Rules For The Classification of Ships, Pt. 3, 2016

RULES
FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF

SHIPS
Part 3 – HULL EQUIPMENT
2016
CROATIAN REGISTER OF SHIPPING

Hrvatska (Croatia) • 21000 Split • Marasovićeva 67 • P.O.B. 187
Tel.: (...) 385 (0)21 40 81 11
Fax.: (...) 385 (0)21 35 81 59
E-mail: tech.coord@crs.hr
web site: www.crs.hr
By the decision of the General Committee of Croatian Register of Shipping,
RULES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS

have been adopted on 17th June 2016 and shall enter into force on 1st July 2016
PART 3
REVIEW OF AMENDMENTS IN RELATION TO PREVIOUS

EDITION OF THE RULES
All major changes throughout the text in respect to the Rules for the classiffication of ships, Part 3 – Hull
Equipment, edition 2015, throughout the text are shaded.
The grammar and print errors, have been corrected throughout the text of the Rules and are not subject to
above indication of changes.
2016
PART 3
The subject Rules include the requirements of the following international Organisations:
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Conventions: International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 1974 (SOLAS 1974) and all subsequent
amendments up to and including the 2010 amendments (MSC.291(87))
Protocol of 1988 relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 1974, as
amended (SOLAS PROT 1988)
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973, as modified by the Pro-
tocol of 1978 thereto (MARPOL 73/78) and all subsequent amendments up to and including the
2006 amendments (MEPC. 141(54))
International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)
Unified Requirements (UR): A1 (Rev.5, 2005), A2 (Rev.3, Corr.1, Sept. 2014), L4 (Rev.3, Corr.1 2011), M42 (Rev.4, 2011),
S8 (Rev.4, 2010), S9 (Rev.6, 2010), S10 (Rev.4, Corr.1 Dec 2015), S21 (Rev.5, 2010), S21A
(Rev.1, 2015), S26 (Rev.4, 2010), S27 (Rev.6, 2013)
Unified Recommendations: Rec.10 (Rev.2, 2005), Rec.13 (Rev.1, 2004), Rec.14 (Rev.2, Corr.1 2005), Rec.61 (2000),
Rec.79 (Rev.1, 2014), Rec.90 (2005), Rec.91 (Rev.2, 2014),
Unified Interpretations: LL20 (Rev.1, 2008), LL21 (Rev.1, 2008), LL36 (Rev.2, 2008), LL50 (Rev.5, 2008), LL62
(Rev.1, Corr.1, 2010), LL70 (2005), SC113 (1996), SC138 (1998), SC153 (2000), SC156 (2002),
SC190 (2004), SC191 (Rev. 7, 2015), SC212 (Corr.2, 2007), SC220 (Rev.1, 2010),
2016
PART 3
Contents:
Page
1 GENERAL..............................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 APPLICATION .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 SCOPE OF SUPERVISION ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
2 RUDDER ................................................................................................................................................................5
2.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 RUDDER FORCE AND RUDDER TORQUE .......................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 RUDDER STRENGTH Calculation ........................................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 RUDDER STOCK SCANTLINGS ............................................................................................................................................ 8
2.5 RUDDER BLADE...................................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.6 RUDDER STOCK COUPLINGS............................................................................................................................................. 11
2.7 PINTLES .................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
2.8 RUDDER STOCK BEARING, RUDDER SHAFT BEARING AND PINTLE BEARING .................................................... 14
2.9 GUIDELINES FOR CAlculation of bending moment and shear force distribution ................................................................. 15
2.10 PROPELLER NOZZLES ......................................................................................................................................................... 21
2.11 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SHIPS WITH ICE CLASS NOTATION ................................................................................. 22
3 ANCHORING ARRANGEMENT .....................................................................................................................23

3.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
3.2 EQUIPMENT NUMBER ......................................................................................................................................................... 25
3.3 ANCHORS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 26
3.4 CHAIN CABLES AND ROPES FOR BOWER ANCHORS................................................................................................... 29
3.5 ANCHOR APPLIANCES ........................................................................................................................................................ 30
3.6 EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPS IN RESTRICTED AREA OF NAVIGATION ............................................................................. 32
4 MOORING ARRANGEMENT ..........................................................................................................................34

4.2 MOORING ROPES.................................................................................................................................................................. 34
4.3 MOORING APPLIANCES ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
4.4 MOORING MACHINERY ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
5 TOWING ARRANGEMENT .............................................................................................................................36

5.2 TOWING LINE ........................................................................................................................................................................ 36
5.3 TOWING APPLIANCES ......................................................................................................................................................... 36
5.4 EMERGENCY TOWING ARRANGEMENTS ON TANKERS ............................................................................................. 36
5.5 SPECIAL ARRANGEMENT FOR TUGS............................................................................................................................... 38
5.6 SHIPBOARD FITTINGS AND SUPPORTING HULL STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH TOWING AND MOORING39
5.7 EQUIPMENT FOR MOORING AT SINGLE POINT MOORINGS....................................................................................... 42
5.8 EMERGENCY TOWING PROCEDURES ON SHIPS ........................................................................................................... 42
6 SIGNAL MASTS .................................................................................................................................................43

6.2 STAYED MASTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 43
6.3 UNSTAYED MASTS............................................................................................................................................................... 43
6.4 MASTS OF SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 44
7 OPENINGS IN HULL, SUPERSTRUCTURES AND DECKHOUSES AND THEIR CLOSING

APPLIANCES......................................................................................................................................................45
7.2 SIDESCUTTLES AND WINDOWS........................................................................................................................................ 46
7.3 FLUSH SCUTTLES ................................................................................................................................................................. 49
7.4 SHELL DOORS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 49
7.5 SUPERSTRUCTURES AND DECKHOUSES........................................................................................................................ 57
7.6 MACHINERY CASINGS ........................................................................................................................................................ 58
7.7 COMPANION HATCHES, SKYLIGHTS AND VENTILATING TRUNKS ......................................................................... 58
7.8 VENTILATORS....................................................................................................................................................................... 59
7.9 MANHOLES ............................................................................................................................................................................ 59
7.10 HATCHWAYS OF DRY CARGO HOLDS ............................................................................................................................ 59
7.11 HATCHWAYS OF CARGO TANKS IN TYPE "A" SHIPS ................................................................................................... 88
7.12 OPENINGS IN WATERTIGHT SUBDIVISION BULKHEADS AND THEIR CLOSING APPLIANCES .......................... 88
2016
PART 3
7.13 STRENGTH AND SECURING OF SMALL HATCHES ON THE EXPOSED FORE DECK ...............................................92
7.14 STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR FORE DECK FITTINGS AND EQUIPMENT ...........................................................95
8 ARRAGNEMENT AND EQUIPMENT OF SHIP'S SPACES ......................................................................100

8.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS......................................................................................................................................................100
8.2 LOCATION OF SPACES.......................................................................................................................................................100
8.3 EQUIPMENT OF DRY CARGO HOLDS .............................................................................................................................100
8.4 EXITS, DOORS, CORRIDORS, STAIRWAYS AND VERTICAL LADDERS ...................................................................101
8.5 GUARD RAILS, BULWARK AND GANGWAYS ..............................................................................................................103
8.6 ACCESS TO THE CARGO AREA OF OIL TANKERS AND BULK CARRIERS..............................................................104
ANNEX A SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PASSENGER SHIPS IN DOMESTIC SERVICE

CLASS "D" ........................................................................................................................................................111
A.1 GENERAL ..............................................................................................................................................................................111
A.2 WINDOWS IN THE SIDE SHELL PLATING, EXTERNAL SUPERSTRUCTURE AND FORECASTLE BULKHEADS
LEADING TO COMPARTMENTS WHICH ARE INCLUDED IN STABILITY CALCULATIONS ................................111
A.3 WINDOWS IN THE EXTERNAL WALLS OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE OR ECKHOUSES NO LEADING TO
COMPARTMENTS WHICH ARE INCLUDED IN STABILITY CALCULATIONS..........................................................111
A.4 SIDESCUTTLES BELOW THE MAIN DECK .....................................................................................................................112
A.5 WOODEN FRAMES ON THE SALON WINDOWS ............................................................................................................112
A.6 EXTERNAL DOORS ON THE MAIN DECK LEADING TO COMPARTMENTS BELOW THE MAIN DECK .............112
A.7 EXTERNAL DOORS ON THE MAIN DECK NOT LEADING TO COMPARTMENTS BELOW THE MAIN DECK AND
NOT ARE INCLUDED IN STABILITY CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................113
A.8 WOODEN FRAMES OF THE DOORS .................................................................................................................................113
A.9 CERTIFICATES OF THE MOORING EQUIPMENT (BOLLARDS, FAIRLEADERS ETC.) ............................................113
A.10 ACCEPTANCE OF THE ATTESTATION OF THE ANCHORING EQUIPMENT (ANCHORS AND CHAIN CABLES)113
A.11 STRUCTURAL TEST OF CHAIN LOCKERS......................................................................................................................114
A.12 CHAIN STOPPER ..................................................................................................................................................................114
2016
RULES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS 1
PART 3
1.2.2.2 Subdivision length of ship (Ls) - the length, in

1 GENERAL [m], measured between perpendiculars taken at the extremities
of the deepest subdivision load line.
1.2.2.3 Draught of ship (d) - the vertical distance, in
1.1 APPLICATION [m], measured amidships from the top of the plate keel, or
from the intersection of the inner surface of the shell with the
1.1.1 This Part of the Rules for the classification of bar keel (the outer surface of a non-metal shell) to the summer
ships (hereinafter referred to as: the Rules) applies to equip- load line.
ment, arrangements and outfit of sea-going ships sailing in a
displacement condition. 1.2.2.4 Depth of ship (D) - the vertical distance, in [m],
measured at amidships, from the top of the plate keel or from
1.1.2 As to hydrofoil ships, hovercraft, and other simi- the intersection of the inner surface of the outer shell with the
lar ships, the requirements of this Part of the Rules are appli- bar keel, to the top of the freeboard deck beams at sides.
cable to the extent that is practicable and reasonable, and the
equipment, arrangements and outfit of these ships are subject On ships with rounded gunwales, moulded depth
to special consideration by the CROATIAN REGISTER OF is taken to be the distance to the intersection of the continua-
SHIPPING (hereinafter referred to as: the Register). tion of a line extending from the level of the upper freeboard
deck and the outer edge of the side, as though the gunwale
1.1.3 The application of this Part of the Rules to the were of angular design.
installations and equipment of the ships with length up to 45 If the upper freeboard deck has longitudinal
m, engaged in navigation area 6, 7 and 8 in period from 1st steps and the raised part of the deck is above the point at
April to 31th October only, may be agreed with the Register, which the lateral height of the ship is to be measured, the lat-
on the case to case basis. eral height is measured up to the continuation of a line from
the lower part of the deck and parallel to the upper part of the
deck at ship's sides.
1.2 DEFINITIONS AND 1.2.2.5 Breadth of ship (B) - maximum breadth of ship,
EXPLANATIONS in [m], measured amidships from outside of frame to outside
of frame in a ship with metal shell and to the outer surface of
Those relating to general terminology of the the hull in a ship with a shell of any other material.
Rules are given in Part 1 - General requirements, Chapter 1-
General information.
1.2.3 Superstructures and deckhouses
1.2.1 Waterlines
1.2.3.1 Superstructure - a decked structure on the free-
board deck extending from side to side of the ship or with the
1.2.1.1 Damage waterline - the waterline of a damaged side plating not being inboard of the shell plating more than
ship after flooding of corresponding separate compartments or 0,04⋅B.
their combinations as provided in the Rules, Part 5 - Subdivi-
sion, 2. Superstructures may either be complete, i.e. ex-
tending the full length of the ship L, or they may cover only a
1.2.1.2 Summer load waterline - the waterline the up- certain part of that length.
per edge of which passes through the centre of the ring of the One or more tiers of such complete or detached
load line mark when there is no fore-and-aft or athwart ships superstructures may be erected.
inclination.
1.2.3.2 Deckhouse - a decked structure above the
1.2.1.3 Summer timber load waterline - the waterline strength deck the side plating being inboard of the shell plat-
indicated by the upper edge of the assigned summer timber
ing more than 0,04⋅B, with doors, windows, or other similar
load line.
openings in the outer bulkheads.
1.2.1.4 Subdivision load waterline - the waterline used
1.2.3.3 Trunk – a deck structure on the upper deck, not
in determining the subdivision of the ship.
reaching at least one of the sides by a distance exceeding 4%
1.2.1.5 Deepest subdivision load waterline - the sub- of the breadth B and having no doors, windows or other simi-
division load waterline which corresponds to the summer lar openings in the external bulkheads.
draught to be assigned to the ship, see the Rules, Part 5 - Sub-
1.2.4 Tightness
division, 2.2.
1.2.4.1 Watertight - the term pertaining to closing ap-
1.2.2 Main dimensions
pliances of openings, which means that under specified pres-
sure the liquid is not to penetrate through the closed openings
1.2.2.1 Length of ship (L) - the distance on the summer into the ship.
load waterline, in [m], from the fore side of stem to the after
side of the rudderpost, or the centre of the rudder stock if there 1.2.4.2 Weathertight - the term pertaining to closing
is no rudderpost. L is to be not less than 96% and need not ex- appliances of openings, which means that in any sea condi-
ceed 97% of the extreme length on the summer load waterline. tions water is not to penetrate through the openings inside the
In ships with unusual stem or stern arrangements, the length L ship. Such closing appliances shall withstand a hose test on
is to be specially considered. condition that the outlet of the nozzle is equal to or over 12
2016
2 RULES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS
PART 3
mm in diameter and the head in the hose provided for water jet 1.2.8 Active means of the ship's steering - auxiliary
ejected upwards of not less than 0.2 MPa. The distance from means which develop a thrust at on angle of the centre line
the tested position is up to 1,5 m. plane of the ship of the zero or small speed, irrespective of the
ship's propulsive device operation and which are provided
1.2.5 Decks with their own drive motor.
1.2.5.1 Upper deck - the uppermost continuous deck 1.3 SCOPE OF SUPERVISION
extending from fore to aft. The upper deck may be stepped.
1.2.5.2 Raised quarterdeck - the after upper part of a 1.3.1 General provisions on the ship's supervision,
stepped deck, the forward lower part of which is taken as a surveys and classification are given in the Rules, Part 1 - Gen-
portion of freeboard deck. eral requirements, Chapter 1 – General information. General
provisions which apply to supervision during construction,
1.2.5.3 Freeboard deck - the deck from which the free- surveys and classification of ships as well as provisions which
board is measured. apply to technical documentation submitted to the Register are
In a ship having a deck with step, the lowest line specified in the Rules, Part 1 - General requirements, Chapter
of this deck and the continuation of the line parallel to upper 1 to Chapter 5.
part of the deck is taken as a freeboard deck.
1.3.2 The following items included into ship's equip-
1.2.5.4 Superstructure deckhouse or trunk deck - the ment and arrangements are subject to the supervision during
deck forming the top of a superstructure, deckhouse or trunk. their manufacture:
1.2.5.5 Superstructure decks of the first, second, etc. 1.3.2.1 Rudder:
tiers - the decks forming the top of the superstructures of the
.1 rudder stock,
first, second, etc. tiers, counting from the freeboard deck.
.2 rudder blade,
1.2.5.6 Bulkhead deck - the deck up to which the main .3 propeller nozzle,
transverse watertight subdivision bulkheads are carried. .4 rudder shafts
The bulkhead deck may be discontinuous, i.e. .5 pintles of rudder and propeller nozzles,
with step or steps formed both by main transverse watertight .6 pintle bushes,
bulkheads reaching the keel and transverse watertight bulk- .7 fastenings (bolts and nuts with horizontal
heads not reaching the keel. flanged couplings and nuts with tapered
couplings, bolts and nuts for connecting
1.2.5.7 Lower decks - the decks below the upper deck. the rudder shaft and stern post),
.8 parts limiting deviation of the angle of the
1.2.5.8 Weather deck - deck which is completely ex-
rudder blade and rudder nozzle,
posed to the weather from above and from at least two sides. .9 rudder stock bearings,
.10 active means of ship steering.
1.2.6 Amidships and perpendiculars
1.3.2.2 Anchoring arrangement:
1.2.6.1 Amidships - at the middle of the ship's length L. .1 anchor,
1.2.6.2 Forward and after perpendicular - the vertical .2 chain cables or ropes,
line passing in the centre line at the fore and after end of the .3 anchor stoppers,
ship's length L. .4 devices for securing and releasing the in-
board end of chain cable or rope,
.5 anchor hawse pipes.
1.2.7 Type A and Type B ships
1.3.2.3 Mooring arrangement:
1.2.7.1 Type A ship - is one which:
.1 mooring ropes,
- designed to carry only liquid cargoes in
.2 mooring bollards, belaying cleats, fair-
bulk.
leads, chocks, rollers and stoppers.
- has a high integrity of the exposed deck
with only small access openings to cargo 1.3.2.4 Towing arrangement:
compartments, closed by watertight gas-
keted covers made of steel or an equivalent .1 towing lines,
material, and .2 towing bollards, bits, fairleads, chocks,
- has low permeability of loaded cargo and stoppers,
compartments. .3 towing hooks and towing rails with fasten-
ings for their securing to ship's hull,
Type A ship must also have certain other fea- .4 towing snatch-block.
tures, specified in the ICLL (International Convention on Load
Lines, 1966, as amended). 1.3.2.5 Signal masts:
1.2.7.2 Type B ship - a ship which does not meet re- .1 metal, non-metallic masts,
quirements regarding Type A ships, and which is assigned a .2 standing ropes,
freeboard according to the ICLL, 1966. .3 permanent attachments to masts and decks
(eyeplates, hoops, etc.),
2016
PART 3
.4 loose gear of masts and rigging (shackles, Table 1.3.5-1

turnbuckles etc.).
No. ITEM MATERIAL
1.3.2.6 Closing appliances of openings in hull,
superstructures and deckhouses: 1. Rudder stocks and propeller Steel forgings
.1 side and deck scuttles, nozzles including their flang- Steel castings
.2 side shell doors, es
.3 doors in superstructures and deckhouses, 2. Parts of rudder Steel forgings
.4 companion hatches, skylights and ventilat- Steel castings
ing trunks, Steel plates
.5 ventilators, Steel profiles
.6 manholes to deep and other tanks, 3. Rudder shafts, including their Steel forgings
.7 hatchway covers in dry cargo ships, flanges Steel castings
.8 cargo tank hatchway covers in ships of
carriage of liquid cargoes in bulk, 4. Rudder pintles and pintle of Steel forgings
.9 doors in watertight subdivision bulkheads. propeller nozzles Steel castings
5. Fastenings (bolts and nuts of Steel forgings
1.3.2.7 Equipment of ship's spaces: horizontal flange couplings
.1 ceiling and battens in cargo holds, and nuts for tapered cou-
.2 exit doors from ship's spaces in escape plings, bolts and nuts for con-
routes, nections of rudder shaft to
.3 stairways and vertical ladders, flange couplings)
.4 guards rails, bulwarks and gangways 6. Towing hooks for a force of Steel forgings
.5 fixed and portable securing devices for 10 kN and over, fastenings for Steel plates
cargo securing. their securing to ship's hull Steel profiles
1.3.3 Survey of the manufacture of the items specified 7.(1,2) Hatchways covers, side shell Steel plates
in 1.3.2.1.6, 1.3.2.1.8, 1.3.2.1.9, 1.3.2.2.5, 1.3.2.3.2, 1.3.2.4.2, doors Steel profiles
1.3.2.5, 1.3.2.6.5 and 1.3.2.7 is confined to consideration of Light alloy plates
the related technical documentation. Light alloy profiles
1.3.4 Where items specified in 1.3.2 are fitted the fol- 8.(1,2) Sliding doors Steel forgings
lowing documents are to be submitted: Steel castings
Steel plates
.1 assembly drawing, Steel profiles
.2 calculations, 9. Anchors Steel forgings
.3 detail drawings if parts or assemblies are Steel castings
not manufactured in accordance with ap- 10. Chain cables Steel forgings
proved standards and specifications.
1.3.5 Materials for structural elements listed in Table Notes:
1.3.5-1 are to be in accordance the requirements of the Rules, (1) The grades of rolled steel plates and profiles
Part 25 - Metallic materials. are to be selected in accordance with the
Materials for other items of equipment and ar- Rules, Part 2 - Hull and Part 25 - Metallic ma-
rangements, unless expressly provided otherwise in the Rules, terials,
shall meet the requirements specified in the design documen- (2) Welded structures and joints shall comply with
tation approved by Register. the Rules, Part 2 - Hull and Part 26 - Welding.
Welding of structural elements of ship's equip- 1.3.6 The following equipment and arrangements are
ment is to be performed as specified in the Rules, Part 26 - subject to survey while the ship is under construction:
Welding and Part 2 - Hull.
.1 rudder,
.2 anchor arrangement,
.3 mooring arrangement,
.4 towing arrangement,
.5 masts and rigging,
.6 openings in the hull, superstructures and
deckhouses, and their closing appliances,
.7 arrangement and equipment of ship com-
partments,
.8 fixed and portable securing devices for
cargo securing,
.9 active means of ship's steering.
2016
PART 3
1.4 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES

1.4.1 Wherever the working stresses are mentioned in
the text of this Part of the Rules, they mean equivalent stresses
calculated from the formula:
σ e = σ 2 + 3τ 2 , [N/mm2],
where:
σe = equivalent stress, [N/mm2];
σ = normal stress, [N/mm2];
τ = shear stress, [N/mm2].
1.4.2 Permissible stresses with which the equivalent
stresses are to be compared when verifying the strength condi-
tions are established here in fractions of the yield point ReH of
material used. The yield point is not to be taken as more than
0,7 times the ultimate strength of material, unless expressly
stated otherwise.
2016
PART 3
2 RUDDER σF = yield stress of material used, in

[N/mm2], is not to be taken greater
than 0.7⋅σT or 450 N/mm2, whichever
is the smaller value.
2.1 GENERAL σT = tensile strength of the material used, in
[N/mm2].
2.1.1 Basic assumptions 2.1.4 Welding and design details

2.1.1.1 The following requirements apply to ordinary 2.1.4.1 Slot-welding is to be limited as far as possible.
profile rudders, and to some enhanced profile rudders with Slot welding is not to be used in areas with large in-plane
special arrangements for increasing the rudder force. stresses transversely to the slots or in way of cut-out areas of
2.1.1.2 These requirements apply to rudders made of semi-spade rudders.
steel. When slot welding is applied, the length of slots
is to be minimum 75 mm with breadth of 2 t, where t is the
2.1.2 Design considerations rudder plate thickness, in [mm]. The distance between ends of
slots is not to be more than 125 mm. The slots are to be fillet
2.1.2.1 Effective means are to be provided for support- welded around the edges and filled with a suitable compound,
ing the weight of the rudder without excessive bearing pres- e.g. epoxy putty. Slots are not to be filled with weld.
sure, e.g. by a rudder carrier attached to the upper part of the Continuous slot welds are to be used in lieu of
rudder stock. The hull structure in way of the rudder carrier is slot welds. When continuous slot welding is applied, the root
to be suitably strengthened. gap is to be between 6-10 mm. The bevel angle is to be at least
15°.
2.1.2.2 Suitable arrangements are to be provided to pre-
vent the rudder from lifting. 2.1.4.2 In way of the rudder horn recess of semi-spade
rudders, the radii in the rudder plating are not to be less than 5
2.1.2.3 In rudder trunks which are open to the sea, a seal times the plate thickness, but in no case less than 100 mm.
or stuffing box is to be fitted above the deepest load waterline, Welding in side plate is to be avoided in or at the end of the
to prevent water from entering the steering gear compartment radii. Edges of side plate and weld adjacent to radii are to be
and the lubricant from being washed away from the rudder ground smooth.
carrier. If the top of the rudder trunk is below the deepest wa-
terline, two separate stuffing boxes are to be provided. 2.1.4.3 Welds between plates and heavy pieces (solid
parts in forged or cast steel or very thick plating) are to be
2.1.3 Materials made as full penetration welds. In way of highly stressed areas
e.g. cut-out of semi-spade rudder and upper part of spade rud-
der, cast or welding on ribs is to be arranged. Two sided full
2.1.3.1 Welded parts of rudders are to be made of ap-
penetration welding is normally to be arranged. Where back
proved rolled hull materials.
welding is impossible welding is to be performed against ce-
2.1.3.2 Material factor k for normal and high tensile ramic backing bars or equivalent. Steel backing bars may be
steel plating may be taken into account when specified in each used and are to be continuously welded on one side to the
individual rule requirement. The material factor k is to be tak- heavy piece.
en as defined in the Rules, Part 2-Hull, 1.4.2.2, unless other-
2.1.4.4 Requirements for welding and design details of
wise specified.
rudder trunks are described in the Rules, Part 2-Hull, 12.3.4.1.
2.1.3.3 Steel grade of plating materials for rudders and
2.1.4.5 Requirements for welding and design details
rudder horns are to be in accordance with the Rules, Part 2-
when the rudder stock is connected to the rudder by horizontal
Hull, 1.4.2.4.
flange coupling are described in 2.6.1.4.
2.1.3.4 Rudder stocks, pintles, coupling bolts keys and
2.1.4.6 Requirements for welding and design details of
cast parts of rudders are to be made of rolled, forged or cast
rudder horns are described in the Rules, Part 2-Hull,
carbon manganese steel in accordance with the Rules, Part 25
12.3.3.2.7.
- Metallic materials, 3.
2.1.3.5 For rudder stock, pintles, keys and bolts the 2.1.5 Equivalence
minimum yield stress is not to be less than 200 N/mm2. The
requirements of these requirements are based on a material's 2.1.5.1 The Register may accept alternatives to require-
yield stress of 235 N/mm2. If material is used having ReH dif- ments given in these requirements, provided they are deemed
fering from 235 N/mm2, the material factor k is to be deter- to be equivalent.
mined as follows:
e 2.1.5.2 Direct analyses adopted to justify an alternative
 235  design are to take into consideration all relevant modes of
k =   ,
failure, on a case by case basis. These failure modes may in-
σF  clude, amongst others: yielding, fatigue, buckling and fracture.
where: Possible damages caused by cavitation are also to be consid-
e = 0.75 for σF > 235 N/mm2; ered.
e = 1.00 for σF ≤ 235 N/mm2
2016
PART 3
2.1.5.3 If deemed necessary by the Register, lab tests, or k1 = factor depending on the aspect ratio Λ;
full scale tests may be requested to validate the alternative de- k1 = (Λ + 2)/3, with Λ not to be taken greater
sign approach. than 2;
2.1.6 Rudder area b2

Λ = ,
At
In order to achieve sufficient manoeuvring capa-
b = mean height of the rudder area, in [m].
bility the size of the movable rudder area is recommended to
Mean breadth and mean height of rudder
be not less than obtained from the following formula:
are calculated according to Fig. 2.2.1.1.
A = 0.0175 ⋅ C1 ⋅ C2 ⋅ C3 ⋅C4 ⋅ L ⋅ d, [m2] At = sum of rudder area A and area of rudder
post or rudder horn, if any, within the
where:
height b, in [m2];
C1 = factor depending upon the ship type: k2 = factor depending on the type of the rudder
= 0.9 for tankers and bulk carriers hav- profile according to Table 2.2.1.1-1;
ing a displacement of more than k3 = 0,8 for rudders outside the propeller jet;
50 000 t;
=1,15 for rudders behind a fixed propeller
= 1.7 for tugs and trawlers nozzle;
= 1.0 for other ships; =1,0 otherwise.
C2 = factor for the rudder type:
= 0.9 for semi-spade rudders
= 0.8 for double rudders (per rudder)
= 1.0 for other type;
C3 = factor depending upon the
= 1.0 for NACA-profiles and plate rud-
der
= 0.8 for hollow profiles
C4 = factor depending upon the rudder ar-
rangement
= 1.0 for rudders in the propeller jet
= 1.5 for rudders outside the propeller
jet.
For semi-spade rudders 50% of the projected ar-
ea of the rudder horn may be included into rudder area.
2.2 RUDDER FORCE AND

RUDDER TORQUE
2.2.1 Rudder blades without cut-outs
(see Fig. 2.2.1.1) Figure 2.2.1.1
2.2.1.1 The rudder force upon which the rudder scant-
lings are to be based is to be determined according to the fol-
lowing formula:
CR = 132 ⋅ A ⋅ ν2 ⋅ k1 ⋅ k2 ⋅ k3
where:
CR = rudder force, in [N];
A = area of rudder blade, in [m2]
ν = maximum service speed, in [knots], with
ship on summer load waterline. When the
speed is less than 10 knots, ν is to be re-
placed by the expression:
νmin =
(ν + 20) ;
3
For the astern condition the maximum astern
speed is to be used, however, in no case less than:
vastern = 0.5⋅ν
2016
PART 3
2.2.2 Rudder blades with cut-outs

Table 2.2.1.1-1 (semi-spades rudders)
k2 2.2.2.1 The total rudder force CR is to be calculated ac-

Profile / type of rudder cording 2.2.1.1. The pressure distribution over the rudder area,
Ahead Astern con-
condi- dition upon which the determination of rudder torque and rudder
tion blade strength are to be based, is to be derived as follows:
NACA – 00 series Gottingen The rudder area may be divided into two rectan-
1,10 0,80 gular or trapezoidal parts with areas A1 and A2, so that
A=A1+A2 (see fig. 2.2.2).
Hollow profiles
1,35 0,90
Flat side profiles

1,10 0,90
High lift rudders To be spe-

cially con-
1,70
sidered; if
not known:
1.30
Fish tails
Figure 2.2.2
1,40 0,80
The levers r1 and r2 are to be determined as fol-
lows:
Single plate r1 = c1 (α - K1), in [m];
1,00 1,00 r2 = c2 (α - K2), in [m];
c1, c2 = mean breadth of partial areas A1, A2
determined, where applicable, in ac-
cordance with Fig. 2.2.1.1
A1 f
K1 = ;
Mixed profiles (e.g. HSVA) 1,21 0,90 A1
A2 f
K2 = ;
A2
2.2.1.2 Rudder torque
A1f = portion of A1 situated ahead of the cen-
The rudder torque is to be calculated for both the tre line of the rudder stock
ahead and astern condition according to the formula: A2f = portion of A21 situated ahead of the
QR = CR ⋅ r, in [Nm] centre line of the rudder stock
where:
α = 0,33 for ahead condition
r = c (α - KA), in [m];
α = 0,66 for astern condition
c = mean breadth of rudder area, in [m],
For parts of a rudder behind a fixed structure
(see Fig. 2.2.1.1);
such as the rudder horn:
α = 0,33 for ahead condition; α = 0,25 for ahead condition
α = 0,66 for astern condition; α = 0,55 for astern condition
Af The resulting force of each part may be taken as:
KA = ,
A A1
where: CR1 = CR ⋅ , [N]
A
Af = portion of the rudder blade area situ-
ated ahead of the centre line of the rud- A
CR2 = CR ⋅ 2 , [N]
der stock. A
rmin = 0.1⋅c , in [m], for ahead condition. 2.2.2.2 The resulting torque of each part may be taken
as:
QR1 = CR1 ⋅ r1 , [Nm]
2016
PART 3
QR2 = CR2 ⋅ r2 , [Nm] The equivalent stress is to be determined by the

formula:
2.2.2.3 The total rudder torque is to be calculated for
σ e = σ b 2 + 3τ t 2 , [N/mm2]
both the ahead and astern condition according to the formula:
Bending stress:
QR = QR1 + QR2 , [Nm]
10,2 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ M
For ahead condition QR is not to be taken less σb = , [N/mm2]
dc3
than:
A1 ⋅ c1 + A2 ⋅ c 2 Torsional stress:
QRmin = 0,1 ⋅ CR ⋅ 5,1 ⋅ 103 ⋅ QR ,
A τt = [N/mm2]
3
dc
2.3 RUDDER STRENGTH The rudder stock diameter is therefore not to be
CALCULATION less than:
2
4 M 
dc = dt ⋅ 6 1 +   , [mm],
3  Q R 
2.3.1 The rudder force and resulting rudder torque as
given in 2.2 causes bending moments and shear forces in the 
rudder body, bending moments and torques in the rudder where:
stock, supporting forces in pintle bearings and rudder stock M = bending moment, in [Nm], at the station of
bearings and bending moments, shear forces and torques in the rudder stock considered.
rudder horns and heel pieces. The rudder body is to be stiff-
2.4.2.2 When calculating the diameter of the rudder
ened by horizontal and vertical webs enabling it to act as
stock, cognizance must be taken of SOLAS II-1/29.3.3 and
bending girder.
29.4.3.
2.3.2 The bending moments, shear forces and torques In this regard, the diameter mentioned in SOLAS
as well as the reaction forces are to be determined by a direct II-1/29.3.3, 29.4.3 and 29.14 should be taken as having been
calculation or by an approximate simplified method consid- calculated for rudder stock of mild steel with a yield strength
ered appropriate by the Register. For rudders supported by of 235 N/mm2 (i.e. with a material factor k=1).
sole pieces or rudder horns these structures are to be included
See also IACS Unified Interpretation SC153.
in the calculation model in order to account for the elastic
support of the rudder body. Guidelines for calculation of bend- 2.4.3 Before significant reductions in rudder stock di-
ing moment and shear force distribution are given in 2.4.2.3 to ameter due to the application of steels with yield stresses
2.4.2.5. exceeding 235 N/mm2 are granted, the Register may require
the evaluation of the rudder stock deformations. Large defor-
2.4 RUDDER STOCK mations of the rudder stock are to be avoided in order to avoid
excessive edge pressures in way of bearings.
SCANTLINGS
2.4.1 The diameter of rudder stock
2.5 RUDDER BLADE
The rudder stock diameter required for the
2.5.1 Permissible stresses
transmission of the rudder torque is to be dimensioned such
that the torsional stress is not exceeding the following value: The section modulus and the web area of a hori-
τt = 68 ⋅ k, [N/mm2] zontal section of the rudder blade are to be such that the
The rudder stock diameter for the transmission following stresses will not be exceeded:
of the rudder torque is therefore not to be less than: a) In general
d t = 4.2 ⋅ 3 QR ⋅ k , [mm]
- bending stress:
where: σb ≤ 110/k N/mm2
QR = total rudder torque, in [Nm], as calculated
in 2.2.1 and 2.2.2. - shear stress:
τ ≤ 50/k N/mm2
k = material factor for the rudder stock as giv-
en in 2.1.3.5. - equivalent stress:
2.4.2 Rudder stock scantlings due to combined
loads σ e = σ 2 + 3τ 2 ≤ 120 /k N/mm2
k = material factor for the rudder plating as
2.4.2.1 If the rudder stock is subjected to combined given in 2.1.3.2.
torque and bending, the equivalent stress in the rudder stock is
not to exceed 118 ⋅ k. b) In way of the the recess for the rudder horn
pintle on semi-spade rudders
k = material factor for the rudder stock as giv-
en in 2.1.3.5. - bending stress:
σb ≤ 75 N/mm2
2016
PART 3
- shear stress:
τ ≤ 50 N/mm2  H − Hx  k − 4 , [cm3]
- equivalent stress: W s = c s ⋅ d c3  E  10
 HE  ks
σ e = σ 2 + 3τ 2 ≤ 100 N/mm2
where:
Note: The stresses in b) apply equally to high tensile and cs =coefficient, to be taken equal to:
ordinary steels.
=1.0 if there is no opening in the rudder
2.5.2 Rudder plating plating or if such openings are closed
by a full penetration welded plate
The thickness of the rudder side, top and bottom
= 1.5 if there is an opening in the con-
plating is not to be less than:
sidered cross-section of the rudder
C R 10 −4 dc = rudder stock diameter, in [mm]
t = 5.5 ⋅ s ⋅ β ⋅ k d + + 2.5 , [mm]
A HE = vertical distance between the lower
where: edge of the rudder blade and the upper
d = summer load line draught, in [m]; edge of the solid part, in [m]
CR = rudder force, in [N], according 2.2.1; HX = vertical distance between the consid-
A = rudder are, in [m2]; ered cross-section and the upper edge
of the solid part, in [m]
2
s k = material factor for the rudder blade
β = 1.1 − 0.5  ; max 1.0, if b/s ≥ 2,5; plating as given in 2.1.3.2.
b
ks = material factor for the rudder stock as
s = smallest unsupported width of plating, in
given in 2.1.3.5.
[m];
b = greatest unsupported with plating in [m]; The actual section modulus of the cross-
section of the structure of the rudder blade is to be calculated
k = material factor for the rudder plating as
with respect to the symmetrical axis of the rudder.
given in 2.1.3.2.
The breadth of the rudder plating, in [m], to be
considered for the calculation of section modulus is to be not
The thickness of the nose plates may be in-
greater than:
creased to the discretion of the Register. The thickness of web
plates is not to be less than the greater of 70% of the rudder b = sv + 2 Hx / 3, in [m]
side plating thickness and 8 mm.
where:
The rudder plating in way of the solid part is to
be of increased thickness per 2.5.3.4. sv =spacing between the two vertical webs,
in [m], see Fig. 2.5.3.3.
2.5.3 Connections of rudder blade structure with Where openings for access to the rudder stock
solid parts nut are not closed by a full penetration welded plate, they are
to be deducted.
2.5.3.1 Solid parts in forged or cast steel, which house
the rudder stock or the pintle, are normally to be provided with
protrusions.
These protrusions are not required when the web
plate thickness is less than:
- 10 mm, for web plates welded to the solid part
on which the lower pintle of a semi-spade rud-
der is housed and for vertical web plates
welded to the solid part of the rudder stock co-
upling of spade rudders.
- 20 mm, for other web plates.
2.5.3.2 The solid parts are in general to be connected to
the rudder structure by means of two horizontal web plates
and two vertical web plates.
2.5.3.3 Minimum section modulus of the connection

with the rudder stock housing.
The section modulus of the cross-section of the

structure of the rudder blade, in [cm3], formed by vertical web
plates and rudder plating, which is connected with the solid
part where the rudder stock is housed is to be not less than:
2016
PART 3
Table 2.5.3.5
Thickness of verti- Thickness of rudder
cal web plates, in plating, in [mm]
[mm]
Type of
rudder Rudder Rudder Rudder Area
blade blade blade with
without with without opening
opening opening opening
Rudder
supported
1.2 t 1.6 t 1.2 t 1.4 t
by sole
piece
Semi-
spade and
1.4 t 2.0 t 1.3 t 1.6 t
spade
rudders
t = thickness of the rudder plating, in [mm], as defined in
2.5.2
The increased thickness is to extend below the

solid piece at least to the next horizontal web.
2.5.4 Single plate rudders
2.5.4.1 Mainpiece diameter

Figure 2.5.3.3 Cross-section of the connection between rudder The mainpiece diameter is calculated according
blade structure and rudder stock housing to 2.4.1 and 2.4.2 respectively. For spade rudders the lower
third may taper down to 0.75 times stock diameter.
2.5.3.4 The thickness of the horizontal web plates con- 2.5.4.2 Blade thickness
nected to the solid parts, in [mm], as well as that of the rudder
blade plating between these webs, is to be not less than the The blade thickness is not to be less than:
greater of the following values:
tB = 1,5 ⋅ s ⋅ v k + 2,5, [mm],
where:
tH = 1.2 t, [mm],
s = spacing of stiffening arms, in [m]; not to
tH = 0.045 dS² / sH, [mm]. exceed 1 m;
v = speed of ship, in [knots]; (see 2.2.1.1)
where: k = material factor for the rudder plating as
t = defined in 2.5.2, given in 2.1.3.2
dS = diameter, in [mm], to be taken equal
to: 2.5.4.3 Arms
= dc, as per 2.4.2, for the solid part hous- The thickness of the arms is not to be less than
ing the rudder stock, the blade thickness:
= dp, as per 2.7.1, for the solid part hous- ta = tb , [mm],
ing the pintle,
sH = spacing between the two horizontal The section modulus is not to be less than:
web plates, in [mm].
Wa = 0.5 s C12 v2k, in [cm3];
The increased thickness of the horizontal webs is
to extend fore and aft of the solid part at least to the next verti- C1 = horizontal distance from the aft edge
cal web. of the rudder to the centreline of the
rudder stock, in [m].
2.5.3.5 The thickness of the vertical web plates welded k= material factor as given in 2.1.3.2 or 2.3.5
to the solid part where the rudder stock is housed as well as respectively.
the thickness of the rudder side plating under this solid part is
to be not less than the values obtained, in [mm], from Table
2.5.3.5.
2016
PART 3
2.6 RUDDER STOCK COUPLINGS
2.6.1 Horizontal flange couplings
2.6.1.1 The diameter of the coupling bolts is not to be

less than:
d 3 ⋅ kb , [mm]
d b = 0,62 ⋅
n ⋅ em ⋅ k s
where:
d = stock diameter, taken equal to the greater
of the diameters dt or dc according to
2.4.1.1 and 2.4.1.2, in [mm];
n = total number of bolts, which is not to be
less than 6;
em = mean distance of the bolt axes from the
centre of bolt system, in [mm];
ks = material factor for the rudder stock as giv-
en in 2.3.1.5;
kb = material factor for the bolts as given in
2.3.1.5.
2.6.1.2 The thickness of the coupling flanges is not to be Figure 2.6.1.4 Welded joint between rudder stock and cou-
less than determined by the following formula: pling flange
kf , [mm]
t f = db ⋅ 2.6.2 Vertical flange couplings
kb
tf = 0.9⋅db , [mm]; 2.6.2.1 The diameter of coupling bolts is not to be less

where: than:
kf = material factor for the coupling flanges as 0.81⋅ d kb , [mm];
db =
given in 2.3.1.5, n ks
kb = material factor for the bolts as given in
2.3.1.5. where:
db = bolt diameter, in [mm], calculated for a d = stock diameter, in [mm], in way of cou-
number of bolts not exceeding 8. pling flange;
2.6.1.3 The width of material between the perimeter of n = total number of bolts, which is not to be
the bolt holes and the perimeter of the flange is not to be less less than 8;
than 0.67⋅db. ks = material factor for the rudder stock as giv-
en in 2.3.1.5;
2.6.1.4 The welded joint between the rudder stock and
the flange is to be made in accordance with Fig. 2.6.1.4 or kb = material factor for the bolts as given in
equivalent. 2.3.1.5.
2.6.1.5 Coupling bolts are to be fitted bolts and their 2.6.2.2 The first moment of area of the bolts about the
nuts are to be locked effectively. centre of the coupling, in [m], is to be not less than:
m = 0,00043⋅d3 , [cm3]
2.6.2.3 The thickness of the coupling flanges is to be not
less than the bolt diameter, and the width of the flange mate-
rial between the perimeter of the bolt holes and the perimeter
of the flange is to be not less than 0.67⋅db.
2.6.2.4 Coupling bolts are to be fitted bolts and their
nuts are to be locked effectively.
2016
PART 3
2.6.3 Cone couplings with key ever, dta applied to the above formula need not be taken
greater than 1.145 dt.
2.6.3.1 Tapering and coupling length
dt = stock diameter, in [mm], according to
Cone couplings without hydraulic arrangements
2.4.1,
for mounting and dismounting the coupling should have a ta-
per c on diameter of 1:8-1:12, k = material factor for stock as given in
2.1.3.5,
where dk = mean diameter of the conical part of
the rudder stock, in [mm], at the key,
do − du
c= , see Fig. 2.6.3.1 σF1 = minimum yield stress of the key mate-
l rial, in [N/mm2].
The effective surface area, in [cm2], of the key
The cone coupling is to be secured by a slugging (without rounded edges) between key and rudder stock or cone
nut. The nut is to be secured, e.g. by a securing plate. coupling is not to be less than:
The cone shapes are to fit exactly. The coupling
length ℓ is to be, in general, not less than 1.5d0. 5 ⋅ QF
ak = 10 3
dk ⋅σ F 2
where:
σF2 = minimum yield stress of the key, stock
or coupling material, in [N/mm2],
whichever is less.
2.6.3.3 The dimensions of the slugging nut are to be as
follows (see Fig. 2.6.3.1):
- external thread diameter: dg ≥ 0,65 ⋅ do
- height of nut: hn ≥ 0,6 dg
- outer diameter of nut: dn ≥ 1,2 ⋅ du or 1,5 dg
whichever is the greater.
2.6.3.4 Push up
It is to be proved that 50% of the design yield
moment is solely transmitted by friction in the cone couplings.
This can be done by calculating the required push-up pressure
and push-up length according to 2.6.4.2 and 2.6.4.3 for a tor-
sional moment Q'F = 0.5QF.
2.6.3.5 Notwithstanding the requirements in 2.6.3.2 and
Figure 2.6.3.1 Cone coupling with key 2.6.3.4, where a key is fitted to the coupling between stock
and rudder and it is considered that the entire rudder torque is
transmitted by the key at the couplings, the scantlings of the
2.6.3.2 Dimensions of key key as well as the push-up force and push-up length are to be
at the discretion of the Register.
For couplings between stock and rudder a key is
to be provided, the shear area of which, in [cm2], is not to be 2.6.4 Cone couplings with special arrangements for
less than: mounting and dismounting the couplings
17.55 ⋅ QF 3 2.6.4.1 Where the stock diameter exceeds 200 mm, the
as = 10
d k ⋅σ F1 press fit is recommended to be effected by a hydraulic pres-
where: sure connection. In such cases the cone is to be more slender,
c ≈1:12 to ≈1:20.
QF = design yield moment of rudder stock, In case of hydraulic pressure connections the nut
in [Nm] is to be effectively secured against the rudder stock or the pin-
tle.
3
dt For the safe transmission of the torsional mo-
Q F = 0.02664 ment by the coupling between rudder stock and rudder body
k
the push-up pressure and the push-up length are to be deter-
Where the actual diameter dta is greater than the mined according to 2.6.4.2 and 2.6.4.3 respectively.
calculated diameter dt, the diameter dta is to be used. How-
2016
PART 3
2.6.4.3 Push-up length

The push-up length ∆l , in [mm], is to comply
with the following formula:
∆ l 1 ≤ ∆l ≤ ∆l 2
where:
p req ⋅ d m 0.8 ⋅ Rtm , [mm],
∆l 1 = +
1−α  2
c
E   ⋅ c
 2 
1.6 ⋅ ReH ⋅ d m 0.8 ⋅ Rtm , [mm]

∆l 2 = +
E ⋅c ⋅ 3+α 4 c
Rtm =
mean roughness, in [mm], taken equal
to 0.01,
Figure 2.6.4.1 Cone coupling without key c = taper on diameter according to 2.6.4.1,
in [mm].
2.6.4.2 Push-up pressure
Notwithstanding the above, the push up length is
The push-up pressure is not to be less than the not to be less than 2 mm.
greater of the two following values:
Note:
2QF
preq1 = 2 10 3 , [N/mm²] In case of hydraulic pressure connections the required push-up
d m ⋅ l ⋅ π ⋅ µ0 force Pe, in [N], for the cone may be determined by the fol-
lowing formula:
6M b
preq 2 = 10 3 , N/mm²]
c 
l2 ⋅ dm Pe = p req ⋅ d m ⋅ π ⋅ l ⋅  + 0.02 
2 
where:
QF = design yield moment of rudder stock, as The value 0.02 is a reference for the friction co-
defined in 2.6.3.2, in [Nm], efficient using oil pressure. It varies and depends on the me-
chanical treatment and roughness of the details to be fixed.
dm = mean cone diameter in [mm], see Fig.
Where due to the fitting procedure a partial push-up effect
2.6.3.1,
caused by the rudder weight is given, this may be taken into
ℓ = cone length, in [mm], account when fixing the required push-up length, subject to
µ 0 = frictional coefficient, equal to 0.15, approval by the Register.
Mb = bending moment in the cone coupling
(e.g. in case of spade rudders), in [Nm]. 2.7 PINTLES
It has to be proved by the designer that the push-
up pressure does not exceed the permissible surface pressure
in the cone. The permissible surface pressure, in [N/mm²], is 2.7.1 Scantlings
to be determined by the following formula:
The pintle diameter, in [mm], is not to be less
than:
p perm =
(
0.8ReH 1 − α 2 )10 ,
3 [N/mm²] d p = 0.35 B ⋅ k p
3 +α 4 where:
B = relevant bearing force, in [N],
where:
kp = material factor for pintle as given in
ReH = minimum yield stress of the material
2.1.3.5
of the gudgeon, in [N/mm2],
α = dm /da ,
2.7.2 Couplings
dm = diameter, in [mm], see Fig. 2.6.3.1,
da = outer diameter of the gudgeon to be 2.7.2.1 Tapering
not less than 1.5 dm, in [mm], see Fig.
2.6.3.1 Pintles are to have a conical attachment to the
gudgeons with a taper on diameter not greater than:
2016
PART 3
1:8 - 1:12, for keyed and other manually as- 2.8.2 Minimum bearing surface
sembled pintles applying locking by
slugging nut, An adequate lubrication is to be ensured.
1:12 - 1:20, on diameter for pintles mounted The bearing surface Ab (defined as the projected
with oil injection and hydraulic nut. area: length x outer diameter of liner) is not to be less than:
P
2.7.2.2 Push-up pressure for pintle bearings Ab = , [mm2]
qa
The required push-up pressure for pintle bear- where:
ings, in [N/mm²], is to be determined by the following for- P = reaction force, in [N], in bearing as deter-
mula: mined in 2.3.2;
B1 ⋅ d 0 , [N/mm²], qa = allowable surface pressure according to the
p req = 0.4
d m2 ⋅ l Table 2.8.2.
The maximum surface pressure qa for the various
where: combinations is to be taken as reported in the table below.
B1 = supporting force in the pintle bearing, in Higher values than given in the table may be taken in accor-
[N] dance with maker’s specifications if they are verified by tests.
d0 = pintle diameter, in [mm], see Fig.
2.6.3.1. Table 2.8.2
The push up length is to be calculated similarly Bearing material qa [N/mm2]
as in 2.6.4.3, using required push-up pressure and properties
for the pintle bearing. lignum vitae 2.5
white metal, oil lubricated 4.5
2.7.3 The minimum dimensions of threads and nuts synthetic material with hardness between 60
are to be determined according to 2.6.3.3 5.52)
and 70 Shore D1)
Steel 3), bronze and hot-pressed bronze-
2.7.4 Pintle housing 7.0
graphite materials
The length of the pintle housing in the gudgeon
is not to be less than the pintle diameter dp. dp is to be meas- Notes:
ured on the outside of liners. 1) Indentation hardness test at 23°C and with 50% mois-
ture, according to a recognised standard.
The thickness of the pintle housing is not to be
less than 0.25 dp. Synthetic bearing materials is to be of approved type.
2) Surface pressures exceeding 5.5 N/mm2 may be ac-
2.7.5 For recommended maximum allowable rudder cepted in accordance with bearing manufacturer's
pintle clearance see IACS Rec. No.61. specification and tests, but in no case more than 10
N/mm2.
2.8 RUDDER STOCK BEARING, 3) Stainless and wear-resistant steel in an approved com-
RUDDER SHAFT BEARING AND bination with stock liner.
PINTLE BEARING
2.8.3 Bearing dimensions
2.8.1 Liners and bushes The length/diameter ratio of the bearing surface
is not to be greater than 1.2.
2.8.1.1 Rudder stock bearing The bearing length Lp of the pintle is to be such
that
Liners and bushes are to be fitted in way of bear-
ings. The minimum thickness of liners and bushes is to be Dp ≤ Lp ≤ 1.2 Dp
equal to:
where:
tmin = 8 mm, for metallic materials and synthetic
material, Dp = actual pintle diameter measured on the
tmin = 22 mm, for lignum material. outside of liners.
2.8.1.2 Pintle bearing 2.8.4 Bearing clearances

