Topic 2 Microscopic World I Mastering Chemistry

Suggested answers to in-text activities and unit-end exercises

Topic 2 Unit 6

Practice
P6.1 (page 37)
1 a) They have the same number of occupied electron shells in their atoms.
b) They have the same number of outermost shell electrons in their atoms.

2 a) Z
b) Y
c) W
d) X

P6.2 (page 45)

1 a) Allow 60 – 80 °C (the actual value is 64 °C).
b) Its melting point is below 50 °C and its boiling point is above 50 °C.
c) The density increases going down the group (except for potassium).

2 The metal burns with a lilac flame, NOT a golden yellow flame.
The pH of the resulting solution should be above 7.

P6.3 (page 49)

a) The reactivity of Group I elements increases going down the group.
The reactivity of Group II elements increases going down the group.
The reactivity of Group I elements is higher than that of Group II elements.
b) i) sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
ii) Add universal indicator solution / pH paper.
The solution goes blue / purple / gives a pH above 7.
c) Any two of the following:
• Use the same mass of metal.
• Use the same volume of water.
• Carry out the reactions at the same temperature.
• Use metal of the same particle size.

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Topic 2 Microscopic World I Mastering Chemistry

P6.4 (page 55)

a) Increase
b) Any value from –130 to –80 °C (the actual value is –107 °C)
c) p = 18
q=8
d) Argon is unreactive. Air may react with the hot metals. / To prevent the air / oxygen from
reacting with the hot metals.

P6.5 (page 58)

1
Number of Number of Electronic
Ion
protons electrons arrangement
Li+ 3 2 2
N3− 7 10 2,8
S2− 16 18 2,8,8
Ca2+ 20 18 2,8,8

2
Comparison True False
2+
(a) Both Pb atom and Pb ion have the same number of
✓
protons.
(b) Both Pb atom and Pb2+ ion have the same number of
✓
outermost shell electrons.
(c) Both Pb atom and Pb2+ ion have the same number of
✓
occupied electron shells.

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Topic 2 Microscopic World I Mastering Chemistry

Science and Technology for Life (page 59)

1 Any two of the following:
• Check the original data / relative atomic masses.
• Check the calculations / means.
• Discuss if they agree or disagree.
• Test predictions / see if his ideas work for other elements.

2 Any three of the following:

• No noble gases
• Manganese in the same group as halogens
• Some elements are missing
• No transition metals in the middle of table
• Transition metals are in first group
• Not ordered according to atomic numbers
• No atomic numbers
• Groups / periods are different
• Metals and non-metals are not grouped together
• Some transition metals are in wrong group
• No actinides / lanthanides

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Topic 2 Microscopic World I Mastering Chemistry

Unit Exercise (pages 65-76)

1 a) period
b) metalloids
c) non-metals
d) alkaline earth metals
e) noble gases
f) hydrogen
g) increases
h) paraffin oil
i) hydroxide
j) hydrogen
k) increases
l) salts
m) decreases

2 B

3 B W is a noble gas. It is chemically inert.

4 C Y is a Group II element. It forms ions with charge of +2.

5 A An atom of the element has 16 electrons and 16 protons. Hence its atomic number is 16.
An atom of the element has 18 (i.e. 34 – 16) neutrons.
The electronic arrangement of an atom of the element is 2,8,6. Hence the element is in
Group VI and Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

6 C

7 D Metals are on the left-hand side of the Periodic Table, and non-metals are on the right-
hand side.

8 C The melting points of Group I elements decrease going down the group. Hence the
melting point of caesium is lower than that of sodium.

9 D X is iodine. It is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

10 D A helium atom has 2 electrons.

11 D Chlorine is more reactive than bromine while sodium is more reactive than lithium. Hence
chlorine and sodium react together most violently.

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Topic 2 Microscopic World I Mastering Chemistry

12 C Potassium reacts with water explosively.

13 C The electronic arrangement of a sodium ion is 2,8 while that of a sodium atom is 2,8,1.

14 A An atom of Cr has 24 electrons. Hence one Cr3+ ion has 21 electrons.

15 C An atom of Se has 40 (i.e. 74 – 34) neutrons.

One Se2– ion has the same number of neutrons.

16 A The electronic arrangement of Ca2+ is 2,8,8 while that of S2– is also 2,8,8.

17 B (2) Elements in the same group have the same number of outermost shell electrons.

18 A The boiling points of halogens increase going down the group. Hence Y is below X in the
group.
(2) The reactivity of halogens decreases going down the group. Hence X is more
reactive than Y.
(3) X has a boiling point of 58 °C. Hence it is NOT a gas at room temperature and
pressure.

19 B (1) Elements in the same period has the same number of occupied electron shells in
atom.

20 A (3) Non-metals have low melting points and boiling points.

21 C (2) The melting points of alkaline earth metals decrease down the group (except
magnesium).

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Topic 2 Microscopic World I Mastering Chemistry

22
Element Period Group Electron diagram

Aluminium 3 III (3)

Magnesium 3 II (3)

Nitrogen 2 V (3)

Oxygen 2 VI (3)

Sulphur 3 VI (3)

23
Electronic
Group to which Period to which
arrangement
the element the element Name of element
of atom of
belongs belongs
element
2,3 III 2 boron (3)
2,8,6 VI 3 sulphur (3)
2,4 IV 2 carbon (2)
2,8,8,1 I 4 potassium (2)

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Topic 2 Microscopic World I Mastering Chemistry

24 a) C (1)
b) B (1)
c) A (1)
d) E (1)
e) D (1)

