Guide

How to become
a mentor?

buddysystem.eu

2020
Welcome,
our dearest new mentor !
You have decided to join the Buddy System
adventure by mentoring an international
student. But do you know what to begin with?
This guide will help you to support your
buddy.1

It can be through administrative procedures,

but it can also be through intercultural
adaptation. This booklet will provide you
general guidance, but you need to keep in
mind every person has different needs.

1 Buddy: your Buddy is the mentee you are matched with, the interna-
tional student you will be mentoring.

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Sommaire

INTRODUCTION 3

Support your buddy with administrative procedures 7

Support your buddy in his/her daily life 8
Support your buddy in a new culture 9
Arriving in a new country : cultural shock 9
What is culture ? 9
Cultural shock 10
Several phases within the intercultural shock 11
How can I help my buddy ? 12
Contacting your buddy: dealing with the intercultural
communication 14
The interculturality basis 14
Behaviours and interculturality 14
How to avoid stereotypes and ethnocentrism ? 14
The intercultural communication 15
Intercultural communication styles 15
How to dialogue ? The non-verbal language 16
Some tips to best communicate with your buddy: 17
Blended mobilities - being a virtual mentor only 18
Some tips to start smoothly with your buddy ! 20

Conclusion 21
Lexicon 21
Ressources 22

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 INTRODUCTION

1. What’s a
mentor?

A mentor is a person in charge of helping an international student and making

sure he/she enjoys his/her stay in his new country (like a tutor). Among a mentor’s
missions, here are the most important ones:

• Get to know your mentee2 ; ease his/her social life. It can be : introduce him
or her to new people, show him/her places where he/she can have fun during
his or her stay in France, inform about several facilities organized by different
organisations (for example : universities, schools, associations, …).

• Support him/her in the administrative procedures: Understanding the local

administration system might be complicated for someone coming from abroad,
especially if he/she doesn’t know the local language. You might have already
experienced it!

• Contribute to the Buddy System platform: as you fully are a user on the platform,
it is most likely that we will ask you for your feedback about the Buddy System.
Thanks in advance for answering and giving your opinion!

• Be aware of your involvement: read the next part about it!

2 Mentee: the mentee is the international student you will be mentoring, you are his/her
mentor and Buddy.

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 2. The ideal mentor:
the 8 golden rules

When you subscribed on the platform, you chose to help an international student
therefore to be involved in easing the stay of this person in your country. Here are
basic rules you agree to follow as a mentor.

Your profile fills in you will. You need to fill in information on your
1 profile (hobbies, spoken languages, motivations, etc.) in order to allow
an accurate matching. Otherwise, this matching will be random, and you
may be assigned to someone you don’t have a lot in common with.

2 Goodwill demonstrate you will. The Buddy System is meant for

friendship bonding. Its purpose must not be diverted (for example
dating, profit motive, etc.). It is a tool that allows an international student
to get a personalized welcome. You need to be vigilant, considerate and
respectful. It aims at creating a trustful relationship, as equals.

3
Your buddy wait for you shall not. You chose to have one or several
buddies. In any case, don’t leave them apart. Contact them as soon as
you can, once you receive an email about a new matching. Also, if your
buddy is troubled with integration or needs a meeting with you, please
answer him/her. He/she is counting on you!

4 In case of resignation, your Buddy Coordinator inform you will.

If you have to resign from your mentoring position (lack of time, moving
to another city or else), you need to keep your Buddy Coordinator up to
date. He/she will then be able to find another mentor for your buddy.

5
Involvement, your keyword will be. Your support may be essential for
your buddy. Honor your involvement, stay available for a few meetings and
tour the city and the campus with him/her (within a reasonable distance).
Your help is very precious and will make your buddy feel welcomed.

6 Culturally adapt you will. You buddy just arrived from abroad: cultural
adaptation is not an easy thing! You’ll stay aware of difficulties your
buddy might encounter. Show empathy to him/her. Some people don’t
need a long time to adapt to their new life, some are less self-reliant.

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 7
His/her special contact person you will be. Helping a buddy means
introducing him/her to a new living spot. But you need to know your limits!
You have a mission of orientation and support in order to empower your
buddy’s integration. It must not cause an excessive involvement on your
side. If you have a doubt about one of your buddy’s request, do not
hesitate to contact your Buddy Coordinator.

