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net/publication/338362936

An Improved FVF Lowpass Filter with 0.02 fJ-FoM

Conference Paper · August 2019

DOI: 10.1109/iCCECE46942.2019.8941672

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2 authors:

Surachoke Thanapitak Chutham Sawigun

Mahidol University imec
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[6].
[2], [3]

modification.
voltage, ECG filter
be ranked as the best on Figure-of-Merit.

I. I NTRODUCTION
Mahidol University
Surachoke Thanapitak

Nakhon Pathom, Thailand

surachoke.tha@mahidol.ac.th
Department of Electrical Engineering

In comparison with recent nano-watt ECG filter, this work can

input signal, the dynamic range of 53.91 dB can be maintained.
and 2.4 nW power consumption. With input-referred noise of
near 0-dB DC gain is established. This proposed ECG filter is
and output, the fourth-order lowpass filter for ECG signal with
is presented. With balanced DC common mode between the input
Abstract—A flipped voltage follower biquads with level shifting

differentail functionof this proposed filter and its simulation

FVF lowpass filter will be presented. The fourth-order psuedo
In the next section, the detail analysis of this modified
more current and power consumption is scarified with this
that the DC common mode at the input (vin2 ) and the
output (vout2 ) are at the same level. As the rule of trade-off,
[4] (M3 ) as shown in Fig. 1(b). This extra transistor ensures
the PMOS FVF biquads by adding a level shifting transistor
To overcome the gain loss for NMOS, this paper redesigns
which degrades the input-referred-noise (IRN) performance
the NMOS FVF biquads has a gain loss due to body effect
higher order filtering. However, in a standard CMOS process,
biquds needs the other NMOS complementary to cascade for
biquads [6]. As shown in Fig. 1(a), this PMOS version of FVF
for ECG application is the Flipped Voltage Follower (FVF)
the best Figure-of-Merit [5] among an ultra-low-power filter
processing [5], [6], [7], [8]. One of the structures which attains
for a nano-power low voltage filter design for ECG signal
a single transistor as a transconductor has been implemented
A single branch or current-reuse structure which employs
designed on a nano-watt block is an anlog lowpass filter [1],
a micro-power scheme. One part of this system which has been
analog signal into a digital domain), has been designed toward
of-band noise) and an analog-to-digitla converter (to digitize
signal from an electrode), a lowpass filter (to remove the out-
combined a low noise preamplifier (to enlarge a weak ECG
An electrocardiogram (ECG) readout system, which
Index Terms—Flipped voltage follower, gm − C filter, low
49.92 µVrms and -60 dB HD3 at the 35 mVP - 100 Hz sinusoidal
simulated on a 0.35 µm CMOS technology with 0.8 V supply

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vin2
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VDD
vin1

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<latexit
IB

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<latexit
M1
VDD

M2

IB
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<latexit
M1
M2

(a)

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<latexit
(b)
C2

biquad with additional level shift transistor.

Bangkok, Thailand
chutham@mut.ac.th

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<latexit
Chutham Sawigun

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<latexit
C 1 M3

conclude the overall merit of this work.

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C1
C2

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<latexit
Department of Electronic Engineering
Mahanakorn University of Technology

IB
vout1

II. A MODIFIED FVF BIQUADS

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<latexit
vout2

shown in Fig. 1(b), the DC level of the input and output are:
of transitor M1 (VSG1 ). With modification with extra M3 as
Fig. 1. (a) The PMOS FVF biquads and (b) The modified version of FVF
An Improved FVF Lowpass Filter with 0.02 fJ-FoM

different between the input and output as source-gate voltage

in Fig. 1, obviously the FVF PMOS in Fig. 1(a) has the DC
Considering the DC common mode for both FVF biquads
results will be shown in Section III. The Section IV will
 VDD
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DC level of vin2 = VDD − VSD2(sat) − VSG1 , (1)