The thickness of any liner or bush, in [mm], is
With metal bearings, clearances should not be
neither to be less than:
less than
db
+ 1.0 mm on the diameter. If non-metallic
t = 0.01 B 1000
where: bearing material is applied, the bearing clearance is to be spe-
B = relevant bearing force, in [N], cially determined considering the material's swelling and
thermal expansion properties. This clearance is not to be taken
nor than the minimum thickness defined in 2.8.1.1. less than 1.5 mm on bearing diameter unless a smaller clear-
2016
PART 3
ance is supported by the manufacturer’ s recommendation I10 ÷ I30 = moments of inertia of these gird-
ers, in [cm4].
and there is documented evidence of satisfactory service his-
tory with a reduced clearance. Load of rudder body:
CR
PR = , [kN/m]
2.9 GUIDELINES FOR l10 ⋅ 10 3
CALCULATION OF BENDING
2.9.2.2 Moments and forces
MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE
The moments and forces may be determined by
DISTRIBUTION the following formulae:
2.9.1 General  l ⋅ (2 x1 + x2 )  , [Nm],

M b = CR l 20 + 10
 3(x1 + x2 ) 
The evaluation of bending moments, shear forc-
es and support forces for the system rudder–rudder stock may B3 = Mb / ℓ30, [N],
be carried out for some basic rudder types as outlined in 2.9.2 B2 = C R + B 3, [N].
- 2.9.6.
2.9.2 Spade rudder
2.9.2.1 Data for the analysis

l10 ÷ l30 = lengths of the individual girders of
the system, in [m], see Fig. 2.9.2,
Figure 2.9.2 Spade rudder
Load of rudder body:

2.9.3 Spade rudder with trunk
CR , [kN/m].
PR =
2.9.3.1 Data for the analysis (l10 + l 20 ) ⋅ 103
l10 ÷ l30 = lengths of the individual girders of
the system, in [m], see Fig. 2.9.3,
I10 ÷ I30 = moments of inertia of these gird-
ers, in [cm4].
2016
PART 3
2.9.3.2 Moments and forces CR2 = rudder force over the rudder blade area
A2
For spade rudders with rudders trunks the mo-
ments, in [Nm], and forces, in [N], may be determined by the CG1Z = vertical position of the centre of grav-
following formulae: ity of the rudder blade area A1
CG2Z = vertical position of the centre of grav-
MR is the greatest of the following values: ity of the rudder blade area A2
M R = CR 2 (l10 + CG2 z ) , [Nm],
MB = CR2 (l10 – CG2Z)
M R = CR1 (CG1z − l 10 ) , [Nm], B3 = (MB + MCR1) / ( l20 + l30)
where: B2 = CR + B 3
CR1 = rudder force over the rudder blade area
A1
ℓ30
ℓ20
ℓ 10
ℓ10
Figure 2.9.3 Spade rudder with trunk
2.9.4 Rudder supported by sole piece I50 = moment of inertia of sole piece around the
z-axis, in [cm4];
2.9.4.1 Data for the analysis ℓ50 = effective length of sole piece, in [m];
ℓ10 - ℓ50 = lengths of the individual girders of the sys- Load of rudder body:
tem in [m],
I10 – I50 = moments of inertia of these girders, in PR = CR / (ℓ10 103), in [kN/m],
[cm4]. Z = spring constant of support in the sole piece
Z = 6.18 I50 / ℓ503 [kN/m].
For rudders supported by a sole piece the length
ℓ20 is the distance between lower edge of rudder body and cen-
tre of sole piece and I20 the moment of inertia of the pintle in 2.9.4.2 Moments and forces
the sole piece.
Moments and shear forces are indicated in Fig. 2.9.4
2016
PART 3
Figure 2.9.4 Rudder supported by sole piece
2.9.5 Semi spade rudder with one elastic support Load of rudder body:
2.9.5.1 Data for the analysis PR10 = CR2 / (ℓ10 x 103), [kN/m];
ℓ10 - ℓ50 =lengths of the individual girders of the sys- PR20 = CR1 / (ℓ10 x 103), [kN/m];
tem in [m];
I10 – I50 = moments of inertia of these girders in for CR, CR1, CR2, see 2.2.
[cm4];
Z = spring constant of support in the rudder 2.9.5.2 Moments and forces
horn;
Z = 1 / (fb + ft), in [kN/m], for the support in
the rudder horn (Fig. 2.9.5.-1); Moments and shear forces are indicated in Fig.
2.9. 4.
fb = unit displacement of rudder horn, in [m],
due to a unit force of 1 kN acting in the
centre of support; 2.9.5.3 Rudder horn
fb = 1.3 d3 / (6.18 In), in [m/kN], (guidance
value);
The loads on the rudder horn are as follows:
In = moment of inertia of rudder horn around
the x-axis, in [cm4], (see also Fig. 2.9.5- Mb = bending moment = B1 z, [Nm],
1);
Mbmax = B1 d, [Nm]
ft = unit displacement due to torsion;
q = shear force = B1, [N],
ft ( )
= d ⋅ e 2 ∑ µi / t i / 3.14 ⋅ 108 ⋅ FT2 , [m/kN];
MT(z) = torsional moment = B1 e (z), [Nm],
FT = mean sectional area of rudder horn, in
[m2]; An estimate for B1 is:
ui = breadth, in [mm], of the individual plates
forming the mean horn sectional area; B1 = CR b / (ℓ20 + ℓ30), [N]
ti = thickness within the individual breadth ui
in [mm];
d = height of the rudder horn, in m, defined
in Fig. 2.9.5-1. This value is measured
downwards from the upper rudder horn
end, at the point of curvature transition,
to the mid-line of the lower rudder horn
pintle;
e = distance as defined in Fig. 2.9.5-2
2016
PART 3
Figure 2.9.5 -1 Semi spade rudder with one elastic support
Figure 2.9.5 -1 Rudder horn
where:
2.9.6 Semi spade rudder with 2-conjugate elastic y1, y2 = horizontal displacements, in [m],
support at the lower and upper rudder
horn bearings, respectively.
2.9.6.1 Data for the analysis B1, B2 = horizontal support forces, in
[kN], at the lower and upper
rudder horn bearings, respec-
K11, K22, K12 : rudder horn compliance constants tively.
calculated for rudder horn with 2-conjugate elastic supports
(Fig. 2.9.6-1). The 2-conjugate elastic supports are defined in K11, K22, K12 = obtained, in [m/kN], from
terms of horizontal displacements, yi, by the following equa- the following formulae:
tions:
λ3 e 2λ
K11 = 1.3 +
- at the lower rudder horn bearing: 3EJ 1h GJ th
y1 = - K12 B2 - K22 B1  λ3 λ2 (d − λ )  e 2 λ
K 22 = 1.3 + +
 3EJ 1h 2 EJ 1h  GJ th
- at the upper rudder horn bearing:
y2 = - K11 B2 - K12 B1
2016
PART 3
 λ3 λ2 (d − λ ) λ (d − λ )2 (d − λ )3  e 2 d 2.9.6.3 Rudder horn bending moment

K 22 = 1.3 + + + +
 3EJ 1h EJ 1h EJ 1h 3EJ 2 h  GJ th The bending moment acting on the generic sec-
tion of the rudder horn is to be obtained, in [Nm], from the fol-
d = height of the rudder horn, in [m], defined in lowing formulae:
Fig. 2.9.6-1. This value is measured down-
wards from the upper rudder horn end, at the - between the lower and upper supports pro-
point of curvature transition, to the mid-line vided by the rudder horn:
of the lower rudder horn pintle.
λ = length, in [m], as defined in Fig. 2.9.6-1. MH = FA1 z
This length is measured downwards from the
upper rudder horn end, at the point of curva- - above the rudder horn upper-support:
ture transition, to the mid-line of the upper
rudder horn bearing. For λ = 0, the above MH = FA1 z + FA2 (z - dlu)
formulae converge to those of spring con-
stant Z for a rudder horn with 1-elastic sup- where:
port, and assuming a hollow cross section FA1 = support force at the rudder horn lower-support,
for this part. in [N], to be obtained according to Fig. 2.9.6-1,
e = rudder-horn torsion lever, in [m], as defined and taken equal to B1.
in Fig. 2.9.6-1 (value taken at z = d/2). FA2 = support force at the rudder horn upper-support,
J1h = moment of inertia of rudder horn about the x in [N], to be obtained according to Fig. 2.9.6-1,
axis, in [m4], for the region above the upper and taken equal to B2.
rudder horn bearing. Note that J1h is an aver- z = distance, in m, defined in Fig. 2.9.6-2, to be tak-
age value over the length λ (see Fig. 2.9.6-1). en less than the distance d, in [m], defined in the
J2h = moment of inertia of rudder horn about the x same figure.
axis, in [m4], for the region between the up- dlu = distance, in [m], between the rudder-horn lower
per and lower rudder horn bearings. Note and upper bearings (according to Fig. 2.9.6-1, dlu
that J2h is an average value over the length d = d - λ ).
- λ (see Fig. 2.9.6-1).
Jth = torsional stiffness factor of the rudder horn, 2.9.6.4 Rudder horn shear force
in [m4]. The shear force QH acting on the generic section
For any thin wall closed section: of the rudder horn is to be obtained, in [N], from the following
formulae:
4 ⋅ FT2
J th = - between the lower and upper rudder horn bear-
u
∑ ti ings:
i
FT = mean of areas enclosed by outer and inner QH = FA1

boundaries of the thin walled section of rud-
der horn, in [m2]. - above the rudder horn upper-bearing:
ui = length, in [mm], of the individual plates
forming the mean horn sectional area. QH = FA1 + FA2
ti = thickness, in [mm], of the individual plates
where:
mentioned above.
FA1, FA2 = support forces, in [N].
Note that the Jth value is taken as an average
value, valid over the rudder horn height.
The torque acting on the generic section of the
rudder horn is to be obtained, in [Nm], from the following
Load of rudder body: formulae:
PR10 = CR2 / (ℓ10 x 103) [kN/m];
- between the lower and upper rudder horn bear-
PR20 = CR1 / (ℓ10 x 103) [kN/m]; ings:
for CR, CR1, CR2, see 2.2.
MT = FA1 e(z)
2.9.6.2 Moments and forces - above the rudder horn upper-bearing:

Moments and shear forces are indicated in Fig.
MT = FA1 e(z) + FA2 e(z)
2.9.6-1.
where:
FA1, FA2 = support forces, in [N],
2016
PART 3
e(z) = torsion lever, in [m], defined in M T ⋅10 3

Fig. 2.9.6-2. τT =
2 ⋅ FT ⋅ t H
For solid rudder horn, τT is to be considered by
2.9.6.5 Rudder horn shear stress calculation the Register on a case by case basis where:
For a generic section of the rudder horn, located FA1, FA2 = support forces, in [N];
between its lower and upper bearings, the following stresses AH = effective shear sectional area of the
are to be calculated: rudder horn, in [mm2], in y-direction;
MT = torque, in [Nm];
τS = shear stress, in [N/mm2], to be obtained from
the following formula: FT = mean of areas enclosed by outer and
inner boundaries of the thin walled
FA1 section of rudder horn, in m2;
τS = tH = plate thickness of rudder horn, in
AH
[mm]. For a given cross section of the
τT = torsional stress, in [N/mm2], to be obtained rudder horn, the maximum value of τT
for hollow rudder horn from the following is obtained at the minimum value of tH.
formula:
M T ⋅10 3 2.9.6.6 Rudder horn bending stress calculation
τT =
2 ⋅ FT ⋅ t H
For solid rudder horn, τT is to be considered by For the generic section of the rudder horn within
the Register on a case by case basis. the length d, the following stresses are to be calculated:
For a generic section of the rudder horn, located
in the region above its upper bearing, the following stresses σB = bending stress, in [N/mm2], to be ob-
are to be calculated: tained from the following formula:
τS = shear stress, in [N/mm2], to be obtained from MH

the following formula: σB =
WX
where:
FA1 + FA2
τS =
AH MH = bending moment at the section consid-
2 ered, in [Nm].
τT = torsional stress, in [N/mm ], to be obtained
for hollow rudder horn from the following WX = section modulus, in [cm3], around the
formula: X-axis (see Fig. 2 9.6-2).
Figure 2.9.6 -1 Semi spade rudder with one elastic support
2016
PART 3
Figure 2.9.6 -2 Rudder horn
2.10 PROPELLER NOZZLES
2.10.1 General
The following requirements are applicable to

propeller nozzles having an inner diameter up to 5 m.
Special attention is to be given to the support of
fixed nozzles at the hull structure.
2.10.2 Design pressure Figure 2.10.2
The design pressure for propeller nozzles is to be 2.10.3 Plate thickness

determined by the following formula:
pd = c ⋅ p, [kN/m2] 2.10.3.1 The thickness of the nozzle shell plating is not to
where: be less than:
PS , t = 5 ⋅ s ⋅ p d + 2 .5 , [mm]
p=ε [kN/m2];
AP tmin = 7,5 mm
where:
Ps = maximum shaft power, in [kW];
s = spacing of ring stiffeners, in [m]
Ap = propeller disc area, in [m2];
= D2 ⋅ π 2.10.3.2 The web thickness of the internal stiffening ring
4 is not to be less than the nozzle plating for zone 3, however, in
D = propeller diameter, in [m]; no case be less than 7,5 mm.
ε = factor according to the following for-
mula: 2.10.4 Section modulus
PS
ε = 0.21 − 2 ⋅ 10− 4 The section modulus of the cross section shown
AP in Fig. 2.10.2 around its neutral axis is not to be less than:
εmin = 0,1; W = n ⋅ d2 ⋅ b ⋅ v2 , [cm3]
c = 1,0 in zone 2;
c = 0,5 in zones 1 and 3; where:
c = 0,35 in zone 4 d - inner diameter of nozzle, in [m];
For nozzle zones see Fig. 2.10.2. b - length of nozzle, in [m],
n = 0,7 for fixed nozzles;
n = 1,0 for rudder nozzles;
v = speed of ship according 2.2.1.1.
2016
PART 3
2.10.5 Welding
The inner and outer nozzle shell plating is to be

welded to the internal stiffening rings as far as practicable by
double continuous welds. Plug welding is only permissible for
the outer nozzle plating.
2.11 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

SHIPS WITH ICE CLASS NOTATION
2.11.1 When calculating the rudder force and torsion
moment according 2.2, the ships speed v is not to be taken less
than the values specified in Table 2.11.1-1.
Table 2.11.1-1
Ice class notation v [knots]

1AS 20
1A 18
1B 16
1C, 1D 14
If the actual speed of ship is greater than value

given in Table 2.11.1-1 actual ship's speed is to be taken into
account.
Within the ice belt the thickness of the rudder
plating is to be determined as the shell plating within aft re-
gion of the ice belt. For regions of ice belt see the Rules, Part
2- Hull, 14.1.
2.11.2 For the ships with ice class notations 1AS and
1A the rudder stock and upper edge of the rudder are to be
protected against ice pressure by an ice knife or equivalent
means.
2.11.3 It is recommended that the gap between rudder
body and ship's shell is not to be less than 50 mm or 5% of the
rudder body thickness, whichever is greater.
2016
PART 3
conditions such as to avoid dragging of the anchor. In poor

3 ANCHORING ARRANGEMENT holding ground the holding power of the anchors is to be sig-
nificantly reduced.
3.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 3.1.4 The Equipment Numeral (En) formula for an-
choring equipment required hereunder is based on following
assumptions: current speed of 2.5 m/sec, wind speed of 25
3.1.1 The anchoring equipment required herewith is
m/sec and scope of chain cable between 6 and 10, the scope
intended for temporary mooring of a vessel within a harbour
being the ratio between length of chain paid out and water
or sheltered area when the vessel is awaiting bert, tide, etc.
depth.
3.1.2 The equipment is therefore not designed to hold 3.1.5 It is assumed that under normal circumstances a
a ship off fully exposed coasts in rough weather or to stop a ship will use only one bow anchor and chain cable at a time.
ship, which is moving or drifting. In this condition the loads
3.1.6 For all ships of unrestricted service, except fish-
on the anchoring equipment increase to such a degree that its
ing vessels, the equipment for anchoring, mooring and towing
components may be damaged or lost owing to the high energy
is to be selected from Table 3.1.2-1, and for fishing vessels
forces generated, particularly in large ships.
from Table 3.1.2-2.
3.1.3 The anchoring equipment presently required
herewith is designed to hold a ship in good holding ground in
Table 3.1.2-1
Equipment Stockless Stream wire Towing line
Stud link chain cables Mooring line
numeral anchor or chain **/
Equipment letter
Bower anchor Diameter
Length of each line

Stream anchor
Breaking load
Breaking load
Breaking load
Extra spec. qual-
Ordinary quality
Total length
Spec. quality
Mass per an-
ity CRS-L3
Not exc.
Length
Length
CRS-L1
CRS-L2
Exc.
No.
chor
No.
[kg] [kg] [m] [mm] [mm] [mm] [m] [kN] [m] [kN] [m] [kN]
A1 10 15 2 35 - 110 - - - - - - 2 30 29
A2 15 20 2 50 - 137,5 */ - - - - - - 2 30 29
A3 20 25 2 65 165 - - - - - - - 2 40 29
A4 25 30 2 80 - 165 11 - - - - - - 2 50 29
A5 30 40 2 105 35 192,5 11 - - 55 55 120 65 2 50 29
A6 40 50 2 135 45 192,5 12,5 - - 70 60 150 81 2 60 29
A7 50 70 2 180 60 220 14 12,5 - 80 65 180 98 3 80 34
A8 70 90 2 240 80 220 16 14 - 85 74 180 98 3 100 37
A9 90 110 2 300 100 247,5 17,5 16 - 85 81 180 98 3 110 39
B1 110 130 2 360 120 247,5 19 17,5 - 90 89 180 98 3 110 44
B2 130 150 2 420 140 275 20,5 17,5 - 90 98 180 98 3 120 49
B3 150 175 2 480 165 275 22 19 - 90 108 180 98 3 120 54
B4 175 205 2 570 190 302,5 24 20,5 - 90 118 180 112 3 120 59
B5 205 240 3 660 - 302,5 26 22 20,5 - 180 129 4 120 64
B6 240 280 3 780 - 330 28 24 22 - 180 150 4 120 69
B7 280 320 3 900 - 357,5 30 26 24 - 180 174 4 140 74
B8 320 360 3 1020 - 357,5 32 28 24 - - 180 207 4 140 78
B9 360 400 3 1140 - 385 34 30 26 - - 180 224 4 140 88
C1 400 450 3 1290 - 385 36 32 28 - - 180 250 4 140 98
C2 450 500 3 1440 - 412,5 38 34 30 - - 180 276 4 140 108
C3 500 550 3 1590 - 412,5 40 34 30 - - 190 306 4 160 123
C4 550 600 3 1740 440 42 36 32 190 338 4 160 132
C5 600 660 3 1920 440 44 38 34 190 371 4 160 147
C6 660 720 3 2100 440 46 40 36 190 406 4 160 157
C7 720 780 3 2280 467,5 48 42 36 190 441 4 170 172
C8 780 840 3 2460 467,5 50 44 38 190 480 4 170 186
C9 840 910 3 2640 467,5 52 46 40 190 510 4 170 201
D1 910 980 3 2850 495 54 48 42 190 559 4 170 216
D2 980 1060 3 3060 495 56 50 44 200 603 4 180 230
D3 1060 1140 3 3300 495 58 50 46 200 647 4 180 250
* /Chain cables or wire ropes may be used, chain cable breaking load or actual breaking strength of rope being not less than 44 kN.
** /Towing lines are recommendations only.
2016
PART 3
Table 3.1.2-1 - continued
Equipment Stockless Stream wire Towing line

Stud link chain cables Mooring line
numeral anchor or chain **/
Equipment letter
Bower anchor Diameter
Length of each line

Stream anchor
Breaking load
Breaking load
Breaking load
Extra spec. qual-
Ordinary quality
Total length
Spec. quality
Mass per an-
ity CRS-L3
Not exc.
Length
Length
CRS-L1
CRS-L2
Exc.
No.
chor
No.
[kg] [kg] [m] [mm] [mm] [mm] [m] [kN] [m] [kN] [m] [kN]
D4 1140 1220 3 3540 522,5 60 52 46 200 691 4 180 270
D5 1220 1300 3 3780 522,5 62 54 48 200 738 4 180 284
D6 1300 1390 3 4050 522,5 64 56 50 200 786 4 180 309
D7 1390 1480 3 4320 550 66 58 50 200 836 4 180 324
D8 1480 1570 3 4590 550 68 60 52 220 888 5 190 324
D9 1570 1670 3 4890 550 70 62 54 220 941 5 190 333
E1 1670 1790 3 5250 577,5 73 64 56 220 1024 5 190 353
E2 1790 1930 3 5610 577,5 76 66 58 220 1109 5 190 378
E3 1930 2080 3 6000 577,5 78 68 60 220 1168 5 190 402
E4 2080 2230 3 6450 605 81 70 62 240 1259 5 200 422
E5 2230 2380 3 6900 605 84 73 64 240 1356 5 200 451
E6 2380 2530 3 7350 605 87 76 66 240 1453 5 200 480
E7 2530 2700 3 2700 - 632,5 90 78 68 - - 260 1471 6 200 480
E8 2700 2870 3 8300 - 632,5 92 81 70 - - 260 1471 6 200 490
E9 2870 3040 3 8700 - 632,5 95 84 73 - - 260 1471 6 200 500
F1 3040 3210 3 9300 - 660 97 84 76 - - 280 1471 6 200 520
F2 3210 3400 3 9900 - 660 100 87 78 - - 280 1471 6 200 554
F3 3400 3600 3 10500 - 660 102 90 78 - - 280 1471 6 200 588
F4 3600 3800 3 11100 - 687,5 105 92 81 - - 300 1471 6 200 618
F5 3800 4000 3 11700 - 687,5 107 95 84 - - 300 1471 6 200 647
F6 4000 4200 3 12300 - 687,5 111 97 87 - - 300 1471 7 200 647
F7 4200 4400 3 12900 - 715 114 100 87 - - 300 1471 7 200 657
F8 4400 4600 3 1350 - 715 117 102 90 - - 300 1471 7 200 667
F9 4600 4800 3 14100 - 715 120 105 92 - - 300 1471 7 200 677
G1 4800 4800 3 14700 - 742,5 122 107 95 - - 300 1471 7 200 686
G2 5000 5000 3 15400 - 742,5 124 111 97 - - 300 1471 8 200 686
G3 5200 5200 3 16100 - 742,5 127 111 97 - - 300 1471 8 200 696
G4 5500 5800 3 16900 - 742,5 130 114 100 - - 300 1471 8 200 706
G5 5800 6100 3 17800 - 742,5 132 117 102 - - 300 1471 9 200 706
G6 6100 6500 3 18800 - 742,5 - 120 107 - - 300 1471 9 200 716
G7 6500 6900 3 20000 - 770 - 124 111 - - 9 200 726
G8 6900 7400 3 21500 - 770 - 127 114 - - 10 200 726
G9 7400 7900 3 23000 - 770 - 132 117 - - 11 200 726
H1 7900 8400 3 24500 - 770 - 137 122 - - 11 200 736
H2 8400 8900 3 26000 - 770 - 142 127 - - Towing lines 12 200 736
H3 8900 9400 3 27500 - 770 147 132 - - are not re- 13 200 736
H4 9400 10000 3 29000 - 770 152 132 - - quired when 14 200 736
H5 10000 10700 3 31000 - 770 - - 137 - - ship length ex- 15 200 736
H6 10700 11500 3 33000 - 770 - - 142 - - ceeds 180 m. 16 200 736
H7 11500 12400 3 35500 - 770 - - 147 - - 17 200 736
H8 12400 13400 3 38500 - 770 - - 152 - 18 200 736
H9 13400 14600 3 42000 - 770 - - 157 - - 19 200 736
I1 14600 16000 3 46000 - 770 - - 162 - - 21 200 736
* /Chain cables or wire ropes may be used, chain cable breaking load or actual breaking strength of rope being not less than 44 kn.
** /Towing lines are recommendations only.
2016
PART 3
Table 3.1.2-2
Equipment number Bower stockless Stud link chain cables for anchors Mooring line
Equipment Diameter
Actual
Not Mass Total ordinary special Length of
letter Exceeding Number Number breaking
exceeding anchor length quality quality each line
strength
CRS-L1 CRS-L2
[kg] [m] [mm] [mm] [m] [kN]
a1 to 30 2 70 137,5 */ - 2 40 25
a2 30 40 2 80 165 11,0 - 2 50 29
a3 40 50 2 100 192,5 11,0 - 2 60 29
a4 50 60 2 120 192,5 12,5 - 2 60 29
a5 60 70 2 140 192,5 12,5 - 2 80 29
a6 70 80 2 160 220 14 12,5 2 100 34
a7 80 90 2 180 220 14 12,5 2 100 37
a8 90 100 2 210 220 16 14 2 110 37
a9 100 110 2 240 220 16 14 2 110 39
b1 110 120 2 270 247,5 17,5 16 2 110 39
b2 120 130 2 300 247,5 17,5 16 2 110 44
b3 130 140 2 340 275 19 17,5 2 120 44
b4 140 150 2 390 275 19 17,5 2 120 49
b5 150 175 2 480 275 22 19 2 120 54
b6 175 205 2 570 302,5 24 20,5 2 120 59
b7 205 240 2 660 302,5 26 22 2 120 64
b8 240 280 2 780 330 28 24 3 120 71
b9 280 320 2 900 357,5 30 26 3 140 78
c1 320 360 2 1020 357,5 32 28 3 140 85
c2 360 400 2 1140 385 34 30 3 140 93
c3 400 450 2 1290 385 36 32 3 140 100
c4 450 500 2 1440 412,5 38 34 3 140 108
c5 500 550 2 1590 412,5 40 34 4 160 113
c6 550 600 2 1740 440 42 36 4 160 118
c7 600 660 2 1920 440 44 38 4 160 123
c8 660 720 2 2100 440 46 40 4 160 128
* /Chain cables or wire ropes may be used, cable breaking load or actual breaking strength of wire rope being no less than 44 kN.
from the upper deck or from a notional

3.1.7 When determining the equipment of ships with deck line where there is local disconti-
restricted area of navigation, 3.6 are to be observed. nuity in the upper deck.
3.1.8 Manufacture of anchors and anchor chain cables h = a + Σ hi
is to be in accordance with the Rules, Part 25 - Metallic mate- where:
rials, 7. a = the distance from the summer load wa-
terline amidships to the upper deck, in
[m],
3.2 EQUIPMENT NUMBER
hi = height, in [m], on the centreline of
each tier of houses having a breadth
3.2.1 The equipment of anchors and chain cables for greater than B/4.
all ships, except floating cranes and tugs, as given in tables
A = area, in [m2], in profile view, of the
above, is to be based on an Equipment Number En calculated
hull, superstructures and houses above
as follows:
the summer load waterline which are
En = ∆2/3 + 2B h + 0.1 A, within the Equipment length of the
where: vessel and also have a breadth greater
∆ = moulded displacement, in [t], to the than B/4, see also 3.2.2.
summer load waterline, 3.2.2 When calculating h, sheer and trim are to be ig-
B = moulded breadth, in [m], nored, i.e. h is the sum of freeboard amidships plus the height
h = effective height, in [m], from the (at centreline) of each tier of houses having a breadth greater
summer load waterline to the top of than B/4.
the uppermost house; for the lowest ti-
er “h” is to be measured at centreline
2016
PART 3
If a house having a breadth greater than B/4 is 3.2.4 For tugs, the term 2,0⋅B⋅h expressed in formula
above a house with a breadth of B/4 or less then the wide for equipment number En in 3.2.1 may be substituted by:
house is to be included but the narrow house ignored.
2,0 (a ⋅ B + Σ hi ⋅ bi)
Screens or bulwarks 1,5 m or more in height are where:
to be regarded as parts of houses when determining h and A. a, B and hi are as defined in 3.2.1
The height of the hatch coamings and that of any deck cargo, bi = breadth, in [m], of the widest superstruc-
such as containers, may be disregarded when determining h ture or deckhouse of each tier having a
and A. breadth greater than B/4.
With regard to determining A, when a bulwark is
more than 1,5 m high, the area shown as A2 (see Fig. 3.2.2) is
to be included in A.
3.3 ANCHORS
The equipment length of the vessels is the length
3.3.1 General
between perpendiculars but is not to be less than 96% nor
greater than 97% of the extreme length on the summer water- Two of the rule bower anchors are to be con-
line (measured from the forward end of the waterline). nected to their chain cables and positioned on board ready for
The total length of chain given in Tables 3.1.2-1 use.
and 3.1.2-2 is to be divided in approximately equal parts be- Where in column 4 of Table 3.1.2-1 three bower
tween the two bower anchors. anchor are required the third anchor is intended as a spare
For dredgers of unrestricted service having nor- bower anchor.
mal ship shape of underwater part of the hull the anchoring Installation of the spare bower anchor on board
equipment is to be provided in accordance with these require- is not compulsorily required. Register is free to permit other
ments. When calculating the Equipment Number bucket lad- arrangements at its discretion or not to require the spare an-
ders and gallows are not to be included. If however a dredger chor as a condition of classification.
has unusual design of the underwater part of the hull, Register
is free to modify the requirements to anchoring equipment. As Ships with Equipment Numeral of 205 and less
far as dredgers of limited service are concerned, the equipment may have the second bower anchor as spare one on condition
is to be provided at the discretion of the Register. that provision is made for its quick getting ready for use.
Unmanned barges and pontoons where length is
less than 30 m the anchor may be dispensed with and where
length is greater than 30 m may have only one bower anchor.
3.3.2 Anchor mass
The mass, per anchor, of bower anchor given in

the Tables 3.1.2-1 and 3.1.2-2 is required for anchors of equal
mass.
The mass of individual anchor may vary to 7%
of the Table mass provided that the total mass of anchors is
not less than that required for anchors of equal mass.
When special type of anchors designated “high
holding power anchor” of proven superior holding ability are
used as bower anchors, the mass of each anchor may be 75%
Figure 3.2.2 of the mass required for ordinary stockless bower anchors in
3.2.3 The equipment number En of a floating crane is the Tables 3.1.2-1 and 3.1.2-2.
to be determined by the following expression: The mass of the stocked anchor, when used, and
that of stream anchor, excluding the stock, is to be 80% of the
En = 1.5⋅∆2/3 + 2⋅B⋅h + 2⋅S + 0.1⋅A, mass required in the Tables 3.1.2-1 and 3.1.2-2 for stockless
bower anchors and the mass of the stock is to be 20%.
where ∆, B, h and A are to be calculated accord-
ing to 3.2.1: in determining value A, the area of the upper The mass of the heads of stockless anchor in-
structure of the floating crane exposed to cross wind (during cluding pins and fittings are not to be less than 60% of the to-
navigation) is to be calculated as the area bound by the con- tal mass of the anchor.
struction contour of the floating crane. 3.3.3 High holding power anchors
S = the projection of the area, in [m2], exposed
to wind (during navigation) on the cross 3.3.3.1 For approval as a high holding power anchor sat-
section of the midship, which extends isfactory tests are to be made on various type of bottom, and
above the upper edge of the uppermost the anchor is to have a holding power at least twice that of on
deckhouse included in the calculation of h; ordinary stockless anchor of the same weight.
in this projection the area exposed to wind 3.3.3.2 Full scale tests are to be carried out at sea on
is to be taken as the surface bound by the various types of bottom and to be applied to anchors the
construction contour of the floating crane. weights of which are, as far as possible, representative of the
full range of sizes proposed; for a definite group of the range
2016
PART 3
the two anchors selected for testing (ordinary stockless an- The heads of Hall's, Gruson's and high holding
chors and high holding power anchors) are to be of approxi- power anchors are dropped on the plate, the crown down-
mately the same weight, and are to be tested in association wards; the shanks of Hall's, Gruson's and high holding power
with the size of chain cable appropriate to this weight. anchors and also the shanks with flukes of admiralty stocked
anchor are dropped in horizontal position.
3.3.3.3 The length of cable with each anchor is to be
such that the pull on the shank remains practically horizontal, 3.3.5.2 Moreover, each cast or welded shank and arms
for this purpose a scope of 10 is considered normal but a scope of the admiralty stocked anchor is to be suspended in a vertical
of not less than 6 may be accepted. Scope is defined as the ra- position, the flukes downwards, and dropped on two steel
tio of length of cable to depth of water. blocks put on the plate in such a manner that the distance be-
tween them is half the span of the arms (Fig. 3.3.5.2.).
3.3.3.4 Three tests are to be taken for each anchor and
nature of bed. The pull is to be measured by dynamometer. The thickness of the blocks is to be such as to
The stability of the anchor and ease of breaking out are to be prevent the anchor crown from striking against the plate.
noted where possible. Tests are normally to be carried out
from a tug but alternatively shore based tests may be accepted.
Measurements of pull based on RPM/bollard pull curve of tug
may be accepted instead of dynamometer readings.
3.3.3.5 Tests in comparison with a previously approved
high holding power anchor may be accepted as a basis for ap-
proval.
For approval and/or acceptance of high holding
power anchors of the whole range of weight, tests are to be
carried out on at least two - sizes of anchors and the weight of
the maximum size to be approved could be accepted up to 10
times the weight of large size tested.
3.3.3.6 The use of a super high holding power anchors
(SHHP) is limited to restricted service vessels and subject to Figure 3.3.5.2
special consideration by the Register. 3.3.5.3 After the drop test, the parts are to be suspended
3.3.4 Manufacture and subjected to a hammer test with a hammer weighing not
less than 3 kg. They must give out a clear ringing sound. If the
3.3.4.1 Anchors may be of forged, cast or welded con- sound is not clear, they are to be inspected by non-destructive
struction. methods. If a part must be repaired, the testing procedure is to
3.3.4.2 Anchor parts are to be free from cracks, cavities be repeated.
and other defects affecting their strength. The external defects 3.3.5.4 Each cast anchor shackle is to be tested without
may be repaired by welding. Welding procedure is to be the anchor with non-statutory pin secured inside by a proof not
agreed with the Register. less than:
3.3.4.3 The pins of the heads shaft and the pin of the F2 = 2F1,
shackle are to be efficiently locked against axial displacement. where:
The locking may be effected by electric welding. F2 - proof load of the shackle, in [kN],
3.3.4.4 The manufacturer shall determine whether heat F1 - proof load of the anchor, in [kN], accord-
treatment of the anchor is to be needed after its manufacture, ing to 3.3.5.9.
and if so, what type of heat treatment is to be used. If heat In some cases this test may be applied selec-
treatment is deemed necessary, it is to be carried out prior to tively to 5 per cent of the batch but to not less than two shack-
the proof testing of the anchor. les. A batch is considered to be composed of shackles manu-
factured from steel of the same grade and being heat treated
3.3.5 Testing
either simultaneously or in the same conditions or by checking
the temperatures.
3.3.5.1 All cast or welded anchors or their parts are to
be tested by dropping on a steel plate not less than 100 mm in After testing under proof load, no fractures or
thickness. The height of dropping is given in Table 3.3.5.1-1. permanent deformations are to be detected.
3.3.5.5 Each anchor, irrespective of the method of its
Table 3.3.5.1-1 manufacture, is to be subjected to tensile test by application of
a proof load either on a special testing machine or by a load
Height of dropping (measured suspended to the flukes.
Anchor mass,
from plate up to lower edge of
[kg] 3.3.5.6 Hall and Gruson anchors and high holding pow-
anchor or its part), [m]
below 750 4.5 er anchors are to be tested by simultaneous gripping of both
from 750 to 1500 4.0 arms (Fig. 3.3.5.6), first turned to one side and then to the oth-
from 1500 to 5000 3.5 er.
over 5000 3.0
2016
PART 3
3.3.5.9 The value of the proof load, which the anchors

of all sizes must withstand is not to be less than the load speci-
fied in Table 3.3.5.9-1.
Proof load for intermediate values of the anchor
weight is determined by linear interpolation.
3.3.5.10 For high holding power anchors the proof load is
taken depending on the anchor mass increased by 33%.
3.3.5.11 Prior to the proof testing, a punch is to be made
on the anchor shank and also on each bill of flukes. Then
Hall's, Gruson's and high holding power anchors are subjected
to a preliminary 2-minutes tension by a load equal to 0,5 F1.
The load is then reduced down to 0,2 F1 and distance between
the punch marks is measured. After that the load is maintained
Figure 3.3.5.6 for 2 minutes, then the load is reduced to 0,2 F1 and the dis-
tance between the punch marks is measured again.
3.3.5.7 The admiralty-stocked anchors are to be tested If the increase of the distance between the punch
by applying the load to each fluke arm in succession (Fig. marks exceeds 0,5 per cent of the initial distance, the anchor is
3.3.5.7). The test may be carried out both with or without the to be rejected.
stock.
The admiralty stocked anchors are not subjected
to the preliminary tensions. The punch marks are to also be fit-
ted on them and then are subjected to proof load in duration of
2 minutes. No permanent deformations are allowed.
3.3.5.12 After Hall's, Gruson's and high holding power
anchors have been subjected to the proof load, the free rotation
of their flukes through the complete angle is to be controlled.
In case the rotation of flukes is impeded or they rotate through
on incomplete angle, the defects are to be removed and the test
repeated.
The results of repeated test are considered final.
3.3.5.13 Upon completion of proof load tests all anchors
are to be inspected to ascertain the possible cracks and defects
and then to be weighed.
Figure 3.3.5.7 Under special circumstances weight control is
permitted by checking at random only 5 percent for the total
3.3.5.8 In all cases the proof load is applied on one side number of anchors but not less than two anchors provided the
to the statutory shackle and on the other side to the arms (for approved models are used.
Hall and Gruson anchors and high holding power anchors) or
on an arm (for admiralty anchors) at a distance 1/3 of the arm
length L away from the bill (see Figures 3.3.5.6 and 3.3.5.7).
2016
PART 3
Table 3.3.5.9-1
Anchor Proof Anchor Proof Anchor Proof Anchor Proof

weight load weight load weight load weight load
[kg] [kN] [kg] [kN] [kg] [kN] [kg] [kN]
50 23 1250 239 5000 661 12500 1130
55 25 1300 247 5100 669 13000 1160
60 27 1350 255 5200 667 13500 1180
65 29 1400 262 5300 685 14000 1210
70 31 1450 270 5400 691 14500 1230
75 32 1500 278 5500 699 15000 1260
80 34 1600 292 5600 706 15500 1270
90 36 1700 307 5700 713 16000 1300
100 39 1800 321 5800 721 16500 1330
120 44 1900 335 5900 728 17000 1360
140 49 2000 349 6000 735 17500 1390
160 53 2100 362 6100 740 18000 1410
180 57 2200 376 6200 747 18500 1440
200 61 2300 388 6300 754 19000 1470
225 66 2400 401 6400 760 19500 1490
250 70 2500 414 6500 767 20000 1520
275 75 2600 427 6600 773 21000 1570
300 80 2700 438 6700 779 22000 1620
325 84 2800 450 6800 786 23000 1670
350 89 2900 462 6900 794 24000 1720
375 93 3000 474 7000 804 25000 1770
400 98 3100 484 7200 818 26000 1800
425 103 3200 495 7400 832 27000 1850
450 107 3300 506 7600 845 28000 1900
475 112 3400 517 7800 861 29000 1940
500 116 3500 528 8000 877 30000 1990
550 125 3600 537 8200 892 31000 2030
600 132 3700 547 8400 908 32000 2070
650 140 3800 557 8600 922 34000 2160
700 149 3900 567 8800 936 36000 2250
750 158 4000 577 9000 949 38000 2330
800 166 4100 586 9200 961 40000 2410
850 175 4200 595 9400 975 42000 2490
900 182 4300 604 9600 987 44000 2570
950 191 4400 613 9800 998 46000 2650
1000 199 4500 622 10000 1010 48000 2730
1050 208 4600 631 10500 1040
1100 216 4700 638 11000 1070
1150 224 4800 645 11500 1090
1200 231 4900 653 12000 1110
3.4 CHAIN CABLES AND ROPES chain cables of these ships is to be agreed with Register taking
account specified depth and condition of anchorage.
FOR BOWER ANCHORS
The length of chain cables of unmanned barges
3.4.1 Ship with equipment number of 205 and less, in is to be two times length or 40 m, whichever is greater.
which the second bower anchor is permitted to be spare one 3.4.3 Chain cables of bower anchors are to be graded
may be equipped with only one chain cable the length of dependent of their strength as specified in the Rules, Part 25 -
which is to be one half of that given in the equipment Table Metallic materials, 7.2.
3.1.2-1 for two chains.
Grade 1 material used for chain cables CRS L1
in conjunction with high holding power anchors must have a
3.4.2 For the supply vessels the diameter of the chain
tensile strength of not less than 400 N/mm2.
cables is to be determined according to Table 3.1.2-1 two lines
above than required equipment number. The length of 3.4.4 For ships with equipment number of 90 and less,
in alternative to stud link chain cables, short link chain cables
2016
PART 3
may be considered, for acceptance, by the Register on the ba- The end of each wire rope is to be spliced into a
sis of their design, strength and steel quality. thimble, clamp or socket and in order to increase the anchor
holding power and the damping of jerk loads, the end of each
3.4.5 In alternative to the stud link or short link cables wire rope is to be connected to the anchor by means of a chain
wire ropes may be used for: cable section of at least 12.5 meters in length and having the
- both the bower anchors of ships bellow 30 same strength as the wire rope. The chain cable section is to be
m in length secured to the wire rope fitting and the anchor shackle by
- one of two bower anchors of ships be- means of joining shackles being equal to the wire ropes in
tween 30 m and 40 m in length strength.
The wire ropes, above mentioned, are to have The length of the chain cable section may be in-
strength equal to that of tabular chain cable of grade 1 and cluded into 1,5 times the length of wire ropes specified in the
length equal 1.5 times the corresponding tabular length of previous paragraph.
chain cables.
Wire ropes of trawl winches on fishing vessels 3.4.10 The wire ropes anchors are to have at least 114
complying with these requirements may be used as anchor wires and not less than one natural fibre core. The wires of the
chain cables. ropes are to have at least thin zinc coating in accordance with
applicable standards.
3.4.6 The chain cables are to be composed of separate In all other respects, the wire ropes for anchors
chain length, except for the chains less than 15 mm in diame- shall meet the requirement of the Rules, Part 25 - Metallic ma-
ter, which need not be divided into chain lengths. terials, 7.
The lengths of chains are to be interconnected
with joining links. The use of joining shackles instead of join- 3.4.11 Stream anchors may use the chain cables with
ing links is to be specially considered by Register. stud or without them as well as wire ropes, which shall meet
the requirements of 3.4.8 and 3.4.9.
Depending on their location in the chain cable
the lengths are divided into:
- anchor part fastened to the anchor (forerun- 3.5 ANCHOR APPLIANCES
ner),
- intermediate lengths, 3.5.1 Stoppers
- inboard part, secured to the chain cable re-
leasing device. 3.5.1.1 Each bower anchor chain cable or rope is to be
provided with stopper holding the anchor in the hawse pipe
3.4.7 To be considered a separate length, the anchor when stowed for sea or, in addition, intended for holding the
part must be provided with a swivel, end link, and an adequate ship at anchor.
number of common and enlarged links. If the dimensions of
In ships having no anchor machinery or having
the relevant part of the cable chain are sufficient to form a
the anchor machinery, which is not in compliance with the
length, the anchor length may consist of a swivel, end link and
Rules, Part 9 - Machines, 6.3 stoppers must be installed for
joining link only.
holding the ship at anchor.
On cable chains divided into lengths a swivel
must be attached as close as possible to the anchor. The swivel 3.5.1.2 Where the stopper is intended only for securing
pins shall point toward the middle of the chain cable. The the anchor in the hawse pipe, its parts are to be calculated to
chain length is to be connected to the anchor by means of an withstand the chain cable strain to twice the weight of the an-
end shackle with pin. chor, the stresses in the stopper parts not exceeding 0,4 times
the yield point of their material.
3.4.8 The intermediate length is to be no shorter than
Where the stopper comprises a chain cable or
25 m and no longer than 27,5 m, and it is to have an odd num-
rope, this is to have safety factor 5 in relation to the breaking
ber of links. The totals for the length of two chains given in
load of the chain cable or actual breaking strength of the rope
the equipment table include only the sums of the middle
under the action of a force equal to twice the weight of the an-
lengths, without anchor and inboard lengths. If there are an
chor.
odd number of intermediate lengths, then the chain cable on
the right side is to have one length more than the chain cable 3.5.1.3 Where the stopper is intended for riding the ship
on the left side. at anchor, its parts are to be calculated on assumption that the
stopper is to be subjected to a force in the chain cable equal to
3.4.9 The inboard end length of each chain shall con-
0,8 times its breaking load. The stresses in the stopper parts
sist of a special link of enlarged size which, however, shall
are to not exceed 0,95 times the yield point of their material.
pass freely through the wildcat of the anchor machinery se-
Where the stopper comprises a chain cable or rope, they are to
cured to the chain cable releasing device, and of a minimum
be of strength equal to that of the chain cable for which they
number of common and enlarged links which are necessary to
are intended.
constitute and independent chain length. The inboard end
chain length may consist of one end link only, provided the re-
3.5.2 Device for securing and releasing the
lation between the dimensions of the chain cable parts and the
inboard end of the chain cables
chain cable-releasing device allows of such arrangement.
In all other respects the chain cables for bower 3.5.2.1 The inboard ends of the chain cables are to be
anchors shall comply with the requirements of the Rules, Part secured to the structures by fastening able to withstand a force
25 - Metallic materials, 7.
2016
PART 3
not less than 15% nor more than 30% of the breaking load of 3.5.4.5 Closure of chain lockers
the chain cable.
3.5.4.5.1 This requirement is applicable to ships with a
3.5.2.2 The fastening is to be provided with means suit-
length of 24 m and above built in accordance with the 1966
able to permit, in case of emergency, an easy slipping of the
Load Line Convention or the 1988 Protocol to the Load Line
chain cables to sea, operable from an accessible position out-
Convention and the keels of which are laid or which are at a
side the chain locker.
similar stage of construction on or after 1 July 2003.
3.5.3 Laying of chain cables 3.5.4.5.2 Spurling pipes and cable lockers are to be
watertight up to the weather deck. Bulkheads between separate
3.5.3.1 Laying of chain cables shall provide for their run cable lockers (see Fig. 3.5.4.5.2-1), or which form a common
when dropping or hoisting the anchors. boundary of cable lockers (see Fig. 3.5.4.5.2-2), need not
however be watertight.
3.5.3.2 The anchor shank shall easily enter the hawse
pipe under the mere action of the chain cable tension and shall
readily take off the hawse pipe when the chain cable is re-
leased.
3.5.3.3 It is recommended that thickness of the hawse
pipe is not to be less than 0.4 times the diameter of chain cable
passing through the hawse pipe.
3.5.4 Chain lockers Figure 3.5.4.5.2-1 Figure 3.5.4.5.2-2