8 To your BC3 answer you will: Your BC can contact you to follow up
on your mentor’s mission. He/she might also ask you for feedback or
invite you to an event. Although you are being independent in your
mentor’s mission, you are still connected to a group of mentors (and
your university or an ESN association). He/she’s counting on you and will
be encouraged by your contribution!

3 BC- Buddy Coordinator: this is the person that is managing the matching on the plat-
form, and also organising supporting activities for buddies, either in a student association or
within your Higher Education Institution.

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Support your buddy with
administrative procedures

Procedures we are about to mention are general:

each region, department, city has its own specificity!
Please get to know these administrative formalities by
contacting your city council or your university.

It may be difficult for your buddy to arrive in this new country, work on
administrative procedures or get to know places to socialize. As a mentor, it is
important to know about these procedures in order to direct your buddy towards
the right contact people if needed.

Housing:
If your buddy doesn’t have a flat when he/she arrives, you can help him/
her by redirecting him/her to housing websites or Facebook groups.

Bank account opening:

It depends on the situation of your buddy, but you may help him/her to
open a bank account. It will help him/her to get payments for wages
or social grants.

Phone number:
You can also help him/her find a mobile package (cheap and non-
binding offer) in order to ease his/her communication and connection
to the internet.

Insurance:
Ask your buddy if he/she needs insurance, according to his/her
situation (housing, student life, health, …)

Of course, all of this may be scary, but you can count on the support of your Buddy
Coordinator (ESN’s volunteers’ or university staff).

They will know how to help you in case of any problems. Higher Education Institutions
and/or associations often have booklets about welcoming internationals, like the
“international student survival guide” to help newcomers.

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Support your buddy in his/
her daily life
Your buddy just arrived in the city and doesn’t know
useful daily places yet! As his/her mentor, you have to
show him/her around the city but also give him/her tips
and show him/her typical areas.
Here are important places to show him/her:

Student life areas:

Give your buddy a tour of the campus! Show him/her where are
important places he/she may use during his/her stay (restaurant,
classrooms, library, student house, …). You can also show sports
facilities and activities. Don’t forget to mention associations on the
campus!

Cultural areas: your buddy may want to see cultural places or attend
cultural events in the city.

Places to shop: show him/her supermarkets, local markets and

clothing or hobbies stores...

Places to go out: introduce him/her to cultural places (cinemas,

museums, public libraries, …) and student-friendly addresses
(restaurants, cafés, bars, …)

Places for hobbies: although your school or university already offers

a bunch of activities, you can tell your buddy about other activities
outside the campus.

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 Support your buddy in
a new culture

Helping your buddy through administrative procedures

and showing him/her around the city are necessary
steps but it might not enough to fully include your
buddy in his/her new environment.
The following steps will help you understand
intercultural differences in order to communicate
smoothly and get to know your buddy. It will help
you understand difficulties international students face
when they arrive in a new country.

What is culture ?
It’s a set of values, representations, knowledge, beliefs, rules, behaviours
transferred and acquired within a group (ethnicity, socio-professional
category,). Culture offers us a “normality” system and point of references.
It helps us understand what actions are expected in several situations.
Culture helps us to determine ways of communication with other members
of the group and to evaluate what is appropriate to do or not (Gratton, 2009).

Arriving in a new country: a cultural shock

Your buddy arrives in a cultural environment which can be similar or different from
the environment he/she used to live in any case, he/she will have to learn new
codes. Here are a few keys to understand cultural shock better.

Culture cannot be summarized only in art, literature, sciences, politics or history,

as it may be in common language!

It is mostly unconscious: we often represent culture like an iceberg, with a visible

and an invisible part. Culture is transferred to individuals by different “forces”
(education system, history, religion, family, media, economy).

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 “External” culture:
it is what we refer to when
we mention culture usually. It
gathers all noticeable stuff:
words, behaviour, habits and
all what has been explicitly
learned. We are aware of this
part of culture and it is easy
to change.

“Internal” culture:
we are not aware of it; it is
rooted in every individual.
It gathers every implicit
knowledge. We learn it from
the moment we are born
and it’s difficult to change it.
This part gives us a sense
of what’s moral or immoral
and how to act in every
situation. It’s norms, values,
beliefs, perceptions. Cultural
misunderstandings often
result from internal culture.

