ÔN TẬP NGỮ PHÁP CHỨC NĂNG

Question 1. Fill in each blank with one appropriate word from the box. There are more words
than needed (2pts).
Eragative verbs Verbs are both transitive and intransitive. The object when it is
transitive is the same as the subject when it is intransitive.
Participants The doer and receiver of the action are kinds of ___________.
Generic reference Generic ________ is used when you make a reference to all the
members of a class of people or things.
Interpesonal meaning _________ meaning has to do with the ways in which we act upon
one another through language.
Outward pointing reference Reference which points beyond the text can be called _______
reference.
Formal grammar focuses on rules; analyzes sentences made up to illustrate
different grammatical rules
Functional grammar focuses on the appropriate form for a particular
communicative purpose in a particular context; considers
language a communicative tool and grammar is analyzed to
make and exchange meanings.
Phonology shows the sound system of a particular language
Lexis or lexicology refers to words of vocabulary of a language
Grammar refers to the arrangement of words and the internal structure
of words
Rank indicates different levels of organization within grammar.
Sentence the highest rank of grammatical organization.
word, group, clause, and sentence. four ranks within grammar
Classes parts of speech
Groups phrases
Experiential meaning has to do with the ways language represents our experience of
the world as well as the inner world of our thoughts or feelings
Interpersonal meaning has to do with the ways in which we act upon one another
through language.
Textual meaning has to do with the ways in which a stretch of language is
organized in relation to its context.
Subject, Finite, Object, six grammatical functions
Complement, Adjunct, Predicator
Predicator the word (sometimes a group of words) which does not belong
to any of the referring expressions and which, of the
remainder, makes the most specific contribution to the
meaning of the sentence.
Referrers words which perform the function of referring, normally
coming first in the NG.
Thing The heads of the noun groups
generic signal if a whole class or a subset of a class is being referred to.
Definite or indefinite signal if a subset is identified or unidentified
Backward-pointing reference within the text
Forward-pointing reference
Quantifiers indicated by numerals
Partitives structures which consist of two nouns linked by of
Inclusives a complete group of things either positively or negatively (all,
either, both, each, every, no,…)
Describers tell something about a quality of the Thing/ words performing
this discribing function
Classifiers words which subclassify the things
Nominal Other parts of speech may be used to indicate nouns.
Ideational function/ The Language concerned with building and maintaining a theory of
experiential function/meaning experience
Recipient Indirect object
Beneficiary someone for whose benefit the action
Range provide information about the extent, range, scope of the
process.
delexical verbs Ranges are used in collocations where the verbs have no
experiential meaning
Causatives a kind of extended phase where a second participant occurs
between the two verbs.
Mental processes processes like thinking and believing, seeing and hearing,
liking and hating, and wanting and hoping.
Senser this participant must always be animate and is usually human
Phenomenon the second participant can be the thing, idea, fact, situation or
event which is thought, seen, liked, wanted, and so on
mental-action processes Some processes are between mental and action processes
Verbal processes expressed by verbs such as tell, ask, reply, report, say, suggest,
etc
Attribute a quality or characteristic that someone or something has
Existential process consist of just one participant, known as the existent
Speech act an utterance as a functional unit in communication
indirect speech acts The typical relationships between mood and speech act can be
skewed, creating what
When using language, we not only make propositional statements about objects, entities, states of
affairs, etc., but we also fulfill functions such as requesting, denying, apologizing, etc
unmarked word order. This default word order
Theme point of departure (jumping-off point), which provides a kind
of frame for the interpretation of the rest of the message –
what the clause is about
Rheme everything else in the clause
thematized When other constituents have been moved from their
unmarked position to the front of the clause, they have been
_______
Topical theme the subject
Interpersonal theme showing attitude or feeling.
Textual theme linking the sentences in a text
Pick-up theme may be repeated
Absolute theme stand outside the clauses to provide the framework for
interpreting the whole clause
interpersonal Themes When modal Adjuncts are in the beginning
The Focus the culmination of the new information
Question 2. What is the underlined word or phrase called? (2pts)
As the sun goes a. actor b. goal c. carrier d. affected
down, the sky turns
dark.
I gave the dog a name a. recipient b. affected c. goal d. range
They are conducting a. circumstance b. range c. goal d. affected
an investigation into
the cause of the
accidents.
The price has a. affected b. recipient c. range d. causer
increased greatly due
to inflation.
She was considered a. phenomenon b. goal c. identified d. attribute
the black sheep of the
family.
They are expecting the a. perception b. volition c. affection d. cognition
rainy season.
The figures included a. carrier b. actor c. possessed d. sensor
in the study have been
manipulated
They stated that there a. existent b. attribute c. addresse d. saying
had been a heated
debate concerning the
issues.
As for the syllabus, the a. Textual theme b. Unmarked c. Picked-up d. Absolute
course covers theme theme theme
different aspects of
business trading.
As a result, they a. Absolute theme b. Topical theme c. Textual theme d. Picked-up
decided to expand theme
their business into
different parts of Asia.
What makes it a. Topical theme b. Marked theme c. Non- d. Textual
different from other experiential theme
products is its theme
durability.
John, please clean a. Interpersonal b. Unmarked c. Picked-up d. Textual
your room right away. theme theme theme theme
The course, I don't a. Interpersonal b. Picked-up c. Textual theme d. Unmarked
want to attend it. theme theme theme
1. Poor Jim, he must a. Absolute Theme b. Picked up c. Unmarked Theme
be out of his mind. Theme
2. Jane, I'm truly sorry Textual Theme Interpersonal Experiential Theme
it didn't work out. Theme
3. Few are those who Unmarked Theme Marked Theme Non-Experiential Theme
live to be seventy.
4. As for dessert, we Absolute Theme Picked up Theme Unmarked Theme
have ice-cream, fruit,
and cake.
5. The key to the most Unmarked Theme Marked Theme Non-experiential Theme
difficult question
seems wrong.
6. Therefore, they Unmarked Theme Marked Theme Non-experiential Theme
stayed at home and
watched TV.
7. What will you do? Absolute Theme Picked up Theme Unmarked Theme