25 a) alkali metal (1)

b) halogen (1)
c) noble gas (1)
d) alkaline earth metal (1)
e) halogen (1)

26 a) Cl (1)
b) Na (1)
c) P (1)
d) Ca (1)
e) Cl (1)
f) Br (1)
g) He (1)

27 a) nitrogen / oxygen / fluorine / neon (1)

b) carbon (1)
c) oxygen (1)
d) nitrogen (1)
e) neon (1)
f) carbon (1)
g) lithium / fluorine (1)
h) lithium (1)

28 a) copper (1)
b) aluminium (1)
c) calcium, magnesium (1)
d) calcium, copper (1)

29 a) helium (1)
b) silicon (1)
c) nitrogen / phosphorus (1)
d) neon (1)
e) iodine (1)
f) potassium (1)

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Topic 2 Microscopic World I Mastering Chemistry

30 a) Be (1)
b) Ca (1)
c) Ca (1)
d) Sr (1)
e) Ba (1)

31 a) Trend in melting point – decrease going down the group (1)

Trend in boiling point – decrease going down the group (1)
Trend in reactivity – increase going down the group (1)
b) Melting point of rubidium: 50 – 38 °C (the actual value is 39 °C) (1)
Boiling point of rubidium: 720 – 680 °C (the actual value is 686 °C) (1)
c) i) 5 (1)
ii) 1 (1)
d) Any three of the following:
․ Shiny (when freshly cut) (1)
․ Good conductor of heat (1)
․ Good conductor of electricity (1)
․ Ductile (1)
․ Malleable (1)
․ Soft (1)
․ Solid at room temperature (1)
e) A francium atom loses one electron to form a francium ion. (1)

32 a) Electronic arrangements of a magnesium atom and a calcium atom are 2,8,2 and 2,8,8,2
respectively. (1)
The atoms of magnesium and calcium have the same number of outermost shell electrons.
Hence magnesium and calcium are in the same group. (1)
b) i) Any two of the following:
․ Bubbles (1)
․ Calcium gets smaller / disappears. (1)
․ The water turns cloudy / milky. (1)
․ Calcium sinks. (1)
ii) calcium + water → calcium hydroxide + hydrogen (1)
iii) 7 < pH ≤ 14 (1)
iv) Any one of the following:
․ Faster bubbling / disappearance of barium (1)
․ No / less precipitate forms. (1)

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Topic 2 Microscopic World I Mastering Chemistry

33 a) Any two of the following:

․ Melts to form a silvery ball. (1)
․ Fizzes furiously on the water surface. (1)
․ The hydrogen gas catches fire and burns with a lilac flame. (1)
b) Safety glasses / protective gloves (1)
c) The potassium hydroxide produced dissolves in water, making an alkaline solution. (1)
d) Both produce hydrogen. (1)
Both produce an alkaline solution / an alkali / a hydroxide. (1)

34 The melting points of Group I elements decrease going down the group. (1)
The order of melting points of Li, Na and K is Li > Na > K. (1)
The reactivity of Group I elements increases going down the group. (1)
The order of reactivity of Li, Na and K is Li < Na < K. (1)
Communication mark (1)

35 a)
Atomic State at room Melting point
Element Colour of vapour
number temperature (25 °C) (°C)
Chlorine 17 gas greenish yellow –101
Bromine 35 liquid reddish brown –7 (2)
Iodine 53 solid black 113 (1)
b) Chlorine exists as a gas at room temperature. Hence its boiling point is less than 25°C. (1)
The boiling point of chlorine is above the melting point of chlorine (i.e. above –101°C).
(1)
c) Any one of the following:
․ Sterilising water supply / swimming pool water (1)
․ As toilet bleaches (1)
․ As disinfectant (1)
d) i) At− (1)
ii) Black solid / dark grey solid (1)

36 The gaining of one electron gives a full outermost electron shell. (1)

37 a) Hydrogen iodide (1)

b) i) The reactivity decreases going down the group. (1)
ii) Yes
Bromine is less reactive than chlorine / bromine reacts more slowly than chlorine. (1)
Bromine is more reactive than iodine / bromine reacts faster than iodine. (1)

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Topic 2 Microscopic World I Mastering Chemistry

38 a) Nucleus (1)
b) 18 (1)
38
c) 18Ar (1)
d) Making advertising signs (1)
e) Argon is unreactive and does not react with the tungsten filament even at high
temperatures. (1)
f) To add to the space above the wine in wine barrels to stop oxygen in the air reacting with
the wine. (1)
g) Positively charged ion: K+ / Ca2+ (1)
Negatively charged ion: P3– / S2– / Cl– (1)
39

Ion Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons

28 3+
13Al 13 15 10 (1)
34 2−
16S 16 18 18 (1)
40 2+
12Ca 20 20 18 (1)
127 − 53 74 54 (1)
53I
140 3+
58Ce 58 82 55 (1)

40 a) A, D and E (1)
They contain the same number of protons and electrons. (1)
b) C (1)
It contains more electrons than protons. (1)
c) B and F (1)
d) They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons (1)

41 a) The charge on the ion formed from the atom of a metal = group number of the metal (1)
For example, aluminium is a Group III metal and it forms Al3+ ion. (1)
b) The charge on the ion formed from the atom of a non-metal
= 8 – group number of the non-metal (1)
For example, fluorine is a Group VII non-metal and it forms F– ion. (1)
c) A hydrogen atom can gain 1 electron to form a H– ion, obtaining the electronic
arrangement of a helium atom. (1)
A hydrogen atom can also lose the only electron to form a H+ ion with no electrons. (1)

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