MPSC 2024 Economic Notes 1

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SANKET SIR'S GS CENTRE

1 McZdmT>
àñVmdZm :
dñVyÀ¶m qH$‘Vr dmTw> bmJë¶m H$s AmnU ‘hmJmB© dmT>cr Ago åhUVmo. ‘hmJmB© dmT>Uo åhUOoM MbZdmT> (Inflation) hmoUo.
dñVyMr ‘mJUr dmT>br H$s dñVy ‘hmJ hmoVo, åhUOoM MbZdmT> hmoVo.
ìhoZoPwEbm hm Xoe gwÕm MbZdmT>r‘wio Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>mV gmnS>bm Amho. Am°JñQ> 2020 ‘Ü¶o ìhoZoPwEbmV 2358%
MbZdmT>rMm Xa Zm|Xdbm Amho.
Am¶m©qdJ {’$eaZo gdm©V n{hbo ‘hmJmB© {ZX}em§H$ (Inflation Index) ‘moObm. Am¶m©qdJ {’$ea hm J{UVr¶ Vk hmoVm.
Am¶m©qdJ {’$eaMm {gÕm§V : Equation of Exchange MV = PT
· M åhUOo n¡em§Mm nwadR>m (Money Supply)
· V åhUOo n¡gm {’$aÊ¶mMm doJ (Velocity of Circulation)
· P åhUOo ì¶dhmaMr gamgar qH$‘V (Average Price of Each Transaction)
· T åhUOo ì¶dhmamÀ¶m g§»¶m§Mr [H§$‘V (Number of Transactions Involving Money Payment)
{’$eaMm {gÕm§V åhUOo AW©ì¶dñWoV n¡em§Mm àdmh Am{U ì¶dhmamMr gamgar gmaIrM AgVo. ¶mcmM {’$eaMm n¡em§Mm
g§»¶mË‘H$ {gÕm§V åhUVmV.
MbZdmT>/‘wÐmpñ’$Vr (Inflation) :
bmoH$m§Odi n¡gm dmT>bm H$s bmoH$ dñVy d godm IaoXr H$aVmV Ë¶m‘wio dñVy d godm§Mr ‘mJUr dmT>Vo. ‘mJUr dmT>br H$s
dñVy Am{U godm ‘hmJ hmoVmV.
dñVy d godm ‘hmJ Pmë¶m‘wio Ë¶m IaoXr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r OmñV n¡gm Úmdm bmJVmo åhUOoM n¡í¶mMr qH$‘V H$‘r hmoVo.
MbZdmT>rMo àH$ma :
(A) am§JUmar MbZdmT> (Creeping Inflation) : MbZdmT>rMm Xa 3% d 3% nojm H$‘r AgVmo.
(~) MmbUmar MbZdmT> (Walking / Trotting Inflation) : MbZdmT>rMm Xa 3% Vo 10% ‘Ü¶o AgVmo.
(H$) niUmar MbZdmT> (Running/Galloping Inflation) : MbZdmT>rMm Xa 10% Vo 20% ‘Ü¶o AgVmo.
(S>) ~ogw‘ma MbZdmT> (Hyper/Runaway/Astronomical Inflation) : MbZdmT>rMm Xa 20% nojm OmñV AgVmo.
¶m Mma àH$mamn¡H$s MmbUmar MbZdmT> AW©ì¶dñWoÀ¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ ‘mUbr OmVo. H$maU MbZdmT>r‘wio ‘mJUr
dmTw>Z dñVy d godmÀ¶m CËnmXZmbm MmbZm {‘iVo. ¶m‘wio dñVy CËnmXH$mbm Z’$m {‘iVmo ¶m Zâ¶mVwZ Vmo EImXm Xþgam
ì¶dgm¶ gwê$ H$aVmo ¶m Z{dZ ì¶dgm¶m§gmRr Z{dZ H$m‘JmamMr âVr H$aVmo. ¶m‘wio ~oamoOJmar H$‘r hmoÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoVo.
nU MbZdmT> Oa 10% nojm A{YH$ XamZo Pmbr Va Ë¶m à‘mUmV ‘mJUr dmT>V Zmhr. ‘mJUr dmT>br Zmhr Va {Z{‘©Vr
(Production) H$‘r hmoVo. ¶m‘wio H$m‘mda Agbobo H$m‘Jma H$‘r Ho$bo OmVmV d ~oamoOJmar dmT>Vo Ë¶m‘wio niUmar qH$dm
~ogw‘ma MbZdmT> AW©ì¶dñWoMm {dH$mg H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.
MbZKQ> > - ‘wÐm Adpñ’$Vr (Deflation) :
MbZKQ>> åhUOo dñVyÀ¶m qH$‘Vr H$‘r hmoUo.
~mOmamVrb n¡gm H$‘r Pmbm H$s bmoH$ n¡emMr ~MV H$aVmV d H$‘r dñVy {dH$V KoVmV. ¶m‘wio dñVyMr ‘mJUr H$‘r hmoVo
d ‘mJUr H$‘r Pmë¶m‘wio dñVyMr qH$‘V H$‘r hmoVo d EHy$U AW©ì¶dñWoV ‘§XrMr pñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoVo.
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‘wÐm Anpñ’$Vr (Disinflation) :
dñVyÀ¶m qH$‘V dmT>rÀ¶m XamV KQ> Pmë¶mg {Vbm ‘wÐm Anpñ’$Vr qH$dm (Disinflation) åhUVmV.
Disinflation = (Dis + Inflation) åhUOoM dñVyMr qH$‘V dmT>br Amho nU {VÀ¶m dmT>rÀ¶m XamV KQ> Pmbr Amho åhUOoM
‘wÐm Anpñ’$Vr.
CXm : ‘mJÀ¶m dfu dñVy 100 é Zo dmT>cr ¶m dfu 80 é Zo dmT>cr.
‘wÐm g§pñ’$Vr (Reflation) :
MbZKQ> (Deflation) Pmë¶m‘wio ~mOmamV ‘§Xr {Z‘m©U hmoVo Aí¶mdoir gaH$ma {dÎmr¶ VaVwXrÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo ~mOmamV n¡gm
AmoVVo. ¶m‘wio bmoH$m§OdiMm n¡gm dmT>Vmo. Vo dñVy IaoXr H$am¶bm bmJVmV ¶m‘wio dñVyMr ‘mJUr dmT>Vo d AW©ì¶dñWm
gwYmaVo. emgZ ~mOmamV n¡gm AmoVVo åhUOoM ‘wÐm g§pñ’$Vr (Reflation) hmo¶.
‘wÐm AdnmV (Stagflation) : (Stagnation + Inflation) :
EH$sH$S>o MbZdmT> hmoV Amho ‘mÌ AW©ì¶dñWoMr dmT> hmoV Zmhr.
Ooìhm MbZdmT> 10% nojm OmñV XamZo hmoVo åhUOo dñVyMr qH$‘V Va dmT>Vo nU dñVwÀ¶m ‘mJUrV KQ> hmoVo åhUOoM ‘wÐm
AdnmV (Stagflation) hmo¶. dñVy§Mr qH$‘V dmT>Vo nU amoOJma dmT>V ZmhrV.
MbZdmT>rMo {ZX}em§H$ (Indices for Inflation) :
^maVmV MbZdmT>>rMm Xa ‘moOÊ¶mgmR>r XmoZ à‘wI {ZX}em§H$mMm dmna H$aVmV. (1) KmD$H$ qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ (WPI - Wholesale
Price Index), (2) J«mhH$ qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ (CPI -Consumer Price Index).
(1) KmD$H$ qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ (WPI : Wholesale Price Index) :
· AW©ì¶dñWoVrb KmD$H$ ñWamda (Wholesale ñWamda) bmJUmè¶m {d{dY dñVyÀ¶m qH$‘Vr ‘moOwZ WPI H$mT>bm OmVmo.
· ^maVmÀ¶m dm{UÁ¶ d CÚmoJ ‘§Ìmb¶mVrb (India’s Commerce and Industry Ministry) Am{W©H$ gëbmJma
(Economic Advisor) {d^mJmH$Sw>Z WPI àH$merV Ho$bm OmVmo.
· ^maVmV gd©àW‘ WPI 1942 ‘Ü¶o ‘moObm hmoVm.
· àmo. A{ÔrV goZ H$m¶©XbmÀ¶m (2005) {e’$maer Zwgma 14 gßQ>|~a 2010 nmgyZ KmD$H$ qH$‘VrÀ¶m {ZX}em§H$mMo
AmYma^yV df© 2004-05 ho hmoVo.
· S>m°. gm¡{‘Ì Mm¡Yar H$m¶©JQ>mÀ¶m {e’$maerdéZ (2012) ‘o 2017 ‘Ü¶o 2011-12 ho Z{dZ AmYma^wV df© (Base
Year) pñdH$maÊ¶mV Ambo ¶mV 697 dñVyMm g‘mdoe H$aÊ¶mV Ambm Amho.
· ¶m 697 dñVy‘Ü¶o 117 àmW{‘H$ dñVy, 16 B§YZ JQ>mVrb (B§YZ, {dO, {Xdm, ~ËVr) dñVy, Va 564 CËnmXrV
dñVy AmhoV.
· Owc¡ 2019 ‘Ü¶o H|$Ð gaH$maZo {ZVr Am¶moJmMo gXñ¶ a‘oe Mm§X ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcr EH$ g{‘Vr ñWmnZ Ho$cr.
¶m g{‘VrZo WPI gmR>r ZdrZ AmYma^yV df© (Base Year) gwMdmdo d WPI EodOr PPI (Producer Price Index)
{ZX}em§H$ {dH${gV H$amdo. ho H$m¶© ¶m g{‘Vrcm XoÊ¶mV Amco Amho.
· àmW{‘H$ dñVy … Jhÿ, X>mir, ~Q>mQ>o, A§S>r Aem AÝZ dñVynmgyZ ’$m¶~a Vob {~¶m, I{ZO Vob d BVa Aem 117
dñVyÀ¶m qH$‘Vr {dMmamV KoVmV. EHy$U WPI H$mT>VmZm àmW{‘H$ dñVybm 22.62% ^ma {Xbm Amho.
· B§YZ Am{U COm© … {dO, noQ´>mob, H$moigm, Ho$amo{gZ Aem B§YZ d COm© JQ>mVrb 16 dñVyÀ¶m qH$‘Vr {dMmamV KoVmV.
EHy$U WPI H$mT>VmZm B§YZ d COm©JQ>mbm 13.15% ^ma {Xbm Amho.
· CËnmXH$ dñVy … gmIa, Vob, H$mJX, H$mnS> Aem AÝZ JQ>mnmgyZ ~ZUmè¶m dñVy VgoM YmVy CËnmXZo dmhVyH$ gm{hË¶
‘{eZar Aem EHy$U 564 dñVyÀ¶m qH$‘Vr {dMmamV KoVmV. WPI H$mT>VmZm CËnmXZ JQ>mbm 64.23% ^ma {Xbm Amho.
· WPI {ZXo}em§H$ AmJmoXa Xa AmR>dS>çmbm H$mT>bm OmB© ‘mÌ AmVm Vmo Xa ‘{hÝ¶mbm H$mT>bm OmVmo.
· WPI ‘Ü¶o ’$³V dñVy§Mm g‘mdoe AgVmo. godm§Mm g‘mdoe ZgVmo.