3.5.4.5.3 Where means of access is provided, it is to be
3.5.4.1 For stowage of each bower anchor chain lockers closed by a substantial cover and secured by closely spaced
are to be provided. bolts.
When one chain locker is designed for two
3.5.4.5.4 Where a means of access to spurling pipes or
chains, it is to be provided with an internal division so that
cable lockers is located below the weather deck, the access
separate stowage of each chain is ensured.
cover and its securing arrangements are to be in accordance
For specific requirements relating to chain lock- with recognized standards* or equivalent for watertight man-
ers of passenger ships in domestic service class "D" operating hole covers. Butterfly nuts and/or hinged bolts are prohibited
exclusively in the area of navigation 6 and 7, in the period as the securing mechanism for the access cover.
from April 1 to October 31, see Section A.11.
3.5.4.5.5 Spurling pipes through which anchor cables are
3.5.4.2 The chain locker is to be of capacity and depth led are to be provided with permanently attached closing ap-
adequate to provide an easy direct lead of the cables through pliances** to minimize water ingress.
the chain pipes and self-stowing of the cables.
* Examples of the recognized standards are such as:
The minimum required stowage capacity with-
i) ISO 5894-1999
out mud box for the two bow anchor chains is as follows:
ii) China: GB 11628-1989 Ship Manhole Co-
l
S = 1,1d 2 , [m3] ver
100000 iii) India: IS 15876-2009 "Ships and Marine
where: Technology manholes with bolted covers"
d = chain diameter, [mm], according to Ta- iv) Japan: JIS F2304, "Ship's Manholes" and
bles 3.1.2-1 and 3.1.2-2 JIS F2329, "Marine Small Size Manhole"
l = total length of stud link chain cable ac- v) Korea: KSV 2339:2006 and KS VISO5894
cording to Tables 3.1.2-1 and 3.1.2-2 vi) Norway: NS 6260:1985 to NS 6266:1985
vii) Russia: GOST 2021-90 "Ship's steel man-
The total stowage capacity is to be distributed on
holes. Specifications"
two chain lockers of equal size for the port and starboard chain
cables. The shape of the base areas is to as far as possible be ** Examples of acceptable arrangements are such as:
quadratic with a maximum edge length of 33⋅d. As an alterna- i) steel plates with cutouts to accomodate
tive, circular base areas may be selected, the diameter of chain links or
which is not to exceed 30 –35⋅d. ii) canvas hoods with a lashing arrangement
that maintains the cover in the secured po-
Above the stowage of each chain locker in addi- sition.
tion a free depth of h = 1500 mm is to be provided.
3.5.4.3 The chain locker design and covers of the access 3.5.5 Anchor machinery
openings are to be watertight as necessary to prevent acciden-
tal flooding of the chain locker which could damage essential 3.5.5.1 An anchor windlass must be provided if the an-
auxiliaries or equipment (located outside the chain locker) or chor mass exceeds 35 kg.
could affect the proper operation of the ship. 3.5.5.2 On ships with an equipment number of 205 or
3.5.4.4 The drainage facilities for chain locker shall less, a hand-operated anchor windlass may be installed, or
meet the requirements of the Rules, Part 8 - Piping, 2.11, and other deck machinery may be used to release or hoist the an-
the lighting with the requirements of Part 12 - Electrical chor.
equipment, 6.7.
2016
PART 3
3.5.5.3 Construction and power requirements for the an- 5, 6 According equipment number reduced
chor windlass are given in the Rules, Part 9 - Machines, 6.3. by 25% taking in to account 3.6.1.2
Strength requirements for the windlass founda-
7, 8 According to 3.6.1.3
tions are given in Section 7.14.
3.5.5.4 Unless located at least 2.4 m above the cargo
deck the windlass and the openings of chain pipes leading into
the chain locker are to be fitted at distance of not less than 3 m 3.6.1.2 Ship mentioned in 3.6.1.1 with equipment num-
from cargo tank boundaries, if liquids having a flashpoint not ber 35 and less and of restricted navigation area 6, if they are
exceeding 60oC are intended to be carried. not passenger ships may have only one bower anchor and one
chain cable the length of which is two times less than that re-
3.5.5.5 On ships intended to carry in bulk flammable quired in Table 3.1.2-1.
liquids having the flash point bellow 60oC no deck machinery
is to be fitted directly on the decks being the top of cargo tanks 3.6.1.3 Provisions for equipment of ships of restricted
and bunkers. navigation area 7 and 8 are to be determined according to Ta-
ble 3.1.2-1. The anchor weight may be reduced up to 40% and
In this case, the deck machinery is to be fitted on
chain diameter may be determined according to the reduced
special foundations, the construction of which provides for
anchor mass.
free circulation of air underneath the machinery.
If an anchor mass of less than 80 kg has been de-
3.5.6 Spare parts termined, only one anchor is required and half length of chain
cable required by Table 3.1.2-1.
3.5.6.1 Every ship whose anchor arrangement includes a
3.6.1.4 For ships of restricted area of navigation 5, 6, 7
spare bower anchor and cable chains must have three spare
and 8 stream anchor is not required.
joining links and one end shackle of the corresponding dimen-
sions. If the ship has no spare bower anchor the shackle is not 3.6.1.5 For specific requirements relating to attestation
mandatory. of the anchoring equipment of passenger ships in domestic
service class "D" operating exclusively in the area of naviga-
3.5.6.2 Every ship whose anchor arrangement includes a
tion 6 and 7, in the period from April 1 to October 31, see Sec-
spare anchor and cable chains must have all the parts needed
tions A.10 and A.12.
for connecting the wire rope to the anchor shackle.
3.5.7 Permissible weardown of chain cables 3.6.2 Fishing vessels of restricted navigation area 3,
4 and 5
3.5.7.1 When the mean diameter of link, at its most
worn part, is reduced by 12% or more from its required nomi- 3.6.2.1 Provisions for equipment of ships with length 20
nal diameter it is to be renewed. < L ≤ 40, are to be determined according to Table 3.6.2.1-1
based on equipment number obtained as follows:
3.5.7.2 The mean diameter is half value of the sum of
the minimum diameter found in one cross-section of the link Enf = L (B + D) + Σ0.5 ⋅ l ⋅ h,
and of the diameter measured in perpendicular direction in the
where:
same cross-section.
l =
length of individual superstructure and
3.5.7.3 For the guidelines for maximum wear down of deckhouse, m;
anchor cable fittings, joining shackles, the looseness of studs h = height of individual superstructure and
within anchor cable and the securing by welding of studs deckhouse at centreline, m.
found loose during survey of chain cables links in service, see Deckhouse having a breadth of less than B/4
IACS Rec. 79 (Rev.1, 2014). may be ignored.
For vessels having a length of 20 m and less the
3.6 EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPS IN equipment is to be determined for the length L in accordance
RESTRICTED AREA OF NAVIGATION with Table 3.6.2.1-1.
3.6.2.2 Provisions stated in 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 are to also
3.6.1 All vessels, except fishing vessels be observed.
3.6.2.3 The second anchor is considered as spare one on
3.6.1.1 Provisions for equipment for vessels with re- condition that provision is made for its quick getting ready for
stricted service, except fishing vessels, are based on equip- use.
ment number in accordance with 3.2 and given in Table
3.6.1.1-1. 3.6.2.4 For ships with length less than 20 m the weight
of spare anchor may be 70% of the value required by Table
Table 3.6.1.1-1 3.6.2.1-1.
Sailing area Requirements for equipment 3.6.2.5 Stream anchor is not required
2 No reduction
3,4 According equipment number reduced
by 15%
2016
PART 3
3.6.3 Fishing vessels of restricted navigation area 6,

7 and 8
3.6.3.1 Fishing vessels of this sailing area, with length

less than 16 m may have only one anchor and chain cable with
length two times less than in Table 3.6.2.1-1.
Table 3.6.2.1-1
Length Equipment Bower anchors Stud link chain cables Mooring ropes
number No. Weight per Total Diameter Total Diameter
L E nf
anchors length d1 d2 length d3 d4
[m] [kg] [m] [m]
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
to 14 - 2 60 95 11.0 - 80 - 20
14-16 - 2 75 105 11.0 90 10 20
16-18 - 2 85 110 11.0 100 10 20
18-20 - 2 95 110 12.5 12.5 120 10 20
L = 20 - 40 to 270 2 110 137.5 12.5 12.5 150 10 22
270-300 2 140 165 14.0 12.5 180 10 22
300-330 2 180 165 14.0 12.5 200 10 22
330-360 2 210 220 16.0 14.0 225 10 24
360-400 2 250 220 16.0 14.0 225 10 24
400-450 2 300 247.5 17.5 16.0 225 10 24
450-500 2 370 247.5 19.0 17.5 250 12 26
over 500 2 440 275.0 22.0 19.0 250 12 26
Remarks:
- Short link cable of same proof load may be taken in lieu of stud link chain cables for ships with Enf less than 330.
Explanatory notes:
d1 .... Chain diameter grade CRS-L1
d2 .... Chain diameter grade CRS-L2
d3 .... Diameter of wire rope 6 x 24, breaking strength 1570 N/mm2.
d4 .... Diameter of polyamide ropes and manila ropes.
2016
PART 3
Length of the mooring ropes is to be two times

4 MOORING ARRANGEMENT of length or 80 m, whichever is greater.
4.2 MOORING ROPES

4.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
4.2.1 Mooring ropes may be made of steel wire, or of
4.1.1 The number, length and breaking strength of natural or synthetic fibres except on ships carrying in bulk
mooring ropes are to be determined for all ships with the ex- flammable liquids with a flash point under 60o.
ception of fishing vessels according to Table 3.1.2-1 and for
fishing vessels according to Table 3.1.2-2, and Table 3.6.2.1- Operations with steel wire ropes are allowed on-
1. The breaking loads specified in tables are valid for wire ly on those superstructure decks which are not the top of the
ropes and ropes of natural fibre (manila) only. cargo tanks and which have no cargo pipelines led over them.
Regardless of the breaking strength as specified
4.1.2 For ships with a ratio A/En exceeding 0,9, an in- in Tables 3.1.2-1, 3.1.2-2 or 3.6.2.1-1, fibre ropes with a di-
creased number of mooring ropes compared to those specified ameter less than 20 mm are not acceptable.
in Table 3.1.2-1 must be provided as follows:
1 rope -when 4.2.2 Wire ropes are to be of a flexible construction
A composed according to Table 4.2.2
0,9 < ≤ 1,1 ,
En
Table 4.2.2-1
2 ropes - when
A Breaking load (BL)
Composition
1,1 < ≤ 1,2 , [kN]
En
3 ropes-when 72 wires in 6 strands with 7
BL ≤ 216
A fibre cores
> 1,2,
En 144 wires in 6 strands with 7
216 < BL ≤ 490
fibre cores
where:
En and A - equipment number and area exposed to wind 216 wires in 6 strands with 1
BL > 490
according to 3.2. fibre core
4.1.3 On ships with individual mooring ropes having a 4.2.3 Wire ropes for use in association with mooring
breaking strength exceeding 490 kN according to Table 3.1.2- winches where the rope is to be stored on the drum may be
1, the following ropes may be used: constructed with on independent wire rope core instead of fi-
- with reduced breaking strength and an in- bre core. The number of wires in such ropes is not to be less
creased number of ropes, than 216.
or
- with increased breaking strength and a re- In all other respects these ropes shall meet the
requirements of the Rules, Part 25 - Metallic materials, 8.
duced number of ropes.
In such cases the total breaking strength of all 4.2.4 Natural fibre ropes are to be either manila or si-
the mooring ropes is not to be less than the total rope strength sal. The ships having equipment number 205 and less are per-
foreseen according to Table 3.1.2-1. The number of ropes is to mitted to use hemp ropes. The use of hemp ropes in ships with
not be less than 6, and the breaking strength of a single rope is equipment number over 205 is subject to special consideration
not to be lower than 490 kN. in each particular case.
In all other respects these ropes shall meet the
4.1.4 The length of the individual mooring ropes may
be up to 7% less than that given in the Table 3.1.2-1 provided requirements of the Rules, Part 25 - Metallic materials, 2.
that the total length of all wires and ropes is not less than the 4.2.5 The synthetic fibre ropes may contain capron,
sum of the individual lengths. nylon, polypropylene and other approved synthetic materials
as well as combinations of fibres of different approved materi-
4.1.5 If synthetic-fibre ropes are used, the breaking
strength of a rope Fc is not to be less than: als.
Fc = 0,0742⋅δm⋅Ft8/9 , [kN] In all other respects, the ropes of synthetic fibre
where: material shall meet the requirements of the Rules, Part 24 -
δm = the mean relative elongation to the break- Non-metallic materials, 2.
ing point of a synthetic rope, in percent-
ages but not less than 30%, 4.3 MOORING APPLIANCES
Ft = actual breaking strength of a mooring rope,
given in Table 3.1.2-1 or 3.1.2-2, in [kN]. 4.3.1 The number and position of mooring bollards,
4.1.6 Provisions for mooring ropes of non-propelled fairleads and other mooring appliances depend on the con-
unmanned barges are as follow: struction particulars, purpose and general arrangement of the
L < 65 m : 2 ropes ship.
L ≥ 65 m : 3 ropes
2016
PART 3
4.3.2 Bollards may be of steel or cast iron. Small ships

equipped only with natural fibre or synthetic fibre ropes are
permitted to use the bollards made of light alloys. As to the
method of manufacture, the bollards may be welded or cast.
4.3.3 The outside diameter of the bollard column is to
be not less than 10 times the diameter of the steel rope and 5,5
times the diameter of the synthetic-fibre rope; nor is to be less
than one circumference of the fibre rope to be used with the
bollard. The distance between the axis of the bollard column is
not to be less than 25 times the diameter of the steel rope, or 3
circumferences of the fibre rope are to be used with the bol-
lard.
4.3.4 Bollards, fairleads and other parts of mooring
appliances, with the exception of rope stoppers, are to be so
designed that the stresses in their parts do not exceed 0,95
times the yield point of the material.
The breaking strength of a rope stopper is to be
not less than 0,15 of the breaking strength of the whole rope
for which it is intended.
4.3.5 For the requirements applicable to design and
construction of shipboard fittings and supporting structures
used for the mooring operations, see 5.6.
4.3.6 For specific requirements relating to attestation
of the mooring equipment of passenger ships in domestic ser-
vice class "D" operating exclusively in the area of navigation
6 and 7, in the period from April 1 to October 31, see Section
A.9.
4.4 MOORING MACHINERY

4.4.1 Specially fitted appliances, such as drums, cap-
stans etc. may be provided for winding up mooring ropes, and
as well other existing deck arrangements such as anchor wind-
lass, cargo winches etc. provided with drums for rope coiling.
4.4.2 Decisions as to the number and type of mooring
machinery are to the owner and designer's discretion, on con-
dition that the rated forced of the machinery does not exceed
1/3 of the breaking strength of the mooring ropes to be used
on the ship and that the requirements of the Rules, Part 9 -
Machines, 6.4 are satisfied.
2016
PART 3
5 TOWING ARRANGEMENT 5.3 TOWING APPLIANCES

5.3.1 The number and location of towing bollards and
chocks depend on the construction particulars, purpose and
5.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS general arrangement of the ship.
5.1.1 Each ship is to be provided with towing ar- 5.3.2 The requirements for mooring bollards and
rangement, which meets the requirements of 5.2, 5.3 and 5.6. chocks as provided in 4.3.2, 4.3.3 and 4.3.4 are also applicable
to towing bollards and chocks.
5.1.2 All oil tankers over 20000 tons deadweight, in-
cluding combination carriers, chemical tankers and liquefied
gas carriers shall comply with requirements of 5.4. 5.4 EMERGENCY TOWING
ARRANGEMENTS ON TANKERS
5.1.3 Tugs shall comply with requirements of 5.5.
5.2 TOWING LINE 5.4.1 General requirements
5.2.1 Lengths and breaking loads of a towing lines 5.4.1.1 Emergency towing arrangements shall be fitted
specified in the Table 3.1.2-1 are recommendations only. at both ends on board every tanker listed in 5.1.2.
5.2.2 For shipborn barges the breaking strength of the 5.4.1.2 For tankers constructed on or after 1 July 2002:
towing line is determined by the formula: .1 the arrangements shall, at all times, be ca-
pable of rapid deployment in the absence
Fp = 16⋅n⋅B⋅d, in [kN],
of main power on the ship to be towed and
where:
easy connection to the towing ship. At
n = number of barges towed,
least one of the emergency towing ar-
B = width of barges, in [m],
rangements shall be pre-rigged ready for
d = draught of the barges, in [m].
rapid deployment; and
The breaking strength of the rope is used in cal- .2 emergency towing arrangements at both
culations of equipment strength for shipborn barges. The lines ends shall be of adequate strength taking
for towing barges may be stored on the barges if the shi- into account the size and deadweight of the
powner so desires, or they may be kept on tugboats and not be ship, and the expected forces during bad
included as part of the barge equipment. weather conditions. The design and con-
5.2.3 Towing lines may be made of steel wire or of struction and prototype testing of emer-
natural or synthetic fibres. The requirements for mooring rope gency towing arrangements shall be ap-
as provided in 4.2 are also applicable to towing lines. proved by the Administration, based on the
Guidelines developed by the Organiza-
tion*.
Figure 5.4.1.2
Typical emergency towing arrangement
5.4.1.3 For tankers constructed before 1 July 2002, the * Refer to the Guidelines on emergency towing arrangements
design and construction of emergency towing arrangements for tankers, adopted by the Maritime Safety Committee by
shall be approved by the Administration, based on the Guide- resolution MSC.35(63), as amended.
lines developed by the Organization*.
2016
PART 3
5.4.1.4 Towing arrangements may be (1) a packaged Articles of loose gear such as chains, towing
self contained unit, or (2) a unit comprised of individually pennants and associated end fittings, and shackles or other
tested components assembled onboard the vessel. Both ar- connecting links are to be tested to the requirements of the
rangements should meet the specified strength requirements Rules, Part 25 - Metallic materials, 2.
and undergo a deployment test on board the vessel as required
by MSC. 35 (36). See also IACS UI SC 113. 5.4.1.5 Where a manufacturer requests a certificate of
type approval for a complete packaged towing arrangement,
Fixed gear such as strongpoints, fairleads, foun- one assembled unit to undergo prototype test to 2 x SWL (safe
dations and associated vessel supporting structure are to be working load).
demonstrated as adequate for the loads specified in 5.4.2.2 by
means of analysis or calculations submitted to the Register. If 5.4.1.6 Existing emergency towing arrangements fitted
such analysis is deemed not appropriate depending on struc- in accordance with Resolution A.535(13) and approved by the
tural configuration, proof test may be required. Register may retain at forward location.
Table 5.4.2.1-1
Towing components
Forward of ship Aft of ship Strength requirements

Pick-up gear Optional Yes '
Towing pennant Optional Yes Yes
Chafing gear Yes Depending on design Yes
Fairlead Yes Yes Yes
Strongpoint Yes Yes Yes
Roller pedestal Yes Depending on design -
5.4.2 Towing components, strength and

5.4.2.6 If a chafing chain is to be used on design of
technical characteristics
chafing gear, the following characteristics are to be provided:
.1 The chafing chain is to be stud link chain.
5.4.2.1 The towing arrangements generally shall consist .2 The chafing chain is to be long enough to
of the major components specified in Table 5.4.2.1-1. ensure that the towing pennant remains
5.4.2.2 Towing components as specified in 5.4.2.1 for outside the fairlead during the towing op-
strength are to be designed with a working strength of at least eration. A chain extending from the strong
1000 kN for tankers of 20000 tonnes deadweight and over but point to a point at least 3 m beyond the
less than 50000 tonnes deadweight, and at least 2000 kN for fairlead should meet this criterion.
tankers of 50000 tonnes deadweight and over (working .3 One end of the chafing chain is to be suit-
strength is defined as one half ultimate strength). The strength able for connection to the strongpoint. The
is to be sufficient for all relevant angels of towing line, i.e. up other end is to be fitted with a standard
to 90o from the ship's centreline to port and starboard and 30o pear-shaped open link (see Fig. 5.4.2.6) al-
vertical downwards. lowing connection to a standard bow
shackle.
Other components are to be designed with a
.4 The chafing chain is to be stowed in such a
working strength sufficient to withstand the load to which
way that it can be rapidly connected to the
such components may be subjected during the towing opera-
strongpoint.
tion.
619 mm
5.4.2.3 Length of the towing pennant is to be at least 91 mm
twice the lightest seagoing ballast freeboard at the fairlead
plus 50 m.
5.4.2.4 The bow and stern strongpoint and fairleads are
to be located so as to facilitate towing from either side of the
330 mm
bow and stern and minimise the stress on the towing system.
5.4.2.5 Fairleads opening are to be large enough to pass
74 mm 61 mm
the largest portion of the chafing gear, towing pennant or tow-
ing line.
The fairlead has to give adequate support for the
towing pennant during towing operation, which means bend- Figure 5.4.2.6
ing 90o to port, and to starboard side and 30o vertical down- Standardised pear-shaped link
wards. The bending ratio (towing pennant bearing surface di-
ameter to towing pennant diameter) is not to be less than 7 : 1.
2016
PART 3
5.4.2.7 A termination of the towing pennant is to be a by the shipowner considering that such equipment and outfit
hard eye-formed allowing connection to a standard bow shall satisfy the requirements of the present chapter.
shackle.
5.5.4 The main determining factor in providing the
5.4.2.8 To ensure ready availability and rapid deploy- tugs with a special arrangement is the rated towing pull (F).
ment, emergency towing arrangements shall comply with the The numerical value of F is within the owner's and designer's
following criteria: discretion, and all calculations pertaining to the determination
.1 The aft emergency towing arrangements are to of this value are not subject to approval by the Register.
be pre-rigged and be capable of being deployed If, however, during mooring and sea trials of the
in a controlled manner in harbour conditions not tug, the towing force is found to exceed the value F, Register
more than 15 min. may require strengthening of the towing arrangements units or
.2 The pick-up gear for the aft towing pennant is to a restriction of power during towing operations.
be designed at least for manual operation by one
person taking into account the absence of power The bollard pull of the vessel may be verified by
and the potential for adverse environmental con- a bollard pull test approved by Register. The results of test are
ditions that may prevail during such emergency to be shown in diagram bollard pull/time (see Fig. 5.5.4.).
towing operations. The pick-up gear is to be pro-
tected against the weather and other adverse
conditions that may prevail.
.3 The forward emergency towing arrangement is
to be capable of being deployed in harbour con-
ditions in not more than 60 min.
.4 The forward emergency towing arrangements is
to be designed at last with a means of securing a
towing line to the chafing gear using a suitably
positioned pedestal roller to facilitate connection
of the towing pennant.
.5 Forward emergency towing arrangements which
comply with the requirements for aft emergency
towing arrangements may be accepted.
.6 All emergency towing arrangements are to be
clearly marked to facilitate safe and effective use
even in darkness and poor visibility.
Figure 5.5.4
5.4.2.9 All emergency towing components are to be in-
spected by ship personnel at regular intervals and maintained 5.5.5 The required minimum breaking force Fmin of the tow-
in good working order. rope is to be determined by the following formula:
where:
5.5 SPECIAL ARRANGEMENT Fmin = k·F , [kN];
FOR TUGS k = utility factor, defined as:
k = 2,5 for F ≤ 200 kN;
k = 2,0 for F ≥ 1000 kN;
5.5.1 Towing hook or equivalent is normally to be lo-
F = towing pull, [kN].
cated 5 to 10% of the ship's length abaft amidships, but in no
circumstances is to be sited forward of the longitudinal centre For F between 200 and 1000 kN, k may be in-
of gravity of the tug in any anticipated condition of loading. terpolated linearly.
The requirements of 4.2 for mooring ropes are
5.5.2 Towing hooks should have reliable slip ar-
also applicable to the towing line.
rangement i.e. quick release device which facilitate towing
line release regardless of angle of heel and of direction of tow- The length of the towrope is to be chosen ac-
ing line. cording to the tow formation (masses of tug and towed object),
the water depth and the nautical conditions. Regulations of
The towing hook has to be equipped with a me-
flag state authorities have to be observed.
chanical, hydraulic or pneumatic slip device. The slip device is
to be designed such as to guarantee that unintentional slipping The length of towing line for towing operations
is avoided. is to be at least 150 m.
The releasing device is to be operable from the 5.5.6 All stressed parts of the towing arrangement
bridge as well as in the vicinity of hook itself. (such as the towing hook, towing rails, etc.) as well as the fas-
Towrope protection sleeves or other adequate tenings for securing these parts to the ship's hull are to be de-
means are to be provided to prevent the directly pulled tow- signed to take a test force Ft.
ropes from being damaged by chafing / abrasion. where:
5.5.3 The number and type of equipment and outfit Ft = 2·F, for F ≤ 500 kN;
forming special arrangement for tugs which ensures towing Ft = F+500, for 500 < F ≤ 1500 kN;
operations under different service conditions are determined Ft = 1.33·F, for F > 1500 kN;
2016
PART 3
The equivalent permissible stresses in these parts 5.6 SHIPBOARD FITTINGS AND
are not to exceed 0,85 times the upper yield stress of their ma-
terial. SUPPORTING HULL STRUCTURES
For the towing hook foundation it has to be addi- ASSOCIATED WITH TOWING AND
tionally proven that these permissible stresses are not ex- MOORING
ceeded assuming a load equal to the minimum breaking force
Fmin of the towrope. 5.6.1 Application and definitions
5.5.7 The device for protection of the hook from over-
This requirement is to apply to design and con-
loading must be adjusted to a breaking strength three times the
struction of shipboard fittings and supporting structures used
nominal towing force.
for the normal towing and mooring operations. For the emer-
5.5.8 Prior to installation on board the ship the towing gency towing arrangements, ships subject to SOLAS regula-
hooks are to be tested by application of a test force Ft. tion II-1/3-4 are to comply with that regulation and resolution
MSC.35(63) as may be amended.
5.5.9 The towing beams are to be made of pipes or
other suitable sections. Wide and high beams are to be sup- For the requirements of SOLAS regulation II-
ported by (Λ) type tubular struts, which are to be arranged in 1/3-8 relating to towing and mooring equipment, see IACS
Unified Interpretation SC212.
the centreline of the ship or symmetrically in relation to it. On
the bulwark, the beams are to be connected with brackets The net minimum scantlings of the supporting
whose free edges are to be framed with a bar section or pipe. hull structure are to comply with the requirements given in
5.6.2.5 and 5.6.3.5. The net thicknesses, tnet, are the member
5.5.10 The section modulus of the towing beam is not thicknesses necessary to obtain the above required minimum
to be less than: net scantlings. The required gross thicknesses are obtained by
d 2 Ll adding the total corrosion additions, tk, given in 5.6.5, to tnet.
W = 0,343 ⋅ 10-2 , [cm3],
ReH For the purpose of this requirement:
where: - Conventional vessels means new dis-
d = diameter of the towing line, in [mm], placement-type vessels of 500 GT and
L = the length of the towing line, in [m], not above, excluding high speed craft, special
to be less than 300 m, purpose vessels, and offshore units of all
l = distance between the struts or between types.
one strut and the bulwark, in [m], - Shipboard fittings means those compo-
ReH = yield point of the beam material, in nents limited to the following: bollards and
[N/mm2]. bitts, fairleads, stand rollers, chocks used
for the normal mooring of the vessel and
5.5.11 The cross-sectional area of each branch of a
the similar components used for the nor-
Λ-shaped strut is not to be less than: mal towing of the vessel. Other compo-
d 2L nents such as capstans, winches, etc. are
f = 0,03 , [cm2] ,
ReH not covered by the requirements of this
where: Section. Any weld or bolt or equivalent
ReH = yield point of the strut material, in device connecting the shipboard fitting to
the supporting structure is part of the ship-
[N/mm2].
board fitting and subject to the Industry
5.5.12 The wire stopper and its fastenings are to be standard applicable to this shipboard fit-
such that their breaking load is not less than 1,5 times the tow- ting.
ing force. - Supporting hull structures means that
5.5.13 A robust and efficient fendering system is to be part of the ship structure on/in which the
fitted in areas intended for pushing. The fendering system shipboard fitting is placed and which is di-
purpose is to distribute the pushing force and limit its dynamic rectly submitted to the forces exerted on
component on the hull structure of both the tug (and the as- the shipboard fitting. The supporting hull
sisted ship). structure of capstans, winches, etc. used
for the normal towing and mooring opera-
5.5.14 The requirements for the design of towing tions mentioned above is also subject to
winches are specified in the Rules, Part 9 - Machines, 6.5. the requirements of this Section.
5.5.15 The length of towing line on winch is not to be - Industry standard means international
less than 400 m. standard (ISO, etc.) or standards issued by
national association which are recognised
in the country where the ship is built.
2016
PART 3
5.6.2 Towing
5.6.2.1 Strength
The strength of shipboard fittings used for nor-
mal towing operations at bow, sides and stern and their sup-
porting hull structures are to comply with the requirements of
this Section.
5.6.2.2 Arrangement
Shipboard fittings for towing are to be located
on longitudinals, beams and/or girders, which are part of the
deck construction so as to facilitate efficient distribution of the
towing load.
Other arrangements may be accepted (for Pa- Figure 5.6.2.3
nama chocks, etc.) provided the strength is confirmed ade-
quate for the intended service.
5.6.2.3 Load considerations 5.6.2.4 Shipboard fittings
Unless greater safe working load (SWL) of The selection of shipboard fittings is to be made
shipboard fittings is specified by the applicant, the minimum by the shipyard in accordance with an Industry standard (e.g.
design load to be used is the following value of (1) or (2), ISO 13795 – Ship’s and marine technology - Ship’s mooring
whichever is applicable: and towing fittings – Welded steel bollards for sea-going ves-
sels) accepted by the Register.
(1) for normal towing operations (e.g. har-
bour/manoeuvring), 1.25 times the intended When the shipboard fitting is not selected from
maximum towing load (e.g. static bollard pull) an accepted Industry standard, the design load used to assess
as indicated on the towing and mooring ar- its strength and its attachment to the ship is to be in accor-
rangements plan. dance with 5.6.2.3.
(2) for other towing service (e.g. escort), the nom- 5.6.2.5 Supporting hull structure
inal breaking strength of the towing line ac-
cording to Tables 3.1.2-1 and 3.1.2-2 for the 5.6.2.5.1 Arrangement
ship’s corresponding En is to be applied. (see
Note) The reinforced members (carling) beneath ship-
board fittings are to be effectively arranged for any variation
NOTE: Side projected area including maximum stacks of direction (horizontally and vertically) of the towing forces
of deck cargoes is to be taken into account for selection of (which is to be not less than the design load as per 5.6.2.3) act-
towing lines. ing through the arrangement of connection to the shipboard
fittings.
The design load is to be applied through the tow-
5.6.2.5.2 Acting point of towing force
ing line according to the arrangement shown on the towing
and mooring arrangements plan. The acting point of the towing force on ship-
When a specific SWL is applied for a shipboard board fittings is to be taken at the attachment point of a towing
fitting at the request of the applicant, by which the design load line or at a change in its direction.
is to be greater than the above minimum values, the strength
of the fitting is to be designed using this specific design load. 5.6.2.5.3 Allowable stresses
The method of application of the design load to Allowable stresses under the design load condi-
the fittings and supporting hull structures is to be taken into tions as specified in 5.6.2.3 are as follows:
account such that the total load need not be more than twice Normal stress: 100% of the specified minimum yield point of
the design load, i.e. no more than one turn of one line (see Fig. the material;
5.6.2.3).
Shearing stress: 60% of the specified minimum yield point of
the material;
No stress concentration factors being taken into
account.
Normal stress is the sum of bending stress and
axial stress with the corresponding shearing stress acting per-
pendicular to the normal stress.
5.6.2.6 Safe working load (SWL)
5.6.2.6.1 The SWL used for normal towing operations

(e.g. harbour/manoeuvring) is not to exceed 80% of the design
2016
PART 3
load per 5.6.2.3 (1) and the SWL used for other towing opera- 5.6.3.4 Shipboard fittings
tions (e.g. escort) is not to exceed the design load per 5.6.2.3
(2). For fittings used for both normal and other towing opera- The selection of shipboard fittings is to be made
tions, the greater of the design loads of 5.6.2.3 (1) and 5.6.2.3 by the shipyard in accordance with an Industry standard (e.g.
(2) is to be used. ISO 13795 – Ship’s and marine technology - Ship’s mooring
and towing fittings – Welded steel bollards for sea-going ves-
5.6.2.6.2 The SWL of each shipboard fitting is to be sels) accepted by the Register.
marked (by weld bead or equivalent) on the deck fittings used When the shipboard fitting is not selected from
for towing. an accepted Industry standard, the design load used to assess
5.6.2.6.3 The above requirements on SWL apply for a its strength and its attachment to the ship is to be in accor-
single post basis (no more than one turn of one cable). dance with 5.6.3.3.
5.6.2.6.4 The towing and mooring arrangements plan 5.6.3.5 Supporting hull structure
mentioned in 5.6.4 is to define the method of use of towing
lines. 5.6.3.5.1 Arrangement
Arrangement of the reinforced members (car-
5.6.3 Mooring
ling) beneath shipboard fittings is to consider any variation of
direction (horizontally and vertically) of the mooring forces
5.6.3.1 Strength (which is to be not less than the design load as per 5.6.3.3) act-
ing through the arrangement of connection to the shipboard
The strength of shipboard fittings used for moor-
fittings.
ing operations and their supporting hull structures are to com-
ply with the requirements of this Section.
5.6.3.5.2 Acting point of mooring force
5.6.3.2 Arrangement The acting point of the mooring force on ship-
board fittings is to be taken at the attachment point of a moor-
Shipboard fittings for mooring are to be located
ing line or at a change in its direction.
on longitudinals, beams and/or girders, which are part of the
deck construction so as to facilitate efficient distribution of the
5.6.3.5.3 Allowable stresses
mooring load.
Other arrangements may be accepted (for Pa- Allowable stresses under the design load condi-
nama chocks, etc.) provided the strength is confirmed ade- tions as specified in 5.6.3.3 are as follows:
quate for the service. Normal stress: 100% of the specified minimum yield point of
the material;
5.6.3.3 Load considerations Shearing stress: 60% of the specified minimum yield point of
the material;
5.6.3.3.1 Unless greater safe working load (SWL) of
shipboard fittings is specified by the applicant, the design load No stress concentration factors being taken into
applied to shipboard fittings and supporting hull structures is account.
to be 1.25 times the breaking strength of the mooring line ac- Normal stress is the sum of bending stress and
cording to Tables 3.1.2-1 and 3.1.2-2 for the ship’s corre- axial stress with the corresponding shearing stress acting per-
sponding En. (see Note) pendicular to the normal stress.
NOTE: Side projected area including maximum stacks of deck
cargoes is to be taken into account for assessment of lateral wind 5.6.3.6 Safe working load (SWL)
forces, arrangements of tug boats and selection of mooring lines.
5.6.3.6.1 The SWL is not to exceed 80% of the design
load per 5.6.3.3.
5.6.3.3.2 The design load applied to supporting hull struc-
tures for winches, etc. is to be 1.25 times the intended maxi- 5.6.3.6.2 The SWL of each shipboard fitting is to be
mum brake holding load and, for capstans, 1.25 times the marked (by weld bead or equivalent) on the deck fittings used
maximum hauling-in force. for mooring.
5.6.3.3.3 The design load is to be applied through the 5.6.3.6.3 The above requirements on SWL apply for a
mooring line according to the arrangement shown on the tow- single post basis (no more than one turn of one cable).
ing and mooring arrangements plan.
5.6.3.6.4 The towing and mooring arrangements plan
5.6.3.3.4 The method of application of the design load to mentioned in 5.6.4 is to define the method of use of mooring
the fittings and supporting hull structures is to be taken into lines.
account such that the total load need not be more than twice
the design load specified in 5.6.3.3.1 above, i.e. no more than 5.6.4 Towing and mooring arrangements plan
one turn of one line.
5.6.3.3.5 When a specific SWL is applied for a shipboard 5.6.4.1 The SWL for the intended use for each ship-
fitting at the request of the applicant, by which the design load board fitting is to be noted in the towing and mooring ar-
is to be greater than the above minimum values, the strength rangements plan available on board for the guidance of the
of the fitting is to be designed using this specific design load. Master.
2016
PART 3
5.6.4.2 Information provided on the plan is to include in chain corresponding to the size of the ship
respect of each shipboard fitting: as given in Section 6 of the standards stip-
.1 location on the ship; ulated in 5.1 above and calculations to
.2 fitting type; demonstrate this capability are submitted
.3 SWL; – the chain bearing surface of the bow fair-
.4 purpose (mooring/harbour towing/escort leads described in 6.1 of the standard stip-
towing); and ulated in 5.1 above have a diameter at least
.5 manner of applying towing or mooring seven times that of the associated chain
line load including limiting fleet angles. – the installation on board the ship is sur-
veyed by a Register′s surveyor.
5.6.4.3 Where the arrangements and details of deck fit-
tings and their supporting hull structures are designed based
on the mooring arrangements as permitted in Note 3 to 5.8 EMERGENCY TOWING
5.6.3.3.1, the following information is to be clearly indicated PROCEDURES ON SHIPS
on the plan:
.1 the arrangement of mooring lines showing
5.8.1 This paragraph applies to:
number of lines (N), together with
.1 all passenger ships, not later than 1 Janu-
.2 the breaking strength of each mooring line
ary 2010;
(BS).
.2 cargo ships constructed on or after 1 Jan-
This information is to be incorporated into the uary 2010; and
pilot card in order to provide the pilot proper information on .3 cargo ships constructed before 1 January
harbour/escorting operations. 2010, not later than 1 January 2012.
5.6.5 Corrosion Addition 5.8.2 Ships shall be provided with a ship-specific

emergency towing procedure. Such a procedure shall be car-
The total corrosion addition, tk, in [mm], for both ried aboard the ship for use in emergency situations and shall
sides of the hull supporting structure is not to be less than the be based on existing arrangements and equipment available on
following values: board the ship.
- Ships covered by CSR (IACS Common 5.8.3 The procedure** shall include:
Structural Rules) for bulk carriers and .1 drawings of fore and aft deck showing
CSR for double hull oil tankers: total cor- possible emergency towing arrangements;
rosion additions defined in these rules .2 inventory of equipment on board that can
- Other ships: 2.0 mm. be used for emergency towing;
.3 means and methods of communication;
5.6.6 Survey after construction and
.4 sample procedures to facilitate the prepara-
The condition of deck fittings, their pedestals, if tion for and conducting of emergency tow-
any, and the hull structures in the vicinity of the fittings are to ing operations.
be examined in accordance with the Rules. The wastage al-
lowances as specified by the Rules are not to exceed the corro- ** Refer to the Guidelines for owners/operators on preparing
sion addition as specified in 5.6.5. emergency towing procedures (MSC.1/Circ.1255).
5.7 EQUIPMENT FOR MOORING

AT SINGLE POINT MOORINGS
5.7.1 Upon request from the owner, Register is pre-
pared to certify that the vessel is specially fitted for compli-
ance with Section 2.1, 4.2 and 6. of the "Standards for equip-
ment employed in the mooring of ships at single point moor-
ings" published by the Oil Companies International Marine
Forum (OCIMF), 1978. See also IACS Rec. No.13.
5.7.2 The certificate may be issued if:

– plans showing the equipment and the ar-
rangement as well as necessary substruc-
tures are submitted for approval
– the chain stopper, Smit bracket, or other
device for securing the chafing chain to the
ship and the structure to which it is at-
tached are capable of withstanding a load
not less than the breaking strength of the
2016
PART 3
The loose gear of shrouds (shackles, turnbuck-

6 SIGNAL MASTS les, etc.) is to be such that their safe working load is not to be
less than 0,25 times the actual breaking strength of the ropes
referred to above.
6.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS In all other respects the ropes for the mast
shrouds shall meet the requirements of the Rules, Part 25 -
6.1.1 The requirements given in the present section re- Metallic materials, 8.
fer only to the signal masts, i.e. the masts which are intended
6.2.3 Where:
for carrying the signal means: navigation lights, day signals,
- the mast is made of high-tensile steel, light
antennae, etc.
alloys, fibreglass or wood (1st grade wood
6.1.2 Arrangement, height and equipment of the signal must be used),
masts shall comply with the requirements of the Convention - the mast is stayed in some way other than
on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at that specified in 6.2.1,
Sea, 1972 (COLREGs). - in addition to a yard arm, lights, and day
signals, the mast is fitted with other
6.1.3 The vibration calculation is recommended to be equipment of considerable weight, such as
carried out. radar reflectors with platforms for their
servicing, "crow's nests", etc., proceed as
6.2 STAYED MASTS specified in 6.4.
6.2.4 The wire of the shrouds must have a standard
6.2.1 The outside diameter and the plate thickness at quality zinc coating.
the heel of the masts made of steel having yield point from
215 up to 255 N/mm2 and stayed by two shrouds on each side
of the ship, are not to be less than: 6.3 UNSTAYED MASTS
d = 22 l, [mm],
t = 0,2 l + 3, [mm], 6.3.1 The outer diameter, d, and thickness of the plates
where: t at the base of the masts, which are to be made of steel with a
d - outside diameter of the mast at the heel, in yield point between 215 and 255 N/mm2 inclusive, is not to be
[mm], less than:
t - plate thickness at the heel, in [mm],  
1 + 1 + 51,5 ⋅10 4 
l - mast length, in [m], from the heel to the
 l ⋅ (0,674l + a + 13)
2 2 
d = 3l 2   [mm];
shroud eyeplates.
The diameter of the mast may be gradually de- 100 ⋅ (0,674l + a + 13) −1
creased upwards to a value of 0,75⋅d at the shroud eyeplates,
while the thickness of the mast plates is maintained constant
throughout the length l. The mast length from the shroud eye- 1
t= d, [mm],
plates to the top is not to exceed one third of l. 70
The mast is to be stayed by the shrouds as fol- where:
lows: l - length of the mast from bottom to top, in
.1 horizontal distance (a) from the deck (or [m],
bulwark) stay eyeplate to the transverse a - vertical distance from the base of the mast
plane through the mast stay eyeplate is not to the centre of gravity of the ship, in [m].
to be less than: The outer diameter of a mast may decrease so
a = 0,15 h, in [m], that at 0,75 l from the base is 0,5 d. The thickness of the mast
where: plates is not to be less than 4 mm. The heel of the mast must
h - vertical distance, in [m], from the mast be rigidly fixed to the deck from all directions.
stay eyeplate to the deck (or bulwark) stay
6.3.2 Where:
eyeplate,
.2 horizontal distance (b) from the deck (or - the mast is made of high-tensile steel, light
bulwark) stay eyeplate to the longitudinal alloys, fibreglass or wood (1st grade wood
plane through the mast stay eyeplate is not must be used),
to be less than: - in addition to a yard arm, lights, and day
b = 0,30 h, in [m], signals, the mast is fitted with other
.3 the value of a is not to exceed the value of equipment of considerable weight, such as
b. radar reflectors with platforms for their
servicing, etc., proceed as specified in 6.4.
6.2.2 The breaking strength of the whole ropes used
for the mast shrouds as specified in 6.2.1 is not to be less than:
F = 0,49 (l2 + 10l + 25), in [kN]
2016
PART 3
6.4 MASTS OF SPECIAL

CONSTRUCTION
6.4.1 In the cases specified in 6.2.3 and 6.3.2 as well
as where bipod, tripod and other similar masts are installed,
detailed strength calculations of these masts are to be carried
out. These calculations are to be submitted for the approval.
6.4.2 The calculations are to be performed on the as-
sumption that each part of the mast is affected by a horizontal
force:
 4π 2 
Fi = mi 2 (θz i + r sin θ ) + mi g sin θ + pAi cos θ  ⋅ 10 −3 , [kN]
 T 
where:
mi = mass of part (i), in [kg],
zi = elevation of the centre of gravity of part
(i) above that of the ship, in [m],
Ai = projected lateral area of part (i), in [m2],
T = rolling or pitching period, in sec.,
θ = amplitude of roll or pitch, maximum, in
radians,
r = wave half height, in [m],
p = specified wind pressure, in [N/m2]
p = 1960 N/m2.
The calculations are to be carried out both for
rolling and pitching of the ship; r being taken as equal to L/40,
where L is the ship's length, in [m], and θ, in radians, as corre-
sponding angle of 40o at roll and of 5o at pitch.
6.4.3 Under load specified in 6.4.2 the stresses in parts
of the mast are not to exceed 0,7 times the yield stress of the
material if made of metal and are not to exceed 12 N/mm2 if
made of wood.
The safety factor of the standing rope under the
same load is not to be less than 3.
2016
PART 3
plating or from the upper surface of the wood or other sheath-