DC level of vout2 = VDD − VSD2(sat) − VSG3 . (2) M2
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Where VDD , VSD2(sat) and VSG3 are the supply voltage,

source-drain saturation of M2 and source-gate voltage of M3 .
If the bias current (IB ) of M1 and M3 is identical, the DC M1
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C 1 M3
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<latexit sha1_base64="NpyhscbJ70FsivHMSF/08R4n98c=">AAAB7nicbVA9SwNBEJ2LXzF+RS1tFhPBQsJdUmgZsLERIpgPSI6wt5kkS/b2jt09IRz5ETYWitj6e+z8N26SKzTxwcDjvRlm5gWx4Nq47reT29jc2t7J7xb29g8Oj4rHJy0dJYphk0UiUp2AahRcYtNwI7ATK6RhILAdTG7nfvsJleaRfDTTGP2QjiQfckaNldrl+35am5X7xZJbcRcg68TLSAkyNPrFr94gYkmI0jBBte56bmz8lCrDmcBZoZdojCmb0BF2LZU0RO2ni3Nn5MIqAzKMlC1pyEL9PZHSUOtpGNjOkJqxXvXm4n9eNzHDGz/lMk4MSrZcNEwEMRGZ/04GXCEzYmoJZYrbWwkbU0WZsQkVbAje6svrpFWteLVK9aFaql9lceThDM7hEjy4hjrcQQOawGACz/AKb07svDjvzseyNedkM6fwB87nD0VAjss=</latexit>

level between vin2 and vout2 is zero.

The modified FVF in Fig. 1(b) can be considered as a
lowpass filter. By applying a small signal equivalent circuit
as a transconductor cell, a gm - C equivalent can be depicted IB
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IB
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as shown in Fig. 2.
0.5C2 <latexit sha1_base64="25X0KE4QBOqP/fK9YLq8ROFfAAw=">AAAB8XicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LLaCBwlJiuix0IvHCvYD21A22027dLMJuxuhhP4LLx4U8eq/8ea/cdvmoK0PBh7vzTAzL0g4U9pxvq3CxubW9k5xt7S3f3B4VD4+aas4lYS2SMxj2Q2wopwJ2tJMc9pNJMVRwGknmDTmfueJSsVi8aCnCfUjPBIsZARrIz1WHfu6Mci8WXVQrji2swBaJ25OKpCjOSh/9YcxSSMqNOFYqZ7rJNrPsNSMcDor9VNFE0wmeER7hgocUeVni4tn6MIoQxTG0pTQaKH+nshwpNQ0CkxnhPVYrXpz8T+vl+rw1s+YSFJNBVkuClOOdIzm76Mhk5RoPjUEE8nMrYiMscREm5BKJgR39eV10vZst2Z7916lfpXHUYQzOIdLcOEG6nAHTWgBAQHP8ApvlrJerHfrY9lasPKZU/gD6/MHhn2PcQ==</latexit>

vin2+ vout2+
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VDD
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C2 vin2 vout2
vout2
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gm2
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vin2
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<latexit sha1_base64="G9CHvWz8g273DSRVRsp8jZhs1t4=">AAAB83icbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LLaCBylJPOix4MVjBfsBTSib7aZdursJuxuhhP4NLx4U8eqf8ea/cdvmoK0PBh7vzTAzL0o508Z1v53SxubW9k55t7K3f3B4VD0+6egkU4S2ScIT1YuwppxJ2jbMcNpLFcUi4rQbTe7mfveJKs0S+WimKQ0FHkkWM4KNlYL6aJAHSiDhz+qDas1tuAugdeIVpAYFWoPqVzBMSCaoNIRjrfuem5owx8owwumsEmSapphM8Ij2LZVYUB3mi5tn6MIqQxQnypY0aKH+nsix0HoqItspsBnrVW8u/uf1MxPfhjmTaWaoJMtFccaRSdA8ADRkihLDp5Zgopi9FZExVpgYG1PFhuCtvrxOOn7Du274D36teVXEUYYzOIdL8OAGmnAPLWgDgRSe4RXenMx5cd6dj2VrySlmTuEPnM8f58aQ3g==</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="DYKEyWFSOd2zDgOcc82eGUC1aEY=">AAAB9XicbVA9SwNBEJ3zM8avqKXNYiJYSLg7Cy0DNpYRzAckZ9jb7CVL9naP3b1IOPI/bCwUsfW/2Plv3CRXaOKDgcd7M8zMCxPOtHHdb2dtfWNza7uwU9zd2z84LB0dN7VMFaENIrlU7RBrypmgDcMMp+1EURyHnLbC0e3Mb42p0kyKBzNJaBDjgWARI9hY6bEy7mVdFSOZGn9a6ZXKbtWdA60SLydlyFHvlb66fUnSmApDONa647mJCTKsDCOcTovdVNMEkxEe0I6lAsdUB9n86ik6t0ofRVLZEgbN1d8TGY61nsSh7YyxGeplbyb+53VSE90EGRNJaqggi0VRypGRaBYB6jNFieETSzBRzN6KyBArTIwNqmhD8JZfXiVNv+pdVf17v1y7zOMowCmcwQV4cA01uIM6NICAgmd4hTfnyXlx3p2PReuak8+cwB84nz+3CpHs</latexit>