1. He was taking a a. range b. sensor c. phenomenon d. goal

look at the brochure.

2. The allegations a. actor b. sensor c. possessed d. carrier

contained in this
report are very
serious.
3. I brought my newly- a. range b. affected c. receiver d. goal
born baby a teddy
bear.
4. They explained that a. attribute b. existent c. saying d. addressee
there were lots of
doubts about the
causes of the accident.
5. The fire spread very a. affected b. causer c. receiver d. range
rapidly because of the
strong wind.
6. Some educationists a. attribute b. addressee c. saying d. phenomenon
expressed some
concern over the
popularity of this
trend.
7. As the lights went a. b. attribute c. carrier d. goal
down, the audience affecte
grew quiet. d
8. Her parents always a. b. causer c. goal d. identifier
regarded her as the attrib
black sheep of the ute
family.
9. He made Alvin a a. range b. attribute c. affected d. goal
treehouse and painted
it brown.
10. The president a. b. perception c. volition d. affection
desires to meet the cognition
new prime minister.
1. He paid a visit to the a. range b. sensor c. phenomenon d. goal
library.

2. He just lacks a little a. actor b. sensor c. possessed d. carrier

confidence.

3. I brought the newly- a. range b. affected c. receiver d. goal

wed couple a bottle a
wine.
4. He explained that a. b. existent c. saying d. addressee
there were lots of attribute
clues as to why there's
three.
5. The leaves have a. affected b. causer c. receiver d. range
started to turn brown.

6. The doctor a. b. addressee c. saying d. phenomenon

expressed some attribute
concern over
dangerous toxins
recently found in food.
7. As the night came, a. b. range c. causer d. goal
he turned on the affecte
lights. d
8. Her parents always a. b. causer c. goal d. phenomenon
regarded her as the identif
smartest of their ier
children.
9. He made Alvin a a. range b. attribute c. affected d. goal
tablet and painted it
green.
10. I don't wish to a. b. perception c. volition d. affection
worry you but he did cognition
say he'd be back by
midnight.

1. The musician a. range b, sensor c. phenomenon d. goal

played a soulful
melody on his
guitar.
2. With a sense of a. actor b. senser c. possessed d. carrier
wonder, she gazed
at the night sky.
3. The magician a. Range b. Goal c. Recipient d. actor
made a bouquet
of flowers appear
out of thin air.
4. John mixed me a. Recipient b. existent c. saying d. Beneficiary
a really good
margarita last
night.
5. A terrible storm a. Affected b. causer c. receiver d. range
took place last
night in the South.
6. We had a a. attribute b. Possessor c. Possessed d. phenomenon
delightful picnic
in the sunny park.
7. Learning a new a. Affected b. Carrier c. Causer d. Goal
language can be
both challenging
and rewarding.
8. Here comes a a. Attribute b. Causer c. Existent d. Phenomenon
large angry
crowd.
9. Could you tell a. Actor b. Goal c. Recipient d. Addressee
my brother to
pick me up at
nine?
10. The president a. cognition b. perception c. volition d. affection
wants to meet the
new prime
minister.

