C Programming (CSC110)

Sulav Nepal
Email: nep.sulav@live.com
Contact No.: 9849194892
Master’s in Computer Information System (MCIS) – Pokhara University
Bachelor of Science. Computer Science & Information Technology (B.Sc. CSIT) – Tribhuwan University
Microsoft Technology Associate (MTA): Windows Server Administration Fundamentals
Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS): Windows Server 2008 R2, Server Virtualization
Microsoft Specialist (MS): Programming in HTML5 with JavaScript and CSS3
Microsoft Students Partner (MSP) 2012 for Nepal
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B
Y not ENGLISH nor NEPALI B
Y

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A Welcome to C Programming Language L
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Syllabus E
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A  UNIT 1: Problem Solving with Computer A
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o Problem Analysis D

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o Algorithms and Flowchart
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L o Coding, Compilation, & Execution L
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o History of C
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P o Structure of C program P
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o Debugging,Testing & Documentation
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UNIT 1
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D D

B B
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S PROBLEM SOLVING WITH COMPUTER S

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E Introduction R
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A
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 Number of problems in our daily life. A
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 Suppose we have to calculate Simple Interest.
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S  Suppose we have to prepare a mark sheet. S

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A A
V  A computer is a DUMB machine. V

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P  A computer cannot do anything alone without software. i.e. P
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L Program. A
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E Introduction R
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 A software is a set of programs written to solve a particular problem. E
D

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Y  Program is a set of instructions on the basis of which computer gives Y

S output/result. S
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V  If the instructions are not correct, the computer gives wrong result. V

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E Never Ever Forget R
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 Just writing code is not sufficient to solve a problem. E
D

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Y  Program must be planned before coding in any computer language Y

S available. S
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A A
V  There are many activities to be done before and after writing code. V

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E Types of Programming Languages R
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A  Machine Level Language A
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 Language that a computer actually understands (1’s and 0’s)
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D  Sequence of instructions written in the form of binary numbers D
 Executes fast as computer don’t need any translation
B B
Y Y
 Assembly Language
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 Symbolic representation of machine code S
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L  Close to machine code but the computer cannot understand L
A  Must be translated into machine code by a separate program called an A
V assembler V

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E  High Level Language E
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A
 Similar to natural language resulting to ease in learning and writing
A
L  While execution: translated into assembly language then to machine language L
 Slow in execution but is efficient for developing programs
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E Overview to C Programming R
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A  We can assume C as middle level language A
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D  This doesn’t mean C is less powerful or harder to use or less developed D

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Y  Instead C combines the advantages of high level language with the Y

S
functionalism of assembly language
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 Like high level, C provides block structures, stand-alone functions and L
A A
V small amount of data typing V

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E  Like assembly language, C allows manipulations of bits, bytes, pointers and
E
P it is mostly used in system programming P
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 Combination of two aspects
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P
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Stages while solving a problem using P
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P computer E
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A  Problem Analysis A
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 Algorithm Development
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 Flowcharting
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L  Coding L
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N  Compilation & Execution

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A  Debugging & Testing A
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10  Documentation 12/25/2023 8:00 AM

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Stages while solving a problem using P
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P computer E
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E Problem Analysis R
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 Process of becoming familiar with the problem A
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 We need to analyze and understand it well before solving
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S  The user’s requirements cannot be fulfilled without clear S

U U
L understanding of his/her problem in depth L
A A
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N  Inadequate identification of problem may cause program less useful N

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and insufficient E
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 Example: Banking Solution, Hospital Medical Study
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E Algorithm Development R
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A  Step by step description of the method to solve a problem A
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 Effective procedure for solving a problem in finite number of steps
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 Developing an algorithm is a step of program design
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A  Example:An algorithm to find sum of two numbers: A
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 Step 1: Start
N  Step 2: Declare variables num1, num2, and sum N
E E
P  Step 3: Read values num1 and num2 P
A  Step 4:Add num1 and num2 and assign the result to sum A
L L
 Step 5: Display sum 𝑠𝑢𝑚 ← 𝑛𝑢𝑚1 + 𝑛𝑢𝑚2
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E Algorithm Development R
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A  Three features of Algorithm: A
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D  Sequence D
 Each step in the algorithm is executed in specified order. If not algorithm will fail.
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 Decision
S  We have to make decision to do something
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U  If the outcome of the decision is true, one thing is done otherwise other U
L If condition then process1 L
A OR A
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If condition then process1 Else process2
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E  Repetition E
P Repeat P
A A
L Fill water in kettle
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Until Kettle is full
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E Flowcharting R
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A A
R  Graphical representation of an algorithm using standard symbols R
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B  Includes a set of various standard shaped boxes that are

B
Y interconnected by flow lines Y

S S
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L  Flow lines have arrows (direction of flow) L
A A
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N  Activities are written within boxes in English N

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L  Communicates between programmers and business persons L

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E Flowcharting - Advantages R
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A  Communication – quickly provide logic, ideas, and descriptions of A
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E algorithms E
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B  Effective Analysis – clear overview of the entire problem B

Y Y

S  Proper Documentation – documents the steps followed in an algorithm and S

U U
L helps us understand its logic in future L
A A
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 Efficient Coding – more ease with comprehensive flowchart as a guide
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P  Easy in Debugging & Program Maintenance – debugging and maintenance P
A A
L of operating program L

