F2 - Lesson - 7 PT
F2 - Lesson - 7 PT
F2 - Lesson - 7 PT
~vf
<latexit sha1_base64="cMTEQpTv0DK2fmGDeI1xpNDwd4U=">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</latexit>
F~N
<latexit sha1_base64="JmdiPSvKnx7/V9BszxnVAxX72/4=">AAANHnicjVdbb+NEFM5yXdICu/DIyxErs4mqhNipSpHW0pbCLlq6VVraZKW6tSb2pLXiG/YkdDWa/BFe+Cu88ABCSDzBv+GM7XGcOMtiKfbMuXzznTMzZybj2PdS1uv9c+eNN996+513777X3Np+/4MP793/aJhGs8Sh507kR8mLMUmp74X0nHnMpy/ihJJg7NPReHoo9aM5TVIvCs/Yy5heBuQ69CaeQxiK7Ptbu5q+sIJxdMsd4gsTdrv6/t5+IXommtqJeQjW19RnBM7AhENondmTzpnttaGpKYVtaI9g2WlqjmlNEuLwQ8HDNRATAnCg7Go10BPzKMDPyAR3ZOuwIz9G/unjp9vtNjUTrDl1+BNbF5bjRizvuin2AW0KpbGmNATqQGn7a9q+UOi5QVX9vSikZSNzkCwtL2T2YQEqoOI0F7AAl2GAhU0AeVZcpRfcZXWXHJ+Jil+prVKeo0WBGAiOwebW+HC3Nb8y2gLKWMDcPLi5kVQqlDD9b6s5ToVSzW3jypA8oANLmZ7LzG/s71pGG1WyobdV5lTeZAarsyGKrL1SbyJQrBDjDPGJTc3O1KZw29SkjLbNTk4jE0oarx92Z0XNjw/FhoHXQnmtyyiT1jxxveXciyCMtiSemeyo8HCK163LSbV5vk99SlwhzFJ6JGomWBXSdJbQxTVJq6ZPq6ZP1zDcUdWwlofW4KC9cFNkOFi0Dty0bQ4W7rBMsTuCfHPwoe2JK3xPBOQWxeY/x+h6GJ906eHGV2SJ70OcRA5SpshW5gB1npV41zeMJEn0IyDUDsomVZknY0GK/ETYt0UBsmKSMI/4cCI4lB1c0QM1mBOFMnkda0rimIAVEHaTBPyg3AJwhmsdlw+CrwqKIbDgYenSBaas9ajXrnKog1o+nbCLmmMexmVTOy1AjwSf4oiSJaO3DDKaIHLeFYkuZNVaExqicK0EuAmr3B0GHGTEWhmlhzmbNhLDkrm00kurh5J3xUqXleaV+FXsVTf4HBB2B4fJWoacauUk+GkByOkPM08IsQmmCVrNztyADOZpdpacytOpmFm9PgQWnXQW2KGqq1M7lERDJFYoKq7yZPtMTTZXc+xkk5SjYiKwSCvNzUEZQmk9FqJT6U6EUIFpNWSSbVyS0Dj1/AippN51sLJiK0g0nGNAV7vLeeEhZa9FgJzhJqTOijDwmBRCSfd/DJNDL0dTHuksxGUMVfxMJOGzdC+niSQoxhNl18V3ZwNWZrECtcJrlTPefTJVEOHdZ6/bM8BiXkBT0HtX3OiLQp2VDcen8li05OXj2CZQ0zW1sJC1EK+tysOx4GiOWnxjIdswCia9ZHHFOzraKl/Ag/059p9DIdENELxKO6c0GJrH07PyOlKpuAN3qKFcJcFLI+cmwhTJgluVjmXezEELfTro3V7Vshs5pWvQOaPwFMvhULhDE1vV8qZLcVHYqm7STmXvKBRqVWQ+Up+ZllNUY1Fmb7/b11W7r/dU81XQ+peYOEMBm2D093qweFY9KYs96+PFG2/H1WMSq//yfBf2vQe9bi97oN7Qi8aDRvEM7Ht/4WZ2ZgENmeOTNL3QezG75MXSQexZSmPiTMk1vcBmSDCQS55d7wVoKHFhEiX4w2M1k1Y9OAnS9GUwRku54tN1nRRu0l3M2GT/knthPGM0dPKBJjM8HSOQ/xXA9RLqMP8lNoiTeMgVnBuCuWT4j6KJSdDXQ643hkZX3+vunuw+ePxVkY67jU8anzZaDb3xReNx49vGoHHecLZ+2vpl67et37d/3v51+4/tP3PTN+4UPh83Vp7tv/8FUAd/Cw==</latexit>
normal
p~i
<latexit sha1_base64="pSMZ2K+811w4pCQFychlhkUwM8I=">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</latexit>
p~ix
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px 2mvx
F N = Fx = = = partícula exerce sobre
trajetória com colisões elásticas com outras partículas e paredes t 2L/vx L
a parede
A energia cinética é constante - não Força que a parede intervalo de tempo entre acertos
• Esferas sem estrutura há conversão noutras energias exerce sobre a partícula sucessivos
potenciais para alterar a sua
• Rotações internas das moléculas direção 3
Vista microscópica de partículas -H&R cap 19
• Note-se que se todas as direcções forem aleatórias e
igualmente prováveis
v¯2 = v¯x2 + v¯y2 + v¯z2 = 3v¯x2
<latexit sha1_base64="17hy0k1qpJYdyJnlHSlDvYI6nBU=">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</latexit>
nM v¯2
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p
vrms = v¯2
• Note-se que a raiz quadrada média da velocidade é
• Com a equação do gás ideal obtém-se
• Cada partícula pode ter direcções diferentes, no entanto, r
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3RT
vrms =
utilizando a definição do valor médio M
2 2 2 2
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v + v + v + ... + v
v¯x2 = x1 x2 x3 xN • Relação direta entre a raiz quadrada média de todas as
N
velocidades das partículas e a temperatura
• Obtém-se • Note-se que ainda existem
partículas com velocidades mais
mN v¯x2 mnNa v¯x2 nM v¯x2
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p=
L3
=
L3
=
V baixas e outras com velocidades
mais elevadas
• No entanto, a média do quadrado é constante em equilíbrio térmico
4
Vista microscópica de partículas -H&R cap 19
• Uma vez que estamos a considerar partículas sem qualquer • Como a massa molar é a massa de 1 mol ou de partículas de
trans
energia potencial possa ser armazenada, toda a energia de Ēc = kT
2
uma partícula é energia cinética translacional
• O valor médio é assim • A uma temperatura T, um gás ideal de partículas sem
1 1 3RT estrutura tem uma energia cinética translacional média
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trans 2
Ēc = mvrms = m
2 2 M definida apenas pela temperatura
• A temperatura é uma medida da energia cinética média