FM T

IPC OF IMPORTANCE
Sec 44- definition of injury- 4 golden words- body, mind, property & reputation
SEC 84-insanity defense available in India. Based on- McN aughten 's Rule
Sec 85-person not responsible for his crime- under Un-voluntary intoxication
Sec 86-person responsible for his crime- under voluntary intoxication
Sec 87-92 IPC-deal with- Consent
Sec 191-201- deal with- Evidences
Sec 299-307- deal with- Homicide
Sec 312-316-deal with- Criminal abortion
Sec 319-326 & 334-335- deal with- Hurt

IPC & CRPC OF IMPORTANCE

Sec 39 CrPC-every person bound to inform the commission of any offence listed in the
. section. EX- (sec 302 IPC, sec 304 IPC)
Sec 53 CrPC- An arrested person can be medically examined with force on a request
being forwarded by a sub- inspector.
Sec 53 a CrPC-An accused of rape can be medically examined without his consent force
on a request being forwarded by a sub-inspector.
Sec 54 CrPC- an arrested person can ask for self medical examination from a
magistrate.
Sec 164 A CrPC-A rape victim has to be produced for medical examination to a Govt.
working RMP with in 24 hrs of reporting and has to be examined with her consent.

CRPC OF IMPORTANCE
Sec 174 CrPC- police inquest
Sec 176 CrPC-Magis;trate Inquest (dowry death & exhumation-Executive Magistrate ,
Custodial Death & custodial Rape- Judicial magistrate)
Sec 357 C CrPC- all hosp. govt or private to provide first aid and treatment to an
alleged rape victim and mandatory report to police.
Sec 114 A IEA- presumption of consent in cases of Rape- if female says she did not
consent then court has to believe that.

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POST- MORTEM CHANGE S

Cadaveric Spasm: Postmortem hypostasis:

COMPLETE LOSS OF ATP FROM A lividity, livor mortis, suggilations,
GROUP OF MUSCLE BERE DEA TH. vibices, darkening of death.
THAT MUSCLE GROUP REMAINS IN Pressure Test- PM staining shifts on
STATE OF CONTRACTION POST pressure if not fixed to the area.
DEATH. Fixing happens in 6hrs to 12 hrs
REMAINING MUSCLES OF THE <6hours-N o fixing , complete shifting
BODY WILL DEVELOP NORMAL 6hrs-12hrs-partial fixing , partial
RIGOR MORTS CYCLE. shifting > 12hrs-complete f ixing , no
shifting

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Postmonem COOiing

P- tmortem llvldlty

Pun factlon

- ·- ·· - •- - RJogor fflOf1Js GREEN ISH-BLUE DISCOLORATION OF

THE VASCULAR EPITHELIUM DUE TO
Sigmoidal shape graph - Algor mortis REDUCTION OF HEMAGLOBIN TO
I SULPH-METH HEMOGLOBIN (violet
colour) = MARBLIN G

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DECOMPOSITION OF DEAD BODY

Putrefaction : normal decomposition, due to bacterial degradat ion+ cellular autolysis,

Liquefactive necrosis

Adipocre 0% moisture
Greasy appearance Rapid dehydration, in deserts
Lots of moisture

IMPORTANT NOTES :
ORGANS SHOW PUTREFACTIVE CHANGES IN THE FO LLO WING ORDER -

• Larynx & trachea . .

• Stomach &intestines.
• Spleen.
• Liver: honeycomb appearance ("foamy liver')
• Brain (brains of infants putrefies early).
• Heart & lungs
• Kidneys and bladder.
• Blood vessels.
• Uterus - last organ to putrefy in females.
• A gravid uterus decomposes earlier than a non-gravid uterus
• Prostate - last to decompose in males.
• Followed by skin, muscle & tendon

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 Layrnx and trachea - abdomen - vital organs - uterus and prostate