You need to know about

when you get to know your
buddy!

Cultural shock

When your buddy arrives in its new country, he/she faces a new environment with
codes which are different from the ones he/she used to know daily. This ‘meeting’
with a new country is called cultural shock. This phenomenon is acting differently
on everyone, the adaptation period can be quick or last.
If you took part in an intercultural exchange, you already experienced it!

Cultural shock:
it gathers reactions and emotions a person may have, when living in a culture
different than its original one (Mocton University, 2012).

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It is a disorientation suffered by a person. It is caused by the loss of his/her cultural
references (codes, models, symbols…), which usually are reference points. There
is no need to worry though: cultural shock is a normal and constructive experience.
It is part of the integration process.

You can experience it in between two cultures, national or regional one. Although
some cultures are close, it is possible to experience cultural shock: A French
person can experience cultural discomfort in Belgium.
Little daily things can be less obvious than usually: like how to say hello or approach
someone, where to buy socks, etc.

Some new habits for your buddy may not be understood. It may lead to
misunderstandings, shock him/her, make him/her feel stupid or unskilled to face a
situation. At that moment, your mentor’s role is essential!

Several phases within the intercultural shock

Honeymoon: Everything is attractive, beautiful, fresh and new. Your buddy will
probably want to discover all the city and will probably show spontaneous curiosity
Clues: positive attitude, excitement, curiosity, dynamism

Crisis (or confrontation): it often when routine settles and when lessons at
university begins. Your buddy changes his/her status from a “tourist” to a “resident”.
Losing his/her markers is more and more painful. Uncertaintainty he/she faces
regarding behaviours to adopt is more and more difficult to stand. It becomes
tiring to express himself/herself and hear another language.

Cultural differences are frightening, frustrating and misunderstood resentment

toward the new culture appears, along with a moral, psychological and physical
tiredness. He/she misses his home country.
Clues: anger, illness, sickness, depression, fatigue, homesickness, sleep disorder,
confusion, isolation. Idealization of the home country, exacerbated criticism toward
the new country.

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Recovery: adaptation begins. Local habits become daily habits. Your buddy is
able to understand cultural habits in his/her new country without judging it. He/she
is more confident in himself/herself and he/she is at ease with culture. Depending
on the person, this phase may happen shortly after the crisis, or may take time
before happening.
Clues: emotions are more stable, sense of humor is back, rising energy.

Adjustment: adaptation goes on. New cultural codes are internalized, and cultural
norms are automatic. Your buddy feels familiar and finds harmony between its
home culture and the new one.
Clues: motivation, cultural comfort, willingness to learn, cultural exploration.

Benefits from the cultural shock:

• Developing a new view on his/her home culture
• Acquiring more confidence in himself/herself
• Learning how to put in perspective cultural concepts
• Acquiring more awareness about himself/herself and others
• Being able to adapt to a new environment
• Understanding better intercultural issues
• When leaving this new country, he/she might dread going back home. Your
buddy is infused with this mobility experience and will go back to his/her daily
life before mobility: it is the reverse culture shock. You will find more details
about it in the section “learning further”.

How can I help my buddy?

If your buddy is irritable, it may be because he/she misses his/her home country, or
he/she doesn’t feel at ease in his new country. Here are some advices to help him/
her go through this phase.

Your buddy is not yet in your country:

Describe local life : in order to minimize nasty surprises and a behaviour gap,
you can take time to tell him/her how life is going on in your town (weather, political
situation, manners, danger in your city, places to discover, meal time, …). You could
also advise him/her on documentaries or websites about your city or region.

Welcome him/her at the train station or set your first meeting: it will be
reassuring for an international student to know a person will welcome him/her
when he/she arrives.

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Your buddy arrived in his/her new country:

Ease the social environment for your buddy: Involving him/her in student life
is a first step. It will help him/her build friendships. It will also help him/her discover
new people having the same hobbies or experiencing the same situation. You can
introduce him/her to associations (such as ESN), tell him/her about welcome days
or events organized by higher education. Do not hesitate to encourage situations
where he/she can meet local or international students, you can even introduce him/
her to your friends. You buddy may want to find his/her home culture and speak
his/her mother tongue: then introduce him/her to people of his/her own nationality!

