smart contact is matching with the
ballot smart contact then only voter can cast his vote, if he fails in this process then voter is not allowed to cast his vote.
The same work can be done using proof of work (POW) also, but the power consumption is very high in POW where as
in POV the power consumption is low. Next session will give the information about POV consensus mechanism. After
verification done, tally of votes and voter transaction can be done by conventional methods.

III. CONSENSUS FOR E-VOTING SYSTEM

Consensus is important concept in block chain technology. Block Chain Technology (BCT) is a distributed
technology so that anybody can enter in to the network if it is permission less BCT. Every node and process have to
maintain same data and understanding. In permissioned BCT all nodes are known to each other where as in permission
less BCT nodes are unknown to each other. Some malicious nodes may not follow the consensus due to that voting data
may get leaked.

In this proposed consensus algorithm, it will predict the malicious nodes and removes it from the Block Chain. In
E-voting system it is important to remove some failures like byzantine failure, security failure, crash failure, software
failure and temporal failure. Figure 2 shows how the consensus achieved in distributed system. In block chain if any of
the node is behaving like malicious (attacker) then automatically detected by proof of vote (PoV) algorithm and those
attackers will be removed from block chain.

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3729053

 Figure 2: Election procedure using smart contacts

Figure 3: consensus in proof of vote (PoV)

IV. SECURITY ANALYSIS OF CONSENSUS ALGORITHM

In this we will discuss about security analysis of E-voting using POW and POV consensus algorithms. E-voting
system using BCT is a distributed type network. Every ballot box in the network act as node and every node is
connected to network. This distributed network does not allow any other malicious nodes. In this paper security analysis
is made by byzantine failures. In POW the byzantine failure percentage is more comparing with POV. The statistical
analysis will prove the result. Table 1 will give the total information about this.

Table 1: Comparision statement of POW vs POV

Consensus Byzentine Smart contacts

Mechanism failures
Proof-Of-Work (POW) 5% Very slow
Proof-Of-Voting (POV) 3.2% Fast

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3729053

 V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we introduced a unique, blockchain-based electronic voting system that utilizes smart contracts to enable
secure and cost-efficient election while guaranteeing voters privacy. We have outlined the systems architecture, the design, and
a security analysis of the system.

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Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3729053