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· WPI ‘Yrb ~hþg§»¶ dñVy Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$À¶m ‘mbmÀ¶m AgVmV. Á¶m gd©gm‘mÝ¶ ‘mUgm§À¶m Cn^moJ dñVy ZgVmV
· 2019 ‘Ü¶o H|$ÐmZo {ZVr Am¶moJmMo gXñ¶ a‘oe Mm§X `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m H$m`©JQ>mZo WPI gmR>r
2017-18 ho ZdrZ AmYma^yV df© gwM{dbo Amho. bdH$aM ho ZdrZ AmYma^yV df© ñdrH$mabo OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm
Amho.
· gmIa, Vob, H$mnS>, H$mJX Aem AÞJQ>mnmgyZ ~ZUmè`m dñVy VgoM agm`Zo, YmVy CËnmXZo, ‘{eZar, dmhVyH$ gm{hË`
Aem EHy$U 564 dñVy§À`m {H$‘Vr Am{U Ë`m§Mo 6,906 qH$‘V Z‘wZo {dMmamV KoVmV.
· 2019 ‘Yrb ñWmnZ Pmboë`m a‘oe Mm§X H$m`©JQ>mZo 2017-18 ho ZdrZ AmYma^yV df© d Ë`mMà‘mUo 697 EodOr
1,176 dñVy (131 àmW{‘H$ dñVy, 19 B§YZ d COm© Am{U 1,026 CËnm{XV dñVy) gwM{dë`m AmhoV. AOyZ `m
{e’$maer ñdrH$maë`m Joboë`m ZmhrV.)
(A) Headline WPI - WPI gmR>r 697 dñVy {dMmamV KoVmV. Ooìhm `m gd© dñVy§À`m {H$‘Vtda AmYm[aV
MbZdmT> ‘moOVmV Voìhm Ë`mbm Headline WPI qH$dm WPI Headline Inflation Ago åhUVmV.
(B) Core WPI - Headline åhUOo ~mhoê$Z {XgUmar Core åhUOo A§VJ©V. darc dñVy§n¡H$s 117 àmW{‘H$ dñVw,
16 B§YZ d D$Om© dñVy VgoM 564 CËnm{XV dñVy§n¡H$s gmIa-H$mJX-H$mnS> `mgma»`m 60 CËnm{XV AÞdñVy
`m§À`m {H$‘Vr‘Üò àmW{‘H$ Vrd« MT>CVma òD$ eH$VmV. `m MT>CVmamMm n[aUm‘ dJiÊ`mgmR>r Cd©[aV 504
dñVy§Mm WPI H$mT>bm OmVmo. Ooìhm `m Cd©[aV 504 dñVy§À`m {H$‘Vtda AmYm[aV MbZdmT> ‘moOVmV Voìhm
Ë`mbm Core WPI qH$dm WPI Core Inflation Ago åhUVmV. CËnmXZ AmYm[aV EImXo YmoaU R>adm`Mo
Pmë`mg Headline nojm Core Inflation Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo.
(C) WPI Food Index - ZdrZ nÕVrZwgma ‘o 2017 ‘Üò hm {ZX}em§H$ Zì`mZo ‘m§S>Ê`mV Ambm Amho. 117
àmW{‘H$ dñVy§n¡H$s 76 AÞdñVy Am{U 564 CËnm{XV dñVy§n¡H$s 60 CËnm{XV AÞdñVy Aem 136 AÞdñVy§Mm
doJim {ZX}em§H$ åhUOo WPI Food Index hmo`. EHy$U WPI n¡H$s `m AÞdñVy§Mm ^mam§e 24.38% Amho.
WPI Mm dmna :
· Real GDP H$mT>VmZm GDP Deflator dmnabm OmVmo. GDP Deflator H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r gÜ`m WPI Mm dmna Ho$bm
OmVmo.
· gaH$mar VWm ImgJr H$ÀÀ`m ‘mbmMr IaoXr, CÚmoJ d ‘{eZar, ~m§YH$m‘, nm`m^yV gw{dYm àH$ën Aem {d{dY
{R>H$mUr H$amì`m bmJUmè`m IaoXrMr a¸$‘ {ZYm©[aV H$aVmZm WPI Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
· ~§Xam§darb Am`mVewëH$, Q>mob, OrdZmdí¶H$ Am¡fYm§À`m {H$‘Vr, drOewëH$ `mgma»`m AZoH$ ~m~r {ZYm©[aV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r WPI Mm dmna hmoVmo.
· a‘oe Mm§X H$m¶©JQ>mZo WPI {ZX}em§H$mV Q>ßß¶mQ>ß¶mZo godm§ZmgwÕm ñWmZ XoÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$cr Amho. VmËnwaË¶m
ñdê$nmV Mm§X H$m¶©JQ>mZo BSPI (Business Service Price Index) {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$cr Amho. g{‘VrZo
Ago 6 BSPI (BSPI - Banking, BSPI-Insurance, BSPI-Securities, BSPI-Telecom, BSPI-Air transport,
BSPI-Railways) gwM{dco AmhoV. ^{dî¶mV ho BSPI ‘yi WPI ‘Ü¶o A§V^y©V H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdoV. Aer {e’$mag Mm§X
H$m¶©JQ>mZo Ho$cr Amho.
(2) J«mhH$ qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ (CPI Consumer Price Index) :
· AW©ì¶dñWoVrb J«mhH$ ñVamda (Retail ñVamda) bmJUmè¶m {d{dY dñVyÀ¶m qH$‘Vr ‘moOwZ CPI H$mT>bm OmVmo.
· CPI H|$Ðr¶ gm§p»¶H$s g§ñWm (CSO - Central Statistical Organisation) àH$merV H$aVo.
· 18 ’o$~«wdmar 2011 nmgyZ J«m{‘U ^mJmgmR>r CPI Rural Am{U ehar ^mJmgmR>r CPI Urban hm {ZX}em§H$ ‘moObm
OmVmo. ¶m XmoÝhr {ZX}em§H$mMr gamgar åhUOo CPI-C (Consumer Price Index - Combined) åhUyZ ‘mZbm OmVmo.
· ’o$~«wdmar 2015 nmgyZ 2012 ho AmYma^wV df© (Base Year) J¥{hV YaÊ¶mV ¶oVo.
· CPI Rural H$mT>VmZm 448 dñVy§À¶m d godm§À¶m qH$‘Vr Am{U CPI Urban H$mT>VmZm ehar ^mJmVrb 460 dñVy
d godm§À¶m qH$‘Vr {dMmamV KoVmV.
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· Ka hm KQ>H$ Ho$di CPI Urban H$mT>VmZm {dMmamV KoVmV. CPI Rural H$mT>VmZm {dMmamV KoV ZmhrV.
Concept : WPI d CPI ‘Yrb ’$aH$ :
CPI-C {ZX}em§H$ {H$aH$moi (Retail) ñWamdarb {ZX}em§H$ Amho. godm ‘hmJ hmoV Amho H$m ho ’$³V CPI - C ‘YyZ H$iw
eH$Vo. WPI ‘Ü¶o Zmhr.
àmW{‘H$ JQ>mVwZ dñVy§Zm CPI- C ‘Ü¶o OmñV ^ma {Xbm Amho. gm‘mÝ¶ bmoH$m§Zm ¶mM AÝZ JQ>mVrb ‘hmJmB©bm Iao Vm|S>o
Úmdo bmJVo.
WPI hm CËnmXZ à{H«$¶obm àË¶oH$ Q>ßß¶mVrb ‘hmJmB© Xe©{dVmo Va CPI -C hm CËnmXZ à{H«$¶oÀ¶m ’$³V eodQ>À¶m Q>ßß¶mVrb
‘hmJmB© Xe©{dVmo.
CPI - C bm (Cost of Living Index) amhUr‘mZmMm {ZX}em§H$ åhUVmV.
S>m°. D$OuV nQ>ob g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maer Z§Va [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m, April 2014 nmgyZ MbZ{df¶H$ YmoaU (Monetary
Policy) R>a{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘hmJmB© {ZX}em§H$ R>adVmZm WPI EodOr CPI-C {dMmamV KoVo.
WPI CPI
KmD$H$ qH$‘Vrdê$Z H$mT>cm OmVmo. {H$aH$moi qH$‘Vrdê$Z H$mT>cm OmVmo.
1942 nmgyZ àH$meZ gwê$ 2011 nmgyZ àH$meZ gwê$.
Am{W©H$ g„mJma H$m¶m©c¶ ‘moOVo. H|$Ðr¶ gm§p»¶H$s g§KQ>Zm ‘moOVo.
AmYma^yV df© : 2011-12 AmYma^yV df© : 2012
EHy$U 697 dñVy J«m‘rUgmR>r 448 dñVy, ehargmR>r 460 dñVy
godm§Mm g‘mdoe Zmhr godm§Mm g‘mdoe Amho.
WPI AmYm[aV McZdmT>
2012- 2013- 2014- 2015- 2016- 2017- 2018- 2019- 2020- 2021-
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Headline
6.9% 5.2% 1.2% -3.7% 1.7% 3% 4.3% 1.7% 1.3% 13%
WPI
Core WPI 5.1% 3.8% 4% 0.8% 0.8% 3% 4.2% -0.4% 2.2% 11.1%
WPI Food
10% 9.6% 4.3% 1.2% 5.9% 1.9% 0.6 6.9% 3.9% 6.8%
Index
CPI AmYm[aV McZdmT

2012- 2013- 2014- 2015- 2016- 2017- 2018- 2019- 2020- 2021-
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Headline CPI 9.9% 9.4% 5.9% 4.9% 4.5% 3.6% 3.4% 4.8% 6.2% 5.5%
Core CPI - 8.1% 6.7% 5.9% 5.4% 4.6% 5.8% 4.0% 5.5% 5.9%
àñVm{dV CËnmXH$ qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ (PPI Producer Price Index)
· AW©ì`dñWoVrb CËnmXZñVamda dñVy d godm§À`m gamgar {H$‘Vt‘Yrb ~Xb ‘moOUmam {ZX}em§H$ åhUOo PPI hmo`. ^maVmV
bdH$aM hm {ZX}em§H$ ‘moObm OmUma Amho.
PPI ‘moOÊ¶mMo BVahr H$mhr ’$m¶Xo AmhoV.
· [aQ>oc dñVy§À¶m {H$‘Vt‘Yrc MT>-CVmamMm n[aUm‘ J«mhH$m§da hmoVmo. ¶mMm A§XmO CPI ‘wio ¶oVmo. ¶m nÕVrZo CËnmXrV
dñVy§À¶m {H$‘Vt‘Yrc MT>-CVmamMm n[aUm‘ CËnmXH$m§da {H$Vr hmoVmo ¶mMm A§XmO PPI ‘wio ¶oD$ eH$Vmo.
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· PPI Am{U CPI ‘Ü¶o VwcZm Ho$ë¶mg nwadR>m gmIir, AàË¶j H$a, AZwXmZo ¶m§À¶m {H$‘Vtdarc n[aUm‘ ‘moOVm ¶oD$
eH$Vmo.
· CËnmXH$ ñVam§darc {H$‘VrMm A§XmO Amë¶m‘wio CËnmXH$m§er g§~§{YV YmoaUo R>a{dVmZm PPI ‘mJ©Xe©H$ R>ê$ eH$Vmo.