M2
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gm1
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1
C1 <latexit sha1_base64="dvnsv764QdI3oa+4Pn8rxO5DCzI=">AAAB/3icbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqODGzWAruJCStAtdFty4rGAf0IQwmU7aoTOTMDMRSszCX3HjQhG3/oY7/8Zpm4W2HrhwOOde7r0nTBhV2nG+rdLa+sbmVnm7srO7t39gHx51VZxKTDo4ZrHsh0gRRgXpaKoZ6SeSIB4y0gsnNzO/90CkorG419OE+ByNBI0oRtpIgX1S8yKJcObm2SjIPMkhb+Z5LbCrTt2ZA64StyBVUKAd2F/eMMYpJ0JjhpQauE6i/QxJTTEjecVLFUkQnqARGRgqECfKz+b35/DcKEMYxdKU0HCu/p7IEFdqykPTyZEeq2VvJv7nDVIdXfsZFUmqicCLRVHKoI7hLAw4pJJgzaaGICypuRXiMTJ5aBNZxYTgLr+8SrqNutusN+4a1dZlEUcZnIIzcAFccAVa4Ba0QQdg8AiewSt4s56sF+vd+li0lqxi5hj8gfX5A0lolY0=</latexit>
gm3
<latexit sha1_base64="BrVocq0Q+DN7mAQ8QD/1IaC+mf4=">AAAB7nicbVA9SwNBEJ3zM8avqKXNYiJYSLiLhZaBNJYRzAckR9jb7CVL9vaO3TkhHPkRNhaK2Pp77Pw3bpIrNPHBwOO9GWbmBYkUBl3329nY3Nre2S3sFfcPDo+OSyenbROnmvEWi2WsuwE1XArFWyhQ8m6iOY0CyTvBpDH3O09cGxGrR5wm3I/oSIlQMIpW6lQag8ybVQalslt1FyDrxMtJGXI0B6Wv/jBmacQVMkmN6Xlugn5GNQom+azYTw1PKJvQEe9ZqmjEjZ8tzp2RS6sMSRhrWwrJQv09kdHImGkU2M6I4tisenPxP6+XYnjnZ0IlKXLFlovCVBKMyfx3MhSaM5RTSyjTwt5K2JhqytAmVLQheKsvr5N2rerdVGsPtXL9Oo+jAOdwAVfgwS3U4R6a0AIGE3iGV3hzEufFeXc+lq0bTj5zBn/gfP4AMtqOvw==</latexit>

M1
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C 1 M3
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<latexit sha1_base64="NpyhscbJ70FsivHMSF/08R4n98c=">AAAB7nicbVA9SwNBEJ2LXzF+RS1tFhPBQsJdUmgZsLERIpgPSI6wt5kkS/b2jt09IRz5ETYWitj6e+z8N26SKzTxwcDjvRlm5gWx4Nq47reT29jc2t7J7xb29g8Oj4rHJy0dJYphk0UiUp2AahRcYtNwI7ATK6RhILAdTG7nfvsJleaRfDTTGP2QjiQfckaNldrl+35am5X7xZJbcRcg68TLSAkyNPrFr94gYkmI0jBBte56bmz8lCrDmcBZoZdojCmb0BF2LZU0RO2ni3Nn5MIqAzKMlC1pyEL9PZHSUOtpGNjOkJqxXvXm4n9eNzHDGz/lMk4MSrZcNEwEMRGZ/04GXCEzYmoJZYrbWwkbU0WZsQkVbAje6svrpFWteLVK9aFaql9lceThDM7hEjy4hjrcQQOawGACz/AKb07svDjvzseyNedkM6fwB87nD0VAjss=</latexit>

Fig. 2. gm - C equivalent of the modified FVF filter.

