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CIVE5024M Lecture

Graphical optimization

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16 views14 pages

CIVE5024M Lecture

Graphical optimization

Uploaded by

jay08011999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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School of Mechanical

something Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
OTHER

Design Optimisation – MEng & MSc


CIVE5024M & CIVE5971M
Lecture 03

By Prof. Harvey Thompson


Copyright © 2022 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved.
School of Mechanical Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

This Lecture
• Optimum Design Problem Formulation
• Optimum Design Problem Formulation - Recap
• Example 01 - Design of a Can
• Example 02- Design of Rectangular Beam

Copyright © 2022 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved. 2/14


School of Mechanical Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Optimum Design Problem Formulation


• To define and formulate an optimization problem takes ~50% of the total
effort required to solve it.

• It is therefore necessary to follow a well-defined procedure for formulating


the design optimization problems.

• Remember: The optimum solution will be only as good as the formulation.

• For example:

− If a critical constraint is not included, then it will most probably be violated.

− If there are too many constraints, or if they are inconsistent, then a


solution may not be possible.

Copyright © 2022 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved. 3/14


School of Mechanical Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Optimum Design Problem Formulation


• Once the problem is formulated, software is usually available to solve it.

• For most design optimization problems, the formulation procedure requires


the following 6 steps:
1) Project/problem description
2) Data and information collection
3) Definition of design variables
4) Optimization criterion
5) Formulation of constraints
6) Formulate the Optimization Problem

Copyright © 2022 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved. 4/14


School of Mechanical Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Optimum Design Problem Formulation


1) Project/Problem Description

• The formulation process begins by developing a descriptive statement for


the project/ problem, usually by the project’s owner/sponsor.

• The statement describes the overall objectives of the project and the
requirements to be met. This is also called the statement of work.

2) Data and Information Collection

• To develop a mathematical formulation for the problem, you will need to


obtain all available information on, for example the: material properties,
performance requirements, resource limits, cost of raw materials, etc.

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School of Mechanical Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Optimum Design Problem Formulation


• Must also determine how to analyse the designs. Therefore, analysis
procedures and analysis tools must be identified at this stage.

• For example: Finite-element analysis is commonly used for structural


analysis, so the relevant software tool available needs to be identified.

• In many cases, the project statement is vague, and assumptions about


modelling of the problem need to be made in order to formulate and solve it.

3) Definition of Design Variables

• Identify a set of variables that describe the system, these are called the
design variables. These are the optimization variables and are free to have
any value (within limits?!) assigned to them.
Copyright © 2022 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved. 6/14
School of Mechanical Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Optimum Design Problem Formulation


• The number of independent design variables gives the design degrees of
freedom for the problem.

• Design variables should be independent of each other as far as possible. If


they are not, there must be some equality constraints between them.

• There must be a minimum number of design variables to properly formulate


a design optimization problem.

• A numerical value should be given to each identified design variable to


determine if a trial design of the system is specified.

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School of Mechanical Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Optimum Design Problem Formulation


4) Optimization Criterion

• The optimization criterion is a scalar function which produces a (single)


numerical value once a design is specified; i.e. when the design variable
vector x is substituted into it.

• This criterion is called the objective function for the optimum design problem,
and it needs to be maximized or minimized depending on the problem.

• The selection of a proper objective function is an important decision in the


design process.

• Some objective functions are: Cost (minimized); Profit (maximized),


Weight/Mass (minimized), Energy expenditure (minimized), Vehicle ride
quality (maximized).Copyright © 2022 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved. 8/14
School of Mechanical Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Optimum Design Problem Formulation


5) Formulation of Constraints

• All restrictions on the design are called constraints. Must identify all
constraints and develop expressions for them.

• Most realistic systems must be designed and manufactured with the given
resources and must meet performance requirements.

• For example:

− Structural members should not fail under normal operating loads.

− Structural vibration frequencies must be different from the operating


frequency of the machine it supports; otherwise, resonance can occur and
cause catastrophic failure.
Copyright © 2022 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved. 9/14
School of Mechanical Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Optimum Design Problem Formulation


− Structural members must fit into the available space.

− These constraints, must depend on the design variables.

− A meaningful constraint must be a function of at least one design


variable.

Copyright © 2022 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved. 10/14


School of Mechanical Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Optimum Design Problem Formulation


6) Formulate the Optimization Problem

This is where everything from steps 2, 3, 4 and 5 are put together to formulate
the optimization problem in the form of :

Minimize: f  x 

Subject to: g i  x   0; i  1 to m

h j  x   0; j  1 to p

where: xiL  xi  xiU or xi  0; i  1 to n

Copyright © 2022 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved. 11/14


School of Mechanical Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Optimum Design Problem - Recap


• The design optimization problem formulation, requires the following 6 steps:
1) Project/problem description
2) Data and information collection
3) Definition of design variables
4) Optimization criterion
5) Formulation of constraints
6) Formulate the Optimization Problem

Copyright © 2022 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved. 12/14


1) Project/problem description
2) Data and information collection
School of Mechanical Engineering
3) Definition of design variables
FACULTY
4) OF ENGINEERING
Optimization criterion
5) Formulation of constraints
6) Formulate the Optimization Problem
Example 01 - Design of a Can
• The aim of this project is to design a “simple” can.

• It needs to hold at least 400 ml of liquid (1 ml = 1cm3)

• As the can will be produced in the billions, it is desirable to minimize it’s


manufacturing cost.
• Since cost is directly related to the surface area of the sheet metal used, it
is therefore required to minimize the amount of sheet metal required.
• Fabrication, handling, aesthetics, and shipping considerations impose the
following restrictions on the size of the can:
• 1. The diameter should be no more than 8 cm and no less than 3.5 cm,
• 2. The height should be no more than 18 cm and no less than 8 cm.
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1) Project/problem description
2) Data and information collection
School of Mechanical Engineering
3) Definition of design variables
FACULTY
4) OF ENGINEERING
Optimization criterion
5) Formulation of constraints
6) Formulate the Optimization Problem
Example 02- Design of Rectangular Beam
• A beam of rectangular cross-section is subjected to a
maximum bending moment of M and a maximum
shear of V.
• The allowable bending and shear stresses are:

6M 3 V
sa  2 ta 
bd 2 bd

• The depth of the beam is defined as d and the width of the beam as b.
• It is desirable to have the depth of the beam not exceed twice its width.
• Formulate the design problem for minimum cross-sectional area when:
• M = 140 kNm, V = 24 kN, sa = 165 MPa and ta = 50 MPa.
Copyright © 2022 University of Leeds UK. All rights reserved. 14/14

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