· Am°JñQ> 2014 ‘Üò S>m°. ~r. EZ. JmobXma `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr PPI ‘moOÊ`m~m~V EH$ g{‘Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr
hmoVr. `m g{‘VrZo Am°JñQ> 2017 ‘Üò Amnbm Ahdmb gaH$mabm gmXa Ho$bm. `m AhdmbmV PPI aMZm d ‘mnZmMr
{e’$mag H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
· 27 OyZ 2019 bm H|$ÐmZo ZrVr Am`moJmMo gXñ` a‘oe Mm§X `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr EH$ H$m`©JQ> ñWmnZ Ho$bm hmoVm. WPI
gmR>r ZdrZ AmYma^yV df© gwMdmdo d WPI EodOr PPI {ZX}em§H$ {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar `m g{‘Vrda Q>mH$Ê`mV
Ambr. E{àb 2021 ‘Üò `m g{‘VrMm àmW{‘H$ Ahdmb (Draft Technical Report) àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambm AgyZ
Ë`mda bmoH$m§Mr d Vkm§Mr ‘Vo ‘mJdÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.
Mm§X g{‘VrZo PPI ~m~V Imbrb {e’$maer Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
(1) gwadmVrbm PPI àm`mo{JH$ ñVamda àH$m{eV H$amdm. Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo Ë`mV gwYmaUm H$aV Omdr.
(2) gwYmaUoZ§Va OoWo OoWo WPI `m {ZX}em§H$mMm dmna hmoVmo, VoWo VoWo PPI Mm dmna H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
(3) gwadmVrÀ`m PPI gmR>r 2017-18 ho AmYma^yV df© ‘mZVm òB©b..
(4) PPI hm Use Table da AmYmabobm AgVmo. dm{UÁ` d CÚmoJ ‘§Ìmb` 2017-18 gmR>rMm Use Table àH$m{eV H$aob.
`m Use Table Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z PPI ‘Yrb dñVy d godm§Mr g§»`m, Z‘wZo Am{U ^ma {ZYm©[aV Ho$bo OmVrb.
BVa J«mhH$ qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ :
(1) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m‘Jmam§gmR>r J«mhH$ qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ (CPI-IW) (Consumer Price Index for Industrial
Worker) :
· Am¡ÚmoJrH$ H$m‘JmamMm ‘hmJmB© ^ËVm (Dearness Allowances) R>a{dÊ¶mgmR>r ¶m {ZX}em§H$mMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
· hm {ZX}em§H$ H$mT>VmZm EHy$U 260 dñVy d godm {dMmamV KoVmV.
· AmYma^wV df© (Base Year) : 2016.
· hm {ZX}em§H$ l‘ã¶wamo (Labour Bureau) àH$merV H$aVmo.
(2) eoV‘Owam§gmR>r J«mhH$ qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ (CPI-AL) : (Consumer Price Index for Agriculture Labour) :
· eoV‘Owam§À¶m ‘OwarMm {H$‘mZ Xa R>a{dÊ¶mgmR>r (Minimum Wage) hm {ZX}em§H$ H$mT>bm OmVmo.
· AmYma^wV df© (Base Year) : 1986-87
· hm {ZX}em§H$ l‘ã¶wamo àH$m{eV H$aVmo (Labour Bureau)
(3) J«m‘rU ‘Owam§gmR>rMm J«mhH$ qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ (CPI-RL) : (Consumer Price Index for Rural Labour) :
· J«m‘rU ‘Owam§gmR>r {H$‘mZ ‘OwarMm Xa R>a{dÊ¶mgmR>r hm {ZX}em§H$ H$mT>bm OmVmo.
· AmYma^wV df© (Base Year) 1986-87
· hm {ZX}em§H$ l‘ã¶wamo (Labour Bureau) àH$m{eV H$aVmo.
(4) ehar d J¡a-emar[aH$ H$‘©Mmè¶m§gmR>rMm J«mhH$ qH$‘V {ZX}em§H (CPI-UNME - Consumer Price Index for
Urban Non-Manual Employees) :
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· ehar ^mJmVrb emararH$ H$ï> Z H$aUmè¶m H$‘©Mmè¶m§gmR>r (CXm. ~±H$ H$‘©Mmar) doVZmMr {ZpíMVr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r hm
{ZX}em§H$ H$mT>bm OmVmo.
· hm {ZX}em§H$ H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r 180 dñVy d godm {dMmamV KoVmV.
· AmYma^wV df© (Base Year) : 1984-85
· hm {ZX}em§H$ CSO (Central Statistical Organisation) àH$m{eV H$aVmo.
· ’o$~«wdmar 2011 nmgyZ hm {ZX}em§H$ H$mT>Uo ~§X Amho.
(5) J¥h qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ (Housing Price Index) :
· 2007 ‘Ü¶o amï´>r¶ Amdmg ~±Ho$Zo (National Housing Bank) XoemVrb ehamVrb Kam§À¶m qH$‘VrMm {ZX}em§H$ Omhra
Ho$bm, ¶m {ZX}e§H$mbm NHB RESIDEX (Residential Index) Ago Zmd XoÊ¶mV Ambo.
· KamÀ¶m qH$‘VrVrc MT>CVma ‘moOÊ¶mgmR>r hm {ZX}em§H$ H$mT>cm OmVmo. ¶mV EHy$U 50 ehao AmhoV.
(6) Consumer Food Price Index :
· hm {ZX}em§H$ AÞ KQ>H$m§Mr McZdmT> ‘moOUmam Amho. 2014 nmgyZ hm {ZX}em§H$ ‘moOcm OmVmo.
· AmYma^yV df© (Base Year) : 2012
MbZdmT>rMo H$maUo (Causes of Inflation) :
(1) ‘mJUr VmUOÝ¶ MbZdmT> (Demand Pull Inflation) :
(2) IM©Xm~OÝ¶ MbZdmT> (Cost Push Inflation) :
‘mJUr‘wio dmT>Umè¶m ‘hmJmB©bm ‘mJUr VmUOÝ¶ MbZdmT> åhUVmV (Demand Pull Inflation) Va H$ÀÀ¶m ‘mbmÀ¶m
qH$‘Vr dmT>ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m dñVyMr qH$‘V dmT>Vo. Ë¶mbm IM©Xm~OÝ¶ MbdmT> (Cost Push Inflation) åhUVmV.
(1) ‘mJUr VmZOÝ¶ MbZdmT>rMr H$maUo (Causes of Demand Pull Inflation) :
· emgH$s¶ IMm©V ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV dmT> (Mounting Government Expenditure) : emgZmÀ¶m IMm©V dmT>
Pmë¶m‘wio bmoH$m§Odi n¡gm dmT>Vmo. n¡gm dmT>ë¶m‘wio bmoH$ dñVy IaoXr H$aVmV d Ë¶m‘wio ‘mJUr dmT>Vo d n[aUm‘r
dñVy§À¶m d godm§À¶m qH$‘Vr dmT>VmV.
· VwQ>rMm AW©âUm (Deficit Financing) : g‘Om emgZmMo CËnÞ 100 é. Amho nU emgZ 103 é. IM© H$aVo ho
ho A{YH$Mo 3 é. åhUOo emgZmMr VyQ> hmo¶ Am{U ¶m VwQ>rMm AW©âUm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r emgZ EH$ Va H$O© KoVo qH$dm
Z{dZ ZmoQ>m N>mnVo. Ë¶m‘wio emgZmÀ¶m IMm©V dmT> hmoVo, d bmoH$m§Odi n¡gm dmT>Vmo, Vo dñVy d godm§Mr ‘mJUr
H$aVmV, ‘mJUr dmT>ë¶m‘wio dñVy d godm§Mr qH$‘V dmT>Vo. (Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r 3% n¶ªV amOH$mofrV VyQ> (Deficit
Financing) R>odÊ¶mV haH$V ZgVo.
· MbZ nwadR>çmVrb dmT> (Increase in Money Supply) : RBI À¶m YmoaUmÛmao ~±H$m {dH$mgmgmR>r ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV
H$O© XoVmV. Ë¶m‘wio OZVoÀ¶m Vmã¶mVrb n¡gm dmT>Vmo, cmoH$ dñVy d godm§Mr ‘mJUr H$aVmV Ë¶m‘wio qH$‘Vr dmT>VmV.
· ImOJr IMm©V dmT> (Increase in Private Expenditure) : CËnÞmV dmT> Pmbr H$s bmoH$ IM© OmñV H$aVmV,
åhUOoM dñVy§Mr ‘mJUr dmT>Vo. ‘mJUr dmT>br H$s dñVy§À¶m qH$‘Vr dmT>VmV.
· H$mim n¡gm (Black Money) : H$mim n¡gm åhUOo H$a MwH$dUmè¶m ñ‘Jba, {~ëS>a, ^«ï>mMmar ZoVo d gaH$mar
ZmoH$am§H$S>rb ~o{hemo~r ‘mb‘Îmm qH$dm n¡gm. EH$m doioZ§Va H$mim n¡gm bndVm ¶oV Zmhr Z§Va Vo ì¶³Vr M¡ZoÀ¶m
dñVy§da Vmo n¡gm IM© H$aVmV Ë¶m‘wio dñVy§Mr ‘mJUr dmT>Vo d MbZdmT> hmoVo.
· naH$s¶ Jw§VdUyH$ (Foreign Investment) : naH$s¶ Jw§VdUyH$s‘yio XoemVrc n¡emÀ¶m nwadR>çmV dmT> hmoVo. n¡gm
dmT>cm H$s ‘mJUr dmT>Vo d McZdmT> hmoVo.
· bmoH$g§»¶m dmT> (Growth of Population) : bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>br H$s ‘mJUmao hmV dmT>VmV. ‘mJUmao hmV dmT>bo
H$s ‘mJUr dmT>Vo. ‘mJUr dmT>br H$s dñVy§À¶m qH$‘Vr dmT>VmV.
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(2) IM©Xm~OÝ¶ MbZdmT>rMr H$maUo qH$dm nwadR>m H$‘r H$aUmar H$maUo (Causes of Cost Push Inflation) :
EImXr dñVy ~mOmamV {dH«$sgmR>r ¶oÊ¶mnyduÀ¶m qH$‘V dmT>Umè¶m H$maUm§Zm IM©Xm~OÝ¶ H$maU Ago åhUVmV. H$maU hr
H$maUo Supply Side ‘wio ¶oV AgVmV.
· H¥$fr CËnmXZmVrb MT>-CVma (Fluctuation in Agricultural Output) : Á¶m à‘mUmV bmoH$g§»¶m dmT> hmoV Amho
Ë¶m à‘mUmV H¥$fr joÌmVrb CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoV Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio nwadR>m H$‘r d ‘mJUr OmñV Ë¶m‘wio AÞYmÝ¶mÀ¶m
qH$‘Vr dmT>VmV.
· Anwar Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmT> (Inadequate Industrial Growth) : Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmMr ‘mJUr dmT>br ‘mÌ Am¡Úmo{JH$
CËnmXZmV dmT> Pmbr Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio dñVy§À¶m qH$‘Vr dmT>VmV.
· Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh (Industrial Disputes) : H$m‘Jmam§À¶m g§nm‘wio CËnmXZmV KQ> hmoVo d nwadR>m H$‘r hmoVmo Ë¶m‘wio
nwadR>m H$‘r d ‘mJUr OmñV hmoVo, ¶m‘wio McZdmT> hmoVo.
· ì¶mnmè¶m§H$Sy>Z Ho$br OmUmar gmR>o~mOr d gÅ>o~mOr (Betting & Hoarding) : ì¶mnmar dJm©H$Sw>Z ^md dmT>rÀ¶m
AmeoZo gmR>o~mOr Ho$br OmVo. Ë¶m‘wio nwadR>m H$‘r hmoVmo d dñVy§À¶m qH$‘Vr dmT>VmV.