7 OPENINGS IN HULL, ing, if fitted.
SUPERSTRUCTURES AND 7.1.7 In supply vessels the access to the spaces situ-
DECKHOUSES AND THEIR ated below the open cargo deck shall preferably be provided
from the location inside the enclosed superstructure or deck-
CLOSING APPLIANCES house or from the location above the superstructure deck or
deckhouse top.
7.1.8 For the ships indicated in 7.1.7 the arrangement
7.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS of companion or other hatches on the open cargo deck leading
to the spaces below this deck is subject to special considera-
7.1.1 The requirements of the present section apply to tion, taking account of the degree of protection of these hatch-
ships of unrestricted service as well as to ships of restricted ar- es from possible damage during cargo handling operations as
eas of navigation 2 and 3. The requirements for ships of re- well as the volume of spaces flooded in case of damage to the
stricted areas of navigation 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 may be relaxed, the hatch.
extent of relaxation is to be specially considered by the Regis- 7.1.9 All external openings leading to compartments
ter in each case depending upon the type of ship, navigation assumed intact in the damage stability calculation, which are
area, strength, freeboard and stability of ship. bellow the final damage water line, are required to be water-
For specific requirements relating to the win- tight. The closing appliances of these openings are to be of
dows and external doors of the passenger ships in domestic sufficient strength and, except for cargo hatch covers, are to be
service class "D" operating exclusively in the area of naviga- fitted with indicators (open-closed) on the bridge.
tion 6 and 7, in the period from April 1 to October 31, and car-
rying passengers on a daily trips or carrying not more than 36 7.1.10 Openings in the shell plating bellow the bulk-
cabin passengers, see requirements in Sections A.1 to A.8 of head deck are to be kept permanently closed while at sea. If
these Rules. any of these openings are accessible during the voyage, they
are to be fitted with a device which prevents unauthorised
7.1.2 Departures from these requirements may be opening.
permitted for the ships to which a greater than minimum free-
board is assigned on condition that the Register is satisfied 7.1.11 Notwithstanding the requirements of 7.1.10, the
with safety conditions provided. Register may authorise that particular doors may be opened at
the discretion of the master, if necessary for the operation of
7.1.3 The arrangement of openings and their closing the ship and provided that the ship safety is not impaired.
appliances in the hull, superstructures and deckhouses shall al-
so comply with the requirements of the Rules, Part 17 - Fire 7.1.11 Other closing appliances which are kept perma-
protection, Part 12 - Electrical equipment, ICLL, 1966 and nently closed at sea to ensure the watertight integrity of exter-
Part 24 - Non-metallic materials. nal openings are to be provided with a notice affixed to each
appliance to the effect that it is to be kept closed. Manholes
7.1.4 As far as deck openings are considered, the fol- fitted with closely bolted covers need not to be so marked.
lowing two positions are distinguished in the present section:
7.1.12 The number of openings in the shell plating of
.1 Position 1: the passenger ships is to be reduced to the minimum compati-
.1 upon exposed freeboard and raised ble with the design and proper working of the ship.
quarter decks;
.2 upon exposed superstructure decks sit- 7.1.13 The arrangement and efficiency of the means for
uated forward of a point located a closing any opening in the shell plating are to be consistent
quarter of the ship's length from the with its intended purpose and the position in which it is fitted
forward perpendicular; and generally to the satisfaction of the Register.
.2 Position 2: 7.1.14 The number of scuppers, sanitary discharges and
.1 upon exposed superstructure decks sit- other similar openings in the shell plating is to be reduced to
uated abaft a quarter of the ship's the minimum either by making each discharge serve for as
length from the forward perpendicular many as possible of the sanitary and other pipes, or in any oth-
and located at least one standard height er satisfactory manner.
of superstructure above the freeboard
deck; 7.1.15 All inlets and discharges in the shell plating are
.2 upon exposed superstructure decks sit- to be fitted with efficient and accessible arrangements for pre-
uated forward of a point located a venting the accidental admission of water into the ship.
quarter of the ship's length from the
7.1.16 Subject to the requirements of the ICLL, 1996,
forward perpendicular and located at
and except as provided in 7.1.18, each separate discharge led
least two standard heights of super-
through the shell plating from spaces below the bulkhead deck
structure above the freeboard deck.
of passenger ships and the freeboard deck of cargo ships is to
7.1.5 The heights of coamings in ships of restricted be provided with either one automatic non-return valve fitted
area of navigation are to be approved by the Administration. with a positive means of closing it from above the bulkhead
deck or with two automatic non-return valves without positive
7.1.6 The height of coamings specified in the present means of closing, provided that the inboard valve is situated
section is measured from the upper surface of the steel deck above the deepest subdivision draught and is always accessi-
2016
PART 3
ble for examination under service conditions. Where a valve 7.2 SIDESCUTTLES AND
with positive means of closing is fitted, the operating position
above the bulkhead deck is to always be readily accessible and WINDOWS
means are to be provided for indicating whether the valve is
open or closed. 7.2.1 General
7.1.17 The requirements of the ICLL, 1996, shall apply 7.2.1.1 The requirements in 7.2.1 to 7.2.4 apply to
to discharges led through the shell plating from spaces above sidescuttles and rectangular windows providing light and air,
the bulkhead deck of passenger ships and the freeboard deck located in positions which are exposed to the action of sea
of cargo ships. and/or bad weather.
7.1.18 Machinery space, main and auxiliary sea inlets 7.2.1.2 Sidescuttles are round or oval openings with an
and discharges in connection with the operation of machinery area not exceeding 0.16 m2. Round or oval openings having
are to be fitted with readily accessible valves between the area exceeding 0.16 m2 are to be treated as windows.
pipes and the shell plating or between the pipes and fabricated
boxes attached to the shell plating. In manned machinery 7.2.1.3 Windows are rectangular openings generally,
spaces the valves may be controlled locally and are to be pro- having a radius at each corner relative to window size in ac-
vided with indicators showing whether they are open or cordance with recognised national or international standards,
closed. and round or oval openings with an area exceeding 0.16 m2.
7.1.19 Moving parts penetrating the shell plating below 7.2.1.4 The number of sidescuttles in the shell plating
the deepest subdivision draught are to be fitted with a water- below the freeboard deck is to be reduced to a minimum com-
tight sealing arrangement acceptable to the Register. The in- patible with the design and proper working of the ship.
board gland is to be located within a watertight space of such Fishing vessels mooring alongside each other or
volume that, if flooded, the bulkhead deck is not to be sub- other ships at sea are not to have sidescuttles under freeboard
merged. The Register may require that if such compartment is deck in the mooring zone, wherever possible. If in this zone
flooded, essential or emergency power and lighting, internal side scuttles are fitted in the shell plating, they are to be so po-
communication, signals or other emergency devices must re- sitioned that the possibility of their damage during mooring
main available in other parts of the ship. operations is excluded.
7.1.20 All shell fittings and valves required by these re- No sidescuttles are permitted within the bounda-
quirements are to be of steel, bronze or other approved ductile ries of the ice belt of the shell plating specified in the Rules,
material. Valves of ordinary cast iron or similar material are Part 2 - Hull, 14, in icebreakers and ships with ice strengthen-
not acceptable. All pipes to which this regulation refers are to ing.
be of steel or other equivalent material to the satisfaction of
7.2.1.5 Sidescuttles and windows together with their
the Register.
glasses, deadlights and storm covers, if fitted, are to be of ap-
7.1.21 Gangway, cargo and fuelling ports fitted below proved design and substantial construction in accordance with,
the bulkhead deck of passenger ships and the freeboard deck or equivalent to, recognised national or international stan-
of cargo ships are to be watertight and in no case be so fitted dards.
as to have their lowest point below the deepest subdivision Non-metallic frames are not acceptable. The use
draught. of ordinary cast iron is not allowed for sidescuttles below the
7.1.22 The inboard opening of each ash-chute, rubbish- freeboard deck.
chute, etc., is to be fitted with an efficient cover. 7.2.1.6 All sidescuttles the sills of which are below the
7.1.23 If the inboard opening is situated below the bulkhead deck of passenger ships and the freeboard deck of
bulkhead deck of passenger ships and the freeboard deck of cargo ships, as permitted by paragraph 7.2.2.1, are to be of
cargo ships, the cover is to be watertight and, in addition, an such construction as will effectively prevent any person open-
automatic non-return valve is to be fitted in the chute in an ing them without the consent of the master of the ship.
easily accessible position above the deepest subdivision Sidescuttles and their deadlights which are not
draught. accessible during navigation are to be closed and secured be-
fore ship leaves the port.
7.1.24 It is recommended that cargo ports or similar
openings below the uppermost load specified in Regulation 7.2.1.7 Side scuttles to the following spaces shall be fit-
21(2) of ICCL, 1996 may be accepted submerged provided ted with efficient hinged inside deadlights:
the safety of the ship is in no way impaired. It is considered (a) spaces below freeboard deck
that the fitting of a second door of equivalent strength and wa-
tertightness is one acceptable arrangement. In that case leak- (b) spaces within the first tier of enclosed su-
age detection device should be provided in the compartment perstructures
between the two doors. Further, drainage of this compartment (c) first tier deckhouses on the freeboard deck
to the bilges controlled by an easily accessible screw down protecting openings leading below or con-
valve, should be arranged. The outer door should preferably sidered buoyant in stability calculations.
open outwards. See IACS Unified Interpretation LL21. The deadlights shall be capable of being effec-
tively closed and secured watertight if fitted below freeboard
deck and weathertight if fitted above.
2016
PART 3
Efficient hinged inside deadlights so arranged ficient hinged inside deadlights capable of being effectively
that they can be easily and effectively closed and secured wa- closed and secured weathertight.
tertight, are to be fitted to all sidescuttles except that abaft one
eighth of the ship's length from the forward perpendicular and 7.2.2.8 Side scuttles and windows set inboard from the
above a line drawn parallel to the bulkhead deck at side and side shell in the second tier, protecting direct access below to
having its lowest point at a height of 3.7 m plus 2.5% of the spaces listed in 7.2.1.7, shall be provided with either efficient
breadth of the ship above the deepest subdivision draught, the hinged inside deadlights or, where they are accessible, perma-
deadlights may be portable in passenger accommodation other nently attached external storm covers of approved design and
than that for steerage passengers, unless the deadlights are re- of substantial construction and capable of being effectively
quired by the ICLL, 1996, to be permanently attached in their closed and secured weathertight.
proper positions. Such portable deadlights are to be stowed ad- 7.2.2.9 Cabin bulkheads and doors in the second tier
jacent to the sidescuttles they serve. separating side scuttles and windows from a direct access
leading below may be accepted in place of deadlights or storm
7.2.2 Position and opening arrangement
covers fitted to the side scuttles and windows.
7.2.2.1 No sidescuttle is to be fitted in such position that
its sill is below a line drawn parallel to the bulkhead deck at 7.2.2.10 Deckhouses situated on a raised quarter deck or
on the deck of a superstructure of less than standard height or
side and having its lowest point 0.025⋅B above the summer
on the deck of a deckhouse of less than standard height, may
load waterline (or timber summer load waterline if assigned),
be regarded as being in the second tier as far as the provision
or 0.5 m, whichever is the greater.
of deadlights is concerned, provided the height of the raised
If the length of the ship is less than 24 m, the quarter deck, superstructure or deckhouse is equal to, or great-
specified distance may be reduced to 0.3 m for ships of navi- er than, the standard quarter deck height.
gation area 4 and 5 and to 0.15 m for ships of navigation area
6, 7 and 8. 7.2.2.11 Fixed or opening skylights shall have glass
thickness appropriate to their size and position as required for
7.2.2.2 No sidescuttles is to be fitted in any spaces side scuttles and windows. Skylight glasses in any position
which are appropriated exclusively for carriage of cargo or shall be protected from mechanical damage and where fitted in
coal. positions 1 or 2, shall be provided with robust deadlights or
Sidescuttles may, however, be fitted in spaces storm covers permanently attached. See also IASC Unified In-
appropriated alternatively for carriage of cargo or passengers, terpretation LL62.
but they are to be of such construction as will effectively pre-
vent any person opening them or their deadlights without the
consent of the master. 7.2.3 Glasses
If cargo is carried in such spaces, the sidescuttles 7.2.3.1 In general, toughened glasses with frames of
and their deadlights are to be closed watertight and locked be- special type are to be used in compliance with, or equivalent
fore the cargo is shipped. to, recognised national or international standards, see the
Rules, Part 24 - Non-metallic materials, 3.7.
7.2.2.3 Side scuttles shall be of the non-opening type in
ships subject to damage stability regulations, if calculations The use of clear plate glasses is to be specially
indicate that they would become immersed by any intermedi- considered by the Register in each case.
ate stage of flooding or the final equilibrium waterplane in any 7.2.3.2 The thickness of toughened glasses in sidescut-
required damage case. tles is not to be less than that obtained from Table 7.2.3.2-1.
7.2.2.4 In ships having several decks above the bulk-
head deck, such as passengers ships, the arrangement of sides- Table 7.2.3.2-1
cuttles and rectangular windows is to be specially considered
by the Register in each case. Special consideration is to be Clear light di- Thickness [mm]
given to the ship side up to the upper deck and the front bulk- ameter of Type B
head of the superstructure. sidescuttle Type A Heavy Medium
Type C Light
[mm] series series
series
7.2.2.5 Automatic ventilating sidescuttles are not to be
fitted in the shell plating below the bulkhead deck without the 200 10 8 6
special sanction of the Register. 250 12 8 6
7.2.2.6 Windows are not to be fitted below the freeboard 300 15 10 8
deck, in first tier end bulkheads or sides of enclosed super- 350 15 12 8
structures and in first tier deckhouses considered as being 400 19 12 10
buoyant in the stability calculations or protecting openings
Not
leading below. 450 15 10
applicable
In the front bulkhead of a superstructure situated
on the upper deck, in case of substantially increased freeboard, Type A, B or C sidescuttles are to be adopted
rectangular windows with permanently fitted storm covers are according to the requirements of Table 7.2.3.2-2, where:
acceptable. - zone 1 is the zone comprised between a line,
7.2.2.7 Side scuttles and windows at the side shell in the parallel to the sheer profile, with its lowest
second tier, protecting direct access below or considered points at a distance above the summer load wa-
buoyant in the stability calculations, shall be provided with ef- terline equal to 0.025 B, or 0.5 m, whichever is
2016
PART 3
the greater, and a line parallel to the previous 7.2.3.3 Ships of navigation area 4 and 5, having length
one located 1.4 m above it; less than 24 m, may be fitted with sidescuttles type B and type
- zone 2 is the zone located above zone 1 and C instead of those type A and type B required in Table 7.2.3.2-
bounded at the top by the freeboard deck; 2.
- zone 4 is the second tier of superstructures or Ships of navigation area 6 and 7 may be fitted
deckhouses; with sidescuttles type B and type C instead of those type A
and type B required in Table 7.2.3.2-2.
- zone 5 is the third and higher tiers of superstruc-
tures or deckhouses; In ships of navigation area 8 all fitted sidescut-
tles may be type C.
- exposed zones are the boundaries of superstruc-
tures or deckhouses set in from the ship’s side at
a distance less than or equal to 0.04 B;
- unexposed zones are the boundaries of super-
structures or deckhouses set in from the ship’s
side at a distance greater than 0.04 B.
Table 7.2.3.2-2
Forward of 0.875 L
Zone Aft of 0.875 L from the aft end
from the aft end
5 Type C Type B
Protecting openings giving direct access to spaces below the freeboard deck:
Type B
4 Type B
Not protecting openings giving direct access to spaces below the freeboard deck:
Type C
Exposed zones Type B
Protecting openings giving direct access to spaces below
3 the freeboard deck: Type B Type B
Unexposed zones
Not protecting openings giving direct access to spaces be-
low the freeboard deck: Type C
2 Type B Type A
1 Type A Type A
- in front bulkheads of enclosed superstruc-

7.2.3.4. The thickness of toughened glasses in rectangu- tures and deckhouses of the second tier
lar windows is not to be less than that obtained from Table within 0.25 L from the forward perpen-
7.2.3.4-1. dicular;
Dimensions of rectangular windows other than - in the first tier of enclosed superstructures
those in Table 7.2.3.4-1 is to be specially considered by the and deckhouses on freeboard deck protect-
Register in each case. ing openings leading below or considered
buoyant in stability calculations.
7.2.3.5 The thickness of glasses forming screen bulk-
heads on the side of enclosed promenade spaces and that for
rectangular windows in the boundaries of deckhouses, which
are protected by such screen bulkheads, is to be specially con- Table 7.2.3.4-1
sidered by the Register in each case.
Thickness, [mm]
The Register may require both limitations on Minimum
size of rectangular windows and use of glasses of increased Nominal size Unexposed number of clos-
thickness in way of front bulkheads, which are exposed to (clear light) Unexposed zone of ing
heavy sea. of rectangu- zone of first ti- second tier, appliances of
lar window er, exposed exposed zone opening type
[mm2] zone of second
7.2.4 Deadlights arrangement of third tier and rectangular
tier windows
above
7.2.4.1 Sidescuttles in the following positions are to be
fitted with efficient, hinged inside deadlights so arranged that 300 x 425 10 8 4
they can be easily and effectively closed and secured water-
tight: 355 x 500 10 8 4
- in the shell plating below freeboard deck;
400 x 560 12 8 4
- in front bulkheads of enclosed superstruc-
tures and deckhouses of the first tier; 450 x 630 12 8 4
2016
PART 3
cated within the limits specified for the position of the colli-
500 x 710 15 10 6
sion bulkhead, refer to Regulation II-1/12 of the SOLAS Con-
560 x 800 15 10 6 vention. A vehicle ramp may be arranged for this purpose,
provided its position complies with Regulation II-1/12 of the
900 x 630 19 12 6 SOLAS Convention. If this is not possible a separate inner
1000 x 710 19 12 8 weathertight door are to be installed, as far as practicable with-
in the limits specified for the position of the collision bulk-
1100 x 800 Not applicable 15 8 head.
7.4.1.1.4 Bow doors are to be so fitted as to ensure tight-
7.3 FLUSH SCUTTLES ness consistent with operational conditions and to give effec-
tive protection to inner doors. Inner doors forming of the colli-
sion bulkhead are to be weathertight over the full height of the
7.3.1 Flush scuttles in positions 1 or 2 are to be closed
cargo space and arranged with fixed sealing supports on the
by substantial covers capable of being made watertight. Unless
aft side of the doors.
secured by closely spaced bolts, the covers are to be perma-
nently attached. 7.4.1.1.5 Bow doors and inner doors are to be arranged so
as to preclude the possibility of the bow door causing struc-
7.3.2 The largest of clear dimensions of the flush scut-
tural damage to the inner door or to the collision bulkhead in
tles is not to be over 200 mm, with the glass being at least 15
the case of damage to or detachment of the bow door. If this is
mm in thickness. The flush scuttles are to be fastened to the
not possible, a separate inner weathertight door is to be in-
metal deck plating by means of frames.
stalled, as indicated in 7.4.1.1.3.
7.4 SHELL DOORS 7.4.1.1.6 For the purpose of satisfaction of the require-
ments for inner doors, vehicles are to be effectively lashed and
secured against movement in stowed position.
7.4.1 Bow doors and inner doors
7.4.1.1.7 Definitions
7.4.1.1 General
Securing device: device used to keep the door closed
7.4.1.1.1 The requirements of this head of the Rules apply by preventing it from rotating about
to the arrangement, strength and securing of bow doors and its hinges.
inner doors leading to a complete or long forward enclosed
Supporting device: a device used to transmit external or
superstructure, or to a long non-enclosed superstructure, where
internal loads from the door to a se-
fitted to attain minimum bow height equivalence.
curing device and from the securing
The requirements apply to all ro-ro passenger device to the ship's structure, or a
ships and ro-ro cargo ships engaged on international voyages device other than a securing device,
and also to ro-ro passenger ships and ro-ro cargo ships en- such as a hinge, stopper or other
gaged only in domestic (non-international) voyages, except fixed device, transmits loads from
where specifically indicated otherwise herein. the door to the ship's structure.
The requirements are not applicable to high Locking device: a device that locks a securing device
speed, light displacement craft as defined in the IMO Code of in the closed position.
Safety for High Speed Craft.
Ro-ro passenger ship: a passenger ship with ro-ro spaces or
Two types of bow door are provided for: special category spaces.
Visor doors opened by rotating upwards and Ro-ro spaces: are spaces not normally subdivided
outwards about a horizontal axis through two or more hinges in any way and normally extending
located near the top of the door and connected to the primary to either a substantial length or the
structure of the door by longitudinally arranged lifting arms, entire length of the ship, in which
Side-opening doors either by rotating outwards motor vehicles with fuel in their
about a vertical axis through two or more hinges located near tanks for their own propulsion and/or
the outboard edges or by horizontal translation by means of goods (packaged or in bulk, in or on
linking arms arranged with pivoted attachments to the door rail or road cars, vehicles (including
and the ship. road or rail tankers), trailers, con-
Other types of bow doors are to be specially tainers, pallets, demountable tanks or
considered by the Register. in or on similar stowage units or,
other receptacles) can be loaded and
7.4.1.1.2 Bow doors are to be situated above the freeboard unloaded normally in a horizontal di-
deck. A watertight recess in the freeboard deck located for- rection.
ward of the collision bulkhead and above the deepest waterline Special category spaces: are those enclosed vehicle spaces
fitted for arrangement of ramps or other related mechanical above or below the bulkhead deck,
devices may be regarded as a part of the freeboard deck for the into and from which vehicles can be
purpose of this requirement. driven and to which passengers have
7.4.1.1.3 Inner doors are to be fitted. The inner door is to access. Special category spaces may
be part of the collision bulkhead. The inner door need not be be accommodated on more than one
fitted directly above the bulkhead below, provided that it is lo- deck provided that the total overall
2016
PART 3
clear height for vehicles does not ex- 7.4.1.3.2 The design external forces, in [kN], considered
ceed 10m. for the scantlings of securing and supporting devices of bow
doors is not to be less than:
7.4.1.2 Strength criteria
Fx = p e ⋅ Ax
7.4.1.2.1 Scantlings of the primary member, securing and Fy = p e ⋅ Ay
supporting devices of bow doors and inner doors are to be de- Fz = p e ⋅ Az
termined to withstand the design loads defined in 7.4.1.3, us- where:
ing the following permissible stresses: Ax = area, in [m2], of the transverse vertical
2
- shear stress: τ = 80/k [N/mm ] projection of the door between the levels
- bending stress: σ = 120/k [N/mm2] of the bottom of the door and the top of
the upper deck bulwark, or between the
- equivalent stress: bottom of the door and the top of the
2
σ e = σ 2 + 3τ 2 = 150 / k [N/mm ] door, including the bulwark, where it is
part of the door, whichever is the lesser.
where k is the material factor as given in the Where the flare angle of the bulwark is
Rules, Part 2 - Hull, 1.4, but is not to be taken less than 0,72.
at least 15° less than the flare angle of
7.4.1.2.2 The buckling strength of primary members is to the adjacent shell plating, the height
be verified as being adequate. from the bottom of the door may be
measured to the upper deck or to the top
7.4.1.2.3 For steel to steel bearings in securing and sup- of the door, whichever is lesser. In de-
porting devices, the nominal bearing pressure calculated by termining the height from the bottom of
dividing the design force by the projected bearing area is not the door to the upper deck or to the top
to exceed 0,8 ⋅σF, where σF is the yield stress of the bearing of the door, the bulwark is to be ex-
material. For other bearing materials, the permissible bearing cluded.;
pressure is to be determined according to the manufacturer's Ay = area, in [m], of the longitudinal vertical
specification. projection of the door between the levels
7.4.1.2.4 The arrangement of securing and supporting de- of the bottom of the door and the top of
vices is to be such that threaded bolts do not carry support the upper deck bulwark, or between the
forces. The maximum tension in way of threads of bolts not bottom of the door and the top of the
carrying support forces is not to exceed 125/k [N/mm2]. door, including the bulwark, where it is
part of the door, whichever is the lesser.
7.4.1.3 Design loads Where the flare angle of the bulwark is
at least 15° less than the flare angle of
7.4.1.3.1 The design external pressure, in [kN/m2], to be
the adjacent shell plating, the height
considered for the scantlings of primary members, securing
from the bottom of the door may be
and supporting devices of bow doors is not to be less than:
measured to the upper deck or to the top
pe = 2,75⋅λ ⋅ CH ⋅ (0,22+0,15⋅ tanα)(0,4 ⋅ v ⋅ sinβ +0,6 ⋅ L )2 of the door, whichever is lesser.
Az = area, in [m2], of the horizontal projection
where: of the door between the levels of the bot-
v = contractual ship's speed, in [knots]; tom of the door and the top of the upper
L = ship's length, in [m], but need not be tak- deck bulwark, or between the bottom of
en greater than 200 metres; the door and the top of the door, includ-
ing the bulwark, where it is part of the
λ = coefficient depending on the area where
door, whichever is the lesser. Where the
the ship is intended to be operated:
flare angle of the bulwark is at least 15°
λ = 1 for sailing area 1 and 2;
less than the flare angle of the adjacent
λ = 0,8 for sailing area 3 and 4; shell plating, the height from the bottom
λ = 0,5 for sailing area 5, 6, 7 and 8. of the door may be measured to the up-
CH = 0,0125 L, for L < 80 m per deck or to the top of the door,
1,00, for L ≥ 80 m whichever is lesser.
α = flare angle at the point to be considered, h = height, in [m], of the door between the
defined as the angle between a vertical levels of the bottom of the door and the
line and the tangent to the side shell plat- upper deck or between the bottom of the
ing, measured in a vertical plane normal door and the top of the door, whichever
to the horizontal tangent to the shell plat- is the lesser;
ing (see Figure 7.4.1.3.2); l = length, in [m], of the door at a height h/2
β = entry angle at the point to be considered, above the bottom of the door;
defined as the angle between a longitu- w = breadth, in [m], of the door at a height
dinal line parallel to the centreline and h/2 above the bottom of the door;
the tangent to the shell plating in a hori- pe = external pressure, in [kN/m2], as given in
zontal plane (see Figure 7.4.1.3.2). 7.4.1.3.1 with angles α and β defined as
follows:
2016
PART 3
α = flare angle measure at the point on the c = horizontal distance, in [m], from visor
bow door, l/2 aft of the stem line on the pivot to the centre of gravity of visor
plane h/2 above the bottom of the door, mass, as shown in Figure 7.4.1.3.3.
as shown in Figure 7.4.1.3.2;
β = entry angle measured at the same point
as α.
Figure 7.4.1.3.3 Bow Door of Visor Type
7.4.1.3.4 The lifting arms of a visor door and its supports

are to be dimensioned for the static and dynamic forces ap-
plied during the lifting and lowering operations, and a mini-
mum wind pressure of 1,5 kN/m2 is to be taken into account.
7.4.1.3.5 The design external pressure pc, in [kN/m2], con-
sidered for the scantlings of primary members, securing and
supporting devices and surrounding structure of inner doors is
to be taken as the greater of the following:
- pe = 0,45 ⋅ L ;
- hydrostatic pressure ph = 10 ⋅ h, where h is
the distance, in [m], from the load point to
the top of the cargo space;
where L is the ship's length, as defined in 7.4.1.3.1.
7.4.1.3.6 The design internal pressure pi, in [kN/m2], con-
sidered for the scantlings of securing devices of inner doors is
not to be less than 25.
7.4.1.4 Scantlings of bow and inner doors
7.4.1.4.1 The strength of bow doors is to be commensu-

rate with that of the surrounding structure.
Figure 7.4.1.3.2 Definition of α and β 7.4.1.4.2 Bow doors are to be adequately stiffened and
means are to be provided to prevent lateral or vertical move-
For bow doors, including bulwark, of unusual ment of the doors when closed. For visor doors adequate
form or proportions, e.g. ships with a rounded nose and large strength for the opening and closing operations is to be pro-
stem angles, the areas and angles used for determination of the vided in the connections of the lifting arms to the door struc-
design values of external forces may require to be specially ture and to the ship structure.
considered. 7.4.1.4.3 The thickness of the bow door plating is not to
7.4.1.3.3 For visor doors the closing moment My under be less than required for the side shell plating, using bow door
external loads, in [kNm], is to be taken as: stiffener spacing, but in no case less than the minimum re-
quired thickness of fore end shell plating.
My = Fx ⋅ a + 10 ⋅ W ⋅ c + Fz ⋅ b
where: 7.4.1.4.4 The section modulus of horizontal or vertical
W = mass of the visor door, in [t]; stiffeners of bow doors is not to be less than that required for
a = vertical distance, in [m], from visor pivot fore end framing. Consideration is to be given, where neces-
to the centroid of the transverse vertical sary, to differences in fixity between ship's frames and bow
projected area of the visor door, as doors stiffeners.
shown in Figure 7.4.1.3.3;
b = horizontal distance, in [m], from visor 7.4.1.4.5 The stiffener webs of bow doors are to have a
pivot to the centroid of the horizontal net sectional area, in [cm2], not less than:
projected area of the visor door, as Q⋅k
A=
shown in Figure 7.4.1.3.3; 10
where:
Q = shear force, in [kN], in the stiffener cal-
culated by using uniformly distributed
external pressure pe as given in
7.4.1.3.1.
7.4.1.4.6 The bow door secondary stiffeners are to be
supported by primary members constituting the main stiffen-
ing of the door.
2016
PART 3
The primary members of the bow door and the a) case 1 Fx and Fz ;
hull structure in way are to have sufficient stiffness to ensure b) case 2 0,7⋅Fy acting on each side sepa-
integrity of the boundary support of the door. rately together with 0,7⋅Fx and
Scantlings of the primary members of the bow 0,7⋅Fz;
and inner doors are generally to be supported by direct
where Fx, Fy and Fz are determined as indicated
strength calculations in association with the external pressure
in 7.4.1.3.2 and applied at the centroid of projected areas.
given in 7.4.1.3.1 and 7.4.1.3.5, respectively, and permissible
stress given in 7.4.1.2.1. Normally, formulae for simple beam 7.4.1.5.6 For side-opening doors the reaction forces ap-
theory may be applied to determine the bending stress. Mem- plied on the effective securing and supporting devices assum-
bers are to be considered to have simply supported end con- ing the door as a rigid body are determined for the following
nections. combination of external loads acting simultaneously together
with the self weight of the door:
7.4.1.4.7 Where inner doors also serve as a vehicle ramp,
the scantlings are not to be less than those required for vehicle a) case 1 Fx, Fy and Fz acting on both
decks. doors;
7.4.1.4.8 The distribution of the forces acting on the se- b) case 2 0,7⋅Fx and 0,7⋅Fz acting on both
curing and supporting devices of inner doors is generally to be doors and 0,7⋅Fy acting on each
supported by direct calculations taking into account the flexi- door separately;
bility of the structure and the actual position and stiffness of
where Fx, Fy and Fz are determined as indicated
the supports.
in 7.4.1.3.2 and applied at the centroid of projected areas.
7.4.1.5 Securing and supporting of bow doors 7.4.1.5.7 The support forces as determined according to
7.4.1.5.5 a) and b) shall generally give rise to a zero moment
7.4.1.5.1 Bow doors are to be fitted with adequate means about the transverse axis through the centroid of the area Ax.
of securing and supporting so as to be commensurate with the For visor doors, longitudinal reaction forces of pin and/or
strength and stiffness of the surrounding structure. The hull wedge supports at the door base contributing to this moment
supporting structure in way of the bow doors is to be suitable are not to be of the forward direction.
for the same design loads and design stress as the securing and
supporting devices. Where packing is required, the packing 7.4.1.5.8 The distribution of the reaction forces acting on
material is to be of a comparatively soft type, and the support- the securing and supporting devices may require to be sup-
ing forces are to be carried by the steel structure only. Maxi- ported by direct calculations taking into account the flexibility
mum design clearance between securing and supporting de- of the hull structure and the actual position and stiffness of the
vices is not generally to exceed 3 mm. supports.
A means are to be provided for mechanically 7.4.1.5.9 The arrangement of securing and supporting de-
fixing the door in the open position. vices in way of these securing devices is to be designed with
7.4.1.5.2 Only the active supporting and securing devices redundancy so that in the event of failure of any single secur-
having an effective stiffness in the relevant direction are to be ing or supporting device the remaining devices are capable to
included and considered to calculate the reaction forces acting withstand the reaction forces without exceeding by more than
on the devices. Small and/or flexible devices such as cleats in- 20 percent the permissible stresses as given in 7.4.1.2.1.
tended to provide load compression of the packing material 7.4.1.5.10 For visor doors, two securing devices are to be
are not generally to be included in the calculations called for provided at the lower part of the door, each capable of provid-
in 7.4.1.5.8. The number of securing and supporting devices is ing the full reaction force required to prevent opening of the
generally to be the minimum practical whilst taking into ac- door within the permissible stresses given in 7.4.1.2.1. The
count the requirements for redundant provision given in opening moment Mo, in [kNm], to be balanced by this reaction
7.4.1.5.9 and 7.4.1.5.10 and the available space for adequate force, is not to be taken less than:
support in the hull structure.
Mo = 10 ⋅ W ⋅ d + 5 ⋅ Ax ⋅ a
7.4.1.5.3 For opening outwards visor doors, the pivot ar-
rangement is generally to be such that the visor is self closing where:
under external loads, that is My > 0. Moreover, the closing d = vertical distance, in [m], from the hinge
moment My as given in 7.4.1.3.3 is not to be less than: axis to the centre of gravity of the door,
as shown in Figure 7.4.1.3.3;
My0 = 10 ⋅ W ⋅ c + 0,1 ⋅ (a 2
)(
+ b 2 Fx2 + Fz2 ) a = as defined in 7.4.1.3.3.
7.4.1.5.4 Securing and supporting devices are to be ade- 7.4.1.5.11 For visor doors, the securing and supporting de-
quately designed so that they can withstand the reaction forces vices excluding the hinges are to be capable of resisting the
within the permissible stresses given in 7.4.1.3.1. vertical design force (Fz - 10 ⋅ W), in [kN], within the permis-
sible stresses given in 7.4.1.2.1.
7.4.1.5.5 For visor doors the reaction forces applied on the
effective securing and supporting devices assuming the door 7.4.1.5.12 All load transmitting elements in the design load
as a rigid body are determined for the following combination path, from door through securing and supporting devices into
of external loads acting simultaneously together with the self the ship structure, including welded connections, are to be to
weight of the door: the same strength standard as required for the securing and
2016
PART 3
supporting devices. These elements include pins, supporting The indication panel is to be provided with a
brackets and back-up brackets. lamp test function. It is not to be possible to turn off the indi-
cator light.
7.4.1.5.13 For side-opening doors, thrust bearing has to be
provided in way of girder ends at the closing of the two leaves 7.4.1.6.5 The indicator system is to be designed on the
to prevent one leaf to shift towards the other one under effect fail safe principle and is to show by visual alarms if the door
of unsymmetrical pressure (see example of Figure 7.4.1.5.13). is not fully closed and not fully locked and by audible alarms
Each part of the thrust bearing has to be kept secured on the if securing devices become open or locking devices become
other part by means of securing devices. Any other arrange- unsecured. The power supply for the indicator system for op-
ment serving the same purpose may be proposed. erating and closing doors is to be independent of the power
supply for operating and closing the door and is to be provided
with a back-up power supply from the emergency source of
power or other secure power supply. The sensor of indicator
system is to be protected from water, ice formation, and me-
chanical damages.
Note: The indicator system is considered designed on
the fail - safe principal when:
1) The indication panel is provided with:
- a power failure alarm
- an earth failure alarm
- a lamp test
- separate indication for door closed,
door locked, door not closed and door
not locked.
2) Limit switches electrically closed when the
Figure 7.4.1.5.13
door is closed (when more limit switches
Thrust Bearing
are provided they may be connected in se-
7.4.1.6 Securing and locking arrangement ries).
3) Limit switches electrically closed when
7.4.1.6.1 Securing devices are to be simple to operate and securing arrangements are in place (when
easily accessible. Securing devices are to be equipped with more limit switches are provided they may
mechanical locking arrangement (self locking or separate ar- be connected in series).
rangement), or be of the gravity type. The opening and closing 4) Two electrical circuits (also in one multi-
systems as well as securing and locking devices are to be in- core cable), one for the indication of door
terlocked in such a way that can only operate in the proper se- closed / not closed and the other for door
quence. locked / not locked.
5) In case of dislocation of limit switches, in-
7.4.1.6.2 Bow doors and inner doors giving access to ve- dication to show : not closed / not locked /
hicle decks are to be provided with an arrangement for remote securing arrangement not in place - as ap-
control, from a position above the freeboard deck, of: propriate.
- the closing and opening of the doors, and
- associated securing and locking devices 7.4.1.6.6 The indication panel on the navigation bridge is
for every door. to be equipped with a mode selection function "harbour/sea
voyage", so arranged that audible alarm is given on the navi-
Indication of the open/closed position of every
gation bridge if the vessel leaves harbour with the bow door or
securing and locking device is to be provided at the remote
inner door not closed or with any of the securing devices not
control stations. The operating panels for operation of doors
in the correct position.
are to be inaccessible to unauthorised persons. A notice plate,
giving instructions to the effect that all securing devices are to 7.4.1.6.7 A water leakage detection system with audible
be closed and locked before leaving harbour, is to be placed at alarm and television surveillance is to be arranged to provide
each operating panel and is to be supplemented by warning an indication to the navigation bridge and to the engine control
indicator lights. room of leakage through the inner door.
7.4.1.6.3 Where hydraulic devices are applied, the system See Note in item 7.4.1.6.5.
is to be mechanically lockable in closed position. This means 7.4.1.6.8 Between the bow door and the inner door a tele-
that, in the event of loss of the hydraulic fluid, the securing vision surveillance system is to be fitted with a monitor on the
devices remain locked. navigation bridge and in the engine control room. The system
The hydraulic system for securing and locking must monitor the position of doors and a sufficient number of
devices is to be isolated from other hydraulic circuits, when in their securing devices. Special consideration is to be given for
closed position. lighting and contrasting colour of objects under surveillance.
7.4.1.6.4 Separate indicator lights and audible alarms are See Note in item 7.4.1.6.5.
to be provided on the navigation bridge and on the operating 7.4.1.6.9 A drainage system is to be arranged in the area
panel to show that the bow door and inner door are closed and between bow door and ramp, as well as in the area between
that their securing and locking devices are properly positioned. the ramp and inner door where fitted. The system is to be
equipped with an audible alarm function to the navigation
2016
PART 3
bridge for water level in these areas exceeding 0,5 [m] above 7.4.2 Side shell doors and stern doors
the car deck level.
See Note in item 7.4.1.6.5. 7.4.2.1 General
7.4.1.6.10 For ro-ro passenger ships on international voy-
7.4.2.1.1 These requirements are for the arrangement,
ages, the special category spaces and ro-ro spaces are to be
strength and securing of side shell doors, abaft the collision
continuously patrolled or monitored by effective means, such
bulkhead, and stern doors leading to enclosed spaces.
as television surveillance, so that any movement of vehicles in
adverse weather conditions or unauthorised access by passen- The requirements apply to all ro-ro passenger
gers thereto, can be detected whilst the ship is underway. ships and ro-ro cargo ships engaged on international voyages
and also to ro-ro passenger ships and ro-ro cargo ships en-
7.4.1.7 Operating and maintenance manual gaged only in domestic (non-international) voyages, except
where specifically indicated otherwise herein.
7.4.1.7.1 An operating and maintenance manual for the The requirements are not applicable to high
bow door and inner door is to be provided on board and is to speed, light displacement craft as defined in the IMO Code of
contain necessary information on: Safety for High Speed Craft.
- main particulars and design drawings;
special safety precautions 7.4.2.1.2 Arrangement of doors
details of vessel
equipment and design loading (for ramps) 7.4.2.1.2.1 Stern doors for passenger vessels are to be situ-
key plan of equipment (doors and ramps) ated above the freeboard deck. Stern doors for Ro-Ro cargo
manufacturer’s recommended testing for ships and side shell doors may be either below or above the
equipment freeboard deck..
description of equipment for
bow doors 7.4.2.1.2.2 Side shell doors and stern doors are to be so fit-
inner bow doors ted as to ensure tightness and structural integrity commensu-
bow ramp/doors rate with their location and the surrounding structure.
side doors 7.4.2.1.2.3 Where the sill of any side shell door is below the
stern doors uppermost load line, the arrangement is to be specially consid-
central power pack ered.
bridge panel
engine control room panel 7.4.2.1.2.4 Doors should preferably open outwards.
- service conditions
limiting heel and trim of ship for load- 7.4.2.1.3 Definitions
ing/unloading
7.4.2.1.3.1 For definitions see item 7.4.1.1.7.
limiting heel and trim for door operations
doors/ramps operating instructions 7.4.2.2 Strength criteria
doors/ramps emergency operating instruc-
tions 7.4.2.2.1 Primary structure and securing and support-
- maintenance ing devices
schedule and extent of maintenance
trouble shooting and acceptable clearances 7.4.2.2.1.1 Scantlings of the primary members, securing and
manufacturer’s maintenance procedures supporting devices of side shell doors and stern doors are to be
- register of inspections and repairs, includ- determined to withstand the design loads defined in 7.4.2.3,
ing inspection of locking, securing and using the following permissible stresses:
supporting devices, and repairs and renew- shear stress: τ = 80 , [N/mm2]
als. k
This manual is to be submitted to the Register 120
for approval that the above mentioned items are contained in bending stress: σ= , [N/mm2]
the OMM and that the maintenance part includes the necessary k
information with regard to inspections, trouble-shooting and
equivalent stress: σc = σ 2 + 3τ 2 = 150 , [N/mm2]
acceptance / rejection criteria. k
Note: It is recommended that recorded inspections of where k is the material factor as given in Rules, Part 2 - Hull,
the door supporting and securing devices be carried out by the 1.4, but is not to be taken less than 0.72 unless a direct
ship’s staff at monthly intervals or following incidents that strength analysis with regard to relevant modes of failures is
could result in damage, including heavy weather or contact in carried out.
the region of the shell doors. 7.4.2.2.1.2 The buckling strength of primary members is to
Any damages recorded during inspections of the be verified as being adequate.
door supporting and securing devices, carried out by the ship's
7.4.2.2.1.3 For steel to steel bearings in securing and sup-
staff, are to be reported to the Register.
porting devices, the nominal bearing pressure calculated by
7.4.1.7.2 Documented operating procedures for closing dividing the design force by the projected bearing area is not
and securing the bow door and inner door are to be kept on to exceed 0,8 σF , where σF is the yield stress of the bearing
board and posted at appropriate place. material. For other bearing materials, the permissible bearing
2016
PART 3
pressure is to be determined according to the manufacturer's The external pressure applied on stern doors is derived
specification. from the formula considered in 7.4.1.3.1 for bow doors,
assuming:
7.4.2.2.1.4 The arrangement of securing and supporting de-
α = 0°
vices is to be such that threaded bolts do not carry support
forces. The maximum tension in way of threads bolts not car-
β = 90°
V = 2 knots
rying support forces is not to exceed 125/k [N/mm2], with k
defined in 7.4.2.2.1.1. 7.4.2.3.2 Moreover, for stern doors of ships fitted with
bow doors, Pe is not to be taken less than:
7.4.2.2.1.5 The buckling strength of primary members is to
Pe = 0,6 λ CH (0,8 + 0,6L0.5 ) 2
be verified as being adequate.
where:
7.4.2.2.1.6 For steel to steel bearings in securing and sup- λ = coefficient depending on the area where
porting devices, the nominal bearing pressure calculated by the ship is intended to be operated:
dividing the design force by the projected bearing area is not = 1, for sea going ships, all navigation areas
to exceed 0.8 σF, where σF is the yield stress of the bearing = 0,8, for ships operated in coastal waters,
material. For other bearing materials, the permissible bearing navigation areas 5, 6, 7 and 8
pressure is to be determined according to the manufacturer's = 0,5, for ships operated in sheltered waters,
specification. navigation areas 7 and 8.
7.4.2.3 Design loads Navigation area, coastal waters and sheltered
waters, are defined in Rules, Part 1 - General requirements,
7.4.2.3.1 The design forces, in [kN], considered for the Chapter 1 - General information, 4.2.
scantlings of primary members, securing and supporting de- CH = 0.0125⋅L, for L < 80m
vices of side shell doors and stern doors are to be not less than:
= 1, for L ≥ 80m
7.4.2.3.1.1 Design forces for securing or supporting devices L = ship's length, in [m], but need not be taken
of doors opening inwards: greater than 200 metres,
external force: Fe = Ape + Fp T = draught, in [m], at the highest subdivision
internal force: Fi = Fo + 10 W load line,
ZG = height of the centre of area of the door, in
7.4.2.3.1.2 Design forces for securing or supporting devices
[m], above the baseline.
of doors opening outwards:
external force: F e = A ⋅p e 7.4.2.4 Scantlings of side shell doors and stern doors
internal force: Fi = Fo + 10 W + Fp
7.4.2.3.1.3 Design forces for primary structural members: 7.4.2.4.1 General
external force: Fe = A p e
internal force: Fi = Fo + 10 W 7.4.2.4.1.1 The strength of side shell doors and stern doors
whichever is the greater, is to be commensurate with that of the surrounding structure.
where: 7.4.2.4.1.2 Side shell doors and stern doors are to be ade-
A = area, in [m2], of the door opening, quately stiffened and means are to be provided to prevent any
W = mass of the door, in [t], lateral or vertical movement of the doors when closed. Ade-
Fp = total packing force, in [kN], packing line quate strength is to be provided in the connections of the lift-
pressure is normally not to be taken less ing/manoeuvring arms and hinges to the door structure and to
than 5 N/mm, the ship's structure.
Fo = the greater of Fc and 5A, in [kN],
Fc = accidental force, in [kN], due to loose of 7.4.2.4.1.3 Where doors also serve as vehicle ramps, the de-
cargo etc., to be uniformly distributed sign of the hinges should take into account the ship angle of
over the area A and not to be taken less trim and heel, which may result in uneven loading on the
than 300 kN. For small doors such as hinges.
bunker doors and pilot doors, the value 7.4.2.4.1.4 Shell door openings are to have well-rounded
of Fc may be appropriately reduced. corners and adequate compensation is to be arranged with web
However, the value of Fc may be taken frames at sides and stringers or equivalent above and below.
as zero, provided an additional structure
such as an inner ramp is fitted, which is 7.4.2.4.2 Plating and secondary stiffeners
capable of protecting the door from ac-
cidental forces due to loose cargoes. 7.4.2.4.2.1 The thickness of the door plating is not to be less
pe = external design pressure, in [kN/m2], de- than the required thickness for the side shell plating, using the
termined at the centre of gravity of the door stiffener spacing, but in no case less than the minimum
door opening and not taken less than: required thickness of shell plating.
pe = 10 ( T - ZG ) + 25, in [kN/mm2], Where doors serve as vehicle ramps, the plating
for ZG < T thickness is to be not less than required for vehicle decks.
pe = 25 kN/mm2, for ZG > T
Note: 7.4.2.4.2.2 The section modulus of horizontal or vertical
stiffeners is not to be less than that required for side framing.
2016
PART 3
Consideration is to be given, where necessary, to differences 7.4.2.5.2.3 The arrangement of securing devices and sup-
in fixity between ship's frames and door stiffeners. porting devices in way of these securing devices is to be de-
Where doors serve as vehicle ramps, the stiff- signed with redundancy so that in the event of failure of any
ener scantlings are not to be less than required for vehicle single securing or supporting device the remaining devices are
decks. capable to withstand the reaction forces without exceeding by
more than 20 per cent the permissible stresses as given in
7.4.2.4.3 Primary structure 7.4.2.2.1.1.
7.4.2.5.2.4 All load transmitting elements in the design load
7.4.2.4.3.1 The secondary stiffeners are to be supported by
path, from the door through securing and supporting devices
primary members constituting the main stiffening of the door.
into the ship's structure, including welded connections, are to
7.4.2.4.3.2 The primary members and the hull structure in be to the same strength standard as required for the securing
way are to have sufficient stiffness to ensure structural integ- and supporting devices. These elements include pins, support
rity of the boundary of the door. brackets and back-up brackets.
7.4.2.4.3.3 Scantlings of the primary members are generally 7.4.2.6 Securing and locking arrangement
to be supported by direct strength calculations in association
with the design forces given in 7.4.2.3 and permissible stresses
7.4.2.6.1 Systems for operation
given in 7.4.2.2.1.1.
Normally, formulae for simple beam theory may 7.4.2.6.1.1 Securing devices are to be simple to operate and
be applied to determine the bending stresses. Members are to easily accessible. Securing devices are to be equipped with
be considered to have simply supported end connections. mechanical locking arrangement (self locking or separate ar-
rangement), or are to be of the gravity type. The opening and
7.4.2.5 Securing and supporting of doors closing systems as well as securing and locking devices are to
be interlocked in such a way that they can only operate in the
7.4.2.5.1 General proper sequence.
7.4.2.5.1.1 Side shell doors and stern doors are to be fitted 7.4.2.6.1.2 Doors which are located partly or totally below
with adequate means of securing and supporting so as to be the freeboard deck with a clear opening area greater than 6 m2
commensurate with the strength and stiffness of the surround- are to be provided with an arrangement for remote control,
ing structure. The hull supporting structure in way of the doors from a position above the freeboard deck, of:
is to be suitable for the same design loads and design stresses - the closing and opening of the doors
as the securing and supporting devices. - associated securing and locking devices.
Where packing is required, the packing material For doors which are required to be equipped
is to be of a comparatively soft type, and the supporting forces with a remote control arrangement, indication of the
are to be carried by the steel structure only. Other types of open/closed position of the door and the securing and locking
packing may be considered. device is to be provided at the remote control stations. The op-
erating panels for operation of doors are to be inaccessible to
Maximum design clearance between securing unauthorised persons. A notice plate, giving instructions to the
and supporting devices is not generally to exceed 3 mm. effect that all securing devices are to be closed and locked be-
A means is to be provided for mechanically fix- fore leaving harbour, is to be placed at each operating panel
ing the door in the open position. and is to be supplemented by warning indicator lights.
7.4.2.5.1.2 Only the active supporting and securing devices 7.4.2.6.1.3 Where hydraulic securing devices are applied,
having an effective stiffness in the relevant direction are to be the system is to be mechanically lockable in closed position.
included and considered to calculate the reaction forces acting This means that, in the event of loss of the hydraulic fluid, the
on the devices. Small and/or flexible devices such as cleats in- securing devices remain locked.
tended to provide local compression of the packing material The hydraulic system for securing and locking
are not generally to be included in the calculations called for devices is to be isolated from other hydraulic circuits, when
in 7.4.2.5.2.2. The number of securing and supporting devices closed position.
are generally to be the minimum practical whilst taking into
account the requirement for redundant provision given in 7.4.2.6.2 Systems for indication/monitoring
7.4.2.5.2.3 and the available space for adequate support in the
hull structure. 7.4.2.6.2.1 The following requirements apply to doors in the
boundary of special category spaces or ro-ro spaces, see the
7.4.2.5.2 Scantlings Rules, Part 17 - Fire protection, 2.2, through which such
spaces may be flooded.
7.4.2.5.2.1 Securing and supporting devices are to be ade-
quately designed so that they can withstand the reaction forces For cargo ships, where no part of the door is be-
within the permissible stresses given in 7.4.2.2.1.1. low the uppermost waterline and the area of the door opening
is not greater than 6 m2, then the requirements of this section
7.4.2.5.2.2 The distribution of the reaction forces acting on need not be applied.
the securing devices and supporting devices may require to be
supported by direct calculations taking into account the flexi- 7.4.2.6.2.2 Separate indicator lights and audible alarms are
bility of the hull structure and the actual position of the sup- to be provided on the navigation bridge and on each operating
ports. panel to indicate that the doors are closed and that their secur-
ing and locking devices are properly positioned.
2016
PART 3
The indication panel is to be provided with a 7.5 SUPERSTRUCTURES AND

lamp test function. It is not to be possible to turn off the indi-
cator light. DECKHOUSES
7.4.2.6.2.3 The indicator system is to be designed on the fail
safe principle and is to show by visual alarms if the door is not 7.5.1 Construction, openings and closing appli-
fully closed and not fully locked and by audible alarms if se- ances
curing devices become open or locking devices become unse-
cured. The power supply for the indicator system is to be in- 7.5.1.1 Openings in the freeboard deck other than those
dependent of the power supply for operating and closing the defined in 7.3, 7.6 to 7.11 are to be protected by the enclosed
doors and is to be provided with a backup power supply from superstructure or enclosed deckhouse.
the emergency source of power or secure power supply. The similar openings in the deck of enclosed su-
See 7.4.1.6.5 for fail safe principal design. perstructure or enclosed deckhouse are to be protected by en-
The sensors of the indicator system are to be closed deckhouse of the second tier.
protected from water, ice formation and mechanical damages. 7.5.1.2 Superstructures and deckhouses are considered
7.4.2.6.2.4 The indication panel on the navigation bridge is enclosed if:
to be equipped with a mode selection function "harbour/sea - their construction complies with the Rules,
voyage", so arranged that audible alarm is given on the navi- Part 2 - Hull, 13.
gation bridge if the vessel leaves harbour with any side shell - all access openings comply with the re-
or stern door not closed or with any of the securing devices quirements of 7.5.2 and 7.7;
not in the correct position. - all other openings in their outside contour
comply with requirements of 7.2 to 7.4 and
7.4.2.6.2.5 For passenger ships, a water leakage detection 7.7 to 7.10.
system with audible alarm and television surveillance is to be
arranged to provide an indication to the navigation bridge and 7.5.2 Doors in enclosed superstructures and en-
to the engine control room of any leakage through the doors. closed deckhouses
For cargo ships, a water leakage detection sys-
tem with audible alarm is to be arranged to provide an indica- 7.5.2.1 All access openings in the end bulkheads of en-
tion to the navigation bridge. closed superstructures and outside bulkheads of enclosed
deckhouses are to be fitted with doors.
7.4.2.6.2.6 For ro-ro passenger ships, on international voy-
ages, the special category spaces and ro-ro spaces are to be 7.5.2.2 The height of the sills to access openings speci-
continuously patrolled or monitored by effective means, such fied in 7.5.2.1 is to be at least 380 mm. However, the bridge
as television surveillance, so that any movement of vehicles in or poop is to not be regarded as enclosed unless access is pro-
adverse weather conditions and unauthorised access by pas- vided for the crew to machinery and other working spaces in-
sengers thereto, can be detected whilst the ship is underway. side these superstructures from any place in the uppermost
continuous open deck or above it by alternative means which
7.4.2.7 Operating and maintenance manual are available at all times when bulkhead openings are closed,
the height of the sills of the openings in the bulkheads of such
7.4.2.7.1 An operating and maintenance manual for the bridge or poop is to be at least 600 mm in position 1 and at
side shell and stern doors is to be provided on board and con- least 380 mm in position 2.
tain necessary information (see 7.4.1.7.1).
This manual has to be submitted for approval to 7.5.2.3 The doors are to be permanently and strongly
the Register that the above mentioned items are contained in attached to the bulkhead and fitted with clamping devices or
the OMM and that the maintenance part includes the necessary other equivalent means for expeditiously opening, closing and
information with regard to inspections, trouble-shooting and securing them weathertight; such devices are to be so ar-
acceptance / rejection criteria. ranged that they can be operated from both sides of the bulk-
head.
Note: The doors are to be opening outside, opening of
It is recommended that recorded inspections of the door doors inside the superstructure or deckhouse space is to be
supporting and securing devices be carried out by the specially considered by the Register in each case.
ship's staff at monthly intervals or following incidents that
could result in damage, including heavy weather or con- 7.5.2.4 The doors are to be weathertight when secured.
tact in the region of side shell and stern doors. Any dam- The tightness is to be ensured by a rubber or other suitable
age recorded during such inspections is to be reported to gasket.
the Register.
7.5.2.5 The doors are to be made of steel or other mate-
7.4.2.7.2 Documented operating procedures for closing rial approved by the Register.
and securing side shell and stern doors are to be kept on board The strength of the door is to be of equivalent
and posted at the appropriate places. strength to the unpierced bulkhead.
2016
PART 3
7.6 MACHINERY CASINGS The construction of coamings shall comply with