In Fig. 2, gm1 and gm3 represents M1 and M3 while M2 is

IB IB
depicted by gm2 . The voltage transfer function of this modified <latexit sha1_base64="b1WNyufAB1Mlpddd6NkRlI0LFjc=">AAAB7HicbVA9TwJBEJ3FL8Qv1NJmI5hYGHKHhZZEG+0w8YAELmRv2YMNe3uX3T0TcuE32FhojK0/yM5/4wJXKPiSSV7em8nMvCARXBvH+UaFtfWNza3idmlnd2//oHx41NJxqijzaCxi1QmIZoJL5hluBOskipEoEKwdjG9nfvuJKc1j+WgmCfMjMpQ85JQYK3nV+/5NtV+uODVnDrxK3JxUIEezX/7qDWKaRkwaKojWXddJjJ8RZTgVbFrqpZolhI7JkHUtlSRi2s/mx07xmVUGOIyVLWnwXP09kZFI60kU2M6ImJFe9mbif143NeG1n3GZpIZJulgUpgKbGM8+xwOuGDViYgmhittbMR0RRaix+ZRsCO7yy6ukVa+5l7X6Q73SuMjjKMIJnMI5uHAFDbiDJnhAgcMzvMIbkugFvaOPRWsB5TPH8Afo8weQVo3K</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b1WNyufAB1Mlpddd6NkRlI0LFjc=">AAAB7HicbVA9TwJBEJ3FL8Qv1NJmI5hYGHKHhZZEG+0w8YAELmRv2YMNe3uX3T0TcuE32FhojK0/yM5/4wJXKPiSSV7em8nMvCARXBvH+UaFtfWNza3idmlnd2//oHx41NJxqijzaCxi1QmIZoJL5hluBOskipEoEKwdjG9nfvuJKc1j+WgmCfMjMpQ85JQYK3nV+/5NtV+uODVnDrxK3JxUIEezX/7qDWKaRkwaKojWXddJjJ8RZTgVbFrqpZolhI7JkHUtlSRi2s/mx07xmVUGOIyVLWnwXP09kZFI60kU2M6ImJFe9mbif143NeG1n3GZpIZJulgUpgKbGM8+xwOuGDViYgmhittbMR0RRaix+ZRsCO7yy6ukVa+5l7X6Q73SuMjjKMIJnMI5uHAFDbiDJnhAgcMzvMIbkugFvaOPRWsB5TPH8Afo8weQVo3K</latexit>

FVF biquads is
gm1 gm2
vout2 (s)
=  C1 C2 . (3) Fig. 3. Pseudodifferential configuration of Fig. 1(b).
vin2 (s) s + s gCm2
2 + gm1 gm2
2 C1 C2

Where C1 and C2 is the filter capacitor. The small-signal 6.05 pF and C2a = 3.69 pF while C1b = 10.23 pF and
IB C2b = 1.51 pF for the latter stage.
transconductance of M1 and M2 are: gm1 = 0.5gm2 = nU T
,
n is the subthreshold slope of PMOS and UT is the thermal
voltage. The natural frequency ωc and quality factor (Q) of + +
the transfer function in eq. (3) can be defined as:
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vin vout
<latexit sha1_base64="sxBNhu9YsnJKwbdcUf7aP5yiJv0=">AAAB73icbVC7TgJBFL2LL8QXamkzEUwsDNnFQksSG0tM5JHAhswOF5gwO7vOzJKQDT9hY6Extv6OnX/jAFsoeJJJTs65N3PPCWLBtXHdbye3sbm1vZPfLeztHxweFY9PmjpKFMMGi0Sk2gHVKLjEhuFGYDtWSMNAYCsY38391gSV5pF8NNMY/ZAOJR9wRo2V2uVJL+VyVu4VS27FXYCsEy8jJchQ7xW/uv2IJSFKwwTVuuO5sfFTqgxnAmeFbqIxpmxMh9ixVNIQtZ8u7p2RC6v0ySBS9klDFurvjZSGWk/DwE6G1Iz0qjcX//M6iRnc+jZQnBiUbPnRIBHERGQenvS5QmbE1BLKFLe3EjaiijJjKyrYErzVyOukWa1415XqQ7VUu8rqyMMZnMMleHADNbiHOjSAgYBneIU358l5cd6dj+Vozsl2TuEPnM8fpOWPog==</latexit>