· {Z¶m©Vr‘Yrb dmT (Export Growth) : {Z¶m©VrV dmT> Pmë¶m‘wio Xoem§VJ©V dñVy§Mm nwadR>m H$‘r hmoVmo d dñVyÀ¶m
qH$‘Vr dmT>VmV.
· Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Q>
· CËnmXZmVrc KQ>
· AàË¶j H$am§‘Ü¶o dmT>
MbZdmT>rMo n[aUm‘ (Effect of Inflation) :
(1) CËnmXZ (Production) : MbZdmT>r‘wio dñVy Am{U godm§Mr ‘mJUr dmT>Vo, Ë¶m‘wio CËnmXZ dmT>Vo.
(2) Jw§VdUyH$ (Investment) : J§wVdUwH$ dmT>Vo
(3) amoOJma {Z{‘©Vr (Employment Generation) : dñVy§Mr ‘mJUr dmT>Vo. ‘mJUr dmT>ë¶m‘wio CËnmXZ dmT>Vo,
CËnmXZ dmT>ë¶m‘wio amoOJmamV dmT> hmoVo.
(4) H$a dgwbr (Tax Collection) : H$a dgwbr dmT>Vo.
(5) ~MV (Saving) : MbZdmT>r‘wio IMm©V dmT> hmoVo d ~MV H$‘r hmoVo.
(6) ì¶mOXa (Interest Rate) : MbZdmT>r‘wio ì¶mOXa dmT>Vmo.
(7) F$UH$mo (Debitors) : Á¶m bmoH$m§Zr H$O} KoVbobr AgVmV Ë¶m§Zm åhUOoM F$UH$m|Zm ’$m¶Xm hmoVmo.
(8) YZH$mo (Creditor) : Á¶m bmoH$m§Zr H$O} {Xbobr AgVmV Ë¶m§Zm åhUOoM YZH$m|Zm VmoQ>m hmoVmo.
(9) nJmaXma d noÝeZda … MbZdmT>rMm nJmaXa d noÝeZXa ¶m§Zm VmoQ>m hmoVmo.
MbZdmT>rdarb Cnm¶ (Measure to Control Inflation) :
(1) MbZ{df¶H$ Cnm¶ (Monetary Measures) :
· MbZ{df¶H$ YmoaU RBI am~dV AgVo. Ë¶m A§VJ©V amoI amIrd à‘mU (Cash Reserve Ratio), Bank Rate,
d¡Ym{ZH$ amoIVm à‘mU (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) aonmo Xa, [aìhg© aonmo Xa dmT>{dbm OmVmo d ~mOmamVrb n¡gm
H$‘r H$éZ MbZdmT> amoIbr OmVo.
· RBI gaH$mar H$O©amo»¶m§Mr (Govt. Bond) {dH«$s H$éZ ~mOmamVrb n¡gm H$‘r H$aVo.
· H$mim n¡gm emoYwZ Ë¶mda Cnm¶ ¶moOZm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gaH$ma à¶ËZerb AgVo.
(2) amOH$mofrV Cnm¶ / {dÎmr¶ Cnm¶ (Fiscal Measure) :
· ¶m‘Ü¶o gaH$maZo ¿¶md¶m§À¶m Cnm¶m§Mm g‘mdoe AgVmo.
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· gaH$maZo AZmdí¶H$ IMm©V H$nmV H$aUo, H$am§‘Ü¶o dmT> H$aUo, bmoH$m§Zm OmñV H$O} dmQ>br Zmhr nm{hOo, Aem
Cnm¶m§Mm g‘mdoe amOH$mo{fV Cnm¶mV AgVmo.
(3) BVa Cnm¶ :
· gmR>o~mOrda Amim KmbUo, AÞ YmÝ¶mMo CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ dmT>dUo, bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>y Z XoUo,
JaOoÀ¶m dñVy§À¶m qH$‘Vrda {Z¶§ÌUo R>odUo. VwQ>dS>m OmUdUmè¶m dñVy§Mo Xoem§VJ©V CËnÞ dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ H$aUo.
gaH$maZo 2003 ‘Ü¶o FRBM (Fiscal Responsibility & Budget Management Act) H$m¶Xm Ho$bm. hm H$m¶Xm
amOH$mofrV YmoaUmbm {eñV bmJmdr ¶mgmR>rM hmoVm.
‘hmJmB© g§ajH$ amoIo (Inflation Bond) :
‘hmJmB©da {Z¶§ÌU AmUÊ¶mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo {S>g|~a 2013 ‘Ü¶o ‘hmJmB© g§ajH$ amoIo (Inflation Bond) H$mT>bo.
øm amo»¶m§Mr {H$‘mZ qH$‘V 5 hOma H$‘mb qH$‘V 5 bmI é. Amho.
ho amoIo amï´>r¶H¥$V ~±H$m, ICICI ~±H$, HDFC ~±H$ d BVa ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z {dH«$s Ho$co OmVmV.
øm amo»¶m§da dm{f©H$ 1.5% ì¶mOXa {ZpíMV H$aÊ¶mV Amco Amho.
EH$Xm ho amoIo KoVbo H$s 3 df} ho amoIo dQ>dVm (Clear) H$aVm ¶oUma ZmhrV. Ooð> ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ‘mÌ 1 df} ‘wXVrZ§Va dQ>dVm
¶oVrc.
^maVmVrb MbZdmT>rMm AmT>mdm :
1954-55 ‘Ü¶o MbZdmT>rMm Xa 7% gdm©V H$‘r hmoVm.
Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ~mOmamV VobmÀ¶m qH$‘Vr H$‘r Pmë¶m‘wio ^maVmVrb MbZìmmT>rMm Xa H$‘r Pmbm Amho.
ì¶mnma MH«$ (Business Cycle) :
gwñVr (Slackness) : dñVy§À¶m ‘mJUrV KQ> Pmcr H$s dñVy§À¶m qH$‘Vr H$‘r hmoVmV ¶m‘wio Jw§VdUwH$sV KQ> hmoVo ¶mcmM
gwñVr (Slackness) åhUVmV.
ñVãYVm (Stagnation) : gwñVr Oa ~amM H$mi am{hbr Agob Va ‘mJUr H$‘r hmoVo d ì¶dhma Wm§~ë¶mgmaIo hmoVmV. ¶m
AdñWobm ñVãYVm (Stagnation) åhUVmV.
à{VgaU/KgaU (Recession) : ñVãYVm Oa ~amM H$mi am{hbr Agob Va KgaU hmoVo. gcJ 2 {V‘mhrnojm OmñV
H$mcmdYrgmR>r GDP ‘Ü¶o ‘Ü¶‘ ñdénmMr KQ> ¶oV Agoc Am{U McZKQ> hmoV Agoc Va Ë¶m AdñWocm KgaU åhUVmV.
A{bH$S>o 2008 ‘Ü¶o VgoM npíM‘mË¶ XoemV (coh‘Z ~«Xg©‘wio) d 2011 ‘Ü¶o ¶wamo{n¶Z XoemV CX²^dbobo g§H$Q> åhUOo
(Recession) KgaU hmo¶.
‘§Xr (Depression) : GDP ‘Ü¶o XrK©H$mcrZ KQ> ¶oV Agoc qH$dm Vrd« McZKQ> qH$dm ~ogy‘ma McZdmT> hmoV Agoc
Va Ë¶m AdñWocm ‘§Xr åhUVmV. à{VgaU/KgaU ~amM H$mi am{hë¶mg ‘§Xr ¶oVo. dñV§yMr ‘mJUr H$‘r hmoVo. H$maImZo,
CÚmoJY§Xo ~§X nS>VmV. 1929 ‘Ü¶o OJmZo ‘§Xr AZw^dbr hmoVr.
nwZéËWmZ (Revival) : ‘§XrÀ¶m narpñWVrVyZ AW©ì¶dñWobm ~mhoa H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r emgZ MbZ{df¶H$ d amOH$mo{fV
YmoaUm§Mm dmna H$éZ ~mOmamV n¡gm Q>mH$Vmo. ¶mbmM nwZéËWmZ åhUVmV. bmoH$m§H$S>o n¡go Ambo H$s Vo dñVy IaoXr H$aVmV
Ë¶m‘wio dñVy§Mr ‘mJUr dmT>Vo d ~mOmamVrb n[apñWVr nyd©dV hmoVo.
VoOr/‘wÐmpñ’$Vr (Inflation) : bmoH$m§H$S>o n¡gm Ambm H$s bmoH$ dñVy IaoXr H$aVmV Ë¶m‘wio dñVy§Mr ‘mJUr dmT>Vo. ‘mJUr
dmT>br H$s dñVy§Mr qH$‘V dmT>Vo d AW©ì¶dñWoV VoOr {Z‘m©U hmoVo.
ì¶mnma MH«$mMm H«$‘ : ‘§Xr → nwZéËWmZ → VoOr → KgaU → ‘§Xr
Depression → Revival → Inflation → Recession → Depression
E§OocMm {Z¶‘ (Engel's law) qH$dm "E§OocMr dH«$aofm' (Engels's Curve) :

· AZ}ñQ> E§Ooc (1821-1696) ¶m O‘©Z AW©VÁkmZo CËnÞ d Cn^moJ IMm©Vrc g§~§Y Xe©{dUmam {Z¶‘ ‘m§S>cm.
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· "OgOgo CËnÞ dmT>V OmVo. àmW{‘H$ dñVy§darc IMm©Mr Q>¸o$dmar H$‘r hmoV OmVo' hm {Z¶‘ Ë¶mZo ‘m§S>cm.
{O’o$Z dñVy (Giffen Goods) :
· am°~Q>© {O’o$Z (1837-1910) ¶m ñH$m°Q>re AW©VÁkmZo ‘mJUr d nwadR>çmMm {Z¶‘ cmJy Z hmoUmè¶m H$mhr dñVy§Zm {O’o$Z
dñVy Ago g§~moYco.
· dñVy ‘hmJ Pmë¶mda Ë¶m§Mr ‘mJUr H$‘r hmoVo. na§Vw H$mhr dñVy Aem AmhoV, H$s Á¶m ‘hmJ Pmë¶mda Ë¶m§Mr ‘mJUr dmT>V
OmVo.
"go'Mm {Z¶‘ (Say's law) :
· OrZ ~mßQ>r³g go (1767-1832) ¶m ’o«§$M AW©VÁkmZo ‘m§S>coë¶m ~mOma{df¶H$ {Z¶‘cm "go'Mm {Z¶‘ Ago åhUVmV.
· "AW©ì¶dñWoVrc EHy$U CËnmXZ Am{U EHy$U ‘mJUr gmaIr AgVo' hm {Z¶‘ Ë¶mZo ‘m§S>cm.
· ‘mJUrBVHo$M CËnmXZ hmoD$ eH$Vo, Ogo Ë¶mMo åhUUo hmoVo. åhUOo ¶mMm AW© ‘mJUrnojm CËnmXZ OmñV hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
1929 ‘Ü¶o OmJ{VH$ ‘§Xr Amcr Voìhm CËnmXZm§Zr ~mOma âcocm hmoVm. na§Vw ‘mJUr AË¶§V H$‘r Pmcr hmoVr. ¶m ‘§XrZo
"go'Mm {Z¶‘ MyH$ Agë¶mMo XmIdyZ {Xco.
