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    Matrix Introduction

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    Introduction about matrix, types of Matrix, Operations on Matrices and problems

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    Matrix Introduction

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    anuradha
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    Introduction about matrix, types of Matrix, Operations on Matrices and problems

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    Introduction about matrix, types of Matrix, Operations on Matrices and problems

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    18 views10 pages

    Matrix Introduction

    Uploaded by

    anuradha
    Introduction about matrix, types of Matrix, Operations on Matrices and problems

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    INTRODUCTION OF MATRICES

    DEFINITION 1
    A rectangular arrangement of mxn numbers, in m rows and n columns and enclosed
    with in a bracket is called a matrix. We shall denote matrices by capital letters as A, B, C etc.

    Remark: A matrix is not just a collection of elements but every element has assigned a
    definite position in a particular row and column.
    2.2. SPECIAL TYPES OF MATRICES
    SQUARE MATRIX
    A matrix in which numbers of rows are equal to number of columns is called a square
    matrix.
    Example:

    DIAGONAL MATRIX

    A square matrix A= is called a diagonal matrix if each of its non-diagonal element


    is zero.

    That is and at least one element .


    Example:

    IDENTITY MATRIX
    A diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are equal to 1 is called identity matrix and

    denoted by .
    That is
    Example:

    UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX


    A square matrix said to be an Upper triangular matrix if .
    Example:

    LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX


    A square matrix said to be a Lower triangular matrix if.
    Example:

    SYMMETRIC MATRIX

    A square matrix A= said to be a symmetric if for all i and j.


    Example:

    SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX

    A square matrix A= said to be a skew-symmetric if for all i and j.


    Example:
    ZERO MATRIX
    A matrix whose all elements are zero is called as Zero Matrix and order Zero matrix
    denoted by .

    Example:

    ROW VECTOR
    A matrix consists a single row is called as a row vector or row matrix.
    Example:

    COLUMN VECTOR
    A matrix consists a single column is called a column vector or column matrix.
    Example:

    2.3. MATRIX ALGEBRA


    Equality of two matrices:
    Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if
    I. They are of same order.
    II. Their corresponding elements are equal.
    That is if A= then
    for all i and j.
    SCALAR MULTIPLE OF A MATRIX

    Let k be a scalar the n scalar product of matrix A= given denoted

    by kA and given by kA = or
    ADDITION OF TWO MATRICES
    Let A = and are two matrices with same order then sum of the
    two matrices are given by

    Example: Let

    and .
    Find (i) 5B (ii) A+B (iii) 4A –2B (iv) 0A

    MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES


    Two matrices A and B are said to be confirmable for product AB if number of

    columns in A is equal to the number of rows in matrix B. Let A =


    be two matrices the product matrix C= AB, is matrix of order m r where

    Example: Let and


    Calculate (i) AB (ii) BA
    (iii) AB=BA?
    INTEGRAL POWER OF MATRICES
    Let A be a square matrix of order n, and m be positive integer then we define
    (m times multiplication)
    PROPERTIES OF THE MATRICES
    Let A, B and C are three matrices and are scalars then
    1. Associative Law

    2. Distributive law
    3. Associative Law
    4. Associative Law
    5. Associative Law
    6. Distributive law
    TRANSPOSE

    The transpose of matrix A = , written ( is the matrix


    obtained by writing the rows of A in order as columns.

    That is .
    PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE

     =A

     =k for scalar k

    Example:

    , A is symmetric by the definition of symmetric matrix.


    Then

    That is .
    A square matrix A is said to be skew- symmetric if
    Example:

    (i) and are both symmetric.

    (ii) is a symmetric matrix.

    (iii) is a skew-symmetric matrix

    (iv) If A is a symmetric matrix and m is any positive integer then is also


    symmetric.
    (v) If A is skew symmetric matrix then odd integral powers of A is skew
    symmetric, while positive even integral powers of A is symmetric.
    If A and B are symmetric matrices then
    (vi) is symmetric.

    (vii) is skew-symmetric.
    Exercise: Verify the (i), (ii) and (iii) using the following matrix A

    2.4. DETERMINANT, MINOR AND ADJOINT MATRICES


    DEFINITION
    Let A= be a square matrix of order n, then the number called determinant
    of the matrix A.

    (i) Determinant of 2 2 matrix

    Let A= then = =
    (ii) Determinant of 3 3 matrix

    Let B=

    Then =

    Exercise: Calculate the determinants of the following matrices

    (i) (ii)
    PROPERTIES OF THE DETERMINANT
    a. The determinant of a matrix A and its transpose are equal.
    b. Let A be a square matrix
    (i) If A has a row(column)of zeros then
    (ii) If A has two identical rows (or columns) then
    c. If A is triangular matrix then is product of the diagonal elements.

    d. If A is a square matrix of order n and k is a scalar then


    SINGULAR MATRIX
    If A is square matrix of order n, the A is called singular matrix when and
    non- singular otherwise.

    MINOR AND COFACTORS

    Let A = is a square matrix. Then denote a sub matrix of A with


    order (n-1) (n-1) obtained by deleting its row and column. The
    determinant is called the minor of the element of A. The cofactor of
    denoted by and is equal to .

    Exercise: Let
    (i) Compute determinant of A.
    (ii) Find the cofactor matrix.
    ADJOINT MATRIX
    The transpose of the matrix of cofactors of the element of A denoted by is
    called adjoin of matrix A.

    Example: Find the adjoint matrix of the above example.


    Theorem
    For any square matrix A,
    where I an identity matrix of same order.
    Proof: Let A =
    Since A is a square matrix of order n, then also in same order.
    Consider

    then
    Now consider the product

    (as we know that and

    when )

    Where is unit matrix of order n.

    Theorem: If A is a non-singular matrix of order n, then


    Proof: By the theorem1
    Theorem: If A and B are two square matrices of order n then

    Proof: By the theorem 1

    Therefore

    Consider ,

    …................(i)

    Also consider

    ……………..(ii)

    Therefore from (i) and (ii) we conclude that

    Some results of adjoint

    (i) For any square matrix A

    (ii) The adjoint of an identity matrix is the identity matrix.


    (iii) The adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix.
    2.5. INVERSE OF A MATRIX AND ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS
    INVERSE OF A MATRIX
    Definition
    If A and B are two matrices such that ,then each is said to be inverse of the
    other. The inverse of A is denoted by .

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