FVF-Pa FVF-Pb <latexit sha1_base64="pCqVucaz+LuJnwCIUOPCSYiN1gE=">AAAB9HicbVDLTgJBEOzFF+IL9ehlIph4MGQXD3ok8eIRE3kksCGzwwAT5rHOzJKQDd/hxYPGePVjvPk3DrAHBSvppFLVne6uKObMWN//9nIbm1vbO/ndwt7+weFR8fikaVSiCW0QxZVuR9hQziRtWGY5bceaYhFx2orGd3O/NaHaMCUf7TSmocBDyQaMYOuksDzppV0tkErsrNwrlvyKvwBaJ0FGSpCh3it+dfuKJIJKSzg2phP4sQ1TrC0jnM4K3cTQGJMxHtKOoxILasJ0cfQMXTiljwZKu5IWLdTfEykWxkxF5DoFtiOz6s3F/7xOYge3YcpknFgqyXLRIOHIKjRPAPWZpsTyqSOYaOZuRWSENSbW5VRwIQSrL6+TZrUSXFeqD9VS7SqLIw9ncA6XEMAN1OAe6tAAAk/wDK/w5k28F+/d+1i25rxs5hT+wPv8AUG7kbA=</latexit>

r r <latexit sha1_base64="hRI7Vz25ke/T6yPVIs+ye6PsDHk=">AAAB6nicbVA9TwJBEJ3DL8Qv1NJmI5hYKLnDQksSG0uM8pHAhewte7Bhb++yO2dCCD/BxkJjbP1Fdv4bF7hCwZdM8vLeTGbmBYkUBl3328mtrW9sbuW3Czu7e/sHxcOjpolTzXiDxTLW7YAaLoXiDRQoeTvRnEaB5K1gdDvzW09cGxGrRxwn3I/oQIlQMIpWeihflnvFkltx5yCrxMtICTLUe8Wvbj9macQVMkmN6Xhugv6EahRM8mmhmxqeUDaiA96xVNGIG38yP3VKzqzSJ2GsbSkkc/X3xIRGxoyjwHZGFIdm2ZuJ/3mdFMMbfyJUkiJXbLEoTCXBmMz+Jn2hOUM5toQyLeythA2ppgxtOgUbgrf88ippViveVaV6Xy3VLrI48nACp3AOHlxDDe6gDg1gMIBneIU3RzovzrvzsWjNOdnMMfyB8/kDJguM+Q==</latexit> >tixetal/<==Q+MugJDk/8ByfMMndONjWszvrzvozR3UIenBIMg1gDg6eDDxlHOA3pCAn84IrLV3yX6VaVeviVppi88frgbUgOtxgpp2AhtyeLyQot5MUOh2nJ+zMmBXCToELbXJikUJyfbMMFdm3/JuZ2mdIFGZHwjyoxGRIx3X/ckkSbsG2JSzqzKV3Py83GIGNVx69AiaDUeqxmhmm8MRhaE6vguhX6NmkMVQcam9jbvW8eULTCItMxrCy5xtlkFvnlfhieWpIMQlIQo/I3nwxRrGxGc90WzvDdg1K5BaEnRvTeoQRDiXoLaAY7WLTxDiXzTlopjOcxHs/e7uzC3Wubs9Wrtm8233lBUkYBmbGTeLv8MdZwCh7Fb4vdF1PbjJkxB/DCCd2Oy++bhB7etwehAHp8Mu0GSskQDnLKYh5ImJN1vQ8LD3JEBJwT9AVbcin6BAAA>"=kHDsP6ey+sIVPy6T/ek52zV7IRh"=46esab_1ahs tixetal<

gm1 gm2 IB 2
ωc = = , (4)
C1 C2 nUT C1 C2
r C1a = 6.05 pF C1b = 10.23 pF
C2
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Q = (5) C2a = 3.69 pF C2b = 1.51 pF

