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15 views

Unix Commands

Uploaded by

nagvarahala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

1 – SYSTEM INFORMATION

# Display Linux system information


uname -a

# Display kernel release information


uname -r

# Show which version of redhat installed


cat /etc/redhat-release

# Show how long the system has been running + load


uptime

# Show system host name


hostname

# Display the IP addresses of the host


hostname -I

# Show system reboot history


last reboot

# Show the current date and time


date

# Show this month's calendar


cal

# Display who is online


w

# Who you are logged in as


whoami
2 – HARDWARE INFORMATION
# Display messages in kernel ring buffer
dmesg

# Display CPU information


cat /proc/cpuinfo
# Display memory information
cat /proc/meminfo

# Display free and used memory ( -h for human readable, -


m for MB, -g for GB.)
free -h

# Display PCI devices


lspci -tv

# Display USB devices


lsusb -tv

# Display DMI/SMBIOS (hardware info) from the BIOS


dmidecode

# Show info about disk sda


hdparm -i /dev/sda

# Perform a read speed test on disk sda


hdparm -tT /dev/sda

# Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda


badblocks -s /dev/sda
3 – PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND
STATISTICS
# Display and manage the top processes
top

# Interactive process viewer (top alternative)


htop

# Display processor related statistics


mpstat 1

# Display virtual memory statistics


vmstat 1

# Display I/O statistics


iostat 1
# Display the last 100 syslog messages (Use
/var/log/syslog for Debian based systems.)
tail 100 /var/log/messages

# Capture and display all packets on interface eth0


tcpdump -i eth0

# Monitor all traffic on port 80 ( HTTP )


tcpdump -i eth0 'port 80'

# List all open files on the system


lsof

# List files opened by user


lsof -u user

# Display free and used memory ( -h for human readable, -


m for MB, -g for GB.)
free -h

# Execute "df -h", showing periodic updates


watch df -h
4 – USER INFORMATION AND
MANAGEMENT
# Display the user and group ids of your current user.
id

# Display the last users who have logged onto the system.
last

# Show who is logged into the system.


who

# Show who is logged in and what they are doing.


w

# Create a group named "test".


groupadd test
# Create an account named john, with a comment of "John
Smith" and create the user's home directory.
useradd -c "John Smith" -m john

# Delete the john account.


userdel john

# Add the john account to the sales group


usermod -aG sales john
5 – FILE AND DIRECTORY COMMANDS
# List all files in a long listing (detailed) format
ls -al

# Display the present working directory


pwd

# Create a directory
mkdir directory

# Remove (delete) file


rm file

# Remove the directory and its contents recursively


rm -r directory

# Force removal of file without prompting for


confirmation
rm -f file

# Forcefully remove directory recursively


rm -rf directory

# Copy file1 to file2


cp file1 file2

# Copy source_directory recursively to destination. If


destination exists, copy source_directory into
destination, otherwise create destination with the
contents of source_directory.
cp -r source_directory destination
# Rename or move file1 to file2. If file2 is an existing
directory, move file1 into directory file2
mv file1 file2

# Create symbolic link to linkname


ln -s /path/to/file linkname

# Create an empty file or update the access and


modification times of file.
touch file

# View the contents of file


cat file

# Browse through a text file


less file

# Display the first 10 lines of file


head file

# Display the last 10 lines of file


tail file

# Display the last 10 lines of file and "follow" the file


as it grows.
tail -f file
6 – PROCESS MANAGEMENT
# Display your currently running processes
ps

# Display all the currently running processes on the


system.
ps -ef

# Display process information for processname


ps -ef | grep processname

# Display and manage the top processes


top

# Interactive process viewer (top alternative)


htop

# Kill process with process ID of pid


kill pid

# Kill all processes named processname


killall processname

# Start program in the background


program &

# Display stopped or background jobs


bg

# Brings the most recent background job to foreground


fg

# Brings job n to the foreground


fg n
7 – FILE PERMISSIONS

PERMISSION EXAMPLE

U G W
rwx rwx rwx chmod 777 filename
rwx rwx r-x chmod 775 filename
rwx r-x r-x chmod 755 filename
rw- rw- r-- chmod 664 filename
rw- r-- r-- chmod 644 filename

# NOTE: Use 777 sparingly!

LEGEND
U = User
G = Group
W = World

r = Read
w = write
x = execute
- = no access
8 – NETWORKING
# Display all network interfaces and ip address
ifconfig -a

# Display eth0 address and details


ifconfig eth0

# Query or control network driver and hardware settings


ethtool eth0

# Send ICMP echo request to host


ping host

# Display whois information for domain


whois domain

# Display DNS information for domain


dig domain

# Reverse lookup of IP_ADDRESS


dig -x IP_ADDRESS

# Display DNS ip address for domain


host domain
# Display the network address of the host name.
hostname -i

# Display all local ip addresses


hostname -I

# Download http://domain.com/file
wget http://domain.com/file

# Display listening tcp and udp ports and corresponding


programs
netstat -nutlp

9 – ARCHIVES (TAR FILES)


# Create tar named archive.tar containing directory.
tar cf archive.tar directory

# Extract the contents from archive.tar.


tar xf archive.tar

# Create a gzip compressed tar file name archive.tar.gz.


tar czf archive.tar.gz directory

# Extract a gzip compressed tar file.


tar xzf archive.tar.gz

# Create a tar file with bzip2 compression


tar cjf archive.tar.bz2 directory

# Extract a bzip2 compressed tar file.


tar xjf archive.tar.bz2
10 – INSTALLING PACKAGES
# Search for a package by keyword.
yum search keyword

# Install package.
yum install package
# Display description and summary information about
package.
yum info package

# Install package from local file named package.rpm


rpm -i package.rpm

# Remove/uninstall package.
yum remove package

# Install software from source code.


tar zxvf sourcecode.tar.gz
cd sourcecode
./configure
make
make install
11 – SEARCH
# Search for pattern in file
grep pattern file

# Search recursively for pattern in directory


grep -r pattern directory

# Find files and directories by name


locate name

# Find files in /home/john that start with "prefix".


find /home/john -name 'prefix*'

# Find files larger than 100MB in /home


find /home -size +100M
12 – SSH LOGINS
# Connect to host as your local username.
ssh host

# Connect to host as user


ssh user@host

# Connect to host using port


ssh -p port user@host
13 – FILE TRANSFERS
# Secure copy file.txt to the /tmp folder on server
scp file.txt server:/tmp

# Copy *.html files from server to the local /tmp folder.


scp server:/var/www/*.html /tmp

# Copy all files and directories recursively from


server to the current system's /tmp folder.
scp -r server:/var/www /tmp

# Synchronize /home to /backups/home


rsync -a /home /backups/

# Synchronize files/directories between the local and


remote system with compression enabled
rsync -avz /home server:/backups/
14 – DISK USAGE
# Show free and used space on mounted filesystems
df -h

# Show free and used inodes on mounted filesystems


df -i

# Display disks partitions sizes and types


fdisk -l

# Display disk usage for all files and directories in


human readable format
du -ah

# Display total disk usage off the current directory


du -sh
15 – DIRECTORY NAVIGATION
# To go up one level of the directory tree. (Change into
the parent directory.)
cd ..

# Go to the $HOME directory


cd

# Change to the /etc directory


cd /etc

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