Be patient and accept misunderstanding: it will not be all easy at first! Encourage
your buddy to ask questions, there are no silly questions. Some questions may be
obvious to you, but there are not so for everyone! Be benevolent and don’t make
fun about how he/she may comment or act. Do not hesitate to rephrase when you
have a doubt about his/her understanding. You can also directly explain various
daily situations.

Show empathy: try to imagine a similar situation. If you already experienced

international mobility, you could discuss it with him/her! You must be aware
everybody doesn’t have the same adaptation time.

Don’t be susceptible or too sensible: we all have a tendency to take criticism

personally, when someone is talking about our home country or home region. It’s
good to take a step back and try to place ourselves from the other’s point of view.

If he/she doesn’t respect a cultural code, take time to explain how this is
considered an offense.

Describe local habits and celebrations: you can take time with him/her to
describe local/national celebrations and its meaning.

A sensitive time of the year: celebrations by the end of the year can bring
nostalgia, especially if your buddy cannot go home. Traditions may be different
from one country to another, he/she may miss his/her family or friends more than
usual. You can gather information about events within the city, within associations
or within universities (such as Christmas together, intercultural Christmas, etc…). It
will help not to feel lonely.
You can also support him/her by helping sending postcards to his family, shop for
celebration or cooking a typical dish from your region!
These advices are meant for you to support your buddy at your best.
There’re general advices, but each person has different needs, so just talk about
it with him/her!

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Contacting your buddy:
dealing with the intercultural
communication

The interculturality basis

Being comfortable with interculturality is a real skill, which

requires time to be fully mastered. It requires acquiring
a certain knowledge (e.g. intercultural dimensions), know-
hows (e.g. dealing with an intercultural conflict) and social
skills (e.g. empathy). Adapting your dialogue to a person with
a different cultural background is not necessarily intuitive: here are some tips to
develop and maintain a good relationship with your buddy. If you want to know
more, check the “Learning Further” section.
Interculturality
it is a meeting, an acknowledgment of the difference, a dialogue and a
personal enrichment. It is a process of discovering and accepting another
culture in a horizontal and synergetic way.

Behaviours and interculturality

Stereotypes vs Generalisations
These two behaviours are often mixed up but actually are very different:
• Stereotypes: they are beliefs linked to group members characteristics (nationality,
genre, a physical specificity…). Stereotypes are biased beliefs shared by a great
number of people. They often lead to discrimination and alter the perception
we have of an individual, either positively or negatively. They stop you from
acknowledging the diversity of the group members, leading to the thought that
any person from the group is interchangeable.

• Scientific generalisations: they are common behaviours observed in a given

culture, studied during research on the population (questionnaires, interviews,
observations, etc). These are prevailing tendencies analysed by scientific
methods, that help understanding main traits of a culture (e.g. in Japan,
observing hierarchy is paramount). These studies have led to defining cultural
dimensions, to be able to compare and analyse different cultures.

• Discrimination: it is a behaviour that denies the fair treatment that any individual
should receive.

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Ethnocentrism vs Ethnorelativism
• Ethnocentrism: using your own cultural norms to judge others’ behaviour. It is a
cultural trap, often thoughtless
• Ethnorelativism: being able to adapt your behaviour and judgment according
to the cultural context and feeling comfortable with different cultural norms and
values.

How to avoid stereotypes and ethnocentrism?

The first step is being aware of it! Everyone has preconceived ideas; it is a typical
process of the human brain. However, it is important to understand that they are
not the truth and reconsider your own behaviours and reactions or expectations
toward a person.

You can educate yourself by doing your own research, attending lectures and of
course talking about it with your buddy!

The intercultural communication

The habits linked to language depend on a deeper level of culture, which is the
reason why when you talk to your buddy in the same language, some conversations
may lead to misunderstandings and quiproquos. You can make the right use of
words but use different ways of communicating them and different gestures from
the person you are talking to, and the message can be completely misunderstood.
Here are some concepts that can help you understand:

Intercultural communication styles

Edward T. Hall, an American anthropologist, observes the two following tendencies:

• “low context” communication style: the style uses the literal meaning of
words to understand the main contents in the conversation. There are no (or
little) hidden messages or meanings. The priority is to focus on the main content
of the discussion and talking in an explicit manner, being the most direct. The
discussions are then more informal.
• “high context” communication style: This style softens the words in an
attempt not to hurt the person you are talking to. The information is often
insinuated, and the context here is very important, as well as the non-verbal
expression. The communication is not direct, it focuses on harmony and the
respect of the group.