requirements of the Rules, Part 2 - Hull, 2.6.
7.6.1 Machinery space openings in positions 1 and 2 7.7.3 All companion hatches, skylights and ventilating
are to be efficiently enclosed by casings of ample strength trunks are to be provided with covers made of steel or some
raised above the decks as far as is reasonable and practicable, other approved material and permanently attached to the
and terminated themselves by a deck, or covers if a skylight is coamings.
in question. The construction of the casings shall meet the Where the covers are made of steel, the thick-
Rules, Part 2 - Hull, 13. ness of their plating is to be equal to at least 0,01 times the
7.6.2 Casings are to be made weathertight. spacing of the stiffeners but no less than 6 mm. The minimum
specified thickness of 6 mm may be reduced if the cover was
7.6.3 Casings are to be made of steel or other materi- formed by pressing, as shown in Figure 7.7.3 and in Table
als approved by Register. 7.7.3-1.
7.6.4 The access openings in the casings are to be fit-
ted with permanently attached doors which shall comply with
s
the requirements of 7.5.2.3-7.5.2.5. The height of the sills is to
h
be at least 600 mm in position 1 and at least 380 mm in posi-
tion 2.
7.6.5 In Type "A" ships and also in Type "B" ships
which are permitted to have the tabular freeboard less than l +l1
that prescribed by ICLL, 1966, the engine and boiler casings
are to be protected by enclosed poop or bridge of at least stan-
dard height, or by a deckhouse of equal height and equivalent
strength. However, engine and boiler casings may be exposed Figure 7.7.3
if there are no openings giving direct access from the free-
board deck to the machinery space. A door complying with Table 7.7.3-1
requirements of 7.5.2.3 to 7.5.2.5 may, however, be permitted
in the machinery casing provided that it leads to a space or Casing Height of Minimum
Cover
passageway which is as strongly constructed as the casing and Dimensions Press Thickness
Material
is separated form the stairway to the engine and boiler room l x b, [mm] h, [mm] s, [mm]
by a second similar door. The opening for the outside door is steel
to be provided with a sill at least 600 mm in height, and that 450 x 600 25 4
light alloy
for the inside door with a sill of at least 230 mm in height. steel
600 x 600 28 4
7.6.6 In supply vessels the doors in the casings giving light alloy
access to the engine or boiler rooms are to be located, where steel 4
700 x 700 40
possible, inside the enclosed superstructure or deckhouse. light alloy 6
steel 4
The door in the casing for access to the engine or 800 x 800 55
light alloy 6
boiler room may be fitted directly on the open cargo provided
that, in addition to the first outside door, the second inside steel 5
800 x 1200 55
door is fitted; in this case, the outside and inside doors shall light alloy 6
satisfy the requirements of 7.5.2.3 to 7.5.2.5, the height of the 1000 x 1400 steel 90 5
outside door sill is to be at least 600 mm, and of the inside On small vessels with a deck plating less than 6
door sill, at least 230 mm. mm in thickness, the thickness of the cover may be equal to
the thickness of the deck, but not less than 4 mm.
7.7 COMPANION HATCHES, 7.7.4 Covers of companion hatches, skylights and
SKYLIGHTS AND VENTILATING ventilating trunks are to have securing devices workable at
TRUNKS least from outside of the hatch. However, where the hatches
are used as emergency exits in addition to their primary appli-
7.7.1 Deck openings in positions 1 and 2 intended for cation, the securing devices are to be capable of being oper-
stairways to the ship's spaces located below as well as light ated from each side of the cover.
and air openings to these spaces are to be protected by strong When secured, the covers are to be weathertight.
companion hatches, skylights and ventilating trunks. The tightness is to be provided by a rubber or other suitable
Where the openings intended for stairways to the gasket.
ship's spaces located below are protected by superstructures or 7.7.5 The glass for windows in the covers of skylights
deckhouse instead of companion hatches, these superstructures is to be hardened and at least 6 mm thick if the inner diameter
or deckhouse shall comply with the requirements of 7.5. is 150 mm and below, and at least 12 mm with the inner di-
7.7.2 The height of coamings of companion hatches, ameter of 450 mm.
skylights and ventilating trunks is to be at least 600 mm in po- For intermediate inner diameters, the thickness
sition 1 and at least 450 mm in position 2. of glass is to be determined by liner interpolation. However,
where wire-reinforced glass is used, its thickness may be 5
2016
PART 3
mm, and the requirement relating to its hardening is not to be 7.9 MANHOLES
applicable.
Glass is to be efficiently attached to the covers 7.9.1 Covers of manholes are to be made of steel or
by means of a frame and have on its contour a weathertight other approved material.
gasket of rubber or other equivalent material.
Thickness of the covers is not to be less than that
Windows in the covers of skylights fitted in ma- of the plating on which they are fitted. In some cases it may be
chinery spaces shall comply with the requirements of the permitted to decrease the thickness of the covers provided the
Rules, Part 17 - Fire protection, 2.1. thickness of plating is greater than 12 mm.
7.7.6 Each window or group of adjacent windows is to 7.9.2 The covers of manholes are to be efficiently at-
be provided with portable shields of the same material as the tached to the coaming or doubling ring by means of bolts or
cover being at least 3 mm in thickness and capable of being pins with nuts.
efficiently fastened outside the cover by means of ear-nuts;
such portable shields are to be stowed adjacent to the sky- 7.9.3 When secured, the covers are to be tight under
lights. inner pressure of water or other liquids, for which the tanks
are intended, up to the top of the air pipe. The tightness is to
be provided by a rubber or other suitable gasket. The gasket is
7.8 VENTILATORS to be resistant to the liquid cargoes referred to above.
7.8.1 Ventilators to spaces below freeboard deck or

deck of enclosed superstructures and deckhouses are to be fit-
7.10 HATCHWAYS OF DRY CARGO
ted with coamings efficiently connected to the deck. The HOLDS
coamings of ventilators are to be at least 900 mm in height in
position 1 and at least 760 mm in position 2. 7.10.1 General
The thickness of the coaming plates is to be 7,5
mm where the clear opening sectional area of the ventilator 7.10.1.1 The deck openings through which cargoes or
coamings is 300 cm2 or less, and 10 mm where the clear open- ship's stores are loaded and unloaded are to be protected by
ing sectional area exceeds 1600 cm2. Intermediate values are strong hatchways. If these hatchways are situated in positions
to be determined by direct interpolation. A thickness of 6 mm 1 and 2 (see Section 7.1.4), the hatchway covers are to weath-
is generally to be sufficient within not permanently closed su- ertight. The tightness is to be provided by one of the following
perstructures. two methods:
7.8.2 Ventilators in position 1 the coamings of which .1 closed by portable covers and secured
extend to more than 4500 mm above the deck and in position weathertight by tarpaulins and battening
2 the coamings of which extend to more than 2300 mm above devices;
the deck need not be fitted with closing appliances. In all other .2 by weathertight covers made of steel or
cases, each ventilator is to be fitted with a strong cover made other equivalent material fitted with rubber
of steel or other material approved by the Register. or other suitable gaskets and clamping de-
vices.
In ships of less than 100 m in length, the covers
are to be permanently attached; in ships of 100 mm in length 7.10.1.2 The strength requirements are applicable to
and over they may be conveniently stowed near the ventilators hatch covers and hatch coamings of stiffened plate construc-
to which they are to be fitted. tion and its closing arrangements.
7.8.3 When secured, the covers of ventilators are to be 7.10.1.3 These requirements are applicable to hatch cov-
weathertight. The tightness is to be provided by a rubber or ers and coamings made of steel. In case of alternative materi-
other suitable gasket. als and innovative designs the approval is subject to special
consideration of the Register.
7.8.4 In supply vessels, in order to minimise the pos-
sibility of flooding of the spaces situated below, the ventilators 7.10.1.4 These requirements don't apply to portable cov-
are to be positioned in the protected locations where the prob- ers secured weathertight by tarpaulins and battening devices,
ability of their damage by cargo is excluded during cargo han- or pontoon covers, as defined in ICLL Regulation 15.
dling operations. Particular attention is to be given to the ar-
7.10.1.5 Hatchways on freeboard and superstructure
rangement of ventilators of the engine and boiler rooms for
which the location is preferable above the deck level of the decks are to have coamings, the minimum height of which
first tier of superstructures or deckhouses. above the deck is to be as follows:
− in position 1: 600 mm
7.8.5 The ventilation of machinery spaces shall be ac-
cording to the principles laid down in SOLAS Regulation II- − in position 2: 450 mm
1/35 and supplied through suitably protected openings ar- 7.10.1.6 The height of coamings of the hatchways speci-
ranged in such a way that they can be used in all weather con- fied in 7.10.1.1.2 may be decreased in relation to that pre-
ditions, taking into account Reg.17(3) and Reg.19 of the 1966 scribed by 7.10.1.5 or the coamings may be omitted entirely
Load Line Convention as amended by the Protocol of 1988. where the efficiency of the cover tightness and securing means
The machinery spaces are those defined in SO- will satisfy the Register.
LAS Regulation II-1/3.16.
7.10.1.7 Where an increased freeboard is assigned, the
height of hatchway coamings according to 7.10.1.5 on the ac-
2016
PART 3
tual freeboard deck may be as required for a superstructure For evaluation of scantling of hatch covers and
deck, provided the summer freeboard is such that the resulting hatch coamings of cargo holds of bulk carriers, ore carriers
draught will not be greater than that corresponding to the min- and combination carriers, see 7.10.8.
imum freeboard calculated from an assumed freeboard deck
situated at a distance equal to a standard superstructure height 7.10.2.2 Definition
hN below the actual freeboard deck.
ICLL Where ICLL is referred to in the text, this is to
7.10.1.8 Coamings are not to be required for hatchways be taken as the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966
below the freeboard deck or within weathertight closed super- as amended by the 1988 protocol, as amended in 2003.
structure unless they are required for the strength purposes.
7.10.2.2.1 Hatch cover types
7.10.1.9 Coamings which are 600 mm or more in height
are to be stiffened by a horizontal stiffener. Where the unsup-
ported height of a coaming exceeds 1,2 m additional stiffeners 7.10.2.2.1.1 Single skin cover
are to be arranged. Additional stiffeners may be dispensed A hatch cover made of steel or equivalent mate-
with if this is justified by the ship's service and if sufficient rial that is designed to comply with ICLL Regulation 16. The
strength is verified (e.g. in case of container ships). cover has continuous top and side plating, but is open under-
7.10.1.10 For hatch way coamings which are designed on neath with the stiffening structure exposed. The cover is
the basis of strength calculations as well as for hatch girders, weathertight and fitted with gaskets and clamping devices un-
cantilevers and pillars, see Part 2, Section 9. less such fittings are specifically excluded.
For structural members welded to coamings and 7.10.2.2.1.2 Double skin cover
for cutouts in the top of coaming sufficient fatigue strength
A hatch cover as above but with continuous bot-
according to Part 2, Section 16 is to be verified.
tom plating such that all the stiffening structure and internals
7.10.1.11 Hatchway coamings are to be adequately sup- are protected from the environment.
ported by stays.
7.10.2.2.1.3 Pontoon type cover
7.10.1.12 Hatch coamings and supporting structures are to
be adequately stiffened to accommodate the loading from A special type of portable cover, secured weath-
hatch covers, in longitudinal, transverse and vertical direc- ertight by tarpaulins and battening devices. Such covers are to
tions. be designed in accordance with ICLL Regulation 15 and are
not covered by these requirements.
Coaming stays are to be supported by appropri-
ate substructures. Clarification note:
Under deck structures are to be designed under
consideration of permissible stresses according to 7.10.3.1. Modern hatch cover designs of lift-away-covers
are in many cases called pontoon covers. This definition does
7.10.1.13 Adequate safety against buckling according to not fit to the definition above. Modern lift-away hatch cover
Section 4, 4.6 is to be proved for longitudinal coamings which designs should belong to one of the two categories single skin
are part of the longitudinal hull structure. covers or double skin cover.
7.10.1.14 The connection of the coamings to the deck at 7.10.2.2.2 Positions
the hatchway corners is to be carried out with special care. For
bulk carriers, see also Part 2, Section 17, 17.2.8. The hatchways are classified according to their
position as follows:
7.10.1.15 For rounding of hatchway corners, see also Part
2, Section 6, 6.1.3. Position 1 Upon exposed freeboard and raised quarter-
decks, and upon exposed superstructure decks
7.10.1.16 For application of the corrosion margin required situated forward of a point located a quarter of
by Regulation 16 (5)(d) of the ICLL, 1996 (Res. MSC. ship’s length from forward perpendicular.
143(77), see 7.10.7, 7.10.8.6 and IACS Unified Interpretation
LL70.
Position 2 Upon exposed superstructure decks situated
7.10.2 Evaluation of scantlings of hatch covers and abaft a quarter of the ship’s length from the for-
hatch coamings and closing arrangements of ward perpendicular and located at least one
cargo holds of ships standard height of the superstructure above the
freeboard deck.
7.10.2.1 Application Upon exposed superstructure decks situated
forward of a point located a quarter of the ship’s
The requirements of the Section 7.10.2 to Sec- length from the forward perpendicular and lo-
tion 7.10.7 apply to all ships except bulk carriers, ore carriers cated at least two standard height of the super-
and combination carriers, as defined in the Rules, Part 1 – structure above the freeboard deck.
General Requirements, Chapter 1 – General Information,
4.2.5.5, and are for all cargo hatch covers and coamings on 7.10.2.3 Material
exposed decks.
These requirements are in addition to the re- Hatch covers and coamings are to be made of
quirements of the ICLL. material in accordance with the definitions of the Rules, Part 2
2016
PART 3
– Hull, 1.4.2. A material class I is to be applied for top plate, Where an increased freeboard is assigned, the
bottom plate and primary supporting members. design load for hatch covers according to Tab. 7.10.2.6.1 on
the actual freeboard deck may be as required for a superstruc-
7.10.2.4 General requirements ture deck, provided the summer freeboard is such that the re-
sulting draught will not be greater than that corresponding to
Primary supporting members and secondary the minimum freeboard calculated from an assumed freeboard
stiffeners of hatch covers are to be continuous over the breadth deck situated at a distance at least equal to the standard super-
and length of hatch covers, as far as practical. When this is structure height hN below the actual freeboard deck, see
impractical, sniped end connections are not to be used and ap- Fig.7.10.2.6.1-2.
propriate arrangements are to be adopted to provide sufficient
load carrying capacity.
The spacing of primary supporting members
parallel to the direction of secondary stiffeners is not to exceed
1/3 of the span of primary supporting members. When
strength calculation is carried out by FE analysis using plane
strain or shell elements, this requirement can be waived.
Secondary stiffeners of hatch coamings are to be
continuous over the breadth and length of hatch coamings.
7.10.2.5 Net scantling approach
Unless otherwise quoted, the thicknesses t of the

following sections are net thicknesses.
The net thicknesses are the member thicknesses
necessary to obtain the minimum net scantlings required by
7.10.3 and 7.10.5.
The required gross thicknesses are obtained by
adding corrosion additions, tS, given in Table 7.10.7.1 in
7.10.7.1.
Strength calculations using beam theory, grillage
analysis or FEM are to be performed with net scantlings.
7.10.2.6 Hatch cover and coaming load model
Structural assessment of hatch covers and hatch

coamings is to be carried out using the design loads, defined in
this chapter.
Definitions
L = length of ship, in [m], as defined in
1.2.2.1
LLL = length of ship, in [m], as defined in ICLL
Regulation 3
x = longitudinal co-ordinate of mid point of
assessed structural member measured
from aft end of length L or LLL, as appli-
cable
Dmin = the least moulded depth, in [m], as de-
fined in ICLL Regulation 3
hN = standard superstructure height, in [m]
= 1,05 + 0,01LLL , 1,8 ≤ hN ≤ 2,3
7.10.2.6.1 Vertical weather design load

The pressure pH, in [kN/m²], on the hatch cover
panels is given by ICLL. This may be taken from Table
7.10.2.6.1. The vertical weather design load needs not to be
combined with cargo loads according to 7.10.2.6.3 and
7.10.2.6.4.
In Fig.7.10.2.6.1-1 the positions 1 and 2 are il-
lustrated for an example ship.
2016
PART 3
Table 7.10.2.6.1 Design load pH of weather deck hatches
Design load pH [kN/m2]

Position
x x
≤ 0,75 0,75 < ≤ 1,0
L LL LLL
for 24 m ≤ LLL ≤ 100 m
on freeboard deck
9,81  x 
⋅ (4,28 ⋅ LLL + 28) ⋅ − 1,71 ⋅ LLL + 95
76  LLL 
9 ,81
⋅ (1, 5 ⋅ L LL + 116 )
76 upon exposed superstructure decks located at least one superstructure standard
height above the freeboard deck
9,81
⋅ (1,5 ⋅ LLL + 116)
76
for LLL > 100 m
on freeboard deck for type B ships according to ICLL

1
 x 
9,81 ⋅ (0,0296 ⋅ L1 + 3,04 ) ⋅ − 0,0222 ⋅ L1 + 1,22
 LLL 
on freeboard deck for ships with less freeboard than type B according to ICLL
9,81⋅ 3,5  x 
9,81 ⋅ (0,1452 ⋅ L1 − 8,52 ) ⋅ − 0,1089 ⋅ L1 + 9,89
 LLL 
L1 = LLL but not more than 340 m
upon exposed superstructure decks located at least one superstructure standard

height above the freeboard deck
9,81⋅ 3,5
for 24 m ≤ LLL ≤ 100 m
9,81
(1,1⋅ LLL + 87,6)
76
2 for LLL > 100 m
9,81 ⋅ 2,1
upon exposed superstructure decks located at least one superstructure standard height above the lowest Position 2
deck
9,81 ⋅ 2,1
2016
PART 3
2**
2**
2** 2
2 1* 1*
Freeboard Deck 1 1 1
dfb
0,25 LLL
Length LLL
* reduced load upon exposed superstructure decks located at least one superstructure standard height above the
freeboard deck
** reduced load upon exposed superstructure decks of vessels with LLL > 100 m located at least one superstructure
standard height above the lowest Position 2 deck
Figure 7.10.2.6.1- 1 Positions 1 and 2
2**
2**
2** 2**
2** 2 2
Actual Freeboard Deck 2 2 1*
Assumed Freeboard Deck ≥ hN
dfb
0,25 LLL
Length LLL
* reduced load upon exposed superstructure decks located at least one superstructure standard height above the
freeboard deck
** reduced load upon exposed superstructure decks of vessels with LLL > 100 m located at least one superstruc-
ture standard height above the lowest Position 2 deck
Figure 7.10.2.6.1- 2 Positions 1 and 2 for an increased freeboard
2016
PART 3
be subdivided into parts of approximately equal

7.10.2.6.2 Horizontal weather design load
length, not exceeding 0,15⋅L each, and x’ is to be
taken as the distance between aft end of the
The horizontal weather design load, in [kN/m²],
length L and the centre of each part considered.
for determining the scantlings of outer edge girders (skirt
plates) of weather deck hatch covers and of hatch coamings is: z = vertical distance, in [m], from the summer load
line to the midpoint of stiffener span, or to the
p A = a ⋅ c ⋅ (b ⋅ c L ⋅ f − z )
middle of the plate field
L b'
f = + 4,1 , for L < 90 m c = 0,3 + 0,7 ⋅
25 B'
1,5
=  300− L  , for 90 m ≤ L < 300 m b' = breadth of coaming in m at the position consid-
10,75 −   ered
 100 
B' = actual maximum breadth of ship , in [m], on the
= 10,75, for 300m ≤ L < 350m
exposed weather deck at the position considered.
1,5
=  L − 350 , for 350 m ≤ L ≤ 500 m b'/B' is not to be taken less than 0,25.
10,75−  
 150  The design load pA is not to be taken less than
the minimum values given in Table 7.10.2.6.2.
cL = L , for L < 90 m
90 Table 7.10.2.6.2 Minimum design load pAmin
= 1, for L ≥ 90 m
PAmin , in [kN/m²], for
L1 L
a = 20 + , for unprotected front coamings and
12 unprotected fronts elsewhere
hatch cover skirt plates
≤ 50 30 15
L
a = 10 + 1 , for unprotected front coamings and
12 > 50 L L
hatch cover skirt plates, where the distance from 25 + 12,5 +
< 250 10 20
the actual freeboard deck to the summer load
line exceeds the minimum non-corrected tabular ≥ 250 50 25
freeboard according to ICLL by at least one
standard superstructure height hN
Note:
L1
a = 5+ , for side and protected front coamings The horizontal weather design load need not be
15
included in the direct strength calculation of the hatch cover,
and hatch cover skirt plates unless it is utilized for the design of substructures of horizon-
L1 x' , for aft ends of coamings and tal support according to 7.10.6.2.3.
a = 7+ −8⋅
100 L
aft hatch cover skirt plates abaft amidships 7.10.2.6.3 Cargo loads
a = L1 x' , for aft ends of coamings and

5+ − 4⋅ 7.10.2.6.3.1 Distributed loads
100 L
aft hatch cover skirt plates forward of amidships The load on hatch covers due to distributed car-
L1 = L, need not be taken greater than 300 m go loads pL, in [kN/m²], resulting from heave and pitch (i.e.
2
ship in upright condition) is to be determined according to the
 x'  following formula:
b =  − 0 ,45  , for x' < 0,45
1,0 +  L  L p L = p C (1 + aV )
 C B + 0 ,2 
 
  where:
2 pC = uniform cargo load, in [kN/m²],
 x' 
=  − 0 ,45  , for x' ≥ 0,45
L av = vertical acceleration addition as follows:
1,0 + 1,5 ⋅   L
 C B + 0,2  aV = F ⋅ m
 
 
v0
0,6 ≤ C B ≤ 0,8 , when determining scantlings of aft F = 0 ,11 ⋅
ends of coamings and aft hatch cover skirt plates L
forward of amidships, CB need not be taken less x, x
than 0,8.
m = m0 − 5 (m0 − 1) for 0≤ ≤ 0 ,2 ,
L L
x’ = distance, in [m], between the transverse coaming
or hatch cover skirt plate considered and aft end = 1.0, for 0,2 < x ≤ 0,7 ,
of the length L. When determining side coam- L
ings or side hatch cover skirt plates, the side is to
2016
PART 3
Az, Bz = support forces in z-direction at the

= 1 + m0 + 1  x − 0,7  , for 0 ,7 < x ≤ 1,0 ,
0 ,3  L  L forward and aft stack corners,
 By = support force in y-direction at the for-
m0 = 1,5 + F , ward and aft stack corners.
v0 = maximum speed at summer load line draught, v0 When strength of the hatch cover structure is as-
sessed by grillage analysis according to 7.10.3.5, hm and zi
is not to be taken less than L , in [knots]. need to be taken above the hatch cover supports. Forces By
7.10.2.6.3.2 Point loads does not need to be considered in this case.
Values of Az and Bz applied for the assessment
The load P, in [kN], due to a concentrated force of hatch cover strength are to be shown in the drawings of the
Ps, in [kN], except for container load resulting from heave and hatch covers.
pitch (i.e. ship in upright condition) is to be determined as fol-
lows:
Note:
P = PS (1 + aV ) .
It is recommended that container loads as calcu-
7.10.2.6.4 Container loads lated above are considered as limit for foot point loads of con-
tainer stacks in the calculations of cargo securing (container
7.10.2.6.4.1 The loads defined in 7.10.2.6.4.2 and lashing).
7.10.2.6..4.4 are to be applied where containers are stowed on
the hatch cover.
7.10.2.6.4.2 The load P, in [kN], applied at each corner of a
container stack, and resulting from heave and pitch (i.e. ship in
upright condition) is to be determined as follows:
M
P = 9,81 (1 + aV )
4
where:
av =acceleration addition according to
7.10.2.6.3.1
M = maximum designed mass of container
stack, in [t].
7.10.2.6.4.3 The loads, in [kN], applied at each corner of a
container stack, and resulting from heave, pitch, and the ship's
rolling motion (i.e. ship in heel condition) are to be deter- Figure 7.10.2.6.4 Forces due to container loads
mined as follows, see also Fig 7.10.2.4.
7.10.2.6.4.4 Load cases with partial loading

M  h 
Az = 9,81 ⋅ (1 + aV ) ⋅  0,45 − 0,42 m  The load cases defined in 7.10.2.6.4.2 and
2  b 
7.10.2.6.4.3 are also to be considered for partial non homoge-
M  h  neous loading which may occur in practice, e.g. where speci-
B z = 9,81 ⋅ (1 + aV ) ⋅  0,45 + 0,42 m 
2  b  fied container stack places are empty. For each hatch cover,
B y = 2,4 ⋅ M the heel directions, as shown in Table 7.10.2.6.4.4, are to be
considered.
where:
av = acceleration addition according to The load case partial loading of container hatch
7.10.2.6.3.1, covers can be evaluated using a simplified approach, where
the hatch cover is loaded without the outermost stacks that are
M = maximum designed mass of container located completely on the hatch cover. If there are additional
stack, in [t], stacks that are supported partially by the hatch cover and par-
hm = designed height of centre of gravity of tially by container stanchions then the loads from these stacks
stack above hatch cover top, in [m], are also to be neglected, refer to Table 7.10.2.6.4.4 Partial
may be calculated as weighted mean loading of container hatch covers.
value of the stack, where the centre of In addition, the case where only the stack places
gravity of each tier is assumed to be supported partially by the hatch cover and partially by con-
located at the centre of each container, tainer stanchions are left empty is to be assessed in order to
= ∑ ( zi ⋅Wi ) M consider the maximum loads in the vertical hatch cover sup-
ports.
zi = distance from hatch cover top to the cen-
tre of ith container, in[m], It may be necessary to also consider partial load
cases where more or different container stack places are left
Wi = weight of ith container, in [t], empty. Therefore, the Register may require that additional
b = distance between midpoints of foot partial load cases be considered.
points, in [m],
2016
PART 3
Table 7.10.2.6.4.4 Partial loading of container hatch covers
Heel direction
Hatch covers supported by the longitu-

dinal hatch coaming with all container
stacks located completely on the hatch
cover
Hatch covers supported by the longitu-

dinal hatch coaming with the outermost
container stack supported partially by
the hatch cover and partially by con-
tainer stanchions
Hatch covers not supported by the lon-

gitudinal hatch coaming (center hatch
covers)
7.10.2.6.4.5 Mixed stowage of 20’ and 40’ containers on 7.10.2.6.5 Loads due to elastic deformations of the
hatch cover ship's hull
In the case of mixed stowage (20'+40' container Hatch covers, which in addition to the loads ac-
combined stack), the foot point forces at the fore and aft end cording to 7.10.2.6.1 to 7.10.2.6.4 are loaded in the ship's
of the hatch cover are not to be higher than resulting from the transverse direction by forces due to elastic deformations of
design stack weight for 40’ containers, and the foot point forc- the ship's hull, are to be designed such that the sum of stresses
es at the middle of the cover are not to be higher than resulting does not exceed the permissible values given in 7.10.3.1.1.
from the design stack weight for 20’ containers.
2016
PART 3
7.10.3 Hatch cover strength criteria 7.10.3.2 Local net plate thickness
7.10.3.1 Permissible stresses and deflections The local net plate thickness t, in [mm], of the
hatch cover top plating is not to be less than:
7.10.3.1.1 Stresses p
t = Fp ⋅ 15,8 ⋅ s
0,95 ⋅ σ F
The equivalent stress σv in steel hatch cover
structures related to the net thickness shall not exceed 0,8·σF, and to be not less than 1% of the spacing of the stiffener or 6
where σF is the minimum yield stress, in [N/mm2], of the ma- mm if that be greater.
terial. For design loads according to 7.10.2.6.2 to 7.10.2.6.5, Fp = factor for combined membrane and bending re-
the equivalent stress σv related to the net thickness shall not sponse,
exceed 0,9 ·σF when the stresses are assessed by means of = 1,5 in general,
FEM.
= σ , for σ
For steels with a minimum yield stress of more 1,9 ⋅ ≥ 0,8 for the attached plate flange
than 355 N/mm2, the value of σF to be applied throughout this
σa σa
requirement is subject to the Register but is not to be more of primary supporting members,
than the minimum yield stress of the material. where:
For grillage analysis, the equivalent stress may s = stiffener spacing, in [m],
be taken as follows: p = pressure pH and pL, in [kN/m2], as defined in
2
σ V = σ + 3τ 2 , in [N/mm²], 7.10.2.6,
where: σ = maximum normal stress, in [N/mm2], of hatch
σ = normal stress, in [N/mm²], cover top plating, determined according to Fig.
τ = shear stress, in [N/mm²]. 7.10.3.2,
For FEM calculations, the equivalent stress may σa = 0,8 ⋅ σ F , in [N/mm2].
be taken as follows:
For flange plates under compression sufficient
σ V = σ x 2 − σ x ⋅ σ y + σ y 2 + 3τ 2 , in [N/mm²] buckling strength according to 7.10.3.6 is to be demonstrated.
where:
σx = normal stress, in [N/mm²], in x-direction,
σy = normal stress, in [N/mm²], in y-direction,
τ = shear stress, in [N/mm²], in the x-y plane.
Indices x and y are coordinates of a two-
dimensional Cartesian system in the plane of the considered
structural element.
In case of FEM calculations using shell or plane
strain elements, the stresses are to be read from the centre of
the individual element. It is to be observed that, in particular,
at flanges of unsymmetrical girders, the evaluation of stress
from element centre may lead to non-conservative results.
Thus, a sufficiently fine mesh is to be applied in these cases
or, the stress at the element edges shall not exceed the allow-
able stress. Where shell elements are used, the stresses are to
be evaluated at the mid plane of the element.
Stress concentrations are to be assessed to the
satisfaction of the Register.
Figure 7.10.3.2 Determination of normal stress of the
7.10.3.1.2 Deflection hatch cover plating
The vertical deflection of primary supporting 7.10.3.2.1 Local net plate thickness of hatch covers for
members due to the vertical weather design load according to wheel loading
7.10.2.6.1 is to be not more than 0,0056⋅lg where lg is the
greatest span of primary supporting members. The local net plate thickness of hatch covers for
wheel loading have to be derived from the Rules, Part 2 –
Note: Hull, Section 6.
Where hatch covers are arranged for carrying
containers and mixed stowage is allowed, i.e., a 40'-container 7.10.3.2.2 Lower plating of double skin hatch covers
stowed on top of two 20'-containers, particular attention and box girders
should be paid to the deflections of hatch covers. Further the
possible contact of deflected hatch covers with in hold cargo The thickness to fulfill the strength requirements
has to be observed. is to be obtained from the calculation according to 7.10.3.5
2016
PART 3
under consideration of permissible stresses according to The net section modulus of the secondary stiff-
7.10.3.1.1. eners is to be determined based on an attached plate width as-
When the lower plating is taken into account as sumed equal to the stiffener spacing.
a strength member of the hatch cover, the net thickness, in For flat bar secondary stiffeners and buckling
mm, of lower plating is to be taken not less than 5 mm. When stiffeners, the ratio h/tw is to be not greater than 15･k0.5,
project cargo is intended to be carried on a hatch cover, the net where:
thickness must not be less than: h = height of the stiffener,
t = 6,5⋅s, in [mm], tw = net thickness of the stiffener,
where: k = 235/σF.
s = stiffener spacing, in [m]. Stiffeners parallel to primary supporting mem-
Note: bers and arranged within the effective breadth according to
Project cargo means especially large or bulky 7.10.3.5.1 must be continuous at crossing primary supporting
cargo lashed to the hatch cover. Examples are parts of cranes member and may be regarded for calculating the cross sec-
or wind power stations, turbines, etc. Cargoes that can be tional properties of primary supporting members. It is to be
considered as uniformly distributed over the hatch cover, e.g., verified that the combined stress of those stiffeners induced by
timber, pipes or steel coils need not to be considered as pro- the bending of primary supporting members and lateral pres-
ject cargo. sures does not exceed the permissible stresses according to
When the lower plating is not considered as a 7.10.3.1.1. The requirements of this paragraph are not applied
strength member of the hatch cover, the thickness of the lower to stiffeners of lower plating of double skin hatch covers if the
plating should be determined according to the Rules, Part 2 - lower plating is not considered as strength member.
Hull. For hatch cover stiffeners under compression
sufficient safety against lateral and torsional buckling accord-
7.10.3.3 Net scantling of secondary stiffeners ing 7.10.3.6.3 is to be verified.
For hatch covers subject to wheel loading or
The net section modulus W and net shear area As point loads stiffener scantlings are to be determined under
of uniformly loaded hatch cover stiffeners constraint at both consideration of the permissible stresses according to
ends must not be less than: 7.10.3.1.1 or are to be determined according to the Rules, Part
2 – Hull, Section 6.
104 psl 2 , in [cm3], for design load ac-
W=
σF 7.10.3.4 Net scantling of primary supporting members
cording to 7.10.2.6.1;
93 psl 2 , in [cm3], for design load accord- 7.10.3.4.1 Primary supporting members
W=
σF Scantlings of primary supporting members are
ing to 7.10.2.6.3.1; obtained from calculations according to 7.10.3.5 under con-
sideration of permissible stresses according to 7.10.3.1.1.
10.8 psl , in [cm2], for design load ac-
AS = For all components of primary supporting mem-
σF bers sufficient safety against buckling must be verified accord-
cording to 7.10.2.6.1; ing to 7.10.3.6. For biaxial compressed flange plates this is to
9.6 psl , in [cm2], for design load ac- be verified within the effective widths according to
AS = 7.10.3.6.3.2.
σF The net thickness, in [mm], of webs of primary
cording to 7.10.2.6.3.1; supporting members shall not be less than:
where:
t = 6,5⋅s , in [mm],
l = secondary stiffener span, in [m], to be
tmin = 5 mm,
taken as the spacing, in [m], of primary
where:
supporting members or the distance be-
tween a primary supporting member and s = stiffener spacing, in [m].
the edge support, as applicable,
7.10.3.4.2 Edge girders (Skirt plates)
s = secondary stiffener spacing, in [m],
p = pressure pH and pL, in [kN/m2], as de- Scantlings of edge girders are obtained from the
calculations according to 7.10.3.5 under consideration of per-
fined in 7.10.2.
missible stresses according to 7.10.3.1.1.
For secondary stiffeners of lower plating of dou-
ble skin hatch covers, requirements mentioned above are not The net thickness, in [mm], of the outer edge
applied due to the absence of lateral loads. girders exposed to wash of sea shall not be less than the larg-
est of the following values:
The net thickness, in mm, of the stiffener (except
U-beams/trapeze stiffeners) web is to be taken not less than 4 pA
t = 15,8 ⋅ s ⋅
mm. 0,95 ⋅ σ F
t = 8,5⋅s , in [mm],
2016
PART 3
tmin = 5 mm, 7.10.3.5.1 Effective cross-sectional properties for calcu-

where: lation by beam theory or grillage analysis
s = stiffener spacing, in [m], Cross-sectional properties are to be determined
pA = horizontal pressure as defined in considering the effective breadth. Cross sectional areas of sec-
7.10.2.6.2. ondary stiffeners parallel to the primary supporting member
The stiffness of edge girders is to be sufficient to under consideration within the effective breadth can be in-
maintain adequate sealing pressure between securing devices. cluded, refer Fig.7.10.3.6.
The moment of inertia, in [cm4], of edge girders is not to be The effective breadth of plating eM of primary
less than: supporting members is to be determined according to Table
4 7.10.3.5.1, considering the type of loading. Special calcula-
I = 6 ⋅ q ⋅ s SD tions may be required for determining the effective breadth of
where: one-sided or non-symmetrical flanges.
q = packing line pressure, in [N/mm], mini- The effective cross sectional area of plates is not
mum 5 N/mm, to be less than the cross sectional area of the face plate.
sSD = spacing, in [m], of securing devices. For flange plates under compression with secon-
dary stiffeners perpendicular to the web of the primary sup-
7.10.3.5 Strength calculations porting member, the effective width is to be determined ac-
cording to 7.10.3.6.3.2.
Strength calculation for hatch covers may be
carried out by either grillage analysis or FEM. Double skin
hatch covers or hatch covers with box girders are to be as-
sessed using FEM, refer to 7.10.3.5.2.
Table 7.10.3.5.1 Effective breadth eM of plating of primary supporting members
l/e 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ≥8
em1 /e 0 0.36 0.64 0.82 0.91 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.00
em2 /e 0 0.20 0.37 0.52 0.65 0.75 0.84 0.89 0.90
em1 is to be applied where primary supporting members are loaded by uniformly distributed loads or else by not less than 6
equally spaced single loads
em2 is to be applied where primary supporting members are loaded by 3 or less single loads
Intermediate values may be obtained by direct interpolation.
l = length of zero-points of bending moment curve:
l = l0 for simply supported primary supporting members
l = 0,6 · l0 for primary supporting members with both ends constraint,
where l0 is the unsupported length of the primary supporting member
e = width of plating supported, measured from centre to centre of the adjacent unsupported fields
7.10.3.5.2 General requirements for FEM calculations Buckling stiffeners may be disregarded for the stress calcula-
tion.
For strength calculations of hatch covers by
means of finite elements, the cover geometry shall be ideal- 7.10.3.6 Buckling strength of hatch cover structures
ized as realistically as possible. Element size must be appro-
priate to account for effective breadth. In no case element For hatch cover structures sufficient buckling
width shall be larger than stiffener spacing. In way of force strength is to be demonstrated.
transfer points and cutouts the mesh has to be refined where The buckling strength assessment of coaming
applicable. The ratio of element length to width shall not ex- parts is to be done according to the Rules, Part 2 – Hull, 4.6.
ceed 4.
Definitions
The element height of webs of primary support-
ing member must not exceed one-third of the web height. a = length of the longer side of a single plate field, in
Stiffeners, supporting plates against pressure loads, have to be [mm], (x-direction), see Fig. 7.10.3.6,
included in the idealization. Stiffeners may be modelled by us- b = breadth of the shorter side of a single plate field, in
ing shell elements, plane stress elements or beam elements. [mm], (y-direction), see Fig. 7.10.3.6,
2016
PART 3
α = aspect ratio of single plate field, Table 7.10.3.6 Correction factor F1

= a/b
Stiffeners sniped at both 1,00
n = number of single plate field breadths within the partial ends
or total plate field,
Guidance values1 where 1,05 for flat bars
t = net plate thickness, in [mm], both ends are effectively 1,10 for bulb sections
σx = membrane stress, in [N/mm²], in x-direction, connected to adjacent
structures 1,20 for angle and tee-sections
σy = membrane stress, in [N/mm²],in y-direction,
1,30 for u-type sections2 and
τ = shear stress, in [N/mm²], in the x-y plane,
girders of high rigidity
E = modulus of elasticity, in [N/mm²], of the material
An average value of F1 is to be used for plate panels having
= 2,06·105 N/mm2 for steel, different edge stiffeners.
σF = minimum yield stress, in [N/mm²], of the material. 1
Exact values may be determined by direct calculations
Compressive and shear stresses are to be taken 2
Higher value may be taken if it is verified by a buckling
positive, tension stresses are to be taken negative. strength check of the partial plate field using non-linear
FEA and deemed appropriate by the Register but not
long. stiffener single field partial field greater than 2,0.
σE = reference stress, in [N/mm²], taken equal to

2
t
n⋅⋅ b
= 0,9 ⋅ E  
am
bm
b
b
a
Ψ = edge stress ratio taken equal to
= σ2 / σ1 where
σ1 = maximum compressive stress,
transverse stiffener σ2 = minimum compressive stress or tension stress.
longitudinal: stiffener in the direction of the length a S = safety factor (based on net scantling approach), taken
transverse: stiffener in the direction of the length b equal to:
= 1.25 for hatch covers when subjected to the vertical
Figure 7.10.3.6 General arrangement of panel
weather design load according to 7.10.2.1,
Note: = 1.10 for hatch covers when subjected to loads accord-
If stresses in the x- and y-direction already con- ing to 7.10.2.2 to 7.10.2.5.
tain the Poisson-effect (calculated using FEM), the following λ = reference degree of slenderness, taken equal to:
modified stress values may be used. Both stresses σx* and σy*
are to be compressive stresses, in order to apply the stress re- = σF
duction according to the following formulae: K ⋅σ e
σ x = (σ x* − 0,3 ⋅ σ *y ) 0,91 K = buckling factor according to Table 7.10.3.6.1.-2.
σ y = (σ − 0,3 ⋅ σ
*
y
*
x ) 0,91 7.10.3.6.1 Proof of top and lower hatch cover plating
σ x * , σ y* = stresses containing the Poisson-effect
Proof is to be provided that the following condition is com-
Where compressive stress fulfils the condition plied with for the single plate field a ⋅ b:
σy*< 0,3⋅σx*, then σy = 0 and σx = σx*. e3
 σx ⋅S 
e1
 σ ⋅S 
e2
 
Where compressive stress fulfils the condition σ x ⋅σ y ⋅ S 2   τ ⋅ S ⋅ 3  ≤1,0
  + y  − B +
σx* < 0,3⋅σy*, then σx = 0 and σy = σy*.  K x ⋅σ F   K y ⋅σ F   σ F2  
       Kτ ⋅ σ F 
F1 = correction factor for boundary condition at  
the longitudinal stiffeners according to Table 7.10.3.6.
The first two terms and the last term of the
above condition shall not exceed 1,0.
The reduction factors κx, κy and κτ are given in
Table 7.10.3.6.1-2.
Where σx ≤ 0 (tension stress), κx = 1,0.
Where σy ≤ 0 (tension stress), κy = 1,0.
The exponents e1, e2 and e3 as well as the factor
B are to be taken as given by Table 7.10.3.6.1-1.
2016
PART 3
Table 7.10.3.6.1-1 Coefficients e1, e2, e3 and factor B
Exponents e1 - e3 and
Plate panel
factor B
e1 1 + κ x4
e2 1 + κ y4
e3 1 + κ x ⋅ κ y ⋅ κ τ2
B
σx and σy positive (κ x ⋅ κ y )5
(compression stress)
B
σx or σy negative 1
(tension stress)
2016
PART 3
Table 7.10.3.6.1-2 Buckling and reduction factors for plane elementary plate panels
Asp. ratio
Buckling- Edge stress ratio
α = ab Buckling factor K Reduction factor κ
Load Case ψ
1 8,4 κx =1 for λ ≤ λc
1 ≥ψ ≥ 0 K=
ψ + 1,1
1 0,22 
κ x = c −  for λ > λc
0 > ψ > −1 K = 7,63 − ψ (6,26 − 10ψ ) λ λ2 
α ≥1
c = (1,25 − 0,12ψ ) ≤ 1,25
ψ ≤ −1 K = (1 − ψ )2 ⋅ 5,975 c  0,88 
λc = 1+ 1−
2  c 
2 1 R + F 2 (H − R ) 
2
1 ≥ψ ≥ 0 α ≥1  1  2,1
κ y = c −
K = F1 1 + 2  ⋅ 
 α  (ψ + 1,1) λ λ2 
 1  2,1(1 + ψ ) c = (1,25 − 0,12ψ ) ≤ 1,25

2
K = F1 1 + 2  ⋅
 α  1,1  λ
1 ≤ α ≤ 1,5 R = λ 1 −  for λ < λc
 c
ψ 
− 2 (13,9 − 10ψ ) R = 0,22 for λ ≥ λc
α 
c 0,88 
 1  2,1(1 + ψ ) λc = 2 1 + 1 − c 
2
0 > ψ > −1
K = F1 1 + 2  ⋅  
 α  1,1
 K 
ψ  −1
α > 1,5
F = 1 −
− 2 ⋅ (5,87 + 1,87α 2 0,91 
⋅ c1 ≥ 0
α  λp2 
 
8,6   
+ 2 − 10ψ )
α  λ p 2 = λ2 − 0,5 for 1 ≤ λ p 2 ≤ 3
1≤α ≤ 2
 1 −ψ   F 
3(1 −ψ ) K = F1   ⋅ 5,975 c1 = 1 − 1  ≥ 0
4
 α   α 
2λ
 1 − ψ  2 H =λ− ≥R
ψ ≤ −1 K = F1   ⋅ 3,9675 c T + T 2 − 4 

 α   
α>
3(1 −ψ ) 14 1
4 T =λ+ +
 1 −ψ  15λ 3
4 + 0,5375 
 α 
+ 1,87]
Explanations for boundary conditions ----- plate edge free

──── plate edge simply supported
2016
PART 3
3  1 
4 0,425 + 2 
1 ≥ψ ≥ 0
K= 
α 
3ψ + 1
α >0
 1 
K = 4 0,425 + 2 (1 + ψ ) κx =1 for λ ≤ 0,7
0 > ψ ≥ −1  α 
− 5ψ (1 − 3,42ψ ) 1
κx = 2
for λ > 0,7
4 λ + 0,51
 1  3 −ψ
1 ≥ ψ ≥ −1 α >0 K =  0,425 + 2 
 α  2
5
K = Kτ ⋅ 3
κτ = 1 for λ ≤ 0,84
 4 
α ≥1 K τ = 5,34 + 2 
===  α  0,84
κτ = for λ > 0,84
0 <α <1  5,34  λ
Kτ = 4 + 2 
 α 
Explanations for boundary conditions ----- plate edge free
──── plate edge simply supported
see also Fig. 7.10.3.6.