2021-22 ‘Yrc McZdmT :>
(1) 2021-22 ‘Ü¶o WPI McZdmT>rMm Xa Vã~c 13% Zo dmT>ë¶m‘wio CPI Am{U WPI ‘Yrc V’$mdV dmTy>Z hr V’$mdV
CcQ> Pmcr.
(2) ¶m V’$mdV dmT>rMr H$maUo Am{W©H$ nmhUr Ahdmc 2021-22 ‘Ü¶o XoÊ¶mV Amcr AmhoV. Ogo,
(a) noQ´>mo{c¶‘À¶m {H$‘VrMm Xa 2020-21 ‘Ü¶o ‘mJUr KQ>ë¶mZo EH$X‘ G$UmË‘H$ hmoUo Am{U 2021-22 ‘Ü¶o
Ë¶mV Iyn OmñV dmT> hmoUo. ¶mMo nS>gmX WPI daM A{YH$ C‘Q>co Am{U WPI Mm AmcoI da Jocm.
(b) AÞdñVy§À¶m nwadR>m gmIirV AS>MUt‘wio 2020-21 ‘Ü¶o AÞdñVy§Mm ‘hmJmB©Mm Xa OmñV AgUo Am{U Z§Va
gwa{iV hmoUo, ¶m‘wio 2021-22 ‘Ü¶o AÞdñVy§À¶m {H$‘Vr AmQ>mo³¶mV Amë¶m. ¶mMo nS>gmX CPI daM A{YH$
C‘Q>co Am{U CPI Mm AmcoI Imcr Amcm.

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2 [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m>>
àñVmdUm (Introduction) :
1656-57 ‘Ü¶o ñWmnZ Pmbobr [a³g ~±H$ Am°’$ ñdrS>Z hr OJmVrb n{hbr ‘Ü¶dVu ~±H$ Amho, [a³g ~±Ho$Zo 1968 nmgyZ
AW©emñÌmVrb Zmo~ob nwañH$ma$ Úm¶bm gwédmV Ho$br.
gZ 1770 amoOr Aco³Pm§S>a H§$nZrZo n{hcr ~±H$ H$cH$Îmm ¶oWo gwê$ Ho$cr. ^maVmVrc n{hcr ¶wamo{n¶Z ~±H$ åhUyZ ¶m
~±Ho$H$S>o ~{KVco OmVo.
àË¶oH$ Xoem‘Ü¶o EH$ ‘Ü¶dVu ~±H$ AgVo d Vr Ë¶m XoemMr gdm}ÀM {dÎmr¶ g§ñWm AgVo. ^maVmMr ‘Ü¶dVu ~±H$ [aPìh©
~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m (Reserve Bank of India) Amho.
^maVmV ‘Ü¶dVu ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag gd© àW‘ JìhZ©a OZab dm°aZ hopñQ>¨J ¶m§Zr Ho$br. Ë¶m§Zr OZab ~±H$
Am°’$ ~§Jmb A±S> {~hma ¶m ZmdmZo hr ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMm gëbm {Xbm hmoVm.
1926 ‘Ü¶o {hëQ>Z ¶§J ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImbr ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Amboë¶m {X am°¶b H$‘reZ Am°’$ B§{S>¶Z H$aÝgr A±S>
’$m¶ZmÝg ¶m Am¶moJmZo ^maVmV EH$ ñdV§Ì ‘Ü¶dVu ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$br d {Vbm [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m
ho Zmd Úmdo Aer {e’$mag Ho$br.
RBI Act 1934 Zwgma [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶mMr (Reserve Bank of India) Mr ñWmnZm 1 E{àb 1935 amoOr H$aÊ¶mV
Ambr.
1985 ‘Ü¶o RBI À¶m ñWmnZocm 50 df© nyU© Pmë¶mÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo RBI Zo EH$ nwpñVH$m à{gÕ Ho$cr Ë¶m‘Ü¶o Á¶m {hëQ>Z
¶§J Am¶moJmÀ¶m {e’$maerÀ¶m AmYmamda RBI Mr ñWmnZm Pmcr Ë¶m Am¶moJmÀ¶m {e’$maer S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr
{chrcoë¶m "The Problem Of The Rupee Its Origin And Its Solution" ¶m J«§WmÀ¶m AmYmamda hmoË¶m Ago Z‘yX Ho$co
hmoVo.
RBI Mr ñWmnZm ImOJr ^mJ YmamH$m§Mr ~±H$ åhUyZ Pmbr. Voìhm RBI Mo A{YH¥$V ^m§S>db 5 H$moQ>r én¶m§Mo hmoVo. d
àË¶oH$ ^mJmMr qH$‘V 100 ê$. hmoVr.
RBI Nationalisation Act 1948 (gmd©O{ZH$ ‘mbH$sH$S>o hñVm§VaU H$m¶Xm) ‘Ü¶o g§‘V H$aÊ¶mV Ambm d 1 OmZodmar
1949 nmgyZ RBI Mo amï´>r¶rH$aU (Nationalisation) H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. amï´>r¶rH$aU åhUOo RBI ‘Yrb ImOJr ^m§S>db
gaH$maZo {dH$V KoVbo åhUOo EH$ àH$mao RBI AmVm gaH$maÀ¶m ‘mbH$sMr Pmbr.
31 ‘mM© 1947 n¶ªV RBI Zo ~«÷XoemMr (å¶mZ‘maMr) d 15 Am°JñQ> 1947 nmgyZ 30 OyZ 1948 n¶ªV nm{H$ñVmZMr
‘Ü¶dVu ~±H$ åhUyZ H$m‘ nm{hbo Amho.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo ‘w»¶mb¶ … ‘w§~B© (ehrX ^JVqgJ ‘m½m©) (1935 ‘Ü¶o RBI Mo ‘w»¶mc¶ H$cH$Îmm ¶oWo hmoVo. 1937 ‘Ü¶o
ho ‘w»¶mc¶ ‘w§~B© ¶oWo hc{dÊ¶mV Amco.)
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo 4 PmoZb H$m¶m©b¶ … ‘w§~B©, {X„r, H$mobH$mVm, MoÞB©.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo Am{W©H$ df© (Financial Year) … 2021-22 nmgyZ RBI Mo Am{W©H$ df© 1 E{àc-31 ‘mM© Ago Amho.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr aMZm :
[aPìh© ~±Ho$V EH$ JìhZ©a, Mma S>oß¶wQ>r JìhZ©a Am{U BVa g§MmbH$ AgVmV.
JìhZ©a d S>oß¶wQ>r JìhZ©a ¶m§Mr {Z¶w³Vr ^maV gaH$ma (PMO) H$aV AgVo.
12
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m>>
JìhZ©a :
^maV gaH$ma JìhZ©aMr {Z¶w³Vr àW‘ 3 dfm©À¶m ‘wXVrgmR>r H$aVo d Z§Va 1-1 df© Ago H$‘mb 2 df© ‘wXV dmT> XoVm ¶oVo
åhUOo JìhZ©aMr {Z¶w³Vr H$‘mb 5 dfm©gmR>r hmoD$ eH$Vo.
JìhZ©a hm [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mm ‘w»¶ g§MmbH$ AgVmo.
ga Am°g~m°Z© pñ‘W ho [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo n{hbo JìhZ©a hmoVo. ¶m§À¶m H$mimV RBI Zo EH$hr ZmoQ> N>mnbr Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio Vo RBI
Mo EH$‘od JìhZ©a AmhoV Á¶m§Mr ZmoQ>oda ghr Zmhr.
Ooåg Q>oba (1 Owb¡ 1937-17 ’o$~«wdmar 1943) ho RBI Mo Xþgao JìhZ©a hmoVo. Ë¶m§À¶m H$m¶m©H$mbm‘Ü¶o RBI Zo n{hbr
5 ê$. Mr ZmoQ> N>mnbr (OmZodmar 1938) Ë¶mda Ooåg Q>oba ¶m§Mr ghr Amho. Ooåg Q>oba ho RBI Mo n{hbo JìhZ©a Á¶m§Mr
ZmoQ>oda ghr Amho.
gr. S>r. Xoe‘wI (11 Am°JñQ> 1943 Vo 30 OwZ 1949) ho RBI Mo {Vgao JìhZ©a d RBI Mo n{hbo ^maVr¶ JìhZ©a AmhoV.
~oZoJb am‘m amd (1 Owb¡ 1949 Vo 14 OmZodmar 1957) RBI Mo Mm¡Wo JìhZ©a d RBI Mo gdm©{YH$ H$mbmdYrgmR>r
am{hbobo JìhZ©a AmhoV.
‘Z‘mohZ qgJ (16 gßQ>|~a 1982 Vo 14 OmZodmar 1985) ho RBI Mo 15 do JìhZ©a hmoVo. ^maVmMo EH$‘od à§VàYmZ Oo
RBI Mo JìhZ©a hmoVo d ^maVmMo EH$‘od n§VàYmZ Á¶m§Mr ZmoQ>oda ghr Amho.
A{‘Vmd Kmof (15 OmZodmar 1985 Vo 4 ’o$~«wdmar 1985) ho RBI Mo 16 do JìhZ©a hmoVo d Ë¶m§Mm JìhZ©a åhUyZ H$mbmdYr
gdm©V H$‘r hmoVm (’$³V 20 {Xdg).
ep³VH$m§V Xmg ¶m§Mr 11 {S>g|~a 2018 amoOr RBI Mo 25 do JìhZ©a åhUyZ {Z¶w³Vr Pmbr. Ë¶m§Mm OÝ‘ 26 ’o$~«wdmar 1957
amoOr ^wdZoída, Amo{S>em ¶oWo Pmbm. {ejU g|Q> ñQ>r’$Ýg H$m°boO, {X„r {dÚmnrR>. B{Vhmg {df¶mV BA d MA nXdr
g§nmXZ Ho$cr. e{eH$m§V Xmg Vm{‘iZmSy> Ho$S>aMo godm {Zd¥Îm IAS A{YH$mar AmhoV.
S>oß¶wQ>r JìhZ©a :
^maV gaH$ma H$‘mb 4 S>oß¶wQ>r JìhZ©aMr Zo‘UyH$ H$aVo. 2 S>oß¶wQ>r JìhZ©a [aPìh© ~±Ho$À¶m ñQ>m’$ ‘YyZ d BVa 2 S>oß¶wQ>r
JìhZ©an¡H$s EH$ gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ~±Ho$Mm AÜ¶j d EH$ AW©Vk {ZdS>bo OmVmV.
(1) a{~ e§H$a
(2) Oo. ñdm{‘ZmWZ
(3) ‘m¶Ho$c nÌm : 15 OmZodmar 2020 nmgyZ Vo RBI Mo S>oß¶wQ>r Jìh©Za AmhoV. S>m°. {dac AmMm¶© ¶m§À¶m OmJoda Ë¶m§Mr
{Z¶wº$s Pmcr Amho. ‘m¶Ho$c nÌm ho ~±H$a, AW©Vk d àemgH$s¶ A{YH$mar AmhoV.
(4) E‘. amOoída amd : 7 Am°³Q>mo~a 2020 nmgyZ ho RBI Mo S>oß¶wQ>r JìhZ©a AmhoV Vo nydu RBI Mo H$m¶©H$mar g§MmcH$
(Executive Director) hmoVo. EZ.Eg. {dídZmWZ ¶m§Zr amOrZm‘m {Xë¶m‘wio OmJm [aº$ Pmcr hmoVr. Ë¶m§À¶m OmJoda
E‘. amOoída amd ¶m§Mr {ZdS> Pmcr.