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A person using the low context style could think that another person using the high
context style is not honest or trustworthy. On the contrary, the high context person
could interpret the other style as impolite or disrespectful. In reality these are just
different opinions and perceptions!

How to dialogue? The non-verbal language

Visual contact: Looking at a person right in the eyes when you are talking doesn’t
transmit the same message depending on the country you are in. Indeed, it can
be a sign of honesty and interest, and not doing it could be interpreted as a sign
of a loss of attention. In some cultures, this direct contact can be perceived as
arrogant and aggressive, for example for a person from a higher hierarchy rank.

Remaining silent: according to certain cultures, pausing times between your

sentences and those of your counterpart can be longer or shorter. In that sense,
if your buddy talks quite quickly after you finished your sentence, that doesn’t
necessarily mean he/she is aggressive or disagreeing with you! Moreover, if these
silences are longer than what you are used to, it is not a sign of loss of interest or
boredom, but it can be a cultural habit from your mentee.

Body language, gestures and physical contacts: physical behaviour is also

very important, sometimes a simple hand gesture can be a great insult in a specific
culture! In that sense, do explain to your buddy what your gesture means if you
think it triggered him/her. Physical contact can also be considered intrusive and
indelicate in certain countries, so don’t kiss your buddy on the cheek as soon as
you meet him/her!
There are multiples aspects that we can pay attention to during intercultural
exchanges: the voice tone and rhythm, the space between the persons talking, etc.
We strongly advise you research complementary resources to document yourself
on this matter/

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Some tips to best communicate with your buddy:

Reassessing yourself: you can’t assume your behaviour and habits are the
norms universally but are actually rooted and linked to your own culture.

Paying attention to the way you express yourself: don’t use too many local
and traditional expressions or explain them to your
buddy. Speak and articulate clearly, and don’t
hesitate to rephrase what you said, or
ask your buddy if you think something
is misunderstood.

Being curious: Feel free to ask

questions about your buddy’s
home country, the habits and local
way of life there. It will help your
mutual cultural understanding.

Keeping an open mind: if

something seems odd, ask
your buddy to explain his/her
reaction or his/her mindset.
Structuring open questions
eases a smoother dialogue.

Not acting like a dictionary:

don’t correct your buddy’s every
mistake right from the beginning,
unless they make understanding
each other really hard: it can be
annoying and refrain your buddy
from actually expressing himself/
herself.
You now have all the tools in hands to
support your buddy well: this guide aims at
being exhaustive but being completely at ease in an intercultural context can be a
bit long.

Learning further:
Intercultural dialogue key concept:
https://fr.unesco.org/interculturaldialogue/core-concepts

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Blended mobilities - being a
virtual mentor only

It may be for health and sanitary protection reasons

(COVID-19), or because Higher Education Institutions
have currently decided to diversify their international
mobility formats: some students are not geographically
going on a mobility and will only have a virtual experience.
Indeed, your role as a mentor in this case is going to be
quite different.

Here are some pieces of advice to support your mentee even if you can’t directly
meet him/her!

• Your mentee will not physically attend classes, but several online
resources will be provided by his/her welcoming scholar institution.
It is often a bit complicated to navigate and understand websites that are not
translated (most of the time), so your mentee will appreciate you helping him/
her finding and using these online lessons and tools.

• In addition, you can offer you mentee to introduce him/her to all the
online academic resources that will prove necessary to his/her online
scholarship during his/her mobility: creating your student account, access
the agenda, the messaging system, the marks, how to submit an online test, etc.
It is very likely that your mentee doesn’t use the same tools in his/her country
and feels quite lost.

• Also, since he/she will not be physically in the room with the classmates,
he/she will be quite “invisible” as an online student and have difficulties
creating a relationship with the other students! So, help your mentee
by introducing him/her to the class and to the teachers so that everyone can
provide a particular attention and help to him/her when needed.

• As it won’t be easy to create a link between members of your university or school

without being there in person, your Buddy will appreciate any opportunity to
discuss with people his/her own age outside of the academic context, so feel
free to call him/her or to organise online discussions with your mentee
and your friends !