2C1 <latexit sha1_base64="w2Q5aCQIERh0/KRZU5b1s9nZlZk=">AAAB/3icbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqODGzWAruJCQpOBjIRQK4rKCfUAbwmQ6aYfOJGFmIpTYhb/ixoUibv0Nd/6N0zYLrR64cDjnXu69J0gYlcq2v4zC0vLK6lpxvbSxubW9Y+7utWScCkyaOGax6ARIEkYj0lRUMdJJBEE8YKQdjOpTv31PhKRxdKfGCfE4GkQ0pBgpLfnmQaXuZz3BoYsmFXgFq9bZJUyufbNsW/YM8C9xclIGORq++dnrxzjlJFKYISm7jp0oL0NCUczIpNRLJUkQHqEB6WoaIU6kl83un8BjrfRhGAtdkYIz9edEhriUYx7oTo7UUC56U/E/r5uq8MLLaJSkikR4vihMGVQxnIYB+1QQrNhYE4QF1bdCPEQCYaUjK+kQnMWX/5KWazlVy711y7XTPI4iOARH4AQ44BzUwA1ogCbA4AE8gRfwajwaz8ab8T5vLRj5zD74BePjG/Ohk2Y=</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="zTZgGeh86/WypZHWeCoa76DEL6c=">AAAB/3icbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqODGzWAruJCSREQ3QqEgLivYB7QhTKaTdujMJMxMhBK78FfcuFDErb/hzr9x2mah1QMXDufcy733hAmjSjvOl1VYWl5ZXSuulzY2t7Z37N29lopTiUkTxyyWnRApwqggTU01I51EEsRDRtrhqD712/dEKhqLOz1OiM/RQNCIYqSNFNgHlXqQ9SSHXjipwCvoVs9dmFwHdtmpOjPAv8TNSRnkaAT2Z68f45QToTFDSnVdJ9F+hqSmmJFJqZcqkiA8QgPSNVQgTpSfze6fwGOj9GEUS1NCw5n6cyJDXKkxD00nR3qoFr2p+J/XTXV06WdUJKkmAs8XRSmDOobTMGCfSoI1GxuCsKTmVoiHSCKsTWQlE4K7+PJf0vKq7lnVu/XKtdM8jiI4BEfgBLjgAtTADWiAJsDgATyBF/BqPVrP1pv1Pm8tWPnMPvgF6+Mb5F2TXA==</latexit>

From eq. (3), the DC gain of this modified FVF lowpass Fig. 4. Fourth order LPF based on the biquad in Fig. 3
filter is zero-dB which is a significant improvement when in
comparison with [6] which has a gain loss. The tunability The supply voltage (VDD ) of this 4th order filter is
of this filter’s bandwidth is controlled by the bias current as 0.8 V and the input DC common mode is set to 0.2 V.
shown in eq. (4). The single end form of Fig. 1(b) can be The following results are simulated with 0.35 µm standard
configured as a pseudodifferential to increase the linear input CMOS technology. The size of transistor M1 , M2 and M3 is
range [6] as shown in Fig. 3. The price to pay is an increase 25 µm / 5 µm. With three various bias currents (IB = 0.03,
on the chip area (a duplicate of M1 , M2 , M3 and C1 ) and 0.3 and 3 nA), the tuned bandwidth is 10.24, 99.88 and
200 % more power consumption. 873.3 Hz respectively which shown in Fig. 5. This reveals
the frequency tunability of this work is nearly two-decades.
III. F OURTH - ORDER LPF AND SIMULATION RESULTS Under IB = 0.3 nA, the 100 runs Monte-Carlo simulation is
The fourth order filter is realized as shown in Fig. 4 with determined on the following parameters. Frequency response
two biquads from Fig. 3. With targeting for ECG application and bandwidth are shown in Fig. 6 and 7, respectively. The
(100 Hz bandwidth), the first stage is design with C1a = mean value of f−3dB is 100.2 Hz with 2.82 Hz variation. This
 proposed circuit is superior and improved from the predecessor
FVF filter in [6].