à{ejU H|$Ðo (Training Centers) :
(1) College of Agriculture Banking, Pune.
(2) Reserve Bank of Indian Staff College, Chennai.
(3) National Institute for Bank Management, Pune.
(4) Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Research, Mumbai.
(5) Institute for Development & Research in Banking Technology, Hyderabad.
AZwgw{MV ~±H$ d J¡a AZwgw{MV ~±H$ : (Scheduled Bank & Non Scheduled Bank) :
(1) AZwgw{MV ~±H$m :
· Á¶m ~±H$m RBI À¶m Xþgè¶m AZwgw{M‘Ü¶o (2nd Schedule) g‘m{dï> AgVmV Ë¶m§Zm AZwgw{MV ~±H$ åhUVmV.
13
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m>>
· ¶m ~±H$m§Zm RBI ‘YyZ H$O© àmá hmoVo.
· ¶m ~±H$m§Zm Ë¶m§Mm CRR RBI ‘Ü¶o O‘m H$amdm cmJVmo.
eg. SBI, ICICI
(2) J¡a AZwgw{MV ~±H$m :

· Á¶m ~±H$m§Mm g‘mdoe RBI À¶m Xþgè¶m AZwgyMr‘Ü¶o (2nd Schedule) g‘mdoe ZgVmo Ë¶m§Zm J¡a AZwgy{MV ~±H$m
åhUVmV.
· ¶m ~±H$m§Zm RBI H$Sy>Z Hw$R>cohr H$O© {‘iV Zmhr.
· ¶m ~±H$m§Zm CRR ñdV: Odi R>odmdm cmJVmo. eg : Subhadra Local Area Bank
‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU g{‘Vr (Monetary Policy Committee) :
lr. ~r. EZ. lrH¥$îU g{‘Vr (‘mM© 2013) d S>m°. C{O©V nQ>ob g{‘Vr (OmZodmar 2014) ¶m XmoÝhr g{‘VrZo ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU
g{‘Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$br hmoVr.
aMZm :
(1) ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU g{‘VrV 6 gXñ¶ AgVmV. 3 nX{gÕ gXñ¶ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo AgVmV, Va 3 {Z¶wº$ gXñ¶ H|$Ð gaH$ma
{Z¶wº$ H$aVo. [aPìh© ~±Ho$VyZ ¶oUmao gXñ¶ ho nX{gÕM AgVmV. H|$Ð gaH$maÛmam {Z¶wº$ 3 gXñ¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ 4
dfmªgmR>r AgVo.
(2) 3 [aPìh© ~±Ho$À¶m nX{gÕ gXñ¶m§n¡H$s [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo JìhZ©a, EH$ S>oß¶wQ>r JìhZ©a Am{U EH$ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Vrc
A{YH$mar AgVmV. [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo JìhZ©a ho ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU g{‘VrMo nX{gÕ AÜ¶j AgVmV.
(3) 3 gXñ¶ ^maV gaH$ma {Z¶wº$ H$aVo. ho gXñ¶ AW©ì¶dñWm, ~±qH$J, {dÎm qH$dm McZ{df¶H$ YmoaU joÌmVrc VÁk
AgVmV. Ë¶m§Mm emoY d {ZdS> H$aÊ¶mgR>r H|$Ð gaH$ma EH$ {ZdS> g{‘Vr (Search-cum-Selection Committee)
ñWmnZ H$aVo.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo JìhZ©a ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j AgVmV.
(1) H$m¶©àUmcr :
(i) ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU g{‘VrÀ¶m df©âmVyZ {H$‘mZ 4 ~¡R>H$m Pmë¶m nm{hOoV.
(ii) ~¡R>{H$g {H$‘mZ 4 gXñ¶ (quorum) CnpñWV Agco nm{hOoV. ¶mn¡H$s JìhZ©a CnpñWV Zgë¶mg S>oß¶wQ>r
JìhZ©a CnpñWV Agco nm{hOoV. (åhUOo XmoÝhr AZwnpñWV Agë¶mg ~¡R>H$ hmoUma Zmhr.)
(iii) ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU g{‘VrÀ¶m ~¡R>{H$V ~hþ‘VmZo R>amd g§‘V Ho$cm OmVmo. g‘mZ ‘Vo nS>ë¶mg [aPìh© ~±Ho$À¶m
JìhZ©acm Xþgao ‘V qH$dm {ZUm©¶H$ ‘V (Casting vote) XoÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma AgVmo.
(iv) g{‘VrMm {ZU©¶ [aPìh© ~±Ho$da ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmo.
(2) H$m¶© : McZdmT> nyd©{Z¶mo{OV H$joV amhrc ¶mgmR>r McZ{df¶H$ YmoaU Xa (Policy Rate) (åhUOoM aonmoXa) åhUOoM
àYmZ ì¶mOXa (Benchmark Interest Rate) R>adUo, ¶m ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU g{‘VrMo à‘wI H$m¶© Amho.
(3) AmYr Am{U AmVm : [aPìh© ~±Ho$Vrc OyZ 2016 À¶m Xþê$ñVrnydu McZ{df¶H$ gd© A{YH$ma (Monetary Authority)
[aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o hmoVo. AmVm YmoaU Xa R>a{dÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU g{‘Vrcm XoÊ¶mV Amcm Amho. (H$c‘ 45
ZB-3), Xa YmoaU am~{dÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar [aPìh© ~±Ho$da gmon{dÊ¶mV Amcr Amho.
McZ{df¶H$ YmoaU
AW© :
· Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r d {H$‘Vr pñWa amIÊ¶mgmR>r ‘Ü¶dVu ~±H$ Á¶m YmoaUmÝd¶o ~mOmamVrc n¡emMm nwadR>m, nV{Z{‘©Vr,
n¡emMo ‘yë¶ d n¡emÀ¶m Cn¶mo{JVoMo {Z¶§ÌU H$aVo Am{U Ë¶mgmR>r ì¶mOXmamMo {Z¶‘Z Ë¶m YmoaUmcm McZ{df¶H$ YmoaU
14
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m>>
qH$dm ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU (Monetary Policy) Ago åhUVmV. n¡emMo ‘yë¶ pñWa ZgVo. ~ogw‘ma McZdmT> qH$dm McZKQ>r‘wio
AW©ì¶dñWm g§H$Q>mV gmnS>Vo. Ë¶m‘wio {H$‘Vr pñWa (Stable) amIUo Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ AgVo. {H$‘Vr pñWa
amIUo ho McZ{df¶H$ YmoaUmMo ‘w»¶ C{Ôï> AgVo.
C{ÔîQ>ço :
(i) {H$‘Vr pñWa (Price Stability) amIUo. (¶mgmR>r CPI-C AmYm[aV McZdmT> {dMmamV KoVmV.)
(ii) n¡emMm nwadR>m {Z¶{‘V H$aUo.
(iii) Am{W©H$ dmT> hmoÊ¶mgmR>r CËnmXH$ joÌm§H$S>o n¡emMo àdmh dmT>oc, ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ H$aUo.
(iv) Am{W©H$ pñWaVm (Stability) àñWm{nV H$aUo.
(v) {d{Z‘¶ Xa {ñWa amIUo.
(vi) amoOJmamV dmT> H$aUo.
~±H$ ~moS>© ã¶wamo (Bank Board Bureau) :

nr. Oo. Zm¶H$ g{‘VrZo (‘o 2014) ~±H$s¨J joÌmVrb àemgZmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ~±H$ ~moS>© ã¶wamo ñWmnZ H$amdm Aer
{e’$mag Ho$br hmoVr.
~±H$ ~moS>© ã¶wamo hm "B§ÐYZwî¶' ¶m gaH$maÀ¶m ¶moOZoMm ^mJ Amho.
ñWmnZm … 28 ’o$~«wdmar 2016. (H$m¶©aV 1 E{àb 2016 nmgwZ)
‘w»¶mc¶ : ‘w§~B©
AÜ¶j … ^mZy àVmn e‘m© (e‘m© ho DRDO À¶m Recruitment & Assessment Centre Mo AÜ¶j hmoVo d {~hma gaH$maMo
‘w»¶ {dÎm g{Md hmoVo.) e‘m© ¶m§À¶m AJmoXa BBB Mo AÜ¶j {dZmoX am°¶ (CAG Mo ‘mOr à‘wI) ho hmoVo.
gXñ¶ g§»¶m - 7 (1 AÜ¶j + 6 gXñ¶)
3 nX{gÕ gXñ¶ d 3 {Z¶w³V gXñ¶ AgVmV. [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo EH$ S>oß¶wQ>r JìhZ©a ho BBB Mo nX{gÕ gXñ¶ AgVmV.
nX{gÕ gXñ¶ : amOrd Hw$‘ma, gr‘m ~hþJwUm, {dídZmWZ
{Z¶wº$ gXñ¶ : doXrH$m ^m§S>maH$a, nm§Om à{Xn Hw$‘ma, à{Xn emh
Ü¶o¶ … gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ~±H$m§À¶m àemgZmV gwYmaUm H$aUo.
H$m¶© …
(1) gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ~±H$m Am{U {dÎmr¶ g§ñWm§À¶m à‘wIm§À¶m {ZdS>rMr {e’$maer ^maV gaH$macm H$aUo. ^maV
gaH$ma ¶m {e’$maer {dMmamV KoD$Z ¶m à‘wIm§Mr {ZdS> H$aVo.
(2) ~±H$m§Zm Ë¶m§Mr YmoaUo d AmamIS>o ~Z{dÊ¶mV ‘XV H$aUo.
{dÎmr¶ godm g§ñWm ã¶wamo (FSIB - Financial Services Institutions Bureau) :
(1) AmVm ~±H$ ~moS>© ã¶wamoEodOr {dÎmr¶ godm g§ñWm ã¶wamo ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Amcm Amho.
(2) ã¶wamo gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc ~±H$m§À¶m Am{U {dÎmr¶ g§ñWm§À¶m à‘wIm§À¶m {ZdS>rÀ¶m {e’$maer H$aUo. (gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc
~±H$m§À¶m à‘wIm§Mr {ZdS> nydu [aPìh©© ~±H$ (Zo‘UyH$ ‘§S>i) H$aV Ago.
(3) ZdrZ ã¶wamoMr JaO :
(i) ‘mM© 2022 ‘Ü¶o darc BBB À¶m gXñ¶m§Mm H$m¶©H$mi g§ncm hmoVm. ã¶wamoÀ¶m nwZa©MZoMr Amdí¶H$Vm ^mgy
cmJcr hmoVr.
(ii) National Insurance ¶m gmYmaU {d‘m H§$nZrÀ¶m à‘wImÀ¶m {ZdS>r{dê$Õ lr. a{d ¶m§Zr H|$Ð gaH$ma{dê$Õ
IQ>cm XmIcm Ho$cm hmoVm. {X„r Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc {d‘m H§$nÝ¶m§À¶m à‘wIm§Mr {ZdS> ñW{JV
Ho$cr Am{U BBB H$aV Agcocr Aer {ZdS> d¡Y Zgë¶mMm {ZH$mc {Xcm.
15
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m>>
(iii) BBB Mo H$m¶© Mm§Jco Agco Var {ZdS> H$m¶©aV {Xa§JmB© hmoV hmoVr.