IMPORTANT NOTES
• Rate of decomposit ion in different media: Casper's dictum : A body decomposition air
twice as rapidly as in water and eight times as rapidly as in earth. (1 :2:8)
• Putrefaction delayed in:
- Death due to wasting diseases , anaemia
• Poisoning by:
- carbolic acid,
- zinc chloride,
- strychnine &
- chronic heavy metal poisoning e.g. arsenic

HANGING & STRANGULATION

Typical/ Atypical STRANGULATIONS- Ligature , Manual

(Throttling) Bansdola , Mugging & Garrotting
HANGING 6 penny bruises - m/c seen in battered baby
- Complete/ partial syndromes and throttling
- Typical/ Atypical

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DROWNING
~ Salt water drowninc
Fresh water drownln1

Blood vessel Blood vessel

HEMODILUTION IN FRESH WATER - RBC swell ing and cellular rupture , hyperkalemia
and arr hythmia (mean time of 3 mins)
In salt water drowing - hemoconcentrat ed circulation, relative hypernatr emia, survival
is more

IDENTIFICATION
RE MEMBER I NG BONY CA LCUL ATIONS

- Cephalic Index - ischio-pubic index - Karl Pearson's index

- long Bone ratios - Alar index - Glessner & Trotter
(brachial index, crural - Sacral index index
index, intennembral - Mandibular canine
index) index
- Foot print ratio
- Costal cartilage
calcification pattern
- Hrtyl's law
- Ashley's rule
L.-------~~---~'-

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DIFFERNTIATING FEATURES BETWEEN MALES AN
.....:..=..
D_:.F_.::E:.:.:M
_:__A
_.::L:...::E:...::S_ _ _ _ _ _ __

Obturator Foramen Large & oval, base Small & triangular,

upwards apex forwards

Greater sciatic notch Narrow & deep Wide & shallow

Sub-pubic angle V shaped U shaped

Frequently seen
I

Perauricular sulcus Not frequent

lschial tuberosity Inverted Everted

FINGER PRINT CHANGES IN CERTAIN CONDITIONS

Permanent damage to finger prints

Distance between ridges changed but Acromegaly

pattern retained
Ridge alteration Scleroderma, Eczema,
I
Acanthosis nigricans
Loss of pattern with ridge atrophy Coeliac disease

Lines of Langer:
Determines gaping in a penetrating wound in
Incised looking Lacerated wound: the body
- On bony prominences of the body - If cut perpendicular (more gaping); if
- By crushing of the skin between two blunt cut parallel (less gaping)
objects
,.. Spilt variety of laceration
Lacerated looking Incised wound:
- On areas of the body having multiple skin folds
or abundance of connective tissue. (tissue rid e

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ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES

I I YES (LT
i
NO
SEATBELT YES (RT
SHOULDER TO SHOULDER TO RT
LEfTGROIN ) GROIN )
DASHBOARD YES YES NO
STEARJN G WHEEL YES NO NO

WHIPLASH EFFECT YES YES NO

WIN DSCREEN YES YES NO

EFFECT

TOXICOLOCY

Ewalds tube-used for gastric lavage standard Swollen stomach mucosa in carbolic acid
length 1.5 mtr. Poisoning (leathery stomach appearance)
Absolute contraindiaction- suplhuric acid MLI- can do gastric lavage/ activated
poisoning charcoal therapy Therapy.
Special lavages-freshly prepare hydrated ferric
oxide sol (arsenic) copper sulphate sol
(inorganic phosphorus)

' \1 .
i'11/l.('I
illf/li 11

Poppy capsule MLI-longitudinal incisions

Abrus precatorius- ratti, gunchi (abrin) On unripe capsule for Opium collection
MLI- Sui Standardized mor hine- 10% mor hine

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 Cannabis plant (THC)
MLI- Bhang- leaves
Ganja-flowers
N ux Vomica-kuchila (strychnine) MLI- Charas/hashish-stem
ophisthotonus Pluristhotonus, emprosthotonus Charas is most potent/ Bhang is least

Aconite (wolf's bane, meetha zeher)

flower-purple colour

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 Cocaine Increased Increased Increased Increased
(chest pain, te mp.
Ml kind of l ater all
symp~ ms) parameters
are
depressed
cannabis Increased Lower Normal to Increases
increased appetite (the
munchies)
Opiqid Decreased Lower Depression Decreased
temperature
'4..a· a f s4 ,,;__..._

THER MAL INJURY

Sweating present
Heat Increased Moist Complaint of thirst
Exhaustion
Heatstroke >41 _degrees Absent
--"'-
Contracted p~pils

Heat Rupture (Q) - prolonged burning.