7.10.3.6.2 Webs and flanges of primary supporting
members The effective width of plating is not to be taken
greater than the value obtained from 7.10.3.5.1.
For non-stiffened webs and flanges of primary The effective width e'm of stiffened flange plates
supporting members sufficient buckling strength as for the of primary supporting members may be determined as fol-
hatch cover top and lower plating is to be demonstrated ac- lows:
cording to 7.10.3.6.1.
7.10.3.6.3 Proof of partial and total fields of hatch cov-
ers
7.10.3.6.3.1 Longitudinal and transverse secondary stiff-

eners
It is to be demonstrated that the continuous lon-

gitudinal and transverse stiffeners of partial and total plate
fields comply with the conditions set out in 7.10.3.6.3.3
through 7.10.3.6.3.4.
For u-type stiffeners, the proof of torsional buck-
ling strength according to 7.10.3.6.3.4 can be omitted.
Single-side welding is not permitted to use for
secondary stiffeners except for u-stiffeners.
7.10.3.6.3.2 Effective width of top and lower hatch cover

plating
For demonstration of buckling strength accord- Figure 7.10.3.6.3.2-1 Stiffening parallel to web of primary
ing to 7.10.3.6.3.3 through 7.10.3.6.3.4 the effective width of supporting member
plating may be determined by the following formulae:
bm = κx⋅b , for longitudinal stiffeners b < em
am = κy⋅a , for transverse stiffeners e'm = n⋅bm
2016
PART 3
n = integer number of stiffener spacings b e″m2 = proportionate effective breadth em2 or pro-
inside the effective breadth em according portionate effective width e’m2 of primary sup-
to 7.10.3.5.1 porting member 2 within the distance e, as ap-
propriate,
int  m 
e
=
σx1, σx2 = normal stresses in flange plates of adjacent
 b 
primary supporting member 1 and 2 with
spacing e, based on cross-sectional properties
considering the effective breadth or effective
width, as appropriate,
y = distance of considered location from primary
supporting member 1.
Shear stress distribution in the flange plates may
be assumed linearly.
7.10.3.6.3.3 Lateral buckling of secondary stiffeners

σa +σb
S ≤1
σF
where:
σa = uniformly distributed compressive stress,
in [N/mm2], in the direction of the stiffener ax-
is,
σa = σx , for longitudinal stiffeners,
Figure 7.10.3.6.3.2-2 Stiffening perpendicular to web of σa = σy , for transverse stiffeners,
primary supporting member
σb = bending stress, in [N/mm2], in the stiffener
a ≥ em M 0 + M1
=
e'm = n ⋅ am < em Z st ⋅ 10 3
em M0 = bending moment, in [Nmm], due to the de-
n = 2,7 ⋅ ≤ 1
a formation w of stiffener, taken equal to:
e = width of plating supported according to pz ⋅ w , with (c − p ) > 0
7.10.3.5.1.
M 0 = FKi f z
c f − pz
For b ≥ em or a < em, respectively, b and a have
to be exchanged. M1 = bending moment, in [Nmm], due to the
lateral load p equal to:
am and bm for flange plates are in general to be
determined for ψ = 1. p ⋅ b ⋅ a 2 , for longitudinal stiffeners,
M1 =
24 ⋅ 103
Note:
Scantlings of plates and stiffeners are in general p ⋅ b(n ⋅ b )2
M1 = , for transverse stiffeners.
to be determined according to the maximum stresses σx(y) at cs ⋅ 8⋅103
webs of primary supporting member and stiffeners, respec-
tively. For stiffeners with spacing b under compression ar- n is to be taken equal to 1 for ordinary transverse
ranged parallel to primary supporting members no value less stiffeners.
than 0,25 ⋅ σF shall be inserted for σx(y=b). p = lateral load, in [kN/m²],
The stress distribution between two primary FKi = ideal buckling force, in [N], of the stiffener
supporting members can be obtained by the following for-
π2
mula: FKix = ⋅ E ⋅ I x ⋅10 4 , for longitudinal stiffeners,
 a2
y y 
σx ( y)= σx1 ⋅ 1− 3 + c1 − 4 ⋅ c2 − 2 ( 1+ c1 − 2 c2 ) 
 e e  π2
FKiy = ⋅ E ⋅ I y ⋅ 10 4 , for transv. stiffeners,
σ x2
(n ⋅ b )2
c1 = 0 ≤ c1 ≤ 1 Ix, Iy = net moments of inertia, in [cm4], of the
σ x1
longitudinal or transverse stiffener includ-
1,5 " ing effective width of attached plating ac-
c2 =
e
(
⋅ em1 + e"m2 − 0,5 ) cording to 7.10.3.6.3.2. Ix and Iy are to
comply with the following criteria:
e″m1 = proportionate effective breadth em1 or pro-
portionate effective width e’m1 of primary sup-
b ⋅t3
Ix ≥
porting member 1 within the distance e, as ap- 12 ⋅ 10 4
propriate,
2016
PART 3
a ⋅t3 w1 = deformation of stiffener, in [mm], at mid-

Iy ≥ point of stiffener span due to lateral load p.
12 ⋅ 10 4
In case of uniformly distributed load the follow-
pz = nominal lateral load, in [N/mm2], of the ing values for w1 may be used:
stiffener due to σx ,σy and τ
p ⋅ b ⋅ a4
w1 = , for longitudinal stiffeners,
384 ⋅ 10 7 ⋅ E ⋅ I x
t   π ⋅b  
2
p zx =  σ xl   + 2 ⋅ c y ⋅ σ y + 2τ 1  , for lon-
b   a  
 w1 =
5 ⋅ a ⋅ p ⋅ (n ⋅ b )4
, for transverse stiffeners.
gitudinal stiffeners 384 ⋅ 107 ⋅ E ⋅ I y ⋅ cs2
t  π ⋅ a   Ay   cf = elastic support provided by the stiffener, in

2
p zy =  2 ⋅ c x ⋅ σ xl + σ y   1+  + 2τ 1  [N/mm2]

a  n ⋅b   a ⋅t  

i. For longitudinal stiffeners:
, for transverse stiffeners
 A  π2
σ xl = σ x 1 + x  c fx = FKix ⋅ (
⋅ 1 + c px )
 b ⋅t  a2
cx, cy = factor taking into account the stresses per- 1
c px =
pendicular to the stiffener's axis and dis-  12 ⋅ 104 ⋅ I x 
0,91 ⋅  − 1
tributed variable along the stiffener's  t3 ⋅ b 
length 1+  
c xa
= 0,5 ⋅ (1 + ψ ) , for 0 ≤ ψ ≤ 1
2
0,5
for ψ < 0
 a 2b 
= , c xa =  +  , for a ≥ 2b
1 −ψ  2b a 
A x, A y = net sectional area, in [mm2], of the longi- 2
  a 2 
tudinal or transverse stiffener, respec- c xa = 1 +    , for a < 2b
   
tively, without attached plating 2b
  m1 m2  
τ 1 = τ − t σ F ⋅ E  2
+ 2  ≥ 0 , ii. For transverse stiffeners:
 a b  
π2
for longitudinal stiffeners: c fy = cs ⋅ FKiy ⋅ (
⋅ 1 + c py )
(n ⋅ b )2
a
≥ 2,0 : m1 = 1,47 m2 = 0,49 1
b c py =
 12 ⋅ 10 4 ⋅ I y 
a 0,91 ⋅  − 1
< 2,0 : m1 = 1,96 m2 = 0,37  t ⋅a 3 
b 1+  
for transverse stiffeners: c ya
a 1,96 2
≥ 0,5 : m1 = 0,37 m2 = 2  n ⋅ b 2a 
n⋅b n c ya =  +  , for n ⋅ b ≥ 2a ,
 2a n ⋅ b 
a 1,47
< 0,5 : m1 = 0,49 m2 = 2 2
n⋅b n   n ⋅ b 2 
c ya = 1 +    , for n ⋅ b < 2a,
w = w0 + w1   2a  
w0 = assumed imperfection, in [mm]
cs = factor accounting for the boundary con-
a b ditions of the transverse stiffener
w0 x ≤ min( , ,10) , for longitud. stiffeners,
250 250 = 1,0 , for simply supported stiffeners,
a n ⋅b = 2,0 , for partially constraint stiffeners.
w0 y ≤ min( , ,10) , for transverse stiffeners. Wst = net section modulus of stiffener (long. or
250 250
transverse), in [cm³], including effective
Note: width of plating according to
For stiffeners sniped at both ends wo must not 7.10.3.6.3.2.
be taken less than the distance from the midpoint of plating to If no lateral load p is acting the bending stress σb
the neutral axis of the profile including effective width of plat- is to be calculated at the midpoint of the stiffener span for that
ing. fibre which results in the largest stress value. If a lateral load p
is acting, the stress calculation is to be carried out for both fi-
2016
PART 3
bres of the stiffener's cross sectional area (if necessary for the bf bf bf
biaxial stress field at the plating side).
tf
7.10.3.6.3.4 Torsional buckling of secondary stiffeners tw tw tw tw
hw
b1 b2
ef
b1
7.10.3.6.3.4.1 Longitudinal secondary stiffeners
The longitudinal ordinary stiffeners are to com- C C C C
ta
ply with the following criteria:
σx ⋅S ef = hw + tf / 2
≤ 1,0
KT ⋅ σ F
Figure 7.10.3.6.3.4.1 Dimensions of stiffener
κT = coefficient taken equal to:
IP = net polar moment of inertia of the stiff-
κ T = 1,0 , for λT ≤ 0,2 ener, in [cm4], related to the point C,
IT = net St. Venant's moment of inertia of the
1 , for λT > 0,2
KT = stiffener, in [cm4],
Φ + Φ 2 − λT2
Iω = net sectorial moment of inertia of the stiff-
ener, in [cm6], related to the point C,
(
Φ = 0,5 1 + 0,21(λT − 0,2) + λT2 )
ε = degree of fixation taken equal to:
λT = reference degree of slenderness taken
a4
equal to: ε = 1 + 10 −3
3 4  
σF π ⋅ I ω  b 3 + 4hw 3 
λT = 4  t 3t w 
σ KiT
hW = web height, in [mm],
E  π 2 ⋅ I ω ⋅ 10 2  2
σ KiT = 
 2
ε + 0,385 ⋅ I T  , in [N/mm ]. tw = net web thickness, in [mm],
Ip  a  bf = flange breadth, in [mm],
For IP, IT, Iω see Figure 7.10.3.6.3.4.1 and Table tf = net flange thickness, in [mm],
7.10.3.6.3.4.1. Aw = net web area equal to: Aw = hw ⋅ t w
Af = net flange area equal to: A f = b f ⋅ t f
tf
e f = hw + , in [mm].
2
Table 7.10.3.6.3.4.1 Moments of inertia
Section IP IT Iω
hw3 ⋅ t w hw ⋅ t w3  t  hw3 ⋅ t w3
Flat bar 1 − 0,63 w 
4 
3⋅10 4 3 ⋅10  hw  36 ⋅10 6
hw ⋅ t w3  t  for bulb and angle sections:

1 − 0,63 w 
4 
3 ⋅10  hw 
A f ⋅ e 2f ⋅ b 2f  A f + 2.6 AW 
 
Sections with  Aw ⋅ hw2 2 + 12 ⋅10 6  A f + AW 

  −4
bulb or flange  3 + A f ⋅ e f 10
  
b f ⋅ t 3f t  for tee-sections:
1 − 0,63 f 

3 ⋅10  4 b  b 3f ⋅ t f ⋅ e 2f
f 
12 ⋅ 10 6
2016
PART 3
way of the coamings. The clear profile of these

7.10.3.6.3.4.2 Transverse secondary stiffeners openings is to be kept as small as possible.
For transverse secondary stiffeners loaded by • Where a hatch is covered by several hatch cover
compressive stresses and which are not supported by longitu- panels the clear opening of the gap in between
dinal stiffeners, sufficient torsional buckling strength is to be the panels shall be not wider than 50 mm.
demonstrated analogously in accordance with 7.10.3.6.3.4.1. • The labyrinths and gaps between hatch cover
panels shall be considered as unprotected open-
7.10.4 Details of hatch covers ings with respect to the requirements of intact
and damage stability calculations.
7.10.4.1 Container foundations on hatch covers • With regard to drainage of cargo holds and the
necessary fire-fighting system reference is made
Container foundations are to be designed to the to the sections of the Rules, Part 8 – Piping and
satisfaction of the Register. The substructures of container Part 17.- Fire protection.
foundations are to be designed for cargo and container loads
according to 7.10.2.6, applying the permissible stresses ac- • Bilge alarms should be provided in each hold fit-
cording to 7.10.3.1.1. ted with non-weathertight covers.
• Furthermore, Chapter 3 of IMO MSC/Circ. 1087
7.10.4.2 Weather tightness is to be referred to concerning the stowage and
segregation of containers containing dangerous
Further to the following requirements IACS Rec. goods.
14 is applicable to hatch covers.
7.10.4.2.3 Drainage arrangements
7.10.4.2.1 Packing material (General) Cross-joints of multi-panel covers are to be pro-
The packing material is to be suitable for all ex- vided with efficient drainage arrangements.
pected service conditions of the ship and is to be compatible
with the cargoes to be transported. The packing material is to 7.10.5 Hatch coaming strength criteria
be selected with regard to dimensions and elasticity in such a
way that expected deformations can be carried. Forces are to 7.10.5.1 Local net plate thickness of coamings
be carried by the steel structure only.
The net thickness of weather deck hatch coam-
The packings are to be compressed so as to give ings shall not be less than the larger of the following values:
the necessary tightness effect for all expected operating condi-
tions. Special consideration shall be given to the packing ar- pA , in [mm],
t = 14,2 ⋅ s
rangement in ships with large relative movements between 0,95 ⋅ σ F
hatch covers and coamings or between hatch cover sections.
L1
t min = 6 + , in [mm],
7.10.4.2.2 Dispensation of weather tight gaskets 100
For hatch covers of cargo holds solely for the where:
transport of containers, upon request by the owners and sub- s = stiffener spacing , in [m],
ject to compliance with the following conditions the fitting of L1 = L, need not be taken greater than 300 m.
weather tight gaskets according to 7.10.4.2.1 may be dis-
Longitudinal strength aspects are to be observed.
pensed with:
• The hatchway coamings shall be not less than 7.10.5.2 Net scantling of secondary stiffeners of
600 mm in height. coamings
• The exposed deck on which the hatch covers are The stiffeners must be continuous at the coam-
located is situated above a depth H(x). H(x) is to ing stays. For stiffeners with both ends constraint the elastic
be shown to comply with the following criteria: net section modulus W, in [cm3], and net shear area AS, in
H ( x) ≥ d fb + f b + h , in [m], [cm2], calculated on the basis of net thickness, must not be less
than:
dfb = draught, in [m], corresponding to the as- 83
signed summer load line, W = ⋅ s ⋅ l 2 ⋅ pA
σF
fb = minimum required freeboard, in [m], deter-
mined in accordance with ICLL Reg. 28 as 10 ⋅ s ⋅ l ⋅ p A
modified by further regulations as applicable As =
σF
h = 4,6 m for x ≤ 0,75 where:
L LL l = secondary stiffener span, in [m], to be
taken as the spacing of coaming stays,
= 6,9 m for x
> 0,75 s = stiffener spacing, in [m].
LLL
For sniped stiffeners of coaming at hatch corners
• Labyrinths, gutter bars or equivalents are to be section modulus and shear area at the fixed support have to be
fitted proximate to the edges of each panel in
2016
PART 3
increased by 35 %. The gross thickness of the coaming plate at

the sniped stiffener end shall not be less than
p A ⋅ s ⋅ (l − 0,5 s ) , in [mm]
t = 19,6 ⋅
σF
Horizontal stiffeners on hatch coamings, which
are part of the longitudinal hull structure, are to be designed
according to the Rules, Part 2 - Hull.
7.10.5.3 Coaming stays
Coaming stays are to be designed for the loads

transmitted through them and permissible stresses according to
7.10.3.1.1.
Example 1 Example 2
7.10.5.3.1 Coaming stay section modulus and web
thickness
At the connection with deck, the net section
modulus W, in [cm3], and the gross thickness tw, in [mm], of
the coaming stays designed as beams with flange (examples 1
and 2 are shown in Fig. 9) are to be taken not less than:
526 3
W= ⋅ e ⋅ hs2 ⋅ p A , in [cm ]
σF
2 e ⋅ hs ⋅ p A , in [mm]
tw = ⋅
σF hw
Example 3 Example 4
where
Figure 7.10.5.3.1 Examples of coaming stays
e = spacing of coaming stays, in [m]
hs = height of coaming stays in [m]
hw = web height of coaming stay at its lower
end, in [m] 7.10.5.3.2 Coaming stays under friction load
ts = corrosion addition, in [mm], according to
For coaming stays, which transfer friction forces
7.10.7.
at hatch cover supports, fatigue strength is to be considered
For other designs of coaming stays, such as according to Rules, Part 2 - Hull, refer to 7.10.6.2.2.
those shown in Fig. 7.10.5.3.1, examples 3 and 4, the stresses
are to be determined through a grillage analysis or FEM. The 7.10.5.4 Further requirements for hatch coamings
calculated stresses are to comply with the permissible stresses
according to 7.10.3.1.1.
7.10.5.4.1 Longitudinal strength
Coaming stays are to be supported by appropri-
ate substructures. Face plates may only be included in the cal- Hatch coamings which are part of the longitudi-
culation if an appropriate substructure is provided and welding nal hull structure are to be designed according to the require-
provides an adequate joint. ments for longitudinal strength of the Rules, Part 2 – Hull,
Section 4.
Webs are to be connected to the deck by fillet
welds on both sides with a throat thickness of a=0,44⋅tw. The For structural members welded to coamings and
size of welding for toes of webs at the lower end of coaming for cutouts in the top of coamings sufficient fatigue strength is
stays should be according to the Rules, Part 2 – Hull, Section to be verified according to Section 16.
15. Longitudinal hatch coamings with a length ex-
ceeding 0,1·L m are to be provided with tapered brackets or
equivalent transitions and a corresponding substructure at both
ends. At the end of the brackets they are to be connected to the
deck by full penetration welds of minimum 300 mm in length.
7.10.5.4.2 Local details
If the design of local details is not regulated in

7.10.5, local details are to comply with the Rules, Part 2 –
Hull for the purpose of transferring the loads on the hatch cov-
ers to the hatch coamings and, through them, to the deck struc-
tures below. Hatch coamings and supporting structures are to
be adequately stiffened to accommodate the loading from
2016
PART 3
hatch covers, in longitudinal, transverse and vertical direc- 7.10.6 Closing arrangements
tions.
Structures under deck are to be checked against 7.10.6.1 Securing devices
the load transmitted by the stays.
Unless otherwise stated, weld connections and 7.10.6.1.1 General
materials are to be dimensioned and selected in accordance
with the Rules, Part 2 – Hull. Securing devices between cover and coaming
and at cross-joints are to be installed to provide weathertight-
7.10.5.4.3 Stays ness. Sufficient packing line pressure is to be maintained.
Securing devices must be appropriate to bridge
On ships carrying cargo on deck, such as timber,
displacements between cover and coaming due to hull defor-
coal or coke, the stays are to be spaced not more than 1,5 m
mations.
apart.
Securing devices are to be of reliable construc-
7.10.5.4.4 Extend of coaming plates tion and effectively attached to the hatchway coamings, decks
or covers. Individual securing devices on each cover are to
Coaming plates are to extend to the lower edge have approximately the same stiffness characteristics.
of the deck beams; or hatch side girders are to be fitted that
extend to the lower edge of the deck beams. Extended coam- Sufficient number of securing devices is to be
ing plates and hatch side girders are to be flanged or fitted provided at each side of the hatch cover considering the re-
with face bars or half-round bars. Fig. 7.10.5.4.4 gives an ex- quirements of 7.10.3.4.2. This applies also to hatch covers
ample. consisting of several parts.
The materials of stoppers, securing devices and
their weldings are to be to the Register satisfaction. Specifica-
tions of the materials are to be shown in the drawings of the
hatch covers.
7.10.6.1.2 Rod cleats
Where rod cleats are fitted, resilient washers or

cushions are to be incorporated.
7.10.6.1.3 Hydraulic cleats

Where hydraulic cleating is adopted, a positive
means is to be provided so that it remains mechanically locked
in the closed position in the event of failure of the hydraulic
system.
7.10.6.1.4 Cross-sectional area of the securing devices

Fig. 7.10.5.4.4 Example for the extend of coaming plates
The gross cross-sectional area, in [cm2], of the
7.10.5.4.5 Drainage arrangement at the coaming securing devices is not to be less than:
If drain channels are provided inside the line of

A = 0,28 ⋅ q ⋅ sSD ⋅ kl
gasket by means of a gutter bar or vertical extension of the where:
hatch side and end coaming, drain openings are to be provided q = packing line pressure, in [N/mm], mini-
at appropriate positions of the drain channels. mum 5 N/mm,
Drain openings in hatch coamings are to be ar- sSD = spacing between securing devices in [m],
ranged with sufficient distance to areas of stress concentration not to be taken less than 2 m,
(e.g. hatch corners, transitions to crane posts). e
 235  , σ is the minimum yield strength
Drain openings are to be arranged at the ends of k l =   F
drain channels and are to be provided with non-return valves  σF 
to prevent ingress of water from outside. It is unacceptable to of the material, in [N/mm2], but is not to
connect fire hoses to the drain openings for this purpose. be taken greater than 0,7 · σm, where σm is
If a continuous outer steel contact between cover the tensile strength of the material, in
and ship structure is arranged, drainage from the space be- [N/mm2].
tween the steel contact and the gasket is also to be provided e = 0,75 for σ F > 235 N/mm²
for.
= 1,00 for σ F ≤ 235 N/mm².
Rods or bolts are to have a gross diameter not
less than 19 mm for hatchways exceeding 5 m² in area.
Securing devices of special design in which sig-
nificant bending or shear stresses occur may be designed as
anti-lifting devices according to 7.10.6.1.5. As load the pack-
2016
PART 3
ing line pressure q multiplied by the spacing between securing dmax = 3,0
devices sSD is to be applied. dmin = 1,0 in general
7.10.6.1.5 Anti lifting devices = 2,0 for partial loading conditions, see
7.10.2.6.4.1
The securing devices of hatch covers, on which pn = see Table 7.10.7.2
cargo is to be lashed, are to be designed for the lifting forces
resulting from loads according to 7.10.2.6.4, refer Figure For metallic supporting surfaces not subjected to
7.10.6.1.5. Unsymmetrical loadings, which may occur in prac- relative displacements the nominal surface pressure applies:
tice, are to be considered. Under these loadings the equivalent pn max = 3⋅ pn , in [N/mm²]
stress in the securing devices is not to exceed: Note:
150 , in [N/mm2]. When the maker of vertical hatch cover support
σV =
kl material can provide proof that the material is sufficient for
Note: the increased surface pressure, not only statically but under
dynamic conditions including relative motion for adequate
The partial load cases given in Table number of cycles, permissible nominal surface pressure may
7.10.2.6.4.4 may not cover all unsymmetrical loadings, critical be relaxed at the discretion of the Register. However, realistic
for hatch cover lifting. long term distribution of spectra for vertical loads and relative
Chapter 5.6 of IACS Rec. 14 should be referred horizontal motion should be assumed and agreed with the
to for the omission of anti lifting devices. Register.
Drawings of the supports must be submitted. In
the drawings of supports the permitted maximum pressure
given by the material manufacturer must be specified.
Tab. 7.10.6.2.2 Permissible nominal surface pressure pn

pn , in [N/mm²], when loaded by
Support material Horizontal force
Vertical force
(on stoppers)
Hull structural
25 40
steel
Hardened steel 35 50
Plastic materials
50 -
Figure 7.10.6.1.5 Lifting forces at a hatch cover on steel
Where large relative displacements of the sup-
7.10.6.2 Hatch cover supports, stoppers and porting surfaces are to be expected, the use of material having
supporting structures low wear and frictional properties is recommended.
The substructures of the supports must be of
7.10.6.2.1 Horizontal mass forces such a design, that a uniform pressure distribution is achieved.
For the design of hatch cover supports the hori- Irrespective of the arrangement of stoppers, the
zontal mass forces Fh = m⋅a are to be calculated with the fol- supports must be able to transmit the following force Ph in the
lowing accelerations: longitudinal and transverse direction:
ax = 0,2⋅g in longitudinal direction, PV
Ph = µ ⋅
ay = 0,5⋅g in transverse direction, d
m = sum of mass of cargo lashed on the hatch where:
cover and mass of hatch cover. Pv = vertical supporting force
The accelerations in longitudinal direction and in µ = frictional coefficient
transverse direction do not need to be considered as acting si-
= 0,5 in general.
multaneously.
For non-metallic, low-friction support materials
7.10.6.2.2 Hatch cover supports on steel, the friction coefficient may be reduced but not to be
less than 0,35 and to the satisfaction of the Rules, Part 24 –
For the transmission of the support forces result- Non-Metalic Materials.
ing from the load cases specified in 7.10.2.6 and of the hori-
zontal mass forces specified in 7.10.6.2.1, supports are to be Supports as well as the adjacent structures and
provided which are to be designed such that the nominal sur- substructures are to be designed such that the permissible
face pressures in general do not exceed the following values: stresses according to 7.10.3.1.1 are not exceeded.
For substructures and adjacent structures of sup-
2 ports subjected to horizontal forces Ph, a fatigue strength is to
pnmax = d ⋅ pn , in [N/mm ]
be considered according to the Rules, Part 2 – Hull, Section
d = 3,75 – 0,015⋅L 16.
2016
PART 3
7.10.6.2.3 Hatch cover stoppers ing may be adopted as an alternative to steel renewal. Coating
is to be maintained in GOOD condition, as defined in the
Hatch covers shall be sufficiently secured Rules, Part 1 – General Requirements, Ch.5.
against horizontal shifting. Stoppers are to be provided for
hatch covers on which cargo is carried. For the internal structure of double skin hatch
covers, thickness gauging is required when hatch cover top or
The greater of the loads resulting from bottom plating renewal is to be carried out or when this is
7.10.2.6.2 and 7.10.6.2.1 is to be applied for the dimensioning deemed necessary, at the discretion of the Register’s surveyor,
of the stoppers and their substructures. on the basis of the plating corrosion or deformation condition.
The permissible stress in stoppers and their sub- In these cases, steel renewal for the internal structures is re-
structures, in the cover, and of the coamings is to be deter- quired where the gauged thickness is less than tnet.
mined according to 7.10.3.1.1. In addition, the provisions in For corrosion addition tS = 1,0 mm the thickness
7.10.6.2.2 are to be observed. for steel renewal is tnet and the thickness for coating or annual
gauging is when gauged thickness is between tnet and tnet + 0,5
7.10.7 Corrosion addition and steel renewal mm.
For coaming structures, the corrosion additions ts
7.10.7.1 Corrosion addition for hatch covers and of which are not provided in Table. 7.10.7.1, steel renewal and
hatch coamings coating or annual gauging are to be in accordance with the
Register’s requirements.
The scantling requirements of the above sections
imply the following general corrosion additions tS:
Table 7.10.7.1 Corrosion additions tS for hatch covers and 7.10.8 Hatch covers and hatch coamings of cargo
hatch coamings holds of bulk carriers, ore carriers and
combination carriers
Application Structure ts [mm]

7.10.8.1 Application and definitions
Weather deck These requirements apply to all bulk carriers, ore
Hatch covers 1,0
hatches of con- carriers and combination carriers, as defined in the Rules, Part
tainer ships, car 1 – General requirements, Chapter 1 – General information,
carriers, paper according to the 4.2 and are for all cargo hatch covers and hatch forward and
Hatch coamings
carriers, passenger Rules, Part 2 - Hul side coamings on exposed decks in position 1 (see Section
vessels 7.1.4). Other loadings are also to be considered, if necessary,
Hatch covers in gen- according to the requirements of the Rules.
2,0
eral The strength requirements are applicable to
Weather exposed hatch covers and hatch coamings of stiffened plate construc-
plating and bottom tion. The secondary stiffeners and primary supporting mem-
1,5
plating of double bers of the hatch covers are to be continuous over the breadth
skin hatch covers and length of the hatch covers, as far as practical. When this is
Internal structure of impractical, sniped end connections are not to be used and ap-
Weather deck
double skin hatch propriate arrangements are to be adopted to ensure sufficient
hatches of all oth- 1,0
covers and closed load carrying capacity.
er ship types cov-
box girders The spacing of primary supporting members
ered by these re-
quirements Hatch coamings not parallel to the direction of secondary stiffeners is not to exceed
part of the longitu- 1,5 1/3 of the span of primary supporting members.
dinal hull structure
The secondary stiffeners of the hatch coamings
Hatch coamings part
according to the are to be continuous over the breadth and length of the hatch
of the longitudinal
Rules, Part 2 - Hul coamings.
hull structure
Coaming stays and These requirements are in addition to the re-
1,5 quirements of the ICLL, 1966.
stiffeners
The net minimum scantlings of hatch covers are
7.10.7.2 Steel renewal to fulfil the strength criteria given in:
- Section 7.10.8.3.3, for plating,
Steel renewal is required where the gauged
- Section 7.10.8.3.4, for secondary stiffeners,
thickness is less than tnet + 0,5 mm for:
• single skin hatch covers, - Section 7.10.8.3.5, for primary supporting mem-
bers,
• the plating of double skin hatch covers, and
the critical buckling stress check in Section
• coaming structures the corrosion additions tS 7.10.8.3.6 and the rigidity criteria given in Section 7.10.8.3.7,
of which are provided in Table. 7.10.7.1. adopting the load model given in Section 7.10.8.2.
Where the gauged thickness is within the range The net minimum scantlings of hatch coamings
tnet + 0,5 mm and tnet + 1,0 mm, coating (applied in accordance are to fulfil the strength criteria given in:
with the coating manufacturer’s requirements) or annual gaug-
2016
PART 3
- Section 7.10.8.4.2, for plating, The normal stress in compression of the attached
- Section 7.10.8.4.3, for secondary stiffeners, flange of primary supporting members is not to exceed 0,8
times the critical buckling stress of the structure according to
- Section 7.10.8.4.4, for coaming stays, the buckling check as given in Section 7.10.8.3.6.
adopting the load model given in Section The stresses in hatch covers that are designed as
7.10.8.4.1. a grillage of longitudinal and transverse primary supporting
The net thicknesses, tnet, are the member thick- members are to be determined by a grillage or a FEM analysis.
nesses necessary to obtain the minimum net scantlings re- When a beam or a grillage analysis is used, the
quired by Section 7.10.8.3 and Section 7.10.8.4. secondary stiffeners are not to be included in the attached
The required gross thicknesses are obtained by flange area of the primary members.
adding the corrosion additions, tk, given in Section 7.10.8.6, to When calculating the stresses σ and τ, the net
tnet. scantlings are to be used.
Material for the hatch covers and coamings is to
be steel according to the requirements for ship’s hull. 7.10.8.3.2 Effective cross-sectional area of panel flanges
These requirements do not apply to CSR Bulk for primary supporting members
Carriers. The effective flange area Af, in [cm2], of the at-
tached plating, to be considered for the yielding and buckling
7.10.8.2 Hatch cover load model checks of primary supporting members, when calculated by
means of a beam or grillage model, is obtained as the sum of
The pressure p, in [kN/m2], on the hatch covers the effective flange areas of each side of the girder web as ap-
panels is given by: propriate:
For ships of 100 m in length and above: (
A f = ∑ 10 bef t )
nf
p FP − 34.3  x
p = 34.3 + ⋅  0.25 −  ≥ 34.3 , for where:
0.25  L nf = 2 if attached plate flange extends on
hatch ways located at the freeboard deck both sides of girder web
pFP = pressure at the forward perpendicular = 1 if attached plate flange extends on
one side of girder web only
= 49.1 + (L-100)a
t = net thickness of considered attached
a = 0.0726, for type B freeboard ships plate, in [mm]
0.356, for ships with reduced free- bef = effective breadth, in [m], of attached
board plate flange on each side of girder web
L = freeboard length, in [m], as defined in = bp, but not to be taken greater than
the ICLL, 1966, to be taken not greater 0.165 l
than 340 m bp = half distance, in [m], between the con-
x = distance, in [m], of the mid length of sidered primary supporting member
the hatch cover under examination and the adjacent one
from the forward end of L. l = span, in [m], of primary supporting
members
Where a position 1 hatchway is located at least
one superstructure standard height higher than the freeboard
7.10.8.3.3 Local net plate thickness
deck, the pressure p may be 34,3 kN/m2.
For ships less than 100 m in length: The local net plate thickness t, in [mm], of the
L 5 x x hatch cover top plating is not to be less than:
p = 15.8 + ⋅ (1 − ⋅ ) − 3.6 ⋅ ≥ 0.195L+14.9, p
3 3 L L t = F p 15.8 s
0.95σ F
for hatch ways located at the freeboard deck.
Where two or more panels are connected by but to be not less than 1% of the spacing of the
hinges, each individual panel is to be considered separately. stiffener or 6 mm if that is greater.
where:
7.10.8.3 Hatch cover strength criteria Fp = factor for combined membrane and bending
response
7.10.8.3.1 Allowable stress checks = 1.50 in general
The normal and shear stresses σ and τ in the = 1.90σ / σa, for σ / σa ≥ 0.8, for the attached
hatch cover structures are not to exceed the allowable values, plate flange of primary supporting members
σa and τa, in [N/mm2], given by: s = stiffener spacing, in [m]
σa = 0.8 σF p = pressure, in [kN/m2], as defined in Section
τa = 0.46 σF 7.10.8.2
σF = being the minimum upper yield stress, σ = as defined in Section 7.10.8.3.5
in [N/mm2], of the material. σa = as defined in Section 7.10.8.3.1.
2016
PART 3
7.10.8.3.4 Net scantlings of secondary stiffeners = 2,06⋅ 105 for steel

The required minimum section modulus, Z, in t = net thickness, in [mm], of plate panel
[cm3], of secondary stiffeners of the hatch cover top plate, s = spacing, in [m], of secondary stiffeners
based on stiffener net member thickness, are given by: The mean compressive stress σ in each of the
1000 l 2 s p hatch cover plate panels, induced by the bending of primary
Z =
12 σ a supporting members perpendicular to the direction of secon-
dary stiffeners, is not to exceed 0.8 times the critical buckling
where:
stress σC2, to be evaluated as defined below:
l = secondary stiffener span, in [m], to be tak-
en as the spacing, in [m], of primary sup- σC2 = σE2 when σE2 ≤ σF/2
porting members or the distance between a = σF [1 - σF / (4 σE2)] when σE2 > σF/2
primary supporting member and the edge where:
support, as applicable. When brackets are
σF = minimum upper yield stress, in [N/mm2], of
fitted at both ends of all secondary stiff-
the material
ener spans, the secondary stiffener span
2
may be reduced by an amount equal to 2/3  t 
of the minimum brackets arm length, but σE2 = 0.9 m E  

not greater than 10% of the gross span, for  1000s s 
each bracket. 2
 s 
2
2 .1
s = secondary stiffener spacing, in [m] m = c 1 +  s 


p = pressure, in [kN/m2], as defined in Section   ls   Ψ + 1.1
 
7.10.8.2
σa = as defined in Section 7.10.8.3.1. E =modulus of elasticity, in [N/mm2]
The net section modulus of the secondary stiff- =2.06⋅105 for steel
eners is to be determined based on an attached plate width as- t =net thickness, in [mm], of plate panel
sumed equal to the stiffener spacing. ss =length, in [m], of the shorter side of the plate
panel
7.10.8.3.5 Net scantlings of primary supporting ls = length, in [m], of the longer side of the plate
members panel
Ψ = ratio between smallest and largest compres-
The section modulus and web thickness of pri- sive stress
mary supporting members, based on member net thickness, c = 1.3 when plating is stiffened by primary
are to be such that the normal stress σ in both flanges and the supporting members
shear stress τ, in the web, do not exceed the allowable values c = 1.21 when plating is stiffened by secondary
σa and τa, respectively, defined in Section 7.10.8.3.1. stiffeners of angle or T type
The breadth of the primary supporting member c = 1.1 when plating is stiffened by secondary
flange is to be not less than 40% of their depth for laterally un- stiffeners of bulb type
supported spans greater than 3.0 m. Tripping brackets attached c = 1.05 when plating is stiffened by flat bar
to the flange may be considered as a lateral support for pri- The biaxial compressive stress in the hatch cover
mary supporting members. panels, when calculated by means of FEM shell element mod-
The flange outstand is not to exceed 15 times the el, is to be in accordance with the Rules as deemed equivalent
flange thickness. to the above criteria.
7.10.8.3.6 Critical buckling stress check 7.10.8.3.6.2 Hatch cover secondary stiffeners
The compressive stress σ in the top flange of
7.10.8.3.6.1 Hatch cover plating secondary stiffeners, induced by the bending of primary sup-
The compressive stress σ in the hatch cover porting members parallel to the direction of secondary stiffen-
plate panels, induced by the bending of primary supporting ers, is not to exceed 0.8 times the critical buckling stress σCS,
members parallel to the direction of secondary stiffeners, is to be evaluated as defined below:
not to exceed 0,8 times the critical buckling stress σC1, to be σCS = σES when σES ≤ σF/2
evaluated as defined below:
= σES [1 - σF / (4 σES)] when σES > σF/2
σC1 = σE1 when σE1 ≤ σF/2 where:
= σF [1 - σF / (4 σE1)] when σE1 > σF/2
σF = minimum upper yield stress, in [N/mm2],
where: of the material
σF = minimum upper yield stress, in [N/mm2], of σES = ideal elastic buckling stress, in [N/mm2],
the material of the secondary stiffener,
2
 t  = minimum between σE3 and σE4
σE1 = 3 .6 E  
 1000s  σE3 = 0.001 E Ia / (A l2)
E = modulus of elasticity, in [N/mm2] E = modulus of elasticity, in [N/mm2]
2016
PART 3
= 2,06⋅105 for steel hw, tw = height and net thickness, in [mm], of the
Ia = moment of inertia, in [cm4], of the sec- secondary stiffener, respectively
ondary stiffener, including a top flange bf, tf = width and net thickness, in [mm], of the
equal to the spacing of secondary stiff- secondary stiffener bottom flange, respec-
eners tively
A = cross-sectional area, in [cm2], of the sec- s = spacing, in [m], of secondary stiffeners
ondary stiffener, including a top flange C = spring stiffness exerted by the hatch cover
equal to the spacing of secondary stiff-
k p E t 3p
eners top plating = 10 − 3
 1,33 k p hw t 3p 
3 s 1 + 
l = span, in [m], of the secondary stiffener
 1000 s t w3 
π 2 E Iw  K  I  
σE4 =  m 2 +  + 0.385 E t
10 4 I p l 2  m2  Ip kp = 1 - ηp to be taken not less than zero; for
flanged secondary stiffeners, kp need not
C l4 be taken less than 0,1
K = 10 6
4
π E Iw ηp = σ
σ E1
m = number of half waves, given by the fol-
lowing table: σ = as defined in Section 7.10.8.3.5
σE1 = as defined in Section 7.10.8.3.6.1
0 < K < 4 4 < K < 36 36 < K < 144 (m-1)2 m2 < K ≤ m2(m+1)2 tp = net thickness, in [mm], of the hatch cover
plate panel.
m 1 2 3 m
For flat bar secondary stiffeners and buckling
stiffeners, the ratio h/tW is to be not greater than 15·k0,5, where:
Iw = sectorial moment of inertia, in [cm6], of h, tW = height and net thickness of the stiffener,
the secondary stiffener about its connec- respectively
tion with the plating
k = 235/σF
h3 t 3 σF minimum upper yield stress, in [N/mm2],
= w w 10 − 6 , for flat bar secondary stiff- =
36 of the material.
eners
7.10.8.3.6.3 Web panels of hatch cover primary support-
t f b 3f hw2 −6
ing members
= 10 , for "Tee" secondary
12 This check is to be carried out for the web panels
stiffeners of primary supporting members, formed by web stiffeners or
by the crossing with other primary supporting members, the
b 3f hw2
=
(
12 b f + hw )2
[t (b
f
2
f ) ]
+ 2 b f hw + 4 hw2 + 3 t w b f hw 10 −6 face plate (or the bottom cover plate) or the attached top cover
plate.
for angles and bulb secondary stiffeners The shear stress τ in the hatch cover primary
supporting members web panels is not to exceed 0,8 times the
Ip = polar moment of inertia, in [cm4], of the
secondary stiffener about its connection critical buckling stress τC, to be evaluated as defined below:
with the plating τC = τE when τE ≤ τF/2
hw3 t w = τF [1 - τF / (4 τE)] when τE > τF/2
= 10 − 4 , for flat bar secondary stiffeners
3 where:
σF = minimum upper yield stress, in
 hw3 t w  −4
=  + hw2 b f t f 10 , for flanged secon- [N/mm2], of the material
 3 
  τF = σF / 3
dary stiffeners
τE = 0.9 kt E [tpr,n / (1000 d)]2
It = St Venant's moment of inertia, in [cm4], of
E = modulus of elasticity, in [N/mm2]
the secondary stiffener without top flange
= 2,06⋅105 for steel
h t3
= w w 10 − 4 , for flat bar secondary stiffeners tpr,n = net thickness, in [mm], of primary
3 supporting member
5,35 + 4,0 / (a / d)2
1  t  kt =
= hw t w3 + b f t 3f 1 − 0,63 f 10 − 4 , for
3  b f  a = greater dimension, in [m], of web pan-
   el of primary supporting member
flanged secondary stiffeners d = smaller dimension, in [m], of web pan-
el of primary supporting member.
2016
PART 3
For primary supporting members parallel to the = 12 for the end spans of stiffeners
direction of secondary stiffeners, the actual dimensions of the sniped at the coaming corners
panels are to be considered. Scoam = safety factor to be taken equal to 1.15
For primary supporting members perpendicular l = span, in [m], of secondary stiffeners
to the direction of secondary stiffeners or for hatch covers
built without secondary stiffeners, a presumed square panel of s = spacing, in [m], of secondary stiffeners
dimension d is to be taken for the determination of the stress pcoam = pressure, in [kN/m2], as defined in
τC. In such a case, the average shear stress τ between the val- 7.10.8.4.1
ues calculated at the ends of this panel is to be considered. cp = ratio of the plastic section modulus to
7.10.8.3.7 Deflection limit and connections between the elastic section modulus of the sec-
hatch cover panels ondary stiffeners with an attached plate
breadth, in [mm], equal to 40 t, where t
Load bearing connections between the hatch is the plate net thickness
cover panels are to be fitted with the purpose of restricting the
relative vertical displacements. = 1.16 in the absence of more precise
evaluation
The vertical deflection of primary supporting
members is to be not more than 0.0056⋅l, where l is the great- σa,coam = 0.95 σF
est span of primary supporting members.
7.10.8.4.4 Net scantlings of coaming stays
7.10.8.4 Hatch coamings and local details The required minimum section modulus, Z, in
[cm3], and web thickness, tw, in [mm], of coaming stays de-
7.10.8.4.1 Load model signed as beams with flange connected to the deck or sniped
and fitted with a bracket (see Fig. 7.10.8.4.4-1 and 7.10.8.4.4-
The pressure pcoam, in [kN/m2], on the No. 1 2) at their connection with the deck, based on member net
forward transverse hatch coaming is given by: thickness, are given by:
pcoam = 220, when a forecastle is fitted in ac-
1000 H C2 s pcoam
cordance with the Rules, Part 2 - Hull, Z =
17.2. 2 σ a,coam
= 290 in the other cases
The pressure pcoam, in [kN/m2], on the other 1000 H C s pcoam
tw =
coamings is given by: h τ a ,coam
pcoam = 220.
HC = stay height, in [m]
7.10.8.4.2 Local net plate thickness
s = stay spacing, in [m]
The local net plate thickness t, in [mm], of the h = stay depth, in [mm], at the connec-
hatch coaming plating is given by: tion with the deck
p coam pcoam = pressure, in [kN/m2], as defined in
t = 14,9 s S coam 7.10.8.4.1
σ a ,coam
σa,coam = 0.95σF
where:
τa,coam = 0.5 σF
s = secondary stiffener spacing, in [m]
For calculating the section modulus of coaming
pcoam = pressure, in [kN/m2], as defined in stays, their face plate area is to be taken into account only
Section 7.10.8.4.1 when it is welded with full penetration welds to the deck plat-
Scoam = safety factor to be taken equal to ing and adequate underdeck structure is fitted to support the
1.15 stresses transmitted by it.
σa,coam = 0.95 σF. For other designs of coaming stays, such as, for
The local net plate thickness is to be not less examples, those shown in Fig. 7.10.8.4.4-3 and 7.10.8.4.4-4,
the stress levels in 7.10.8.3.1 apply and are to be checked at
than 9.5 mm.
the highest stressed locations.
7.10.8.4.3 Net scantlings of longitudinal and transverse
secondary stiffeners 7.10.8.4.5 Local details
The required section modulus Z, in [cm3], of the The design of local details is to comply with the
requirement of the Rules, Part 2 - Hull, 9.5 for the purpose of
longitudinal or transverse secondary stiffeners of the hatch
coamings, based on net member thickness, is given by: transferring the pressures on the hatch covers to the hatch
coamings and, through them, to the deck structures below.
1000 S coam l 2 s p coam Hatch coamings and supporting structures are to be adequately
Z =
m c P σ a ,coam stiffened to accommodate the loading from hatch covers, in
longitudinal, transverse and vertical directions.
where:
m = 16 in general
2016
PART 3
Underdeck structures are to be checked against Securing devices are to be of reliable construc-
the load transmitted by the stays, adopting the same allowable tion and securely attached to the hatchway coamings, decks or
stresses specified in Section 7.10.8.4.4. covers. Individual securing devices on each cover are to have
Unless otherwise stated, weld connections and approximately the same stiffness characteristics.
materials are to be dimensioned and selected in accordance Where rod cleats are fitted, resilient washers or
with the Rules, Part 2 - Hull, Part 25 - Metallic materials and cushions are to be incorporated.
Part 26 - Welding. Where hydraulic cleating is adopted, a positive
Double continuous welding is to be adopted for means is to be provided to ensure that it remains mechanically
the connections of stay webs with deck plating and the weld locked in the closed position in the event of failure of the hy-
throat is to be not less than 0.44 tW, where tW is the gross draulic system.
thickness of the stay web.
Toes of stay webs are to be connected to the 7.10.8.5.2 Stoppers
deck plating with deep penetration double bevel welds extend- Hatch covers are to be effectively secured, by
ing over a distance not less than 15% of the stay width. means of stoppers, against the transverse forces arising from a
pressure of 175 kN/m2.
7.10.8.5 Closing arrangements
With the exclusion of No.1 hatch cover, hatch
covers are to be effectively secured, by means of stoppers,
7.10.8.5.1 Securing devices against the longitudinal forces acting on the forward end aris-
The strength of securing devices is to comply ing from a pressure of 175 kN/m2.
with the following requirements: No. 1 hatch cover is to be effectively secured, by
Panel hatch covers are to be secured by appro- means of stoppers, against the longitudinal forces acting on
priate devices (bolts, wedges or similar) suitably spaced the forward end arising from a pressure of 230 kN/m2. This
alongside the coamings and between cover elements. pressure may be reduced to 175 kN/m2 when a forecastle is fit-
ted in accordance with the Rules, Part 2 - Hull, 17.2.
Arrangement and spacing are to be determined
with due attention to the effectiveness for weather-tightness, The equivalent stress:
depending upon the type and the size of the hatch cover, as i. in stoppers and their supporting structures,
well as on the stiffness of the cover edges between the secur- and
ing devices. ii. calculated in the throat of the stopper
welds
The net sectional area of each securing device is
not to be less than: is not to exceed the allowable value of 0.8 σY.
A = 1.4 a / f , [cm2]
7.10.8.5.3 Materials and welding
where:
a = spacing, in [m], of securing devices, Stoppers or securing devices are to be manufac-
not being taken less than 2 m tured of materials, including welding electrodes, meeting rele-
f = (σY / 235)e vant requirements of the Rules, Part 25 - Metallic materials
and Part 26 - Welding.
σY = specified minimum upper yield stress,
in [N/mm2], of the steel used for fabri- 7.10.8.6 Corrosion addition and steel renewal
cation, not to be taken greater than
70% of the ultimate tensile strength. 7.10.8.6.1 Hatch covers
e = 0.75 for σY > 235 For all the structure (plating and secondary stiff-
= 1.0 for σY < 235 eners) of single skin hatch covers, the corrosion addition tk is
to be 2.0 mm.
Rods or bolts are to have a net diameter not less
than 19 mm for hatchways exceeding 5 m2 in area. For pontoon hatch covers, the corrosion addition
is to be:
Between cover and coaming and at cross-joints, - 2.0 mm, for the top and bottom plating
a packing line pressure sufficient to obtain weathertightness is - 1.5 mm, for the internal structures.
to be maintained by the securing devices.
For single skin hatch covers and for the plating
For packing line pressures exceeding 5 N/mm, of pontoon hatch covers, steel renewal is required where the
the cross section area is to be increased in direct proportion. gauged thickness is less than tnet + 0,5 mm. Where the gauged
The packing line pressure is to be specified. thickness is within the range tnet + 0,5 mm and tnet + 1,0 mm,
The cover edge stiffness is to be sufficient to coating (applied in accordance with the coating manufac-
maintain adequate sealing pressure between securing devices. turer’s requirements) or annual gauging may be adopted as an
The moment of inertia, I, of edge elements is not to be less alternative to steel renewal. Coating is to be maintained in
than: GOOD condition, as defined in Rules, Part 1 – General re-
I = 6 p a4 [cm4] quirements, Chapter 5 – Surveys of ships in service.
p = packing line pressure in [N/mm], min- For the internal structure of pontoon hatch cov-
imum 5 N/mm. ers, thickness gauging is required when plating renewal is to
a = spacing, in [m], of securing devices. be carried out or when this is deemed necessary, at the discre-
tion of the Register's Surveyor, on the basis of the plating cor-
rosion or deformation condition. In these cases, steel renewal
2016
PART 3
for the internal structures is required where the gauged thick-

ness is less than tnet.
7.10.8.6.2 Hatch coamings
For the structure of hatch coamings and coaming
stays, the corrosion addition tk is to be 1.5 mm.
Steel renewal is required where the gauged
thickness is less than tnet + 0,5 mm. Where the gauged thick-
ness is within the range tnet + 0,5 mm and tnet + 1,0 mm, coat-
ing (applied in accordance with the coating manufacturer’s re-
quirements) or annual gauging may be adopted as an alterna-
tive to steel renewal. Coating is to be maintained in GOOD
condition, as defined in Rules, Part 1 – General requirements,
Chapter 5 – Surveys of ships in service, Section 1.2.
Fig. 7.10.8.4.4-4
7.10.9 Construction of portable hatchway covers

specified in 7.10.1.1
7.10.9.1 These covers are to be so constructed as to pre-

vent their accidental opening under the effect of sea and
weather.
7.10.9.2 Portable beams are to be placed in sockets of the
coamings and locked therein. Where portable beams are of
sliding type, efficient devices are to be provided for locking
them when the hatchway is either closed or open.
7.10.9.3 If the hatchway covers are jointed on the port-
Fig. 7.10.8.4.4-1 able beam, a vertical flat bar of at least 60 mm in height is to
be attached by welding to the upper flange of the beam.
7.10.9.4 The width of each bearing surface for hatchway
covers is to be at least 65 mm.
7.10.9.5 Where the covers are made of wood, their fin-
ished thickness is to be at least 60 mm for a load intensity sus-
tained by the cover equal to 17,16 kPa and less. If the load in-
tensity exceeds this value, the above thickness is to be in-
creased by 1,5 mm per 0,981 kPa of overload. In all cases, the
portable beams of the hatchway provided with wooden covers
are to be spaced not more than 1,5 m apart.
Independently of the provisions of 7.10.1 to
7.10.8, all covers made of steel are to have the thickness of
their plating at least 0,01 times the spacing of stiffeners or 6
mm, whichever is the greater.
Fig. 7.10.8.4.4-2 If the covers are made of light alloy, the mini-
mum thickness of their top plating is to be specially consid-
ered by the Register in each case.
7.10.9.6 The hatchways in positions 1 and 2 are to be
protected by at least two layers of tarpaulins.
Tarpaulins are to be tightly pressed against the
hatchway coamings with the aid of battens and wedges, for
which purpose the coamings, as well as horizontal stiffeners, if
fitted, are to be provided with cleats of at least 65 mm wide
and 10 mm thick; edges of the cleats are to be rounded so that
the possibility of cutting the wedges is brought to the mini-
mum. Cleats are to be spaced not more than 600 mm centre to
centre; the cleats along each side or end are to not be more
than 150 mm form hatch corners. The cleats are to be so
Fig. 7.10.8.4.4- 3 mounted as to provide setting of wedges in them in the fore to
2016
PART 3
aft direction on the side coamings, and from the sides to centre 7.11 HATCHWAYS OF CARGO
line direction on the end coamings.
TANKS IN TYPE "A" SHIPS
Wedges are to be not less than 200 mm in length
and 50 mm in width with a taper of not more than 1:6, and a
7.11.1 Openings for hatchways of the cargo tanks on
thickness not less than 13 mm at the thinnest point.
tankers are to be of round or oval form. Height of the coam-
7.10.9.7 Steel bars or other equivalent means are to be ings of cargo tank hatchways is not to be regulated by the Reg-
provided in order to efficiently and independently secure each ister. Construction of the coamings of cargo tank hatchways
section of hatchway covers after the tarpaulins are battened shall comply with the requirements of the Rules, Part 2 - Hull,
down. Sections of hatchway covers of more than 1,5 m in 17.2.8.
length are to be secured by at least two such securing appli-
7.11.2 Covers of hatches and tank cleaning openings
ances.
are to be made of steel, bronze or brass. Use of other materials
is subject to special consideration by the Register in each case.
7.10.10 Hatch beams and cover stiffeners of variable
cross section (ICLL Regulation 15 and 16) In ships carrying flammable liquids in bulk use
of light alloys for covers of hatches and tank cleaning open-
ings is not permitted.
7.10.10.1 To avoid stresses and deflections exceeding
those given in the above Regulations along construction ele- 7.11.3 Covers of the cargo tank hatchways are to be
ments of variable cross section, the required section modulus permanently attached and tight, when secured, under the inner
calculated as for constriction elements of constant cross sec- pressure of liquid carried in tanks to a head of at least 2.5 m.
tion is to be increased by a factor C1 expressed by: Tightness is to be provided by a rubber or other suitable gasket
being resistant to the liquids which are carried in the cargo
tanks.
W1 W I I1
7.11.4 The plate of the cargo tank hatchway covers is to
be at least 12 mm in thickness if it is of steel. The cover plate
is to be reinforced by stiffeners made of flat bars not less than
l1 80 x 12 mm in size, and spaced at every 600 mm of the cover
length, or the cover is to be of spherical shape.
l
7.11.5 The hatchway cover is to be provided with a
sighting port having an inner diameter of 150 mm and closed
Figure 7.10.9.1 by a cover of similar construction.
7.11.6 Materials and designs of cargo tank hatchway
3.2α − γ − 0.8 covers in ships intended to carry flammable liquids are to be
C1 = 1+ ;
7γ + 0.4 so selected as to preclude spark formation during opening and
where: closing the covers.
l1 W
7.12 OPENINGS IN WATERTIGHT
α = ;γ = 1 ;
l W SUBDIVISION BULKHEADS AND
The value of factor C1 obtained by the formula is THEIR CLOSING APPLIANCES
not to be less than unity.
l1, l, W1 and W are indicated on the Figure
7.10.9.1. 7.12.1 General
7.12.1.1 Unless expressly provided otherwise, the present