(iv) {d{dY ¶§ÌUm§Mm BBB À¶m {ZdS> nÕVrda Amjon hmoVm.
(4) FSIB AÜ¶mXoe - darc KQ>ZmH«$‘m§‘wio 1 Owc¡ 2022 cm {dÎm ‘§Ìmc¶mÀ¶m {dÎmr¶ godm {d^mJmZo "{dÎmr¶ godm g§ñWm
ã¶wamo (FSIB - Financial Services Institutions Bureau) ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMm AmXoe Omar Ho$cm.
(5) ZdrZ FSIB Mr aMZm :
(i) AÜ¶j : ^mZw àVmn e‘m© ¶m§MrM ZdrZ FSIB À¶m AÜ¶jnXr 2 dfmªgmR>r {Z¶wº$s H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Amho.
(ii) 4 nX{gÕ gXñ¶ : [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo EH$ S>oß¶wQ>r JìhZ©a, {dÎmr¶ godm {d^mJ g{Md, gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$‘ {d^mJ
g{Md Am{U IRDA Mo AÜ¶j (qH$dm d[að> A{YH$mar) ho Mma nX{gÕ (ex-officio) gXñ¶ AgVrc. Ë¶m‘wio
¶m nXm§darc AZwH«$‘o EH$. amOoída, g§O¶ ‘ëhmoÌm, Acr aPm [aPdr Am{U Xod{ef nm§S>m ho nX{gÕ gXñ¶
AmhoV.
(iii) 3 J¡agaH$mar AY©doi gXñ¶ : gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m§er g§~§{YV 3 VÁkm§Mr Zo‘UyH$ ^maV gaH$ma H$aoc. ¶mVrc 2
‘mOr ~±H$ A{YH$mar AgVrc. AÜ¶mXoemÛmao A{Z‘of MìhmU (‘mOr AÜ¶j Amo[aE§Q>c ~±H$ Am°’$ H$m°‘g©), e¡c|Ð
^§S>mar (‘mOr AÜ¶j, ING Vysya ~±H$) Am{U {XnH$ qgKc (‘mOr H$m¶©H$mar g§MmcH$, RBI) ¶m§Mr {Z¶wº$s
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Amho.
(iv) 3 J¡agaH$mar AY©doi gXñ¶ : gmd©O{ZH$ {d‘m H§$nÝ¶m§er g§~§{YV 3 VÁkm§Mr Zo‘UyH$ ^maV gaH$ma H$aoc.
¶mVrc 2 {d‘m joÌ VÁk qH$dm ‘mOr gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$‘mVrc A{YH$mar AgVrc. AÜ¶mXoemÛmao Cfm g§JdmZ
(‘mOr ì¶dñWmnH$s¶ g§MmcH$, LIC) E. ìhr. {JarOm Hw$‘ma (‘mOr AÜ¶j, OICL), gwO¶ ~°ZOu (‘mOr
gXñ¶, IRDA) ¶m§Mr {Z¶wº$s H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Amho. AÜ¶j d AY©doi gXñ¶m§Zm à{V ~¡R>H$ 50,000 ê$.
‘mZYZ {Xco OmVo.
(6) ZdrZ FSIB Mr H$m¶©o :
(i) gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc ~±H$mÀ¶m, {dÎmr¶ g§ñWm§À¶m Am{U {d‘m H§$nÝ¶m§À¶m à‘wIm§À¶m VWm g§MmcH$ ‘§S>imÀ¶m
gXñ¶m§À¶m {ZdS>rMr {e’$mag H$aUo.
(ii) ¶m gXñ¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$, ~Xcr, ‘wXVdmT> VWm godmg‘már~m~V gaH$macm g„m XoUo.
(iii) ~±H$m, {dÎmr¶ g§ñWm Am{U {d‘m H§$nÝ¶m§Mo ì¶dñWmnZ, ‘m{hVr, H$m‘{Jar, à{ejU d {dH$mgmgmR>r gaH$macm
g„m XoUo.
(iv) ~±H$m, {dÎmr¶ g§ñWm Am{U {d‘m H§$nÝ¶m§Zm ^m§S>dc dY©Z H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Am{U ì¶dgm¶ YmoaUo R>adÊ¶mgmR>r ‘XV
H$aUo.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo MbZ{dfH$ YmoaU (Monetary Policy of RBI) :
~mOmamVrb n¡gm d nV{Z{‘©VrMr CnbãYVm, ~mOmamVrb n¡gm ¶mo½¶ {Xeobm di{dUo Ë¶mgmR>r ì¶mOXmamMo {Z¶‘Z H$aUo
åhUOoM MbZ {df¶H$ YmoaU qH$dm ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU hmo¶.
CÔoe :
(1) J«mhH$ qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ (CPI - C) : (Consumer Price Index - Combined) AmYmarV MbZdmT> pñWa R>odUo.
(2) XoemV Am{W©H$ pñWaVm àñVm{nV H$aUo.
(3) amoOJmamV dmT> H$aUo.
(4) XoemVrc EHy$U McZ nwadR>çmMo {Z¶‘U d {Z¶§ÌU H$aUo.
nV{Z¶§ÌUmMo gmYUo (Means of Credit Control) :
(A) àË¶j gmYUo (Direct Instrument)
16
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m>>
(1) amoI amIrd à‘mU (CRR - Cash Reserve Ratio) :
àË¶oH$ ì¶mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m Odi Agboë¶m EHy$U R>odrÀ¶m (Net Demand and Time Liabilities) À¶m H$mhr R>odr
[aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o amoI ñdê$nmV R>odmì¶m bmJVmV Ë¶m à‘mUmbm CRR åhUVmV.
CXm. g‘Om CRR Mm Xa 3% Amho. Oa ICICI ~±Ho$V 100 H$moQ>rÀ¶m R>odr AgVrc. Va Ë¶m§Zm 3 H$moQ>r én¶m§Mr amoI
a¸$‘ RBI ‘Ü¶o R>odmdr cmJVo.
‘mM© 2023 ‘Ü¶o CRR 4.5% Amho.
gd© ì¶mnmar ~±H$m§Zm CRR ~§YZH$maH$ Amho. ‘mÌ {~Ja-AZwgwMrV ~±H$m (Non Scheduled Bank) CRR Mm {ZYr ñdV…
Odi R>ody eH$VmV.
CRR Am{U MbZdmT> : RBI Zo CRR dmT>{dbm Va ~±H$m§Zm OmñV n¡gm RBI ‘Ü¶o R>odmdm bmJVmo d ~±H$m§H$S>o H$O©
XoÊ¶mgmR>r H$‘r n¡gm amhVmo Ë¶m‘wio ~mOmamV OmñV n¡gm ¶oV Zmhr d Ë¶m‘wio MbZdmT> {Z¶§{ÌV hmoVo.
RBI Zo CRR H$‘r Ho$bm Va ~±H$m§Zm RBI ‘Ü¶o H$‘r n¡gm R>odmdm bmJVmo d ~±H$m§H$S>o H$O} XoÊ¶mgmR>r OmñV n¡gm amhVmo,
¶m‘wio bmoH$ H$O} KoVmV. bmoH$m§Odi n¡gm Amë¶m‘wio Vo dñVy§Mr IaoXr H$aVmV. dñVy§Mr ‘mJUr dmT>Vo Am{U MbZdmT>
hmoVo.
CRR bm {H$‘mZ d H$‘mb ‘¶m©Xm Zmhr.
CRR R>odtda [aPìh© ~±H$ BVa ~±H$m§Zm Hw$R>bohr ì¶mO XoV Zmhr. CbQ> Or ~±H$ RBI ‘Ü¶o CRR R>odV Zmhr Ë¶m§Zm [aPìh©
~±H$ X§S> AmH$maVo.
{d‘c OmcmZ g{‘Vr :
ñWmnZm : {S>g|~a 2018
CÔoe : RBI H$S>o amIrd {ZYrMo à‘mU {H$Vr Agmdo Am{U H|$Ð gaH$macm {H$Vr cm^m§e Úmdm ho gwM{dÊ¶mgmR>r hr g{‘Vr
ñWmnZ Ho$cr hmoVr.
{e’$maer :
(1) ~±Ho$Mo ’o$a ^m§S>dcrH$aU (Recapitalisation) H$aVmZm gaH$maZo ñdV:Mr A{YH$ AmoT>mVmZ H$ê$Z KoVë¶mg ^maVmMo
‘mZm§H$Z (Rating) Kgaoc d Xoem~mhoa ^m§S>dc (Capital) OmÊ¶mMm YmoH$m CX²^doc.
(2) ~±Ho$Mo Vmio~§X {dídgZr¶ Agco nm{hOo.
(3) XoemH$S>o {dXoer McZmMm gmR>m ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Agcm nm{hOo.
(4) [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo coIm df© (Accounting Year) Am{U XoemMo {dÎm df© (Financial Year) 2020-21 nmgyZ EH$M
H$amdo. gÜ¶m [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo coImdf© Oyc¡ Vo OyZ Amho Am{U ^maVmMo {dÎm df© E{àc Vo ‘mM© Amho. XmoÝhr df©
Owi{dë¶mg [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm A§V[a‘ cm^m§e XoÊ¶mMr JaO nS>Uma Zmhr.
(2) d¡Ym{ZH$ VabVm à‘mU (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) :
àË¶oH$ ì¶mnmar ~±Ho$bm Ë¶m§À¶m Odi O‘m Agboë¶m EHy$U R>odtn¡H$s ({Zìdi ‘mJUr d ‘wXV R>odrn¡H$s) (Net Demand
& Time Liabilities) H$mhr à‘mUmV R>odr ñdV… Odi amoI ñdénmV, emgH$s¶ à{V^yVrÀ¶m (Govt. Bond) ñdê$nmV
qH$dm gmoÝ¶mÀ¶m ñdê$nmV R>odmì¶m bmJVmV Ë¶m à‘mUmbm d¡Ym{ZH$ VabVm à‘mU (SLR) Ago åhUVmV.
CXm. g‘Om SLR Mm Xa 20% Amho. Oa ICICI ~±Ho$V 100 H$moQ>rÀ¶m R>odr AgVrc. Va Ë¶m§Zm 20 H$moQ>r én¶m§Mo amoI
a¸$‘ qH$dm gmoZo qH$dm Govt. Bond ñdV: Odi R>odmdo cmJVmV.
‘o 2020 nmgyZ SLR Mm Xa 18% Amho.
SLR ‘YyZ ~±H$m§Zm CËnÞ {‘i{dVm ¶oV Zmhr. na§Vw gmoÝ¶mÀ¶m ñdê$nmV Jw§VdUyH$ H$ê$Z gmoÝ¶mVrb ^mddmT>rMm ’$m¶Xm
hmoD$ eH$Vmo. VgoM emgH$s¶ à{V^y{V‘Ü¶o (Government Bond) Jw§VdUyH$ H$ê$Z ì¶mO H$‘dVm ¶oVo.
17
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m>>
SLR Am{U MbZdmT> … SLR dmT>{dbm Va ~±H$m§Zm ñdV… Odi OmñV n¡gm R>odmdm bmJob Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o H$O© dmQ>n
H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$‘r n¡gm amhrb Ë¶m‘wio ~mOmamV H$‘r n¡gm ¶oB©b d MbZdmT> AmQ>mo³¶mV ¶oB©b.