Question 3. Choose G for generic, D for definite or I for indefinite in the spaces provided. (1pt)
1. ____G____ I eat rice everyday.
2. _____D___ These tigers eat meat.
3. ____G____ The sundial was invented long ago.
4. _____I___ My son bought a rabbit.
5. ____D____ We lost the key to the front door.
6. ____G____ A car is a form of transportation
7. ____D____ The Beatles is a British band.
8. ____D____ The dog is barking.
9. ____I____ Bob wants to marry a princess.
10. ____D____ That day, the lunch was served on the terrace.
11. ____I____ I saw a ghost yesterday.
12. ____G____ Mammals breastfeed their young.
13. _____G___ Papyrus was used to make paper.
14. ____I____ A man is taken to hospital after a shooting in X street.
15. ____I____ Students protested
16. ____D____ These Doctors earn good money
 17. ____D____ Greece is nice.
18. ___D_____ The dog is barking
19. ____I____ Kate wants to marry a Japanese.
20. _____D___ The whole package is a lot less than you might think.
1. Bachelors are unmarried. G
2. In the museum he saw a lovely picture. I
3. Scientists have to work very hard and devotedly. G
4. The earth moves around the moon. D
5. The man found a diamond in the corner of the cave. I
6. The whole package is a lot less than you might think. D
7. Penguins live in cold countries. G
8. The girl has lived in a poor village. I
9. A wasp makes its nest in a hole in a tree. G
10. Somebody was in the house. I
Question 4. Analyze the transitivity of the following clauses.
• Action Process: Actor, Goal, Range (Delexical verb), Recipient/Beneficiary
+ Range vs Goal: functions as an object but it cannot be characterized as the participant on the
receiving end of an action. It seems weird to ask a question like “What happened to the
requirement for the degree?”
He completed the requirements for the degree.
The cat climbed the tree.
They sang a good song
+ Range vs Circumstance: range has similar meaning to that of circumstance but it is treated by
the grammar as participants as it can used as a subject in a passive voice. “The requirement for the
degree was completed.”
• Affect Process: Causer, Affected, Ergative verbs, Middle voice
• Mental Process: Senser, Phenomenon
+ Perception: see, hear, notice, feel, taste, and smell.
+ Affection: like, love, admire, miss, fear, and hate.
+ Cognition: think, believe, know, doubt, remember, and forget.
+ Volition: want, need, intend, desire, hope, and wish
• Verbal Process (say, tell, ask, reply, suggest): sayer, saying, addressee
• A relational process is about what things are, what they are like and what they possess.
+ attributive relational process (what things are): carrier – attribute (adj group - quality,
noun group - class, prepositional phrase – circumstance)
+ identifying relational process (what they are like): identified (thường sẽ đứng ở đầu câu,
hẹp nghĩa) – identifier
+ possessive relational proces (own, include, lack, contain, possess): possessor, possessed
• Existential process