7.10.10.2 The moment of inertia is likewise to be in- chapter covers the ships to which the requirements of the
creased by the factor C2 expressed by: Rules, Part 5 - Subdivision apply. For other ships the require-
1− β ; ments of this chapter apply only to bulkheads provided in ac-
C 2 = 1 + 8α 3 cordance with the Rules, Part 2 – Hull, 10, for these ships the
0.2 + 3 ⋅ β requirements may be relaxed, and the degree of relaxation is to
The value factor of C obtained by the formula is be specially considered by the Register in each case.
not to be less than unity.
I1 and I are indicated on the Figure 7.10.9.1.. 7.12.2 Openings in watertight bulkheads below the
bulkhead deck in passenger ships
The use of the above formulae is limited to the
determination of the strength of hatch beams and covers in
which abrupt changes in the section of the face material do no 7.12.2.1 The number of openings in watertight subdivi-
occur along the length of the beam or cover. sion bulkheads is to be reduced to the minimum compatible
with the design and proper working of the ship, satisfactory
means are to be provided for closing these openings.
7.12.2.2 Where pipes, scuppers, electric cables, etc., are
carried through watertight bulkheads, arrangements are to be
2016
PART 3
made to ensure the watertight integrity of the bulkheads and 7.12.2.9 Each power-operated sliding watertight door:
the requirements of the Rules, Part 8 - Piping, 1.6 and Part .1 is to have a vertical or horizontal motion;
12-Electrical equipment, 16.8 also is to be taken into consid- .2 is to, subject to requirement 7.12.2.22, be
eration. normally limited to a maximum clear
Valves not forming part of a piping system are opening width of 1.2 m. The Register may
to not be permitted in watertight bulkheads. permit larger doors only to the extent con-
sidered necessary for the effective opera-
Lead or other heat sensitive materials are to not tion of the ship provided that other safety
be used in systems which penetrate watertight bulkheads, measures, including the following, are tak-
where deterioration of such systems in the event of fire would en into consideration:
impair the watertight integrity of the bulkheads. .1 special consideration is to be given to
7.12.2.3 No doors, manholes, or access openings are the strength of the door and its closing
permitted in watertight transverse bulkheads dividing a cargo appliances in order to prevent leak-
space from an adjoining cargo space, except as provided in ages; and
7.12.2.20 and in the Rules, Part 5 – Subdivision, 2.12. .2 the door is to be located inboard the
damage zone B/5;
7.12.2.4 Subject to requirement 7.12.2.22, not more than .3 is to be fitted with the necessary equip-
one door, apart from the doors to shaft tunnels, may be fitted ment to open and close the door using
in each watertight bulkhead within spaces containing the main electric power, hydraulic power, or any
and auxiliary propulsion machinery including boilers serving other form of power that is acceptable to
the needs of propulsion. Where two or more shafts are fitted, the Register;
the tunnels are to be connected by an intercommunicating pas- .4 is to be provided with an individual hand-
sage. There shall be only one door between the machinery operated mechanism. It is to be possible to
space and the tunnel spaces where two shafts are fitted and on- open and close the door by hand at the
ly two doors where there are more than two shafts. All these door itself from either side, and in addi-
doors are to be of the sliding type and are to be so located as to tion, close the door from an accessible po-
have their sills as high as practicable. The hand gear for oper- sition above the bulkhead deck with an all
ating these doors from above the bulkhead deck is to be situ- round crank motion or some other move-
ated outside the spaces containing the machinery. ment providing the same degree of safety
7.12.2.5 Watertight doors, except as provided in acceptable to the Register. Direction of ro-
7.12.2.20 or in the Rules, Part 5 – Subdivision, 2.12, are to be tation or other movement is to be clearly
power-operated sliding doors complying with the require- indicated at all operating positions. The
ments of 7.12.2.9 to 7.12.2.16 capable of being closed simul- time necessary for the complete closure of
taneously from the central operating console at the navigation the door, when operating by hand gear, is
bridge in not more than 60 s with the ship in the upright posi- not to exceed 90 s with the ship in the up-
tion. right
.5 is to be provided with controls for opening
7.12.2.6 The means of operation whether by power or by and closing the door by power from both
hand of any power-operated sliding watertight door are to be sides of the door and also for closing the
capable of closing the door with the ship listed to 15o either door by power from the central operating
way. Consideration is to also be given to the forces which may console at the navigation bridge;
act on either side of the door as may be experienced when wa- .6 is to be provided with an audible alarm,
ter is flowing through the opening applying a static head distinct from any other alarm in the area,
equivalent to a water height of at least 1 m above the sill on which will sound whenever the door is
the centreline of the door. closed remotely by power and which shall
sound for at least 5 s but no more than 10 s
7.12.2.7 Watertight door controls, including hydraulic
before the door begins to move and shall
piping and electric cables, are to be kept as close as practica-
continue sounding until the door is com-
ble to the bulkhead in which the doors are fitted, in order to
pletely closed. In the case of remote hand
minimise the likelihood of them being involved in any damage
operation it is sufficient for the audible
which the ship may sustain. The positioning of watertight
alarm to sound only when the door is mov-
doors and their controls is to be such that if the ship sustains
ing. Additionally, in passenger areas and
damage within one fifth of the breadth of the ship, such dis-
areas of high ambient noise the Register
tance being measured at right angles to the centreline at the
may require the audible alarm to be sup-
level of the deepest subdivision draught, the operation of the
plemented by an intermittent visual signal
watertight doors clear of the damaged portion of the ship is not
at the door; and
impaired.
.7 is to have an approximately uniform rate
7.12.2.8 All power-operated sliding watertight doors are of closure under power. The closure time,
to be provided with means of indication which will show at all from the time the door begins to move to
remote operating positions whether the doors are open or the time it reaches the completely closed
closed. Remote operating positions are only to be at the navi- position shall in no case be less than 20 s
gation bridge as required by paragraph 7.12.2.9.5 and at the or more than 40 s with the ship in the up-
location where hand operation above the bulkhead deck is re- right position.
quired by paragraph 7.12.2.9.4.
2016
PART 3
7.12.2.10 The electrical power required for power- to be capable of being automatically sup-
operated sliding watertight doors is to be supplied from the plied by the transitional source of emer-
emergency switchboard either directly or by a dedicated dis- gency electrical power in the event of fail-
tribution board situated above the bulkhead deck. The associ- ure of either the main or emergency source
ated control, indication and alarm circuits are to be supplied of electrical power and with sufficient ca-
from the emergency switchboard either directly or by a dedi- pacity to operate the door at least three
cated distribution board situated above the bulkhead deck and times, i.e. closed-open-closed, against an
be capable of being automatically supplied by the transitional adverse list of 15º, see also the Rules, Part
source of emergency electrical power in the event of failure of 12-Electrical equipment, 5.10.
either the main or emergency source of electrical power. For the systems specified in 7.12.2.11.1,
7.12.2.11 Power-operated sliding watertight doors are to 7.12.2.11.2 and 7.12.2.11.3, provision is to be made as fol-
have either: lows: Power systems for power-operated watertight sliding
.1 a centralised hydraulic system with two doors are to be separate from any other power system. A sin-
independent power sources each consisting gle failure in the electric or hydraulic power-operated systems
of a motor and pump capable of simulta- excluding the hydraulic actuator is not to prevent the hand op-
neously closing all doors. In addition, eration of any door.
there shall be for the whole installation 7.12.2.12 Control handles are to be provided at each side
hydraulic accumulators of sufficient ca- of the bulkhead at a minimum height of 1.6 m above the floor
pacity to operate all the doors at least three and are to be so arranged as to enable persons passing through
times, i.e. closed-open-closed, against an the doorway to hold both handles in the open position without
adverse list of 15º. This operating cycle is being able to set the power closing mechanism in operation
to be capable of being carried out when the accidentally. The direction of movement of the handles in
accumulator is at the pump cut-in pressure. opening and closing the door is to be in the direction of door
The fluid used is to be chosen considering movement and is to be clearly indicated.
the temperatures liable to be encountered
by the installation during its service. The 7.12.2.13 As far as practicable, electrical equipment and
power operating system is to be designed components for watertight doors are to be situated above the
to minimise the possibility of having a sin- bulkhead deck and outside hazardous areas and spaces.
gle failure in the hydraulic piping ad-
7.12.2.14 The enclosures of electrical components neces-
versely affect the operation of more than
sarily situated below the bulkhead deck shall provide suitable
one door. The hydraulic system is to be
protection against the ingress of water.*
provided with a low-level alarm for hy-
draulic fluid reservoirs serving the power- * Refer to the following IEC publication
operated system and a low gas pressure 529(1976):
alarm or other effective means of monitor- .1 electrical motors, associated circuits and
ing loss of stored energy in hydraulic ac- control components; protected to IPX 7 stan-
cumulators. These alarms are to be audible dard;
and visual and are to be situated on the
central operating console at the navigation .2 door position indicators and associated cir-
bridge; or cuit components; protected to IPX 8 standard;
.2 an independent hydraulic system for each and
door with each power source consisting of
.3 door movement warning signals; protected
a motor and pump capable of opening and
to IPX 6 standard.
closing the door. In addition, there shall be
a hydraulic accumulator of sufficient ca- Other arrangements for the enclosures of electri-
pacity to operate the door at least three cal components may be fitted provided the Administration is
times, i.e. closed-open-closed, against an satisfied that an equivalent protection is achieved. The water
adverse list of 15º. This operating cycle is pressure IPX 8 shall be based on the pressure that may occur
to be capable of being carried out when the at the location of the component during flooding for a period
accumulator is at the pump cut-in pressure. of 36 h.
The fluid used is to be chosen considering 7.12.2.15 Electric power, control, indication and alarm cir-
the temperatures liable to be encountered cuits are to be protected against fault in such a way that a fail-
by the installation during its service. A low ure in one door circuit will not cause a failure in any other
gas pressure group alarm or other effective door circuit. Short circuits or other faults in the alarm or indi-
means of monitoring loss of stored energy cator circuits of a door are not to result in a loss of power op-
in hydraulic accumulators are to be pro- eration of that door. Arrangements are to be such that leakage
vided at the central operating console on of water into the electrical equipment located below the bulk-
the navigation bridge. Loss of stored en- head deck will not cause the door to open.
ergy indication at each local operating po-
sition is also to be provided; or 7.12.2.16 A single electrical failure in the power operating
.3 an independent electrical system and mo- or control system of a power-operated sliding watertight door
tor for each door with each power source is not to result in a closed door opening. Availability of the
consisting of a motor capable of opening power supply is to be continuously monitored at a point in the
and closing the door. The power source is electrical circuit as near as practicable to each of the motors
2016
PART 3
required by 7.12.2.11. Loss of any such power supply should cient to permit access above the bulkhead deck. The access to
activate an audible and visual alarm at the central operating the other end of the trunkway or tunnel may be through a wa-
console at the navigation bridge. tertight door of the type required by its location in the ship.
Such trunkways or tunnels are not to extend through the first
7.12.2.17 The central operating console at the navigation subdivision bulkhead abaft the collision bulkhead.
bridge is to have a “master mode” switch with two modes of
control: a “local control” mode which shall allow any door to 7.12.2.24 Where it is proposed to fit tunnels piercing wa-
be locally opened and locally closed after use without auto- tertight bulkheads, these shall receive the special consideration
matic closure, and a “doors closed” mode which shall auto- of the Register.
matically close any door that is open. The “doors closed”
mode shall automatically close any door that is open. The 7.12.2.25 Where trunkways in connection with refriger-
“doors closed” mode shall permit doors to be opened locally ated cargo and ventilation or forced draught trunks are carried
and shall automatically re-close the doors upon release of the through more than one watertight bulkhead, the means of clo-
local control mechanism. The “master mode” switch is nor- sure at such openings are to be operated by power and be ca-
mally to be in the “local control” mode. The “doors closed” pable of being closed from a central position situated above
mode is only to be used in an emergency or for testing pur- the bulkhead deck.
poses. Special consideration is to be given to the reliability of 7.12.2.26 Doors are to be made of steel. Use of other ma-
the “master mode” switch. terials for doors is to be specially considered by the Register in
7.12.2.18 The central operating console at the navigation each case.
bridge is to be provided with a diagram showing the location 7.12.2.27 Doors shall withstand the pressure of water head
of each door, with visual indicators to show whether each door of a height measured from the lower edge of the doorway to
is open or closed. A red light shall indicate a door is fully open the underside of the bulkhead deck plating at the centre line,
and a green light shall indicate a door is fully closed. When but not less than 5 m of water column.
the door is closed remotely the red light shall indicate the in-
termediate position by flashing. The indicating circuit is to be 7.12.2.28 Stresses in the door frame and door plate under
independent of the control circuit for each door. the pressure head specified in 7.12.2.27 are not to exceed 0,6
times the upper yield stress of their material.
7.12.2.19 It is not to be possible to remotely open any door
from the central operating console. 7.12.2.29 When closed, doors are to be tight under the
pressure of water head of the height specified in 7.12.2.27.
7.12.2.20 If the Register is satisfied that such doors are es-
sential, watertight doors of satisfactory construction may be 7.12.2.30 For doors in watertight bulkheads located in way
fitted in watertight bulkheads dividing cargo between deck of the internal watertight subdivision boundaries and the ex-
spaces. Such doors may be hinged, rolling or sliding doors but ternal watertight boundaries necessary to ensure compliance
are not to be remotely controlled. They are to be fitted at the with the relevant subdivision and damage stability regulations
highest level and as far from the shell plating as practicable, IACS Unified Interpretation SC156 is to be applied.
but in no case are to the outboard vertical edges be situated at This unified interpretation does not apply to
a distance from the shell plating which is less than one fifth of doors located in external boundaries above equilibrium or in-
the breadth of the ship, as defined in regulation 2, such dis- termediate waterplanes.
tance being measured at right angles to the centreline at the
level of the deepest subdivision draught. 7.12.2.31 For the requirements relating to the accesses that
lead to spaces below the bulkhead deck specified in SOLAS
7.12.2.21 Should any such doors be accessible during the Regulation II-1/17-1, Integrity of the hull and superstructure,
voyage, they are to be fitted with a device which prevents un- damage prevention and control on ro-ro passenger ships, see
authorised opening. When it is proposed to fit such doors, the also IACS Unified Interpretation SC220.
number and arrangements shall receive the special considera-
tion of the Register. 7.12.3 Openings in watertight bulkheads and
7.12.2.22 Portable plates on bulkheads are not to be per- internal decks in cargo ships
mitted except in machinery spaces.
7.12.3.1 The number of openings in watertight subdivi-
The Register may permit not more than one
sions is to be kept to a minimum compatible with the design
power-operated sliding watertight door in each watertight
and proper working of the ship. Where penetrations of water-
bulkhead larger than those specified in paragraph 7.12.2.9.2 to
tight bulkheads and internal decks are necessary for access,
be substituted for these portable plates, provided these doors
piping, ventilation, electrical cables, etc., arrangements are to
are intended to remain closed during navigation except in case
be made to maintain the watertight integrity. The Register may
of urgent necessity at the discretion of the master. These doors
permit relaxation in the watertightness of openings above the
need not meet the requirements of paragraph 7.12.2.9.4 re-
freeboard deck, provided that it is demonstrated that any pro-
garding complete closure by hand-operated gear in 90 s.
gressive flooding can be easily controlled and that the safety
7.12.2.23 Where trunkways or tunnels for access from of the ship is not impaired.
crew accommodation to the stokehold, for piping, or for any
7.12.3.2 Doors provided to ensure the watertight integrity
other purpose are carried through watertight bulkheads, they
of internal openings which are used while at sea are to be slid-
are to be watertight and in accordance with the requirements
ing watertight doors capable of being remotely closed from the
of the Rules, Part 2-Hull, 11.7. The access to at least one end
bridge and are also to be operable locally from each side of the
of each such tunnel or trunkway, if used as a passage at sea, is
bulkhead. Indicators are to be provided at the control position
to be through a trunk extending watertight to a height suffi-
showing whether the doors are open or closed, and an audible
2016
PART 3
alarm is to be provided at the door closure. The power, control and rubbish-chutes referred to in these
and indicators are to be operable in the event of main power regulations are to be to the satisfaction of
failure. Particular attention is to be paid to minimising the ef- the Register;
fect of control system failure. Each power-operated sliding .2 such valves, doors and mechanisms are to
watertight door is to be provided with an individual hand- be suitably marked to ensure that they may
operated mechanism. It is to be possible to open and close the be properly used to provide maximum
door by hand at the door itself from both sides. safety; and
.3 the frames of vertical watertight doors are
7.12.3.3 Access doors and access hatch covers normally to have no groove at the bottom in which
closed at sea, intended to ensure the watertight integrity of in- dirt might lodge and prevent the door clos-
ternal openings, are to be provided with means of indication ing properly.
locally and on the bridge showing whether these doors or
hatch covers are open or closed. A notice is to be affixed to 7.12.5.2 In passenger ships and cargo ships watertight
each such door or hatch cover to the effect that it is not to be doors are to be tested by water pressure to a head up to the
left open. bulkhead deck or freeboard deck respectively. Where testing
of individual doors is not carried out because of possible dam-
7.12.3.4 Watertight doors or ramps of satisfactory con- age to insulation or outfitting items, testing of individual doors
struction may be fitted to internally subdivide large cargo may be replaced by a prototype pressure test of each type and
spaces, provided that the Register is satisfied that such doors size of door with a test pressure corresponding at least to the
or ramps are essential. These doors or ramps may be hinged, head required for the intended location. The prototype test is
rolling or sliding doors or ramps, but are not to be remotely to be carried out before the door is fitted. The installation
controlled. Should any of the doors or ramps be accessible method and procedure for fitting the door on board shall cor-
during the voyage, they are to be fitted with a device which respond to that of the prototype test. When fitted on board,
prevents unauthorised opening. each door is to be checked for proper seating between the
7.12.3.5 Other closing appliances which are kept perma- bulkhead, the frame and the door.
nently closed at sea to ensure the watertight integrity of inter-
nal openings are to be provided with a notice which is to be af- 7.13 STRENGTH AND SECURING
fixed to each such closing appliance to the effect that it is to be
kept closed. Manholes fitted with closely bolted covers need OF SMALL HATCHES ON THE
not be so marked. EXPOSED FORE DECK
7.12.3.6 In all tankers, where there is permanent access
from a pipe tunnel to the cargo pump room, a watertight door 7.13.1 General
is to be fitted. A watertight door, in addition to bridge opera- 7.13.1.1 The strength of, and securing devices for, small
tion, is to be capable of being manually closed from outside hatches fitted on the exposed fore deck are to comply with the
the cargo pump-room entrance. requirements of this Section.
7.12.3.7 For doors in watertight bulkheads located in way 7.13.1.2 Small hatches in the context of this Section are
of the internal watertight subdivision boundaries and the ex- hatches designed for access to spaces below the deck and are
ternal watertight boundaries necessary to ensure compliance capable to be closed weather-tight or watertight, as applicable.
with the relevant subdivision and damage stability regulations, Their opening is normally 2.5 square meters or less.
see IACS Unified Interpretation SC156.
7.13.1.3 Hatches designed for use of emergency escape
7.12.4 Manholes in watertight subdivision bulkheads are to comply with the requirements of this Section, excepting
7.13.4.1 (i) and (ii), 7.13.5.3 and 7.13.6.
7.12.4.1 The requirements of 7.9 relating to the manholes
located on the freeboard deck, raised quarter deck or the first 7.13.1.4 Securing devices of hatches designed for emer-
tier of superstructures are generally applicable to the manholes gency escape are to be of a quick-acting type (e.g., one action
fitted in the watertight subdivision bulkheads. wheel handles are provided as central locking devices for
latching/unlatching of hatch cover) operable from both sides
No manholes are permitted: of the hatch cover.
.1 in the collision bulkhead below the bulkhead
deck for ships having subdivision distinguishing 7.13.2 Application
mark in the class notation, and below the free-
7.13.2.1 These requirements are applicable to small
board deck for other ships;
hatches on the exposed deck over the forward 0.25L for:
.2 in watertight subdivision bulkheads separating a
cargo space from an adjacent cargo space or a All ship types of sea going service of length 80
fuel oil tank. m or more, where the height of the exposed deck in way of the
hatch is less than 0.1L or 22 m above the summer load water-
7.12.5 Construction and initial tests of watertight line, whichever is the lesser.
doors, sidescuttles, etc.
7.13.2.2 The ship length L is as defined in 1.2.2.1.
7.12.5.1 In all ships: 7.13.2.3 These requirements do not apply to CSR Bulk
.1 the design, materials and construction of Carriers and Oil Tankers.
all watertight doors, sidescuttles, gangway
and cargo ports, valves, pipes, ash-chutes
2016
PART 3
7.13.3 Strength al contact at a designed compression and to prevent over com-

pression of the gasket by green sea forces that may cause the
7.13.3.1 For small rectangular steel hatch covers, the securing devices to be loosened or dislodged. The metal-to-
plate thickness, stiffener arrangement and scantlings are to be metal contacts are to be arranged close to each securing device
in accordance with Table 7.13.3.1, and Figure 7.13.3.1-1. in accordance with Figure 7.13.3.1-1, and of sufficient capac-
Stiffeners, where fitted, are to be aligned with the metal-to- ity to withstand the bearing force.
metal contact points, required in 7.13.5.1, see Figure 7.13.3.1-
1. Primary stiffeners are to be continuous. All stiffeners are to 7.13.5.2 The primary securing method is to be designed
be welded to the inner edge stiffener, see Figure 7.13.3.1-2. and manufactured such that the designed compression pressure
is achieved by one person without the need of any tools.
7.13.3.2 The upper edge of the hatchway coamings is to
be suitably reinforced by a horizontal section, normally not 7.13.5.3 For a primary securing method using butterfly
more than 170 to 190 mm from the upper edge of the coam- nuts, the forks (clamps) are to be of robust design. They are to
ings. be designed to minimise the risk of butterfly nuts being dis-
lodged while in use; by means of curving the forks upward, a
7.13.3.3 For small hatch covers of circular or similar raised surface on the free end, or a similar method. The plate
shape, the cover plate thickness and reinforcement is to be ac- thickness of unstiffened steel forks is not to be less than 16
cording to the requirements of the Rules. mm. An example arrangement is shown in Figure 7.13.3.1-2
7.13.3.4 For small hatch covers constructed of materials 7.13.5.4 For small hatch covers located on the exposed
other than steel, the required scantlings are to provide equiva- deck forward of the fore-most cargo hatch, the hinges are to be
lent strength. fitted such that the predominant direction of green sea will
7.13.4 Primary Securing Devices cause the cover to close, which means that the hinges are nor-
mally to be located on the fore edge.
7.13.4.1 Small hatches located on exposed fore deck sub- 7.13.5.5 On small hatches located between the main
ject to the application of this Section are to be fitted with pri- hatches, for example between Nos. 1 and 2, the hinges are to
mary securing devices such that their hatch covers can be se- be placed on the fore edge or outboard edge, whichever is
cured in place and weather-tight by means of a mechanism practicable for protection from green water in beam sea and
employing any one of the following methods: bow quartering conditions.
i) Butterfly nuts tightening onto forks
(clamps), 7.13.6 Secondary Securing Device
ii) Quick acting cleats, or
iii) Central locking device. Small hatches on the fore deck are to be fitted
with an independent secondary securing device e.g. by means
7.13.4.2 Dogs (twist tightening handles) with wedges are of a sliding bolt, a hasp or a backing bar of slack fit, which is
not acceptable. capable of keeping the hatch cover in place, even in the event
that the primary securing device became loosened or dis-
7.13.5 Requirements for Primary Securing
lodged. It is to be fitted on the side opposite to the hatch cover
hinges.
7.13.5.1 The hatch cover is to be fitted with a gasket of
elastic material. This is to be designed to allow a metal to met-
Table 7.13.3.1
Scantlings for Small Steel Hatch Covers on the Fore Deck
Nominal size Cover plate thickness Primary stiffeners Secondary stiffeners

[mm x mm] [mm] Flat Bar [mm x mm]; number
630 x 630 8 - -
630 x 830 8 100 x 8 ; 1 -
830 x 630 8 100 x 8 ; 1 -
830 x 830 8 100 x 10 ; 1 -
1030 x 1030 8 120 x 12 ; 1 80 x 8 ; 2
1330 x 1330 8 150 x 12 ; 1 100 x 10 ; 2
2016
PART 3
Nominal size 630 x 630 Nominal size 630 x 830
Hinge Primary stiffener
• Securing device / metal to metal contact Secondary stiffener

Figure 7.13.3.1-1
Arrangement of stiffeners
2016
PART 3
(Note: Dimensions in millimetres)
1. butterfly nut
2. bolt
3. pin
4. centre of pin
5. fork (clamp) plate
6. hatch cover
7. gasket
8. hatch coaming
9. bearing pad welded on the bracket of a toggle bolt for metal to metal contact
10. stiffener
11. inner edge stiffener
Figure 7.13.3.1-2
Example of a primary securing method
7.14.1.3 Where mooring winches are integral with the

7.14 STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS anchor windlass, they are to be considered as part of the wind-
FOR FORE DECK FITTINGS AND lass.
EQUIPMENT
7.14.2 Application
7.14.1 General 7.14.2.1 These requirements are applicable to the deck

fittings and equipment on the exposed deck over the forward
7.14.1.1 This Section provides strength requirements to 0.25L for:
resist green sea forces for the following items located within All ship types of sea going service of length 80
the forward quarter length: m or more, where the height of the exposed deck in way of the
air pipes, ventilator pipes and their closing de- item is less than 0.1L or 22 m above the summer load water-
vices, the securing of windlasses. line, whichever is the lesser.
7.14.1.2 For windlasses, these requirements are addi- 7.14.2.2 The ship length L is as defined in 1.2.2.1.
tional to those appertaining to the anchor and chain perform-
ance criteria in Section 3.
2016
PART 3
7.14.2.3 These requirements do not apply to CSR Oil 7.14.3.2.3 The axial force Ri in bolt group (or bolt) i, posi-
Tankers. The requirements of this Section concerning wind- tive in tension, may be calculated from:
lasses do not apply to CSR Bulk Carriers. R xi = Px h ⋅ xi Ai / I x
7.14.3 Applied Loading R yi = Py h ⋅ yi Ai / I y

and Ri = Rxi + Ryi - Rsi
7.14.3.1 Air pipes, ventilator pipes and their closing where:
devices Px = force, in [kN], acting normal to the
shaft axis
7.14.3.1.1 The pressures p, in [kN/m2], acting on air pipes, Py = force, in [kN], acting parallel to the
ventilator pipes and their closing devices may be calculated shaft axis, either inboard or outboard
from: whichever gives the greater force in
p = 0 .5 ρ ⋅ V 2 C d C s C p bolt group i
where: h = shaft height above the windlass mount-
ρ = density of sea water (1.025 t/m3) ing, in [cm]
V = velocity of water over the fore deck xi , yi = x and y coordinates of bolt group i
= 13.5 m/sec for d ≤ 0.5 d1, from the centroid of all N bolt groups,
positive in the direction opposite to
d
= 13.5 2(1 − ) , [m/sec], for 0.5 d1 < d that of the applied force, in [cm]
d1 Ai = cross sectional area of all bolts in
group i, in [cm2]
< d 1,
d = distance from summer load waterline Ix = ΣAi xi2 for N bolt groups
to exposed deck, Iy = ΣAi yi2 for N bolt groups
d1 = 0.1L or 22 m whichever is the lesser, Rs = static reaction at bolt group i, due to
Cd = shape coefficient weight of windlass.
= 0.5 for pipes, 1.3 for air pipe or venti- 7.14.3.2.4 Shear forces Fxi , Fyi applied to the bolt group i,
lator heads in general, 0.8 for an air and the resultant combined force Fi may be calculated from:
pipe or ventilator head of cylindrical Fxi = ( Px − αgM ) / N
form with its axis in the vertical direc-
tion. F yi = ( Py − αgM ) / N
Cs = slamming coefficient (3.2) and
Cp = protection coefficient: Fi = ( Fxi2 + F yi2 ) 0.5
= 0.7, for pipes and ventilator heads lo-
cated immediately behind a breakwater where:
or forecastle, α = coefficient of friction (0.5)
= 1.0, elsewhere and immediately behind M = mass of windlass, in [tonnes]
a bulwark. g = gravity acceleration (9.81 m/sec2)
N = number of bolt groups.
7.14.3.1.2 Forces acting in the horizontal direction on the
pipe and its closing device may be calculated from 7.14.3.1.1 7.14.3.2.5 Axial tensile and compressive forces in
using the largest projected area of each component. 7.14.3.2.3 and lateral forces in 7.14.3.2.4 are also to be con-
sidered in the design of the supporting structure.
7.14.3.2 Windlasses
7.14.4 Strength Requirements
7.14.3.2.1 The following pressures and associated areas are
to be applied (see Figure 7.14.3.2.1):
7.14.4.1 Air pipes, ventilator pipes and their closing
- 200 kN/m2 normal to the shaft axis and away devices
from the forward perpendicular, over the pro-
jected area in this direction, 7.14.4.1.1 These requirements are additional to the Rules,
- 150 kN/m2 parallel to the shaft axis and acting Part 8 – Pipes, 5.1 and 1.3, see also IACS Unified Interpreta-
both inboard and outboard separately, over the tion LL36..
multiple of f times the projected area in this di-
7.14.4.1.2 Bending moments and stresses in air and ventila-
rection, where f is defined as:
tor pipes are to be calculated at critical positions: at penetra-
f = 1+ B/H, but not greater than 2.5 tion pieces, at weld or flange connections, at toes of support-
where: ing brackets. Bending stresses in the net section are not to ex-
B = width of windlass measured parallel to ceed 0.8 σy , where σy is the specified minimum yield stress or
the shaft axis, 0.2% proof stress of the steel at room temperature, see the
H = overall height of windlass. Rules, Part 25 – Metallic materials, 2.5. Irrespective of corro-
7.14.3.2.2 Forces in the bolts, chocks and stoppers securing sion protection, a corrosion addition to the net section of 2.0
the windlass to the deck are to be calculated. The windlass is mm is then to be applied.
supported by N bolt groups, each containing one or more 7.14.4.1.3 For standard air pipes of 760 mm height closed
bolts, see Figure 7.14.3.2.2. by heads of not more than the tabulated projected area, pipe
2016
PART 3
thicknesses and bracket heights are specified in Table 7.14.4.2 Windlass Mounts
7.14.4.1.3. Where brackets are required, three or more radial
brackets are to be fitted. 7.14.4.2.1 Tensile axial stresses in the individual bolts in
Brackets are to be of gross thickness 8 mm or each bolt group i are to be calculated. The horizontal forces Fxi
more, of minimum length 100 mm, and height according to and Fyi are normally to be reacted by shear chocks. Where "fit-
Table 7.14.4.1.3 but need not extend over the joint flange for ted" bolts are designed to support these shear forces in one or
the head. Bracket toes at the deck are to be suitably supported. both directions, the von Mises equivalent stresses in the indi-
vidual bolts are to be calculated, and compared to the stress
7.14.4.1.4 For other configurations, loads according to under proof load. Where pour-able resins are incorporated in
7.14.3.1 are to be applied, and means of support determined in the holding down arrangements, due account is to be taken in
order to comply with the requirements of 7.14.4.1.2. Brackets, the calculations.
where fitted, are to be of suitable thickness and length accord-
ing to their height. Pipe thickness is not to be taken less than The safety factor against bolt proof strength is to
as indicated in the Rules, Part 8 – Pipes, 1.3. be not less than 2.0.
7.14.4.1.5 For standard ventilators of 900 mm height 7.14.4.2.2 The strength of above deck framing and hull
closed by heads of not more than the tabulated projected area, structure supporting the windlass and its securing bolt loads as
pipe thicknesses and bracket heights are specified in Table defined in 7.14.3.2 is to be according to the requirements of
7.14.4.1.5. Brackets, where required are to be as specified in the Rules, Part 2 – Hull, 9.2.
7.14.4.1.3.
7.14.4.1.6 For ventilators of height greater than 900 mm,
brackets or alternative means of support are to be fitted ac-
cording to the requirements of the Rules, Part 2 - Hull. Pipe
thickness is not to be taken less than as indicated in the Rules,
Part 8 – Pipes, 1.3.
7.14.4.1.7 All component parts and connections of the air
pipe or ventilator are to be capable of withstanding the loads
defined in 7.14.3.1
7.14.4.1.8 Rotating type mushroom ventilator heads are un-
suitable for application in the areas defined in 17.4.2.
Table 7.14.4.1.3
760 mm air pipe thickness and bracket standards
Nominal pipe diameter Minimum fitted gross thickness, the Maximum projected area of Height (1) of brackets
Rules, Part 8 – Pipes, 1.3 head
[mm] [mm] [cm2] [mm]
(3)
40A 6.0 - 520
50A(3) 6.0 - 520
65A 6.0 - 480
80A 6.3 - 460
100A 7.0 - 380
125A 7.8 - 300
150A 8.5 - 300
175A 8.5 - 300
200A 8.5(2) 1900 300 (2)
250A 8.5(2) 2500 300 (2)
300A 8.5(2) 3200 300 (2)
350A 8.5(2) 3800 300 (2)
400A 8.5(2) 4500 300 (2)
(1) Brackets (see 7.14.4.1.3) need not extend over the joint flange for the head.
(2) Brackets are required where the as fitted (gross) thickness is less than 10.5 mm, or where the tabulated projected head area is
exceeded.
(3) Not permitted for new ships - reference the Rules, Part 8 – Pipes, 1.3.
Note: For other air pipe heights, the relevant requirements of section 7.14.4 are to be applied.
2016
PART 3
Table 7.14.4.1.5
900 mm ventilator pipe thickness and bracket standards
Nominal pipe diameter Minimum fitted gross thickness, the Maximum projected area of Height of brackets
Rules, Part 8 – Pipes, 1.3 head
[mm] [mm] [cm2] [mm]
80A 6.3 - 460
100A 7.0 - 380
150A 8.5 - 300
200A 8.5 550 -
250A 8.5 880 -
300A 8.5 1200 -
350A 8.5 2000 -
400A 8.5 2700 -
450A 8.5 3300 -
500A 8.5 4000 -
Note: For other ventilator heights, the relevant requirements of section 7.14.4 are to be applied.
Py Px
H
h
Fore
Px
Centreline of vessel
Centreline of
windlass B
Note:
Py to be examined from both inboard and Px
outboard directions separately - see
7.14.3.2.1. The sign convention for yi is
reversed when Py is from the opposite
direction as shown.
Figure 7.14.3.2.1
Direction of forces and weight
2016
PART 3
Px
Coordinates xi and yi are shown as
either positive (+) or negative (-).
Centreline of Py
windlass X3 (-)
X1 (+)
Y3 (+) X4 (-)
X2 (+)
Centroid of bolt groups Y4 (+)
Y2 (+)
Y1 (+)
Figure 7.14.3.2.2
Sign convention
2016
PART 3
8.3.4 In holds intended for carriage of grain and other

8 ARRAGNEMENT AND bulk cargoes the wooden ceiling on the inner bottom, or, in
EQUIPMENT OF SHIP'S SPACES case the latter is omitted, on the top of floors, is to be fitted so
as to prevent wells, bilges and suction pipes of the bilge
pumping from clogging.
8.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 8.3.5 The wooden ceiling is not to be laid directly on
the inner bottom, but is to be embedded in an approved bitu-
The requirements for the arrangement and minous or epoxy composition, or placed on battens along the
equipment of machinery spaces are specified in the Rules, floors providing a clear space of 25-30 mm for drainage.
Part 7 - Machinery installation, 1.11 and 1.12, and those relat- The wooden ceiling over the bilges is to be
ing to refrigerating machinery spaces, refrigerant store rooms placed so as to be readily removable.
as well as refrigerated cargo spaces are set forth in the Rules,
Part 11 -Refrigerating plant, 3. 8.3.6 The bulkheads of the deep tanks are to be
sheathed by wood from hold side.
8.2 LOCATION OF SPACES 8.3.7 In holds intended for the carriage of general car-
goes, cargo battens made of wood or metal are to be fitted on
8.2.1 The ship's control station is to be located in an the sides.
enclosed space of the wheelhouse on the navigating bridge. The thickness of wooden battens is to be as fol-
All navigational aids and signalling means are to be concen- lows:
trated in that place. - at least 25 mm - on ships up to 20 m in
It is to be ensure: length,
- proper visual control of the ship's running, - at least 40 mm - on ships up to 70 m inclu-
- good visibility with maximum view of water sive,
surface, - at least 50 mm - on ships over 70 m in
- good audibility of sound signals of ap- length.
proaching ships. The spacing between wooden battens is not to
It is recommended to arrange the rudder wheel exceed 300 mm. Battens are to be attached to the side frame in
in the ship's centre line. such a way as to make for easy removal and replacement. It
may not be necessary to provided battens if Register approves
8.2.2 The chart room is to be located in a space adja- this on the basis of the type of cargo and ship construction.
cent to the wheelhouse, and a common space is to be used for
both services. 8.3.8 All projecting parts of various equipment in the
holds (manholes, air pipes sounding pipes, etc.) are to be pro-
8.2.3 No accommodation spaces are to be arranged tected with wooden screens, grids, chutes etc. Requirements
forward of the collision bulkhead and abaft of the after peak for laying of piping in cargo holds are given in the Rules, Part
bulkhead bellow the bulkhead deck. 8 – Piping, 5.5.
8.3 EQUIPMENT OF DRY CARGO 8.3.9 Construction of container cellular guides