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• Fortunately, you are not the only person able to help your mentee in
this international virtual mobility: associations such as the Erasmus
Student Network can also contribute to make this particular experience
a fulfilling experience! These associations offer several online resources and
activities (visits, games, debates, linguistic tandems, etc) that your mentee can
benefit from. These resources will also be shared on the Buddy System so that
you can easily relay them to your mentee!

Since you will not be able to directly communicate and be with your mentee physically,
the intercultural communication will take an even greater meaning, because body
language and facial expressions won’t be a part of your discussions!

Limit the written shortcuts and opt for easy and complete sentences as
much as possible, to facilitate the written understanding of your mentee.

As mentioned in the Intercultural Communication part for the oral

expression, let’s not interpret too quickly the rhythm or the meaning of
messages: check if your mentee really understands your sentences and that you
understand his/hers !

Even though they seem universal, emojis and memes may have several
meanings and levels of understanding, and not be known in every country. Be
cautious when using them, as they don’t always convey a clear message.

Suggest vocal and video discussions with your mentee, when you feel more
comfortable, it will help having more flowing exchanges and create a stronger bond!
This will also help your mentee improving his/her practice of this new language
and you will contribute to this progress.

To complete these pieces of advice, you can read

“Support your buddy in a new culture”
because most tips can apply to blended and virtual mobilities !

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 Some tips to start smoothly
with your buddy!

As soon as you are matched, send your buddy a message to introduce

yourself. It will help settling your first contact.

Ask him/her his arrival date.

According to your buddy’s wish, you can welcome him/her at the train
station or airport when he/she arrives. You can also lead him/her to the
place where he will stay temporarily or permanently.

Be careful not to be intrusive!

You can also suggest going for a drink in order to get to know each
other better! We strongly advise you to meet in a public place.

Check with him/her his/her itinerary between the flat and campus.

Ensure he/she is ok with all administrative procedures.

Show him/her around places surrounding his/her flat: where to shop and
go out (cinemas, bars, cafes, museums, …).

Be informed about local culture: national holidays, campus habits or

local events

Give him/her emergency numbers.

Advise him/her to go visit international relations in his/her higher

education institution: he/she will get as much information as possible on
administrative procedures.

Do not hesitate to write a bucket list with your buddy. He/she can list
with you all the stuff he/she wants to see in his/her new country!

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Conclusion

You now have all the keys to support your buddy at your best in
his new life!

If you have any question or if you wish to get support for your mentorship, you can
contact:

Your BC (Buddy Coordinator):

you can contact him/her directly on the platform or by email.

Our Buddy System team for technical questions: buddysystem@ixesn.fr

If there is an ESN association in your city, you can contact ESN’s volunteers by
email or on their Facebook page!

Have a nice Buddy experience!

Lexicon

Buddy Coordinator: S-he is the person responsible for linking international and local students.
S-he your contact person in case of any problem, question or feedback. This person will probably
also send you invites to events related to the Buddy System.
Buddy: one of the dui “mentor-mentee”.
Mentor: local student supporting an international student.
Mentee: a student supported by a local student.
Matching: it is how we call the linking of the duo “mentor/mentee” on the platform Buddy System

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Resources

About administrative procedures:

Campus France: https://www.campusfrance.org/fr

Etudiant.gouv: https://www.etudiant.gouv.fr/
Interieur.gouv: https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/
OFII: http://www.ofii.fr/
Ameli: etudiant-etranger.ameli.fr
Service Public: https://www.service-public.fr/

About interculturality:

A la rencontre de soi et de l’autre, Université de Moncton, 2012 (“Meeting yourself and each
other”):
https://www.umoncton.ca/publications_docs/SAEE-moncton/Adaptation_culturelle/files/assets/
basic-html/index.html#page1

Guide pour réussir son expérience culturelle, AFSAFS CANADA , 2020 :

https://www.afscanada.org/guide-pour-reussir-son-experience-interculturelle/

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 buddysystem.eu

CONTACTS
LUCIE ROMELOT
Welcoming and Inclusion Project
Coordinator
lucie.romelot@ixesn.fr

ESN France
Arsenal 6,
76 BIS Rue de Rennes
75006 PARIS, FRANCE

Editors: Lucie Romelot, Isabelle Goyas, Léa

Rombeaut,
Proofreading: Antonin Brousse, Jean Russo,
Charlotte Simon

Layout : Alex Brizard 2020