M/C thighs, Calves, joints, extensor
surface. D/F incised or lacerated
wound- intact vessels & nerves in the
bed of rupture, coagulated blood
In the intact vessel (segmental
clotting in intact blood vessel)
single most imp finding .

FIREARMS
Flame-burning/ singing
Smoke-blackening
Gunpowder particles- tattooing
Bullet-entry/exit wounds

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INTtRMIDIATE CIRCUlAR (CORROSPONDING TO TI4£ AaRASION COUAR, GR.EASE COLLAR
Stl.E OFBUUET) TATTOOIN G AJtOUN D Tm WOUN O

ABRASION COUAR, GRfASE COI..LAA

OlESENTlC. BIG BURN IN G, BlACXEN IN G I, TATTOOIP«i
AROUN D THEWOUN D

RAGGED I, BURN T MARGI.N S, EVEJIT[D

IURN IN G, lllACICEN IN G I. TATTOOING
CON TACT STEUATE, 81GGE5T
IN TME TRACKOF TttE WOUN D

If gun power particle can be seen : close/ near range

DUM-DUM BULLET- A NOTCH IN THE CENTER OF BULLET- opens up in body, more
laceration
TANDEM BULLET (PIGGY BACK)- ONE BEHIND ANOTHER- one entry wound but 2
bullets
YAWNING BULLET- LOST ITS KINETIC ENERGY- no destruction
TUMBLING BULLET-TUMBLES TOWARDS THE TARGET- may not produce typical
entry
RICOCHIET BULLET-CHANGES DIRECTION BY BEIN G DEFLECTED IN MID
PATHWAY
KENNEDY PHENOMENON-SURGICAL ARTIFACT IN GUNSHOT WOUND-problem in
identifying entry/exit

AUTOPSY PROCEDURE S
Skin Incisions- I shaped (chin to pubic symphysis - neck, chest , abdomen, Y shaped -
xiphoid to pubic symphysis + 2 incisions from xiphoid to axilla & Modified Y shaped -
from sternum to pubic symphisis + 2 lateral to mandible)
Modified Y shaped is best for N eck dissection.
N eck to be dissected last in neck compression deaths.
Infant autopsy- abdomen t o be opened first . (diaphr agm level canges in live bir th )
Evisceration techniques:
I

- Rokitansky - in situ organ dissection

- Virchow 's- one by one
- Lettule- EnMass (all anatomy is preserved)
- Ghon 's- EnBlock

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Common preservatives :

Viscera-saturated solution of common salt

Sulphuric acid poisoning- rectified Spirit
Tissue for histopathology- 10%
Formalin
Urine-thymol
Blood & vitreous humor-sodium
Fluoride
Injection prick skin site- normal saline

M ISCELL A NEOUS

Leading Questions- can be asked to a witness during "Cross-examination" . Also during

"examination in chief" if the witness turns Hostile.
Note-Judge can ask question to a witness anytime during witnessing.
Summons cases- those IPC where punishment is less than 2 yrs.
Warrant cases- those IPC where punishment is more than 2 yrs.
Medical negligence- Civil (issue of monitory compensation b/w doctor & patient.
Criminal (state punishing a doctor for negligence- IPC 304A)
Contributory negligence- negl igence contributed by the pt along with doctor (can be
used by the doctor for defence in Civil negligence but can not be used as defence in
Criminal defence-limitation is "doctrine of last chance")
Lucid interval- when symptom's disappear temporarily (insanity and EDH)

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