HOLDS
8.3.9.1 For determining scantlings of substructures for
cell guide systems and lashing devices the following design
8.3.1 When in ships not having double bottom wood-
forces are to be used which are assumed to act simultaneously
en ceiling is placed on top of the floors, it is to be solid and
in the centre of gravity of stock.
shall extend up to the bilge. The ceiling is recommended to be
- ship's transverse direction:
made of portable sections of such dimensions and so con-
Y = 0.5 ⋅ g ⋅ G, in [kN];
structed as to allow of their ready removal at any place.
- ship's vertical direction:
The thickness of a pine ceiling is to be: Z = (1 + av) ⋅ g ⋅ G, in [kN];
- at least 40 mm for ships 30 m in length and where:
less; G = stack mass, in [t];
- at least 60 mm for ships over 30 m in length; av = see the Rules, Part 2 - Hull, 3.3.
- at least 70 mm under cargo hatchways.
8.3.9.2 The permissible stresses are to be taken as fol-
8.3.2 When in ships having double bottom wooden lows:
ceiling is fitted, it is to have a thickness as follows:
- at least 50 mm for ships 60 m in length and normal: σ = 0.67 ReH;
less; shear: τ = 0.45 ReH;
- at least 65 mm for ships over 60 m in length.
equivalent: σe = σ 2 + 3τ 2 = 0.77 ReH
The application of the ceiling made from syn-
thetic material is subject to special consideration by the Regis-
ter in each case.
8.3.3 Where cargo is discharged by grabs or other
mechanism, the thickness of the wooden ceiling fitted under
cargo hatchways is to be doubled.
2016
PART 3
8.3.10 Movable decks, platforms, ramps and other structures which are in contact with the associated supporting
similar structures structures.
8.3.10.7 When the structural elements of the arrange-
8.3.10.1 The present requirements apply to the movable ments specified in 8.3.10.3 and the associated supporting
decks, platforms, ramps and other similar structures designed structures are under the effect of the loads determined accord-
to be installed in two positions: ing to the provisions of 8.3.10.5 and 8.3.10.6, the stresses in
- in working position when they are used for their parts are not to exceed 0,7 times the upper yield stress of
carriage, loading or unloading of vehicles or material.
other cargoes;
- in non-working position when they are not Under the effect of these loads the safety factor
used for carriage, loading or unloading of of the wire ropes in relation to their actual breaking strength is
vehicles or other cargoes. not to be less than 4; the safety factor of the chain cables in re-
lation to the proof load of the chain is not to be less than 2; the
8.3.10.2 The movable decks, platforms, ramps and other margin of safety against buckling of the elements subjected to
similar structures and also their supporting elements at ship's the compression stress is not to be less than 2.
sides, decks and bulkheads, the pillars or suspensions for
decks and platforms ensuring their proper installation in the 8.3.10.8 Wire ropes used in the arrangements specified in
working position are to be designed in accordance with the 8.3.10.3 shall satisfy the Rules, Part 25 - Metallic materials, 8.
Rules, Part 2 - Hull.
8.3.10.3 Arrangements are to be provided for reliable se- 8.4 EXITS, DOORS, CORRIDORS,
curing of the movable decks, platform ramps and other similar STAIRWAYS AND VERTICAL
structures in the non-working position. LADDERS
8.3.10.4 When the movable decks, platforms, ramps and
other similar structures are secured in the non-working posi-
8.4.1 General
tion, the hoisting gear and elements thereof are not generally
to be kept under the load. Location and arrangement of exits, doors, corri-
It is not permitted to secure the movable decks, dors, stairways and vertical ladders shall ensure ready access
platforms, ramps and other similar structures by suspending of persons from spaces to the places of embarkation into life-
them on ropes. boats and liferafts.
8.3.10.5 The structural elements of the arrangements
mentioned in 8.3.10.3 and also the associated supporting struc- 8.4.2 Exits and doors
tures are to be designed to withstand the forces resulting form
the application of the loads Px, Py, Pz, as obtained from the 8.4.2.1 In passenger ships and in special purpose ships
formulae given below, to the centres of gravity of the consid- each watertight compartment of similarly restricted space or
ered section of the deck, platform, ramp or other similar struc- group of spaces situated below the bulkhead deck is to have at
tures: least two means of escape, in any case one of which is to be
Px = m ⋅ g ⋅ ax, in [N], independent of the door in the subdivision bulkhead.
Py = m ⋅ g ⋅ ay, in [N], 8.4.2.2 In passenger ships and in special purpose ships
Pz = m ⋅ g ⋅ (1 + az), in [N], above the bulkhead deck, each main vertical fire zone, see the
where: Rules, Part 17 - Fire protection, 2.2, or similarly restricted
Px = horizontal load parallel to the centre space or group of spaces shall have at least two means of es-
plane of the ship, n; (consideration is to cape one of which shall give access to a stairway forming a
be given to the cases when the load Px is vertical escape.
directed both forward and aft);
Py = horizontal load parallel to the midstation 8.4.2.3 In passenger ships the number and location of
plane, in [N], (consideration is to be giv- means of escape from special category spaces, see the Rules,
en to the cases when the load Py is di- Part 17 - Fire protection, 2.2, are subject to special considera-
rected both to the nearest ship's side and tion by the Register, and the degree of safety for escape from
to the opposite side); these spaces to the places of embarkation into lifeboats and
Pz = vertical load directed downward, in [N]; liferafts shall at least correspond to that specified in 8.4.2.1
m = mass of the considered section, in [kg]; and 8.4.2.2.
g = 9.81 m/s2; Two means of escape are to be provided from a
ax,ay,az = dimensionless accelerations, see the machinery control room located within machinery space, at
Rules, Part 2 - Hull, 3.5. least one which will provide continuous fire shelter to a safe
position outside the machinery space.
8.3.10.6 When determining the forces affecting the struc-
tural elements of the arrangements specified in 8.3.10.3 and For cargo ships in all ro-ro cargo spaces where
the associated supporting structures with regard to the provi- the crew is normally employed the number and locations of
sions of 8.3.10.5, the loads Px, Py and Pz are regarded as sepa- escape routes to the open deck are subject to special consid-
rately applied i.e. no account is taken of their combined action eration by the Register, but shall in no case be less than two
and of the frictional forces originating on the surfaces of the and are to be widely separated.
considered sections of decks, platforms, ramps or other similar 8.4.2.4 In cargo ships of 500 tons gross tonnage and
upwards at each level of accommodation spaces there shall be
2016
PART 3
at least two means of escape, as widely separated as possible, 8.4.2.12 Doors of accommodations are to have in their
from each restricted space or group of spaces; from the spaces lower portions detachable panels 0,4 x 0,5 m in size; which
situated below the open deck the main means of escape are to may be knocked out these panels of the passenger cabin doors
be formed by a stairway, the other means of escape may be are to be provided with the following inscriptions: "Means of
formed by a casing with a vertical ladder or by a stairway. escape-knock out in case of emergency".
From the spaces situated above the open deck The detachable panels need not be fitted where
the means of escape are to be formed by doors of stairways the spaces are provided with opening type side scuttles of at
leading to the open deck or combination thereof. least 400 mm in diameter or windows the smaller side of
which being at least 400 mm and on condition that persons
8.4.2.5 Exceptionally, the Register may dispense with may get to the corridor or open deck through these side scut-
one of the means of escape specified in 8.4.2.1 or 8.4.2.4, due tles or windows.
regard being paid to the purpose and location of spaces and to
the number of persons who normally might be quartered or The appropriate means are to be provided, if
employed there. necessary, to facilitate exit through side scuttles or windows.
8.4.2.6 In hydrofoil boats each passenger space is to 8.4.3 Corridors and passageways
have at least two independent means of escape arranged at the
opposite ends of the space and ensuring ready access to the
8.4.3.1 All corridors and passageways shall ensure free
life-saving appliances.
movement of persons along them.
8.4.2.7 Stairways serving only a space and a balcony in Vestibules, corridors or parts of corridors with
that space, as well as lifts are not to be considered as means of only one means of escape are not permissible for passenger
escape specified in 8.4.2.1, 8.4.2.2 to 8.4.2.4 and 8.4.2.6. ships and special purpose ships having more than 50 persons
8.4.2.8 Each public room in passenger ships is to be of special personnel on board.
provided with at least two means of escape. Both exits are to In cargo ships and special purpose ships having
be spaced from each other as wide as practicable. A readily less than 50 persons of special personnel on board blind corri-
seen inscription "Exit" or "Emergency exit" is to be provided dors longer than 7 m are not permitted.
above every such exit. Blind corridor is corridor, lobby or part of corri-
8.4.2.9 The wheelhouse is to have two exits, one to each dor from which there is only one route of escape.
side of the navigation bridge, with a passageway through the 8.4.3.2 The width of main corridors in way of passen-
house from side to side. gers and crew's accommodation spaces is not to be less than
8.4.2.10 The total width of exits from halls is to be de- 0,9 m, and that of side corridors is to be at least 0,8 m. Where
termined on the basis of 0,8 m per 50 persons, however, the the number of passengers and crew using the corridor sur-
width of each exit is not to be less than 1,1 m, when the num- passes 50 persons, the widths referred to above are to be in-
ber of seats is more than 50, and not less than 0,8 m when the creased by 0,1 m.
number of seats is not more than 50. In ships (including the tugs) below 500 tons
The width of each exit from accommodation and gross tonnage and in tugs of less than 370 kW the width of the
service spaces is not to be less than 600 mm. The size of the main corridors and side corridors may be reduced down to 0,8
ladderways from cargo holds is not to be less than 0,6 m. and 0,6 m, respectively.
8.4.2.11 The exit doors and ladderway covers are to be so 8.4.3.3 The width of passageways in the cinema hall and
arranged that they can be operated from both sides. in the entrance hall is not to be less than 1,1 m and 1,4 m, re-
spectively.
Doors shall open as follows:
.1 doors of accommodation and service space The width of the main passageways in the res-
giving access to a corridor inside the spac- taurant or dining room and also the messroom is not to be less
es; than 0,9 m and that of the side passageways are to be at least
.2 doors of public rooms, outside or each 0,65 m. In ships of less than 500 tons gross tonnage the width
side; of main passageways in the messroom may be reduced down
.3 doors in the end bulkheads of superstruc- to 0,65 m.
ture and in external transverse bulkheads 8.4.3.4 The width of the main passageway in the seating
of deckhouse outside in the direction of the passenger space is to be at least 1 m with number of passen-
nearest side; gers up to 50 and at least 1,1 m with number of passengers in
.4 doors in the external longitudinal bulkhead excess of 50.
of deckhouses, outside in the forward di-
rection. 8.4.3.5 In passenger ships the main corridors adjacent to
engine and boiler casings are to be at least 1,2 m in width,
On ships of 30 m or less in length, the doors
however, in ships of less than 500 tons gross tonnage this
mentioned in .1 may open outward if they are located at the
width may be reduced down to 0,9 m.
end of a blind corridor and if they do not block exits from oth-
er spaces. 8.4.3.6 The width of passageway on the bridge is not to
The doors discussed in .3 and .4 may also open be less than 0,8 m in ships of 500 tons gross tonnage and over
inward, but this is subject to special consideration. and at least 0,6 m in ships of less than 500 tons gross.
No sliding doors are permitted on exits, other
than watertight doors on bulkheads.
2016
PART 3
8.4.3.7 In passenger ships and special purpose ships the 8.5 GUARD RAILS, BULWARK
width of the deck passageways providing access to the lifeboat
and liferaft embarkation deck is not to be less than: AND GANGWAYS
.1 - 0,9 m if the number of seats in lifeboats is
not more than 50 on each side of ship; 8.5.1 All exposed parts of the freeboard decks, super-
.2 - 1,0 m if the number of seats in lifeboats is structure decks and deckhouse tops are to be provided with ef-
50 and over, but less than 100 on each side ficient guard rails or bulwarks; in case of ships intended for
of ship: carriage of timber deck cargo collapsible railing or storm rails
.3 - 1,2 m if the number of seats in lifeboats is are to be fitted on this cargo.
100 and over, but less than 200 on each 8.5.2 The height of the bulwark or guard rails above
side of ship. the deck is not to be less than 1 m. However, where this height
If number of seats in lifeboats is 200 and over on would interfere with the normal operation of the ship, a lesser
each side of ship, the width of the passageways is to be spe- height may be approved provided the adequate protection of
cially considered by the Register in each case. passengers and crew is ensured to the satisfaction of the Regis-
In other ships the width of the passageways re- ter.
ferred to above is not to be less than 0,8 m. 8.5.3 The distance between the stanchions of the
guard rails is not to be more than 1,5 m. At least every third
8.4.4 Stairways and vertical ladders stanchion is to be supported by a stay.
Removable and hinged stanchions are to be ca-
8.4.4.1 All between deck stairways are to be of steel pable of being locked in the upright position.
frame construction or of equivalent material on agreement
with the Register. Special requirements for arrangement of 8.5.4 Hand rails and guard rails are generally to be of
stairway enclosures and protection of means of escape are rigid construction. Chains and wire ropes may be accepted in
specified in the Rules, Part 17 - Fire protection, 2.1. lieu of guard rails by the Register in special circumstances. In
In passenger ships and special purpose ships that case, chains and wire ropes are to be made taut by means
having more than 50 persons of special personnel on board the of turnbuckles.
stairways and escape routes shall comply with following re- 8.5.5 The opening below the lowest course of the
quirements: guard rails is not to exceed 230 mm. The other courses of rails
.1 Stairways are not to be less than 900 mm are not to be more than 380 mm apart. An exception is made
in clear width. for the guard rails above the timber deck cargo where the
Stairways are to be fitted with handrails on height from the base to the lowest course and other course
each side. The minimum clear width of spacing are not to exceed 330 mm. In the case of ships with
stairways is to be increased by 10 mm for rounded gunwale, the guard rails supports are to be placed on
every one person provided for in excess of the flat of the deck.
90 persons. The maximum clear width be-
tween handrails where stairways are wider 8.5.6 Type "A" ships with bulwarks as well as Type
than 900 mm is to be 1.800 mm. The total "B" ships with a freeboard reduced to that required for Type
number of persons to be evacuated by such "A" ships shall have open rails fitted for at least half the length
stairways is to be assumed to be two thirds of the exposed parts of the weather deck, or other effective
of the crew and the total number of pas- water freeing arrangements. The upper edge of the sheer
sengers in the areas served by such stair- strake is not to be greater than 150 mm.
ways. Where superstructures are connected by trunks,
.2 All stairways sized for more than 90 per- open rails are to be fitted for the whole length of the exposed
sons are to be aligned fore and aft. parts of the freeboard deck.
.3 Doorways and corridors and intermediate
landings included in means of escape are 8.5.7 The bulwark, if arranged, shall comply with the
to be sized in the same manner as stair- Rules, Part 2 - Hull, 5.6.
ways. 8.5.8 Satisfactory means in the form of life lines,
.4 Stairways are not to exceed 3.5 m in verti- gangways, under deck passages, etc. are to be provided for the
cal rise without the provision of a landing protection of the crew in getting to and from their quarters, the
and are not to have an angle of inclination machinery space and all other parts used in the necessary work
greater than 45. of the ship.
.5 Landings at each deck level are not to be
less than 2 m in area and are to increase by The type, design and arrangement are to be spe-
cially considered by the Register in each case depending on
1 m for every 10 persons provided for an
the ship's type and freeboard height.
excess of 20 persons but need not exceed
16 m2, except for those landings servicing 8.5.9 The gangway is to be designed in compliance
public spaces having direct access onto with the Rules, Part 2 - Hull.
stairway enclosure.
2016
PART 3
8.6 ACCESS TO THE CARGO 8.6.1.2 Safe access to cargo holds, cargo tanks, bal-
last tanks and other spaces
AREA OF OIL TANKERS AND BULK
CARRIERS 8.6.1.2.1 Safe access to cargo holds, cofferdams, ballast
tanks, cargo tanks and other spaces in the cargo area are to be
Special measures are to be taken for safe access direct from the open deck and such as to ensure their complete
to and working in spaces in and forward of the cargo area of inspection. Safe access to double bottom spaces may be from a
tankers and bulk carriers for the purpose of maintenance and pump-room, deep cofferdam, pipe tunnel, cargo hold, double
carrying out surveys. hull space or similar compartment not intended for the car-
riage of oil or hazardous cargoes.
NOTE: This requirement is considered to be complied
with where SOLAS, Chapter II-1, Reg. 3-6, is adhered to. 8.6.1.2.2 Tanks, and subdivisions of tanks, having a
For the application of this requirement see also length of 35 m or more, are to be fitted with at least two access
IACS Unified Interpretations SC190 (2004) and SC191(Rev. 7, hatchways and ladders, as far apart as practicable. Tanks less
2015). than 35 m in length are to be served by at least one access
hatchway and ladder.
Abstract of this Regulation is given in the fol-
lowing sections: When a tank is subdivided by one or more swash
bulkheads or similar obstructions which do not allow ready
means of access to the other parts of the tank, at least two
8.6.1 Means of access and safe access to cargo hatchways and ladders are to be fitted.
holds, cargo tanks, ballast tanks and other 8.6.1.2.3 Each cargo hold is to be provided with at least
spaces two means of access as far apart as practicable.
In general, these accesses are to be arranged di-
8.6.1.1 Means of access to cargo and other spaces agonally, for example one access near the forward bulkhead
on the port side, the other one near the aft bulkhead on the
8.6.1.1.1 Each space shall be provided with a permanent starboard side.
means of access to enable, throughout the life of a ship, over-
all and close-up inspections and thickness measurements of 8.6.2 Definitions
the ship’s structures to be carried out by the Administration,
the company, as defined in regulation IX/1, and the ship’s per-
8.6.2.1 Rung
sonnel and others as necessary. Such means of access shall
comply with the requirements of paragraph 8.6.3.10 to Rung means the step of a vertical ladder or step
8.6.3.12 and with the Technical provisions for means of access on the vertical surface.
for inspections, adopted by the Maritime Safety Committee by
resolution MSC.133(76), as may be amended by the Organiza- 8.6.2.2 Tread
tion, provided that such amendments are adopted, brought into
Tread means the step of an inclined ladder or
force and take effect in accordance with the provisions of arti-
step for the vertical access opening.
cle VIII of the SOLAS Convention concerning the amendment
procedures applicable to the Annex other than Chapter 1.
8.6.2.3 Flight of an inclined ladder
Interpretation: Flight of an inclined ladder means the actual
Each space for which close-up inspection is not stringer length of an inclined ladder. For vertical ladders, it is
required such as fuel oil tanks and void spaces forward of the distance between the platforms.
cargo area, may be provided with a means of access necessary
for overall survey intended to report on the overall conditions 8.6.2.4 Stringer
of the hull structure.
Stringer means:
8.6.1.1.2 Where a permanent means of access may be sus- - the frame of a ladder; or
ceptible to damage during normal cargo loading and unloading - the stiffened horizontal plating structure
operations or where it is impracticable to fit permanent means fitted on the side shell, transverse bulk-
of access, the Administration may allow, in lieu thereof, the heads and/or longitudinal bulkheads in the
provision of movable or portable means of access, as specified space.
in the Technical provisions, provided that the means of attach- For the purpose of ballast tanks of less than 5 m
ing, rigging, suspending or supporting the portable means of width forming double side spaces, the horizontal plating struc-
access forms a permanent part of the ship's structure. ture is credited as a stringer and a longitudinal permanent
All portable equipment is to be capable of being means of access, if it provides a continuous passage of 600
readily erected or deployed by ship's personnel. mm or more in width past frames or stiffeners on the side shell
or longitudinal bulkhead. Openings in stringer plating utilised
8.6.1.1.3 The construction and materials of all means of as permanent means of access are to be arranged with guard
access and their attachment to the ship’s structure shall be to
rails or grid covers to provide safe passage on the stringer or
the satisfaction of the Administration. The means of access safe access to each transverse web.
shall be subject to survey prior to, or in conjunction with, its
use in carrying out surveys in accordance with regulation I/10.
2016
PART 3
8.6.2.5 Vertical ladder equate strength and stiffness and securely attached to the
structure by stays. The method of support and length of stay is
Vertical ladder means a ladder of which the in- to be such that vibration is reduced to a practical minimum. In
clined angle is 70º and over up to 90º. A vertical ladder is not cargo holds, ladders are to be designed and arranged so that
to be skewed by more than 2º. cargo handling difficulties are not increased and the risk of
damage from cargo handling gear is minimised.
8.6.2.6 Overhead obstructions
8.6.3.6 The width of inclined ladders between stringers
Overhead obstructions mean the deck or stringer
is not to be less than 400 mm. The treads are to be equally
structure including stiffeners above the means of access.
spaced at a distance apart, measured vertically, of between 200
8.6.2.7 Distance below deck head mm and 300 mm. When steel is used, the treads are to be
formed of two square bars of not less than 22 mm by 22 mm
Distance below deck head means the distance in section, fitted to form a horizontal step with the edges
below the plating. pointing upward.
The treads are to be carried through the side
8.6.2.8 Cross deck
stringers and attached thereto by double continuous welding.
Cross deck means the transverse area of the All inclined ladders are to be provided with handrails of sub-
main deck which is located inboard and between hatch coam- stantial construction on both sides, fitted at a convenient dis-
ings. tance above the treads.
8.6.3 Technical provisions 8.6.3.7 For vertical ladders or spiral ladders, the width
and construction are to be in accordance with international or
8.6.3.1 Structural members subject to the close-up in- national standards accepted by the Administration.
spections and thickness measurements of the ship's structure, 8.6.3.8 No free-standing portable ladder is to be more
except those in double bottom spaces, are to be provided with than 5 m long.
a permanent means of access to the extent as specified in Ta-
ble 8.6.3.1 and Table 8.6.3.2, as applicable. For oil tankers and 8.6.3.9 Alternative means of access include, but are not
wing ballast tanks of ore carriers, approved alternative meth- limited to, such devices as:
ods may be used in combination with the fitted permanent – hydraulic arm fitted with a stable base
means of access, provided that the structure allows for its safe – wire lift platform
and effective use. – staging
– rafting
8.6.3.2 Permanent means of access should as far as pos- – root arm or remotely operated vehicle
sible be integral to the structure of the ships, thus ensuring that (ROV)
they are robust and at the same time contributing to the overall – portable ladders more than 5 m long are
strength of the structure of the ship. only to be utilised if fitted with a mechani-
8.6.3.3 Elevated passageways forming sections of a cal device to secure the upper end of the
permanent means of access, where fitted, are to have a mini- ladder
mum clear width of 600 mm, except for going around vertical – other means of access, approved by and
webs where the minimum clear width may be reduced to 450 acceptable to the Administration.
mm, and have guard rails over the open side of their entire Means for safe operation and rigging of such
length. Sloping structures providing part of the access are to equipment to and from and within the spaces are to be clearly
be of a non-skid construction. Guard rails are to be 1,000 mm described in the Ship Structure Access Manual.
in height and consist of a rail and an intermediate bar 500 mm
in height and of substantial construction. Stanchions are to be 8.6.3.10 For access through horizontal openings, hatches
not more than 3 m apart. or manholes, the minimum clear opening is not to be less than
600 mm x 600 mm. When access to a cargo hold is arranged
8.6.3.4 Access to permanent means of access and verti- through the cargo hatch, the top of the ladder is to be placed as
cal openings from the ship's bottom are to be provided by close as possible to the hatch coaming. Access hatch coamings
means of easily accessible passageways, ladders or treads. having a height greater than 900 mm is to also have steps on
Treads are to be provided with lateral support for the foot. the outside in conjunction with the ladder.
Where the rungs of ladders are fitted against a vertical surface,
the distance from the centre of the rungs to the surface is to be 8.6.3.11 For access through vertical openings, or man-
at least 150 mm. Where vertical manholes are fitted higher holes, in swash bulkheads, floors, girders and web frames pro-
than 600 mm above the walking level, access is to be facili- viding passage through the length and breadth of the space, the
tated by means of treads and hand grips with platform land- minimum opening is not to be less than 600 mm x 800 mm at
ings on both sides. a height of not more than 600 mm from the passage unless
gratings or other foot holds are provided.
8.6.3.5 Permanent inclined ladders are to be inclined at
an angle of less than 70º. There shall be no obstructions within 8.6.3.12 For oil tankers of less than 5000 tonnes dead-
750 mm of the face of the inclined ladder, except that in way weight, the Administration may approve, in special circum-
of an opening this clearance may be reduced to 600 mm. Rest- stances, smaller dimensions for the openings referred to in
ing platforms of adequate dimensions are to be provided, nor- 8.6.3.10 and 8.6.3.11, if the ability to traverse such openings
mally at a maximum of 6 m vertical height. Ladders and hand- or to remove an injured person can be proved to the satisfac-
rails are to be constructed of steel or equivalent material of ad- tion of the Administration.
2016
PART 3
8.6.3.13 For bulk carriers, access ladders to cargo holds m can continue to be comprised of the spiral ladder and need
and other spaces are to be: not change over to vertical ladders.
8.6.3.13.1 Where the vertical distance between the upper 8.6.3.13.8 The uppermost entrance section from deck of the
surface of adjacent decks or between deck and the bottom of vertical ladder providing access to a tank is to be vertical for a
the cargo space is not more than 6 m, either a vertical ladder distance of 2,5 m measured clear of overhead obstructions and
or an inclined ladder. comprise a ladder linking platform, displaced to one side of a
vertical ladder.
8.6.3.13.2 Where the vertical distance between the upper
surface of adjacent decks or between deck and the bottom of The vertical ladder can be between 1,6 m and 3
the cargo space is more than 6 m, an inclined ladder or series m below deck structure if it lands on a longitudinal or athwart-
of inclined ladders at one end of the cargo hold, except the up- ship permanent means of access fitted within that range.
permost 2,5 m of a cargo space measured clear of overhead 8.6.4 Ship structure access manual
obstructions and the lowest 6 m may have vertical ladders,
provided that the vertical extent of the inclined ladder or lad-
8.6.4.1 A ship's means of access to carry out overall and
ders connecting the vertical ladders is not less than 2,5 m.
close-up inspections and thickness measurements are to be de-
The second means of access at the other end of scribed in a Ship structure access manual approved by the
the cargo hold may be formed of a series of staggered vertical Administration, an updated copy of which is to be kept on
ladders, which should comprise of one or more ladder linking board. The Ship structure access manual shall include the fol-
platforms spaced not more than 6 m apart vertically and dis- lowing for each space in the cargo area:
placed to one side of the ladder. Adjacent sections of ladder – plans showing the means of access to the
are to be laterally offset from each other by at least the width space, with appropriate technical specifica-
of the ladder. The uppermost entrance section of the ladder ditions and dimensions,
rectly exposed to a cargo hold is to be vertical for a distance of – plans showing the means of access within
2,5 m measured clear of overhead obstructions and connected each space to enable an overall inspection
to a ladder-linking platform. to be carried out, with appropriate techni-
8.6.3.13.3 A vertical ladder may be used as a means of ac- cal specifications and dimensions. The
cess to topside tanks, where the vertical distance is 6 m or less plans shall indicate from where each area
between the deck and the longitudinal means of access in the in the space can be inspected.
tank or the stringer or the bottom of the space immediately be- – plans showing the means of access within
low the entrance. The uppermost entrance section from deck the space to enable close-up inspections to
of the vertical ladder of the tank is to be vertical for a distance be carried out, with appropriate technical
of 2,5 m measured clear of overhead obstructions and com- specifications and dimensions. The plans
prise a ladder linking platform, unless landing on the longitu- shall indicate the positions of critical struc-
dinal means of access, the stringer or the bottom within the tural areas, whether the means of access is
vertical distance, displaced to one side of a vertical ladder. permanent or portable and from where
each area can be inspected.
8.6.3.13.4 Unless allowed in 8.6.3.13.3 above, an inclined – instructions for inspecting and maintaining
ladder or combination of ladders is to be used for access to a the structural strength of all means of ac-
tank or a space where the vertical distance is greater than 6 m cess and means of attachment, taking into
between the deck and a stringer immediately below the en- account any corrosive atmosphere that
trance, between stringers, or between the deck or a stringer may be within the space,
and the bottom of the space immediately below the entrance. – instructions for safety guidance when raft-
ing is used for close-up inspections and
8.6.3.13.5 In case of 8.6.3.13.4 above, the uppermost en- thickness measurements,
trance section from deck of the ladder is to be vertical for a – instructions for the rigging and use of any
distance of 2,5 m clear of overhead obstructions and con- portable means of access in a safe manner,
nected to a landing platform and continued with an inclined – an inventory of all portable means of ac-
ladder. cess,
The flights of inclined ladders are not to be more – records of periodical inspections and main-
than 9 m in actual length and the vertical height is not nor- tenance of the ship's means of access.
mally to be more than 6 m. The lowermost section of the lad-
ders may be vertical for a distance of not less than 2,5 m. 8.6.4.2 For the purpose of these regulations "critical
structural areas" are locations which have been identified from
8.6.3.13.6 In double-side skin spaces of less than 2,5 m calculations to require monitoring or from the service history
width, the access to the space may be by means of vertical of similar or sister ships to be sensitive to cracking, buckling,
ladders that comprise of one or more ladderlinking platforms deformation or corrosion which would impair the structural in-
spaced not more than 6 m apart vertically and displaced to one tegrity of the ship.
side of the ladder.
8.6.4.3 For the guidelines when compiling the Ship
Adjacent sections of ladder are to be laterally offset from each structure access manual described in Section 8.6.4, see IACS
other by at least the width of the ladder. Rec. 90 (2005) and Rec. 91 (Rev.2, 2014).
8.6.3.13.7 A spiral ladder is considered acceptable as an al-
ternative for inclined ladders. In this regard, the uppermost 2,5
2016
PART 3
8.6.5 Safe access to tanker bows 8.6.5.3 Such means of access are to be in accordance
with the requirements of guidelines for safe access to tanker
8.6.5.1 Every tanker is to be provided with the means to bow (Res. MSC. 62(67)) and are to be approved by the Regis-
enable the crew to gain safe access to the bow even in severe ter. Interpretation of SOLAS II-1/3-3.2, Safe access to tanker
weather conditions. bows, for all vessels subject to that regulation, is provided in
IACS Unified Interpretations SC138 and LL50.
8.6.5.2 For the purpose of this regulation, tankers in-
clude oil tankers as defined in SOLAS, Chapter II-1, Reg.2,
chemical tankers as defined in regulation VII/8.2 and gas car-
riers as defined in regulation VII/11.2.
Table 8.6.3.1 Means of access for ballast and cargo tanks of oil tankers
1. Water ballast tanks except those specified in the right 2. Water ballast wing tanks of less than 5 m width form-
column, and cargo oil tanks ing double side spaces and their bilge hopper sections
Access to the underdeck and vertical structure
1.1 For tanks of which the height is 6 m and over containing 2.1 For double side spaces above the upper knuckle point of
internal structures, permanent means of access are to be the bilge hopper sections, permanent means of access are
provided in accordance with .1 to .6: to be provided in accordance with .1 to .3:
.1 continuous athwartship permanent access arranged .1 the vertical distance between horizontal uppermost
at each transverse bulkhead on the stiffened sur- stringer and deck head is 6 m or more, one continu-
face, at a minimum of 1.6 m to a maximum of 3 m ous longitudinal permanent means of access is to be
below the deck head; provided for the full length of the tank with a means
to allow passing through transverse webs installed at
.2 at least one continuous longitudinal permanent a minimum of 1.6 m to a maximum of 3 m below the
means of access at each side of the tank. One of deck head with a vertical access ladder at each end of
these accesses is to be at a minimum of 1.6 m to a the tank;
maximum of 6 m below the deck head and the other
is to be at a minimum of 1.6 m to a maximum of 3 .2 continuous longitudinal permanent means of access,
m below the deck head; which are integrated in the structure, at a vertical dis-
tance not exceeding 6 m apart; and
.3 access between the arrangements specified in .1 and
.2 and from the main deck to either .1 or .2; .3 plated stringers are, as far as possible, to be in align-
ment with horizontal girders of transverse bulkheads.
.4 continuous longitudinal permanent means of access
which are integrated in the structural member on
the stiffened surface of a longitudinal bulkhead, in
alignment, where possible, with horizontal girders
of transverse bulkheads are to be provided for ac-
cess to the transverse webs unless permanent fit-
tings are installed at the uppermost platform for use
of alternative means, as defined in paragraph
8.6.3.9 of the Technical provisions, for inspection
at intermediate heights;
.5 for ships having cross-ties which are 6 m or more
above tank bottom, a transverse permanent means
of access on the cross-ties providing inspection of
the tie flaring brackets at both sides of the tank,
with access from one of the longitudinal permanent
means of access in .4; and
.6 alternative means as defined in paragraph 8.6.3.9 of
the Technical provisions may be provided for small
ships as an alternative to .4 for cargo oil tanks of
which the height is less than 17 m.
2016
PART 3
1.2 For tanks of which the height is less than 6 m, alterna- 2.2 For bilge hopper sections of which the vertical distance
tive means as defined in paragraph 8.6.3.9 of the Tech- from the tank bottom to the upper knuckle point is 6 m
nical provisions or portable means may be utilised in and over, one longitudinal permanent means of access is
lieu of the permanent means of access. to be provided for the full length of the tank. It is to be
accessible by vertical permanent means of access at
each end of the tank.
2.2.1 The longitudinal continuous permanent means
of access may be installed at a minimum 1.6 m
to maximum 3 m from the top of the bilge hop-
per section. In this case, a platform extending
the longitudinal continuous permanent means of
access in way of the webframe may be used to
access the identified structural critical areas.
2.2.2 Alternatively, the continuous longitudinal per-
manent means of access may be installed at a
minimum of 1.2 m below the top of the clear
opening of the web ring allowing a use of port-
able means of access to reach identified struc-
tural critical areas.
Fore peak tanks 2.3 Where the vertical distance referred to in 2.2 is less than
6 m, alternative means as defined in paragraph 3.9 of the
1.3 For fore peak tanks with a depth of 6 m or more at the Technical provisions or portable means of access may
centre line of the collision bulkhead, a suitable means of be utilised in lieu of the permanent means of access. To
access are to be provided for access to critical areas such facilitate the operation of the alternative means of ac-
as the underdeck structure, stringers, collision bulkhead cess, in-line openings in horizontal stringers are to be
and side shell structure. provided.
1.3.1 Stringers of less than 6 m in vertical distance The openings are to be of an adequate diameter and are
from the deck head or a stringer immediately to have suitable protective railings.
above are considered to provide suitable access
in combination with portable means of access.
1.3.2 In case the vertical distance between the deck
head and stringers, stringers or the lowest
stringer and the tank bottom is 6 m or more, al-
ternative means of access as defined in para-
graph 3.9 of the Technical provisions are to be
provided.
2016
PART 3
Table 8.6.3.2 Means of access for bulk carriers 1)
1. Cargo holds 2. Ballast tanks
Access to the underdeck structure Top side tanks
1.1 Permanent means of access are to be fitted to provide 2.1 For each topside tank of which the height is 6 m and
access to the overhead structure at both sides of the over, one longitudinal continuous permanent means of
cross deck and in the vicinity of the centreline. access are to be provided along the side shell webs and
installed at a minimum of 1.6 m to a maximum of 3 m
Each means of access are to be accessible from the car- below deck with a vertical access ladder in the vicinity
go hold access or directly from the main deck and in- of each access to that tank.
stalled at a minimum of 1.6 m to a maximum of 3 m be-
low the deck. 2.2 If no access holes are provided through the transverse
webs within 600 mm of the tank base and the web frame
1.2 An athwartship permanent means of access fitted on the rings have a web height greater than 1 m in way of side
transverse bulkhead at a minimum 1.6 m to a maximum shell and sloping plating, then step rungs/grab rails are
3 m below the cross-deck head is accepted as equivalent to be provided to allow safe access over each transverse
to 1.1. web frame ring.
1.3 Access to the permanent means of access to overhead 2.3 Three permanent means of access, fitted at the end bay
structure of the cross deck may also be via the upper and middle bay of each tank, are to be provided span-
stool. ning from tank base up to the intersection of the sloping
1.4 Ships having transverse bulkheads with full upper stools plate with the hatch side girder. The existing longitudi-
with access from the main deck which allows monitor- nal structure, if fitted on the sloping plate in the space
ing of all framing and plates from inside do not require may be used as part of this means of access.
permanent means of access of the cross deck. 2.4 For topside tanks of which the height is less than 6 m,
1.5 Alternatively, movable means of access may be utilised alternative means as defined in paragraph 8.6.3.9 of the
for access to the overhead structure of the cross deck if Technical provisions or portable means may be utilised
its vertical distance is 17 m or less above the tank top. in lieu of the permanent means of access.
Access to the vertical structure Bilge hopper tanks
1.6 Permanent means of vertical access are to be provided 2.5 For each bilge hopper tank of which the height is 6 m
in all cargo holds and built into the structure to allow for and over, one longitudinal continuous permanent means
an inspection of a minimum of 25 % of the total number of access are to be provided along the side shell webs
of hold frames port and starboard equally distributed and installed at a minimum of 1.2 m below the top of
throughout the hold including at each end in way of the clear opening of the web ring with a vertical access
transverse bulkheads. But in no circumstance shall this ladder in the vicinity of each access to the tank.
arrangement be less than 3 permanent means of vertical
access fitted to each side (fore and aft ends of hold and 2.5.1 An access ladder between the longitudinal con-
mid-span). tinuous permanent means of access and the bot-
tom of the space is to be provided at each end of
Permanent means of vertical access fitted between two the tank.
adjacent hold frames is counted for an access for the in-
spection of both hold frames. A means of portable ac- 2.5.2 Alternatively, the longitudinal continuous per-
cess may be used to gain access over the sloping plating manent means of access can be located through
of lower hopper ballast tanks. the upper web plating above the clear opening of
the web ring, at a minimum of 1.6 m below the
1.7 In addition, portable or movable means of access are to deck head, when this arrangement facilitates
be utilised for access to the remaining hold frames up to more suitable inspection of identified structur-
their upper brackets and transverse bulkheads. ally critical areas. An enlarged longitudinal
frame can be used for the purpose of the walk-
1.8 Portable or movable means of access may be utilised for way.
access to hold frames up to their upper bracket in place
of the permanent means required in 1.6. These means of For double-side skin bulk carriers, the longitudi-
access are to be carried on board the ship and readily nal continuous permanent means of access may
available for use. be installed within 6 m from the knuckle point
of the bilge, if used in combination with alterna-
1.9 The width of vertical ladders for access to hold frames is tive methods to gain access to the knuckle point.
to be at least 300 mm, measured between stringers.
2.6 If no access holes are provided through the transverse
ring webs within 600 mm of the tank base and the web
frame rings have a web height greater than 1 m in way
of side shell and sloping plating, then step rungs/grab
rails are to be provided to allow safe access over each
transverse web frame ring.
2016
PART 3
1.10 A single vertical ladder over 6 m in length is acceptable 2.7 For bilge hopper tanks of which the height is less than 6
for the inspection of the hold side frames in a single skin m, alternative means as defined in paragraph 8.6.3.9 of
construction. the Technical provisions or portable means may be util-
ised in lieu of the permanent means of access. Such
1.11 For double-side skin construction no vertical ladders for means of access are to be demonstrated that they can be
the inspection of the cargo hold surfaces are required. deployed and made readily available in the areas where
Inspection of this structure is to be provided from within needed.
the double hull space.
Double-skin side tanks
2.8 Permanent means of access are to be provided in accor-

dance with the applicable sections of Table 8.6.3.1.
Fore peak tanks
2.9 For fore peak tanks with a depth of 6 m or more at the

centreline of the collision bulkhead, a suitable means of
access are to be provided for access to critical areas such
as the underdeck structure, stringers, collision bulkhead
and side shell structure.
2.9.1 Stringers of less than 6 m in vertical distance
from the deck head or a stringer immediately
above are considered to provide suitable access
in combination with portable means of access.
2.9.2 In case the vertical distance between the deck
head and stringers, stringers or the lowest
stringer and the tank bottom is 6 m or more, al-
ternative means of access as defined in para-
graph 8.6.3.9 of the Technical provisions are to
be provided.
Note:
1) For ore carriers, permanent means of access are to be provided in accordance with the applicable sections of Table 8.6.3.1 and
Table 8.6.3.2.
2016
PART 3
window at the position under consideration and ac-

ANNEX A SPECIAL tual area of the clear light opening.
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE If such windows are easily accessible from the
PASSENGER SHIPS IN protected spaces they can be provided with removable
weathertight covers (blanking plates) kept in sea lashing insi-
DOMESTIC SERVICE CLASS "D" de that watertight compartment or in its immediate vicinity
instead of hinged inside deadlights.
A.1 GENERAL A.3 WINDOWS IN THE

EXTERNAL WALLS OF THE
A.1.1 Requirements of this Section apply to passen- SUPERSTRUCTURE OR DECKHOUSES
ger ships in domestic service class "D" operating exclusively
in the area of navigation 6 and 7, in the period from April 1 NOT LEADING TO COMPARTMENTS
to October 31, and carrying passengers on a daily trips or car- WHICH ARE INCLUDED IN
rying not more than 36 cabin passengers STABILITY CALCULATIONS
A.2 WINDOWS IN THE SIDE A.3.1 Glass intended for ship's windows shall be
SHELL PLATING, EXTERNAL safety toughened glass approved by the Register.
SUPERSTRUCTURE AND A.3.2 For arrangement and thickness of the glass ISO
FORECASTLE BULKHEADS LEADING standard 11336-1 may be accepted.
TO COMPARTMENTS WHICH ARE A.3.3 In order to accept the windows it is necessary
INCLUDED IN STABILITY the following:
CALCULATIONS - the drawings of the windows are to be submitted
for approval;
- that the arrangement of the window onboard com-
A.2.1 Glass intended for ship's windows shall be plies with the approved documentation;
safety toughened glass approved by the Register. - the verification of the windows arrangement in re-
lation to approved documentation is to be carried
A.2.2 In order to accept the windows it is necessary out;
the following:
- after installation onboard the weathertightness tes-
- the drawings of the windows are to be submitted ting (hose test) in accordance with the requirements
for approval; in 1.2.4.2, in the presence of Register's surveyor is
- that the arrangement of the window onboard com- to be carried out. The test pressure required by Sec-
plies with the approved documentation; tion 1.2.4.2 can be reduced to the equivalent of 2 m
- the verification of the windows arrangement in re- of water column height at the hose outlet. For the
lation to approved documentation is to be carried windows on the upper decks outside the bow
out; exposed areas (more than 7 m behind the forward
collision bulkhead) test pressure may be further re-
duced to a minimum ("spraying" around the
ting (hose test) in accordance with the Rules, Part 3
window frame).
- Hull equipment, 1.2.4.2, in the presence of
Register's surveyor is to be carried out. A.3.4 In the drawings of the windows shall be speci-
fied: dimensions of clear light openings, glass thicknesses,
A.2.3 In the drawings of the windows shall be speci-
opening type /non-opening type, frame materials, the method
fied: dimensions of clear light openings, glass thicknesses,
of fastening, sealing arrangements and the type of glass.
opening type / non-opening type, frame materials, the method
of fastening, sealing arrangements and the type of glass. A.3.5 As a basis for approval the following to be su-
bmitted: an individual Register's approval for such or similar
A.2.4 As a basis for approval the following to be su-
windows, appropriate standard or type approval according to
which the windows are made or submit documentation with
windows, appropriate standard or type approval according to
construction details for approval.
which the windows are made or submit documentation with
construction details for approval. A.3.6 The required thicknesses of toughened safety
glass panes in standard rectangular windows above weather
A.2.5 The manufacturer shall be approved by the Re-
deck are given in Table A.3.6 as a function of the standard si-
gister or by other recognized classification society (member
zes of clear light (final approval thickness may be different
of IACS).
from those in the Table A.3.6):
A.2.6 Based on special consideration Register can ac-
cept the oval windows at the places where the side scuttles
are required provided that they comply with the following
requirements:
- the lower edge of the opening must be located at le-
ast 600 mm above the freeboard deck; and
- thickness of toughened glass shall be at least 30%
higher than those required by the Rules for the
2016
PART 3
Table A.3.6 Table A.4.2

Nominal sizes (clear light) Thickness of toughened Clear light diameter, in Thickness of toughened
of rectangular window, in glass, in [mm] [mm] glass, in [mm]
[mm]
200 8
300 x 500 6
250 8
355 x 500 6
300 10
400 x 560 6
350 12
450 x 630 6
400 12
500 x 710 6
450 15
560 x 800 7
900 x 630 8
Acceptance of the openings with surface
1000 x 710 8 exceeding 0,16 m2 is subject to special consideration and ap-
proval of the Register.
1100 x 800 9
The Register reserves the right to limit the sizes A.5 WOODEN FRAMES ON THE
of the windows or to require increased thickness of the glass
of windows that are located on the front wall of the super- SALON WINDOWS
structure.
A.5.1 The wooden frames on the salon window are
A.3.7 The use of other materials (except toughened generally acceptable.
safety glass) may be approved provided that the required
thickness of the toughened glass is increased by 1.3 times for
polycarbonate panels, or 1.5 times of acrylic sheets. A.6 EXTERNAL DOORS ON THE
MAIN DECK LEADING TO
The thickness of the laminated glass is not to be less than the COMPARTMENTS BELOW THE MAIN
value given by following formula:
DECK
t2e = t2i1 + t2i2 + ... t2in
A.6.1 External doors on the main deck leading to
where: compartments below the main deck shall be weathertight.
te = equivalent thickness of the monolithic Alternatively, if the doors are not weathertight,
glass; the companionways to the ship's spaces located below the
ti = the thickness of a single plate in the lami- main deck can be protected by a weathertight cover behind
nate; the door and openable from both sides (eg. companionway to
n = the total number of laminated panes. the machinery space).
A.6.2 In order to accept the doors it is necessary the
A.4 SIDESCUTTLES BELOW THE following:
MAIN DECK - the drawings of the doors are to be submitted for
approval;
A.4.1 The sidescuttles below the main deck shall be - that the arrangement of the doors onboard complies
made in accordance with the requirements of Rules, Part 3 - with the approved documentation;
Hull equipment, 7.2. - after installation on board the weathertightness tes-
A.4.2 The required thicknesses of toughened safety ting (hose test) in accordance with the Rules, Part 3
glass for openings below the weather deck having surfaces - Hull equipment, 1.2.4.2, in the presence of
not exceeding 0,16m2 are given in Table A.4.2 as a function Register's surveyor is to be carried out.
of the standard sizes of clear light (final approval thickness A.6.3 In the drawings of the doors shall be specified:
may be different from those in the Table A.4.2): dimensions of clear light openings, opening direction, wing
and frame materials, the method of fastening, closing and se-
aling arrangements.
A.6.4 As a basis for approval the following to be su-
doors, appropriate standard or type approval according to
which the doors are made or submit documentation with con-
struction details for approval.
A.6.5 All doors shall be fitted with a self closing de-
vices. All doors must be fitted with a gasket. Self closing de-
vice can be replaced by a clearly visible inscription "close af-
ter passing" on both sides of the door.
2016
PART 3
A.6.6 In addition to the above for the wooden or fi- A.9 CERTIFICATES OF THE
berglass (non-metallic) door on the subject positions
following permanent remark (mem) shall be entered in the MOORING EQUIPMENT (BOLLARDS,
ship's documents: FAIRLEADERS ETC.)
"The external doors on the main deck leading to
compartments below the main deck - at each annual survey A.9.1 Bollards, chocks and fairleads shall be at least
the weathertightness testing (hose test) in accordance with the in accordance with SB standards and made by an approved
Rules, Part 3 - Hull equipment, 1.2.4.2, in the presence of manufacturer (or shipyard). Upon completion of the works
Register's surveyor is to be carried out". the manufacturer's certificate should be issued.
A.9.2 If this is the case in the drawing "Anchoring
A.7 EXTERNAL DOORS ON THE and mooring plan" is sufficient to state a reference to the ap-
MAIN DECK NOT LEADING TO plied SB standard.
COMPARTMENTS BELOW THE MAIN A.9.3 If a given design is not according to SB stan-
DECK AND NOT ARE INCLUDED IN dards, it shall be demonstrated equivalence of the design (by
submitting for approval detailed technical documentation for
STABILITY CALCULATIONS each mooring element, then to build it by approved manufac-
turers and, finally, to properly test it) to, consequently, be re-
A.7.1 In order to accept the doors it is necessary the garded as equivalent to relevant SB standard (for appliance at
following: passenger ships in domestic service, area of navigation 6).
- the drawings of the doors are to be submitted for
approval; A.10 ACCEPTANCE OF THE
- that the arrangement of the doors onboard complies ATTESTATION OF THE ANCHORING
with the approved documentation;
EQUIPMENT (ANCHORS AND CHAIN
- the verification of the doors arrangement in relation
to approved documentation is to be carried out; CABLES)
A.10.1 In order to accept the anchors and chain cables
ting (hose test) in accordance with the requirements
it is necessary the following:
in 1.2.4.2, in the presence of Register's surveyor is
to be carried out. The test pressure required by Sec- - the drawings Anchoring arrangement and Calcula-
tion 1.2.4.2 can be reduced to the equivalent of 2 m tion of equipment number are to be submitted for
of water column height at the hose outlet. For the approval;
doors on the upper decks outside the bow exposed - that the anchoring arrangement onboard complies
areas (more than 7 m behind the forward collision with the approved documentation;
bulkhead) test pressure may be further reduced to a - the verification of the anchoring arrangement in re-
minimum ("spraying" around the door frame). lation to approved documentation is to be carried
A.7.2 In the drawings of the doors shall be specified: out
dimensions of clear light openings, opening direction, wing A.10.2 Anchors and chains shall be of an approved
and frame materials, the method of fastening, closing and se- type (they must have Register's certificates or certificates of
aling arrangements. any other recognized classification society (a member of IA-
A.7.3 As a basis for approval the following to be su- CS) issued on behalf of the CRS).
bmitted: an individual Register's approval for such or similar A.10.3 The length of anchor chain cables shall be in
doors, appropriate standard or type approval according to accordance with the calculated equipment number.
which the doors are made or submit documentation with con-
struction details for approval. A.10.4 The mass of anchors shall be in accordance
with the calculated equipment number.
A.8 WOODEN FRAMES OF THE
A.10.5 The procedure in case of re-attestation of the
DOORS anchors that do not have the appropriate
certificate
A.8.1 Wooden frame shall be properly attached to the
surrounding structure with the screws, and to justified that A.10.5.1 For all anchors the following tests shall be car-
door wings and wooden frames will not be twisted or ried out:
otherwise deformed in use, the wood shall be adequately stif-
fened (with metal fittings on the door leaf, as appropriate) - visual inspection and control of dimensions: dimen-
and surface protected. sion values must be within the tolerances specified
in the Rules, Part 25 - Metallic materials, 6.3.1;
A.8.2 The frame, together with the doors shall be - non-destructive testing (NDE): fabrication welds,
weathertight tested in accordance with the Rules, Part 3 - local weld repairs, feeders and risers of castings
Hull equipment, 1.2.4.2, in the presence of Register's should be tested by PT or MT method;
surveyor.
- proof load test: all anchors are to be tested by proo
A.8.3 Testing of tightness of external doors with f load exceeding 33% of that which is stated in the
wooden frames on the main deck leading to below the main Rules, Part 3 - Hull equipment, Table 3.3.5.9-1 for
deck during ship's service shall be in accordance with the normal anchor equal weight. As example, for the
requirements of Section A.6.7. high holding power anchor of 360 kg of the mass
2016
PART 3
proof load is 1.33 x 90.6 kN which amounts to les based on above shall be submitted to the Register for ap-
120.5 kN. proval.
A.10.5.2 If all anchors meet the above tests is necessary
to select at least one anchor of each type of anchor for further A.11 STRUCTURAL TEST OF
destructive testing. CHAIN LOCKERS
Tests of the anchors parts are set forth in the
Rules, Part 25 - Metallic materials, 6.4.2. A.11.1 If a conventional anchor chain locker is not fit-
Parts of anchors that should be tested are: ted onboard (separate watertight and drained area in which
anchor chain are stowed), then there are no special
- Fluke;
requirements for its pressing by filling water column in order
- Shank; to determine the structural integrity.
- Trunnion pin;
A.11.2 However, since the chain locker always should
- Shackle; be dray at the bottom of such space below the chain should
- Shackle pin. be placed grids (may be wooden grid), below which should
be the opening for the outflow of water in the bilge, or into a
A.10.5.3 The above tests are given under the assumption separate chamber where it will be drain by pump.
that all parts of the anchor are castings.
A.11.3 However, in this case, such a space for the
A.10.5.4 Before starting the test procedure a detailed stowage of the chain cable (in front of the forward collision
plan for the required inspection and testing of anchors based bulkhead or its continuation above the main bulkhead deck)
on above shall be submitted to the Register for approval. should be tested, depending on the basic categorization of
that space. Requirements for the testing of certain types of
A.10.6 The procedure in case of re-attestation of the spaces are explained in detail in the Rules, Part 2 - Hull, Tab-
anchor chain cables that do not have the le 11.6.1.
appropriate certificate
A.10.6.1 For all anchor chain cables in according to su-

A.12 CHAIN STOPPERS
bmitted list the visual inspection and control of dimensions is
to be carried out. Dimension values must be within the tole-
rances specified in the Rules, Part 25 - Metallic materials, A.12.1 Instead of testing of the chain stopper an
7.2 and 7.3. equivalent technical solution can be accepted. For this purpo-
se a complete calculation of the stopper, including solution of
It is necessary to determine the diameter of the the securing of stopper's self-unlocking and other
chain and the composition of the chain, as appropriate: accompanying technical documentation (connection of the
- how the individual chain lengths are interconnected stopper with the deck construction and under deck reinforce-
if the chain cable is not in one piece, ments in way of the stopper) should be submitted to the Re-
- type and number of joining shackle (kenter) and gister for approval.
the end link, After the approval of the technical documenta-
- chain links with anchor shackle, tion and stopper is installed on the ship the Register has to
check the stoppers arrangement in relation to approved do-
- type and number of swivels in the chain.
cumentation and, if required, carry out testing.
A.10.6.2 After the test with acceptable results it is
necessary on the part of the chain length of about 2 m for all
diameters chains to perform the following tests:
- tensile test with proof loads (proof and breaking lo-
ad to be calculated in according to the Rules, Part
25 - Metallic materials, Table 7.4.1.2.);
- the chain cable is to be subjected to a proof load
for the category CRS-L2;
- the chain cable is to be subjected to a breaking load
for the category CRS-L2;
- testing of mechanical properties (as defined in the
Rules, Part 25 - Metallic Materials, 7.4.3);
- chemical analysis.
Tests of individual chain lengths of the chain
cable are given in the Rules, Part 25 - Metallic Materials,
7.4.
A.10.6.3 All samples shall be taken and marked in the
presence of Register's surveyor.
A.10.6.4 For all anchors and anchor chains is necessary
to calculate the test loads in accordance with the applicable
sections of the Rules.
A.10.6.5 Before starting the test procedure a detailed
plan for the required inspection and testing of the anchor cab-
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Rules For The Classification of Ships, Pt. 3, 2016

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RULES

FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF

Part 3 – HULL EQUIPMENT

CROATIAN REGISTER OF SHIPPING

RULES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS

REVIEW OF AMENDMENTS IN RELATION TO PREVIOUS

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)

3 ANCHORING ARRANGEMENT .....................................................................................................................23

4 MOORING ARRANGEMENT ..........................................................................................................................34

5 TOWING ARRANGEMENT .............................................................................................................................36

6 SIGNAL MASTS .................................................................................................................................................43

7 OPENINGS IN HULL, SUPERSTRUCTURES AND DECKHOUSES AND THEIR CLOSING

8 ARRAGNEMENT AND EQUIPMENT OF SHIP'S SPACES ......................................................................100

ANNEX A SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PASSENGER SHIPS IN DOMESTIC SERVICE

1.2.2.2 Subdivision length of ship (Ls) - the length, in

.4 loose gear of masts and rigging (shackles, Table 1.3.5-1

1.4 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES

2 RUDDER σF = yield stress of material used, in

2.1.1 Basic assumptions 2.1.4 Welding and design details

2.1.6 Rudder area b2

2.2 RUDDER FORCE AND

2.2.2 Rudder blades with cut-outs

k2 2.2.2.1 The total rudder force CR is to be calculated ac-

Flat side profiles

High lift rudders To be spe-

QR2 = CR2 ⋅ r2 , [Nm] The equivalent stress is to be determined by the

2.5.3.3 Minimum section modulus of the connection

The section modulus of the cross-section of the

The increased thickness is to extend below the

2.5.4 Single plate rudders

2.5.4.1 Mainpiece diameter

2.6 RUDDER STOCK COUPLINGS

2.6.1 Horizontal flange couplings

2.6.1.1 The diameter of the coupling bolts is not to be

tf = 0.9⋅db , [mm]; 2.6.2.1 The diameter of coupling bolts is not to be less

2.6.4.3 Push-up length

1.6 ⋅ ReH ⋅ d m 0.8 ⋅ Rtm , [mm]

2.8.1.2 Pintle bearing 2.8.4 Bearing clearances

2.9.1 General  l ⋅ (2 x1 + x2 )  , [Nm],

2.9.2 Spade rudder

2.9.2.1 Data for the analysis

Figure 2.9.2 Spade rudder

Load of rudder body:

Figure 2.9.3 Spade rudder with trunk

Figure 2.9.4 Rudder supported by sole piece

Figure 2.9.5 -1 Semi spade rudder with one elastic support

Figure 2.9.5 -1 Rudder horn

 λ3 λ2 (d − λ ) λ (d − λ )2 (d − λ )3  e 2 d 2.9.6.3 Rudder horn bending moment

FT = mean of areas enclosed by outer and inner QH = FA1

2.9.6.2 Moments and forces - above the rudder horn upper-bearing:

FA1, FA2 = support forces, in [N],

e(z) = torsion lever, in [m], defined in M T ⋅10 3

τS = shear stress, in [N/mm2], to be obtained from MH

Figure 2.9.6 -1 Semi spade rudder with one elastic support

Figure 2.9.6 -2 Rudder horn

2.10 PROPELLER NOZZLES

The following requirements are applicable to

2.10.2 Design pressure Figure 2.10.2