TRAINING &

DEVELOPMENT

Mrs. Darsana Niranjan M. Phil

Define Training?
 It is a process of increasing the knowledge
and skills for doing a particular job
 It bridges the gap between Existing Skill &
Expected Skill
Difference between Training &
Development

TRAINING DEVELOPMENT
Technical skills Conceptual skills (Leadership)

Non managerial Managerial

Short term Long term

Specific job related Total personality

External motivation Internal Motivation

Benefits of Training to Employees
 Self confidence
 Higher earnings(Income)
 Safety
 Adaptability
 Promotions
 New Skills
Step/Process of Training
 Identifying Training
 Setting Training Policy
 Designing Training Programme
 Conducting Training
 Evaluation/Feedback
Principles of Training
 Clear Training
 Training Policy
 Motivation
 Behavior Modification
 Organize Material
 Medium Learning Periods
 Feedback & Practice
 Appropriate Technique
Methods of Training
On the Job Training
Off the Job Training
On the Job Training
 Under these methods new or inexperienced
employees learn through observing peers or
managers performing the job and trying to
imitate their behaviour
 Do not cost much and are less disruptive as
employees are always on the job, training is
given on the same machines and experience
would be on already approved standards, and
above all the trainee is learning while earning
 Commonly used methods are :
On the Job Training
 Coaching –
 It is a one-to-one training
 It helps in quickly identifying the weak areas
and tries to focus on them
 Benefit of transferring theory learning to
practice
 Biggest problem is that it perpetrates the
existing practices and styles
 In India, most of the scooter mechanics are
trained only through this method
On the Job Training
 Mentoring –
 The focus in this training is on the development
of attitude
 Used for managerial employees
 It is always done by a senior inside person
 It is also one-to- one interaction, like coaching
On the Job Training
 Job rotation-
 It is the process of training employees by
rotating them through a series of related jobs
 Rotation not only makes a person well
acquainted with different jobs, but it also
alleviates boredom and allows to develop
rapport with a number of people
 Rotation must be logical
On the Job Training
 Job Instructional Technique (JIT)-
 It is a Step by step (structured) on the job
training method in which a suitable trainer :
 (a) prepares a trainee with an overview of the
job, its purpose, and the results desired
 (b) demonstrates the task or the skill to the
trainee
 (c) allows the trainee to show the
demonstration on his or her own
 (d) follows up to provide feedback and help
On the Job Training
 Job Instructional Technique (JIT)-
 The trainees are presented the learning material in
written or by learning machines through a series
called ‘frames’
 This method is a valuable tool for all educators
(teachers and trainers)
 It helps us:
 a. To deliver step-by-step instruction
 b. To know when the learner has learned
 c. To be due diligent (in many work-place
environments)
 On the Job Training
 Apprenticeship
 Apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation
of practitioners of a skill
 This method of training is in vogue in those trades,
crafts and technical fields in which a long period is
required for gaining proficiency
 The trainees serve as apprentices to experts for long
periods
 They have to work in direct association with and also
under the direct supervision of their masters
On the Job Training
 Apprenticeship
 The object of such training is to make the
trainees all-round craftsmen
 It is an expensive method of training
 There is no guarantee that the trained worker
will continue to work in the same organization
after securing training
 The apprentices are paid remuneration
according the apprenticeship agreements
On the Job Training
 Understudy
 In this method, a superior gives training to a
subordinate as his understudy like an assistant to
a manager or director (in a film)
 The subordinate learns through experience and
observation by participating in handling day to
day problems
 Basic purpose is to prepare subordinate for
assuming the full responsibilities and duties
Off-the-job Training Methods