Fig. 8. 100 runs Monte-Carlo simulation on HD3 with IB = 0.3 nA.

Fig. 5. The frequency response with IB = 0.03, 0.3 and 3 nA.

mis-match simulation confirms the robustness of this design

under device variation.

Fig. 9. 100 runs Monte-Carlo simulation on THD with IB = 0.3 nA.

The simulation reveals the RMS output noise under 1 to

100 Hz which is 49.52 µVRMS . The mismatch simulation of
this output noise is also shown in Fig.10 and gives the mean
value of 49.33 µVRMS . The output noise of this proposed
improved FVF circuit is slightly higher than [6] due to more
active elements.

Fig. 6. 100 runs Monte-Carlo simulation on frequency response with

IB = 0.3 nA.

Fig. 10. 100 runs Monte-Carlo simulation on the output noise with
IB = 0.3 nA.

Finally, the dynamic range of this filter from the simulation

(53.91 dB) is agreeable with the Monte-Carlo result in Fig. 11
which yields the mean value of 53 dB.
All significant parameters of this proposed 4th order filter
are compared with other recent works as shown in Table I.
Nevertheless, the supply voltage and power consumption of
Fig. 7. 100 runs Monte-Carlo simulation on bandwidth with IB = 0.3 nA.
this work is inferior than [6], this trade-off on power gives
a near 0-dB DC gain and better performance on the DR and
The linearity of this filter is tested with the 35 mVP - FoM. The calculation of FoM can be referred from [5].
100 Hz sinusoidal signal which gives -60 dB HD3 and 0.14 %
THD. The Monte-Carlo simulation on HD3 and THD, as IV. C ONCLUSION
shown in Fig. 8 and 9, give the average value of -60.08 dB A fourth-order lowpass filter which is suitable for ECG
and 0.173 %, respectively. This means that the linearity of this signal processing is presented. Based on the flipped voltage
Fig. 11. 100 runs Monte-Carlo simulation on dynamic range with
IB = 0.3 nA.

TABLE I
S UMMARY AND C OMPARISON WITH OTHER S TATE -O F -T HE -A RT F ILTERS

Reference This work [6] [5] [7] [8]

VDD (V) 0.8 0.6 0.9 3 1.5
Technology (µm) 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
Order 4 4 4 4 4
Bandwidth (Hz) 99.88 101 100 100 100
IRN (µVrms ) 49.92 46.27 80.5 29 39.38
HD3 (dB) -60 -60 -50 -60 -50
DR (dB) 53.91 47 48.2 55.7 56.9
Power (W) 2.4 n 0.9 n 4.26 n 15 n 5.25 n
Power per pole (W) 0.6 n 0.23 n 1.06 n 3.75 n 1.3 n
DC gain (dB) -0.07 -2.77 -0.05 0 -0.09
FoM (fJ) 0.02 0.05 0.16 0.1 0.03

follower, this improved version of FVF biquads [5] can be

cascaded for higher order without concerning of gain loss
which increasing the input-referred noise. By sacrificing power
and more active elements, not only near 0-dB DC gain can be
achieved but also better Figure-of-Merit and dynamic range
are obtained.
R EFERENCES
[1] S. Y. Lee and C. J. Cheng, “Systematic Design and Modeling of a OTA-
C Filter for Portable ECG Detection,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical
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[2] C. Y. Sun and S. Y. Lee, “A Fifth-Order Butterworth OTA-C LPF with
Multiple-Output Differential-Input OTA for ECG Applications,” IEEE
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[3] B. Gosselin, M. Sawan, and E. Kerherve, “Linear-Phase Delay Filters
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