process participants Range/circumstance

1. The temperature Reached: attributive The temperature: Yesterday: circumstance
reached 40oC relational process carrier
yesterday. 40oC: attribute
2. Kevin heard a loud Heard: mental Kevin: senser Last night: circumstance
noise outside last process A loud noise outside:
night. phenomenon
3. The color of the Has faded: affect The color of the shirt: Gradually: circumstance
shirt has gradually process affected
faded.
4. The cause of his Is: identifying The cause of his
illness is stress. relational process illness: identified
Stress: identifier
5. Ebola existed in Existed: existential Ebola: existent In Ethiopia: circumstance
Ethiopia. process
6. I offered them to Offered: verbal I: sayer
join with me on the process To join with me on
vacation. the vacation: saying
Me: addressee
7. The expenses Cover: possessive The expenses:
cover meals and relational process possessor
accommodation. Meals and
accomodation:
possessed
8. Jason is playing Is playing: action Jason: actor In the year: circumstance
music in the yard. process Music: recipient
9. Ben played tennis Played: action Ben: actor Tennis: range
yesterday process Yesterday: circumstance
10. Alvin noticed a cut Noticed: mental Alvin: senser
on her finger. process A cut on her finger:
phenomenon
11. Kate’s mom made Made: action process Kate’s mom: actor
her a lovely doll. a lovely doll: goal
her: beneficiary
12. The meal includes Includes: possessive The meal: possessor
a main course and relational process A main course and a
a desert. desert: possessed
13. The temperature Reached: attributive The temperature: Yesterday: circumstance
reached 40C relational process carrier
yesterday. 40oC: attribute
14. This is my own car. Is: identifying This: identified
relational process My owen car:
identifier
15. I was excited to Was excited: mental I: senser
hear that I receive process To hear that I receive
a scholarship. a scholarship:
phenomenon
16. I can recommend
this book to
anyone interested
in food.
17. The cliff face has Has been eroded: The cliff face: affected Steadily: circumstance
been steadily affect process
eroded.
18. She had to make had to make: action She: actor some very difficult
some very difficult process decisions: range
decisions.
19. Adam played ping Played: action Adam: Actor Pingpong: range
pong with his process With his friend:
friends. circumstance
20. Alvin noticed a Noticed: mental Alvin: senser
bruise on his left process A bruise on his left
arm. arm: phenomenon
21. The doctor made Make: action process The doctor: actor
Alvin a bitter- Alvin: Beneficiary
tasting tablet. A bitter tasting tablet:
goal
22. The bill includes Includes: possessive The bill: possessor
tax and service. relational process Tax and service:
possessed
23. This is my secret Is: identifying This: identified
room. relational process My secret room:
identifier
24. I was amazed to Was amazed: mental I: senser
hear that Chris had process To hear that…:
won first prize. phenomenon
25. I can recommend
this book to
anyone interested
in food.
26. The price of gas Has increased: affect The price of gas: Steadily: circumstance
has steadily process affected
increased.
27. She had to make Had to make: action She: actor Another arrangment for
another process the meeting: range
arrangement for
the meeting.
28. After work, he Takes: action process He: actor a lerisurely walk: range
takes a leisurely
walk.
29. The pleasant smell Pleased: mental The plesant smell:
pleased him. process phenomenon
Him: senser
30. His dream is to Is: identifying His dream: identified
travel the world relational process To travel the world
and experience and experience
different cultures different cultures and
and cuisines. cuisines: identifier
31. The dish Comprises: The dish: possessor From different parts of
comprises various possessive relational Various ingreidents: the world: circumstance
ingredients from process possessed
different parts of
the world.
32. John has left you a Has left: action John: actor
chocolate cake. process You: beneficiary
A chocolate cake: goal
33. There were many Were: existential many students: Out side the canteen:
students outside process existent circumstance
the canteen.
34. The ancient broke: affect process The ancient Chinese: Suddenly: circumstance
Chinese vase affected
 suddenly broke.
35. Her house is is: attributive Her house: carrier
situated in the relational process Situated in the heart
heart of the city. of city: attributive
36. Part of the Flows: affect process Part of the into the lakes:
precipitation's precipitation’s water: circumstance
water flows into affected
the lakes.
37. The prime minister Expressed: verbal The prime minister:
expressed his process sayer
desire to achieve His desire to achieve
peace amongst the peace amongst the
nations. nations: saying

Question 5. Identify and decide the level of the following expressions of modality (high, mid,
low). For meaning, write L or R (2pts)
Type Modal meaning/ Level Modal auxiliaries
Positive
High (Certain) must, have (got) to, will, shall, would
Mid (Probably) should, ought to
Low (Possible) may, might, could
Likelihood
Negative
High (Certain) cannot, could not, won’t, shan’t, wouldn’t
Mid (Probably) should not
Low (Possible) may not, might not
Positive
High (Obligation/Necessary) must, have (got) to, will, shall, need
Mid (Advisable) should, ought to
Low (Permitted) can, may
Requirement
Negative
High (Obligation/Necessary) mustn’t, may not, cannot
Mid (Advisable) Shouldn’t, oughn’t to
Low (Permitted) Need not, don’t have to, haven’t got to

Expressions Meaning Level

I'm not sure what he wants from me. sure L H
The roads should be less crowded today. should R M
It isn't compulsory for employers to offer staff private compulsory R H
healthcare, but many do.
That ball was definitely in! definitely L H
They can't have been there. They were away on holiday at can’t L H
that time.
For the experiment to be valid, it is essential to record the essential R H
data accurately.
Question 6. Identify the moods and the most likely speech acts involved the following
utterances. (1pts)
Moods Speech acts Examples
Declarative Statement They bought it.
Interrogative (Yes-No) Question Did they buy it?
Interrogative (Wh questions) Question What did they buy it?
Imperative Directive Buy it.
Exclamative Exclamation How nice it is!

Utterances Mood Speech acts

How have you been doing? Interrogative Question
You have to find the right answer to the questions. Declarative Directive
Can you pass the salt? Interrogative Question
Can you ride a bike? Interrogative Directive/Question
I'd love to go with you but this Friday isn't going to Declarative Statement/Directive
work.