 Off-the-job training methods are conducted in

separate from the job environment, study material
is supplied, there is full concentration on learning
rather than performing, and there is freedom of
expression
 Important methods :-
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Lectures and Conferences
 Lectures and conferences are the traditional and direct
method of instruction
 Every training programme starts with lecture and
conference
 It’s a verbal presentation for a large audience
 However, the lectures have to be motivating and
creating interest among trainees
 The speaker must have considerable depth in the
subject
 In the colleges and universities, lectures and seminars
are the most common methods used for training
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Vestibule Training
 Vestibule Training is a term for near-the-job training, as
it offers access to something new (learning)
 An attempt is made to create working condition similar
to the actual workshop conditions
 After training workers in such condition, the trained
workers may be put on similar jobs in the actual
workshop
 This enables the workers to secure training in the best
methods to work and to get rid of initial nervousness
 Duration ranges from few days to few weeks
 It prevents trainees to commit costly mistakes on the
actual machines
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Simulation Exercise –
 Simulation is any artificial environment exactly
similar to the actual situation
 There are four basic simulation techniques used for
imparting training:
 Management games
 Case study
 Role playing
 In-basket training
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Simulation Exercise
 Management games
 Properly designed games help to ingrain thinking
habits, analytical, logical and reasoning
capabilities, importance of team work, time
management, to make decisions lacking complete
information, communication and leadership
capabilities
 Use of management games can encourage novel,
innovative mechanisms for coping with stress
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Simulation Exercise
 Management games
 Management games orient a candidate with
practical applicability of the subject
 These games help to appreciate management
concepts in a practical way
 Different games are used for training general
managers and the middle management and
functional heads – executive Games and
functional heads
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Simulation Exercise
 Case Study
 Case studies are complex examples which give an insight
into the context of a problem as well as illustrating the
main point
 Case Studies are trainee centered activities based on topics
that demonstrate theoretical concepts in an applied setting
 A case study allows the application of theoretical concepts
to be demonstrated, thus bridging the gap between theory
and practice, encourage active learning, provides an
opportunity for the development of key skills such as
communication, group working and problem solving, and
increases the trainees” enjoyment of the topic and hence
their desire to learn
thods
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Simulation Exercise
 Role Playing
 Each trainee takes the role of a person affected by an
issue and studies the impacts of the issues on human life
and/or the effects of human activities on the world
around us from the perspective of that person
 In particular, role-playing presents the student a
valuable opportunity to learn not just the course content,
but other perspectives on it
 The steps involved in role playing include defining
objectives, choose context & roles, introducing the
exercise, trainee preparation/research, the role-play,
concluding discussion, and assessment
 Types of role play may be multiple role play, single role
play, role rotation, and spontaneous role play
Role Playing
 Steps:
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Simulation Exercise
 In Basket Training
 In-basket exercise, also known as in-tray training,
consists of a set of business papers which may
include e-mail SMSs, reports, memos, and other
items
 Now the trainer is asked to priorities the decisions
to be made immediately and the ones that can be
delayed
In- basket Training
Off-the-job Training Methods
 In- basket Training
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Sensitivity Training
 Sensitivity training is also known as laboratory or T-
group training
 This training is about making people understand
about themselves and others reasonably, which is
done by developing in them social sensitivity and
behavioral flexibility
 It is ability of an individual to sense what others feel
and think from their own point of view
 It reveals information about his or her own personal
qualities, concerns, emotional issues, and things that
he or she has in common with other members of the
group
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Sensitivity Training
 A group’s trainer refrains from acting as a group
leader or lecturer, attempting instead to clarify the
group processes using incidents as examples to
clarify general points or provide feedback
 The group action, overall, is the goal as well as
the process
 Sensitivity training Program comprises three
steps:-
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Sensitivity Training
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Transactional Analysis
 It provides trainees with a realistic and useful
method for analyzing and understanding the
behavior of others
 In every social interaction, there is a motivation
provided by one person and a reaction to that
motivation given by another person
 This motivation reaction relationship between two
persons is known as a transaction
 Transactional analysis can be done by the ego
(system of feelings accompanied by a related set of
behaviors states of an individual)
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Transactional Analysis
 Child
 It is a collection of recordings in the brain of an
individual of behaviors, attitudes, and impulses which
come to him/her naturally from his/her own
understanding as a child
 The characteristics of this ego are to be spontaneous,
intense, unconfident, reliant, probing, anxious, etc.
 Verbal clues that a person is operating from its child
state are the use of words like “I guess”, “I suppose”,
etc. and non verbal clues like, giggling, coyness, silent,
attention seeking etc.
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Transactional Analysis
 Parent
 It is a collection of recordings in the brain of an
individual of behaviors, attitudes, and impulses
imposed on her in her childhood from various sources
such as, social, parents, friends, etc.
 The characteristics of this ego are to be overprotective,
isolated, rigid, bossy, etc.
 Verbal clues that a person is operating from its parent
states are the use of words like, always, should, never,
etc and non-verbal clues such as, raising eyebrows,
pointing an accusing finger at somebody, etc.
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Transactional Analysis
 Adult
 It is a collection of reality testing, rational
behaviour, decision making, etc. A person in this
ego state verifies, updates the reaction which she
has received from the other two states. It is a shift
from the taught and felt concepts to tested
concepts.
 All of us show behaviour from one ego state
which is responded to by the other person from
any of these three states.
Off-the-job Training Methods
 Evaluation of training by experimentation or
observation conducted during pre-training/post
training Performance
Appraisal

Potential Training is linked

Development with Promotion

Behaviour
Career Growth & Modification
Advancement