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E Flowchart Symbols R
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E Flowchart – Things to Consider R
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 There should be start and stop to the flowchart E
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Y  Only one flow line should emerge from a process symbol Y

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L  Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol, but two or three L
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V flow lines can leave the decision symbol V

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E Example – Sum of Two Numbers R
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 Algorithm A
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E  Step 1: Start E
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Y  Step 2: Display “Enter two numbers”
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U  Step 3: Read 𝐴 and 𝐵 U
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 Step 4: 𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 V

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P  Step 5: Display “𝐶 as sum of two numbers” P
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 Step 6: Stop
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E Example – Sum of Two Numbers R
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 Flowchart A
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E Coding R
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A  The process of transforming the program logic design into computer A
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E language format E
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B  An act of transforming operations in each box of the flowchart in terms of B

Y the statement of the program Y

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L  The code written using programming language is also known as source
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A code A
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N  Coding isn’t the only task to be done to solve a problem using computer. N
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L Anyone can code.TRUST ME !! L

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E Compilation R
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 Process of changing high level language into machine level language A
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 It is done by special software, called Compiler
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S  The compilation process tests the program whether it contains syntax S

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L errors or not L
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N  If syntax errors are present, compiler can not compile the code. N
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E Execution R
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 Once the compilation is completed then the program is linked with E
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other object programs needed for execution, there by resulting in a
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Y binary program and then the program is loaded in the memory for Y
the purpose of execution and finally it is executed
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A  The program may ask user for inputs and generates outputs after A
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processing the inputs
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E Debugging and Testing R
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 Debugging is the discovery and correction of programming errors. E
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Y  Some errors may remain in the program because the Y

S designer/programmer might have never thought about a particular S

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case. U
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 When error appears debugging is necessary.
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E Debugging and Testing R
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 Testing ensures that program performs correctly the required task A
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 Verification ensures that program does what the programmer intends
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Y to do Y

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L  Validation ensures that the program produces the correct results for a L
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set of test data A
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E  Test data are supplied to the program and output is observed E
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 Expected output = Error free
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E Program Documentation R
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 Helps to those who use, maintain, and extend the program in future E
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Y  A program may be difficult to understand even to programmer who Y

S wrote the code after some days S

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V  Properly documented program is necessary which will be useful and V

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efficient in debugging, testing, maintenance, and redesign process
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E Program Documentation - Types R
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 Programmer’s Documentation (Technical Documentation) E
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 Maintain, redesign, and upgrade
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Y  Logic, DFD, ER Diagram, algorithm, & flowchart Y

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L  User Documentation (User Manual) L
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 Support to the user of the program A
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 Instructions for installation of the program
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E History of C Programming R
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A  C is a programming language which was born at “AT & T’s Bell Laboratory” A
R of USA in 1972 R
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 C was written by Dennis Ritchie, that’s why he is also called as father of C
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Y programming language
Y

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U  C language was created for a specific purpose i.e. designing UNIX
U
L operating system (which is currently base of many UNIX based OS) L
A A
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 From the beginning, C was intended to be useful to allow busy
N programmers to get things done because C is such a powerful, dominant N
E and supple language E
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L  Its use quickly spread beyond Bell Labs in the late 70’s L

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E Why use C? R
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A  Robust language A
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 Efficient and fast
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 Highly portable
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N  Extendibility
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A  Middle level language A
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E Basic Structure of C Program R
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E Basic Structure of C Program R
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 Document Section A
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E  Sets of comment line giving the name of program, the author, E
D D
algorithms, methods used, and other details
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 Acts as a communication between members of the development team
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 Acts as user manual L
A
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N  Example: /* This program adds two numbers */ N

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E Basic Structure of C Program R
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A
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 Link Section A
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E  Provides instructions to the compiler to link functions with program E
D D
from the system library
B B
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 Example: #include<stdio.h>
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U  Links input/output functions like printf() and scanf() with the program
U
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A A
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E Basic Structure of C Program R
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 Definition Section A
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E  In this section all symbolic constants are defined E
D D

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Y  This section may be included or excluded while writing a C program
Y

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U  Example: U
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A #define PI 3.1416
A
V #define FORMULA 3*x*x*x+2*x*x V

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E Basic Structure of C Program R
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 Global Declaration Section A
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E  The variables which are used in more than one functions or blocks are E
D D
called global variables
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 This section also declares all the user-defined functions
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A
 This section may be included or excluded while writing a C program L
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E Basic Structure of C Program R
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 Main() Function Section A
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E  Every C program starts with a main() function E
D D
 Declaration part and Executable part
B B
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 Declaration part declares all the variables used in the execution part
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U  int n1;
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L  int n2=5; L
A A
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 Execution part has executable operations like
N N
E  n1=n1+1; E
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 n2=n1*5;
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E Basic Structure of C Program R
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 Subprogram Section A
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E  This section contains all the user-defined functions that are called in E
D D
the main function.
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 All the sections except the main function section may be absent when
S S
U they are not required U
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E First C Program R
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//First program in C A
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#include<stdio.h> E
D

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#include<conio.h>
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Y void main() Y

S { S
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A A
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N } N
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B B
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S
END OF UNIT ONE
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