SLR H$‘r Ho$bm H$s ~±H$m§H$S>o ñdV… Odi H$‘r n¡gm R>odmdm bmJob d Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o H$O} XoÊ¶mgmR>r OmñV n¡gm amhrb
Ë¶m‘wio ~mOmamV OmñV n¡gm ¶oB©b d MbZdmT> hmoB©b.
SLR Mr {H$‘mZ ‘¶m©Xm Zmhr d H$‘mb ‘¶m©Xm 40% Amho.
SLR Or ~±H$ amIyZ R>odUma Zmhr Ë¶m ~±Ho$bm RBI X§S> AmH$maVo.
CRR hm amoI (Cash) ñdê$nmV R>odmdo cmJVmo. Va SLR amoI, emg{H$¶ à{V^wVr (Govt. Bond) qH$dm gmoZo ¶m ‘Ü¶o
R>odVm ¶oVmo.
(B) AàË¶j gmYZo (Indirect Instrument) :
(1) ~±H$ Xa (Bank Rate) :
[aPìh© ~±H$ BVa ~±H$m§Zm (~±H$m§À¶m hþ§S>çm, dm{UÁ¶nÌo IaoXr H$éZ qH$dm Ë¶m§Mm nwZd©Q>md H$ê$Z) XrK© ‘wXVrMo (Long
Term) H$O© Á¶m XamZo XoVo Ë¶mbm ~±H$ Xa åhUVmV.
~±H$ Xa dmT>dë¶mg ~±H$m§Mr H$O} ‘hmJ hmoVmV d H$‘r bmoH$ H$O} KoVmV. ~mOmamV H$‘r n¡gm ¶oVmo d MbZdmT> {Z¶§{ÌV hmoVo.
~±H$ Xa H$‘r Ho$ë¶mg OmñV cmoH$ H$O} KoVmV Ë¶m‘wio ~mOmamV OmñV n¡gm ¶oVmo d MbZdmT> hmoVo.
(2) VabVm g‘m¶moOZ gw{dYm (Liquidity Adjustment Facility - LAF) :
Ooìhm ~±H$m§Zm H$‘r H$mcmdYrgmR>r n¡em§Mr JaO AgVo Voìhm ~±H$m VabVm g‘m¶moOZ gw{dYoMm dmna H$aVmV.
(A) aonmo Xa (Repo Rate) :
· ~±H$m Ooìhm [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z nwZ©IaoXrMo (Repurchase) AmídmgZ XoD$Z emgH$s¶ à{V^yVr (Govt. Bond) [aPìh©
~±Ho$bm {dHy$Z Aën‘wXVrMo (Short Term) H$O© KoVmV d ¶m ì¶dhmamda [aPìh© ~±H$ Á¶m XamZo ì¶mO AmH$maVo
Ë¶mbm aonmo Xa åhUVmV.
· Repo åhUOo Repurchase Obligation ¶m‘Ü¶o EImXr dñVy AmO {dH$cr OmVo d R>am{dH$ H$mcmdYrZ§Va Vr dñVy
Am{YM R>acoë¶m XamZo naV IoaoXr Ho$cr OmVo ¶mcmM Repo Rate åhUVmV.
· Ooìhm RBI BVa ~±Ho$bm 1 {XdgmgmR>r aonmo XamZo H$O©nwadR>m H$aVo Ë¶mbm EH$ {Xdgr¶ aonmo (Over Nights Repo Rate)
åhUVmV d Ooìhm hm ì¶dhma 2 {Xdg Vo 56 {Xdgm§gmR>r hmoVmo Ë¶mbm ‘wXV aonmo Xa (Term Repo Rate) åhUVmV.
· Q>‘© aonmoMm H$mbmdYr 7,14,28,56 {Xdg AgVmo.
· aonmo XamVrb ì¶dhma 1 {Xdg Vo 56 {Xdg ¶m H$mbmdYrgmR>r hmoVmV.
· ZmUo ~mOmamVrb amoIVoÀ¶m n[apñWVrda AënH$mbrZ {Z¶§ÌU àmßV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r RBI aonmo Xa d [aìhg© aonmo XamMm
dmna H$aVo.
(~) [aìhg© aonmo Xa (Reverse Repo Rate) :
· [aPìh© ~±H$ Ooìhm BVa ~±H$mH$Sy>Z nyZ©IaoXrMo (Repurchase) AmídmgZ XoD$Z emgH$s¶ à{V^wVr (Govt. Bond) BVa
~±Ho$bm {dHy$Z Aën ‘wXVrMo H$O© KoVo d ¶m ì¶dhmamV BVa ~±H$m Á¶m XamZo [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm ì¶mO AmH$maVmV Ë¶m
Xambm [aìhg© aonmo aoQ> åhUVmV.
· Ooìhm hm ì¶dhma 1 {XdgmgmR>r hmoVmo Voìhm Ë¶mbm Over Night Reverse Repo Rate åhUVmV Am{U Ooìhm hm
ì¶dhma 2 {Xdg Vo 56 {Xdgm§gmR>r hmoVmo Voìhm Ë¶mbm Term Revese Repo Rate åhUVmV.
· Repo rate d Reverse Repo Rate dmT>ë¶mg ~±H$m§Zm H$O© ‘hmJ hmoVmV d ~±H$m ì¶mOmMm Xa dmT>dVmV Va Repo
Rate d Reverse Repo Rate Mm Xa H$‘r Ho$ë¶mg ~±H$m§Mr H$O} ñdñV hmoVmV d McZdmT> hmoVo.
18
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m>>
(3) {g‘m§{VH$ amIrd gw{dYm (Marginal Standing Facility) :
Ooìhm EImÚm ~±Ho$bm n¡emMr JaO AgVo nU H$O© KoÊ¶mgmR>r JhmU R>odÊ¶mgmR>r emg{H$¶ à{V^wVr (Govt. Bonds) Ë¶m
~±Ho$H$S>o CnbãY ZgVmV. Aem doir Vr ~±H$ ¶m gw{dYoA§VJ©V ñdV… Odirb SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) ‘Yrb
2% a¸$‘ H$nmV H$ê$Z hr 2% a³H$‘ EH$m {XdgmgmR>r dmnê$ eH$Vo.
SLR ‘Yrb EImXr emgH$s¶ à{V^yVr EH$m {XdgmgmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$bm {dHy$Z [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z H$O© KoVm ¶oVo. Xþgè¶m
{Xder ho H$O© ì¶mOmgH$Q> [aPìh© ~±Ho$bm naV H$amdo bmJVo d SLR ‘Ü¶o EH$m {XdgmgmR>r 2% H$nmV Ho$br Ë¶m‘wio EH$m
{XdgmMm X§S> gwÕm [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o O‘m H$amdm bmJVmo.
[aPìh© ~±H$ 1 {XdgmgmR>r KoVboë¶m aH$‘oda aonmo Xam à‘mUo ì¶mO AmH$maVo.
Marginal Standing Facility Rate = Repo Rate + Penalty Rate
(4) ~ogXa (Base Rate) Am{U MCLR (Marginal Cost of Funds Based Lending Rate) :
MCLR : Minimum Interest Rate of a bank below which it can not lend, except in some cases allowed by
the RBI
~ogXa åhUOo Agm Xa Á¶m XamÀ¶m Imbr ~±H$m§Zm H$O© XoVm ¶oUma Zmhr.
(5) Iwë¶m ~mOmamVrb ì¶dhma (Open Market Operations) :
emgH$s¶ à{V^yVr (Govt. Bond) {dHy$Z gaH$ma ~mOmamVyZ n¡gm C^maV AgVo. IaoXr-{dH«$sMm hm ì¶dhma [aPìh© ~±Ho$‘m’©$V
MmbVmo. Ooìhm gaH$ma ¶m à{V^yVr ~mOmamV {dH$m¶bm H$mT>Vo d H$moUVmhr ì¶³Vr qH$dm g§ñWm ho à{V^yVr {dH$V KoD$
eH$Vmo Ë¶m ì¶dhmambm Iwë¶m ~mOmamVrb ì¶dhma Ago åhUVmV.
Ooìhm ~mOmamV OmñV n¡gm Agob d MbZdmT> hmoV Agob Voìhm [aPìh© ~±H$ ho emgH$s¶ à{V^wVr {dH$m¶bm H$mT>Vo d
~mOmamVrb n¡gm H$‘r H$ê$Z McZdmT> Wm§~{dVo.
Ooìhm ~mOmamV MbZKQ> Agob Voìhm [aPìh© ~±H$ ho emg{H$¶ à{V^yVr Jw§VdUwH$XmamH$Sw>Z naV KoVo d Ë¶mbm ì¶mOmgH$Q>
n¡go XoVo. ¶m‘wio ~mOmamV VabVm (n¡gm) dmT>Vo d MbZKQ> AmQ>mo³¶mV ¶oD$Z MbZdmT> hmoÊ¶mgmR>r ‘XV hmoVo.
(6) Quantitative Easing :
~mOmamV MbZKQ> Agob Am{U ~mOmamV n¡emMr H$‘VaVm Agob Aemdoir ‘wXVnyd© à{V^yVr naV KoD$Z ~mOmamV n¡gm
AmoVÊ¶mMo H$m‘ emgZ H$aVo ¶mbmM Quantitative Easing åhUVmV.
(7) ~mOma pñWarH$aU ¶moOZm (Market Stabilisation Scheme) :
naH$s¶ ^m§S>dcm‘wio hmoUmar McZdmT> amoIÊ¶mgmR>r MSS A§VJ©V RBI gaH$mar H$O©amo»¶m§Mr {dH«$s H$aVo Ë¶m‘wio McZdmT>
AmQ>mo³¶mV ¶oVo.
(8) External Benchmark Rate :
ì¶mnmar ~±H$ J«mhH$mcm Á¶m XamZo H$O© XoVo Vmo Xa AmVm RBI À¶m ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaUmÀ¶m Xamgmo~V OmoSÊ¶mV ¶oB©c Ë¶m Xamcm
External Benchmark Rate åhUVmV.
RBI Zo gd© ì¶mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m H$Om©darc ~XcUmao ì¶mOXa (Floating Loan) ho External Benchmark gmo~V
OmoS>Uo AË¶mdí¶H$ Ho$co (1 Am°³Q>mo~a 2019 nmgyZ)
¶mAmYr ì¶mnmar ~±H$ J«mhH$mH$Sy>Z ì¶mO ho Base Rate qH$dm MCLR (Marginal Cost of Lending Rate) à‘mUo AmH$maV
Ago AmVm ho Xa External Benchmark Rate à‘mUo Agoc.
RBI Zo ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaUm‘Ü¶o ì¶mOmMo Xa H$‘r Ho$co AgVm ì¶mnmar ~±H$m Ë¶m§À¶m J«mhH$mH$Sy>Z ¶oUmè¶m ì¶mOXam‘Ü¶o H$nmV
H$aV ZìhË¶m H$maU hm Xa Ë¶m§À¶m Zâ¶mMm EH$ KQ>H$ hmoVm.
19
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m>>
RBI cm Amnë¶m ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaUmMm n[aUm‘ gH$mamË‘H$ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ì¶mnmar ~±Ho$Zo Ë¶m§À¶m Base Rate qH$dm MCLR
‘Ü¶o ~Xc H$aUo Amdí¶H$ hmoVo.
AmVm hm Xa ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaUmgmo~V H$‘rOmñV H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Ho$cm Amho ¶mcmM External Benchmark Rate Ago åhUVmV.
C{O©V nQ>oc g{‘VrZo ¶m àH$maÀ¶m XamMr {e’$mag 2018 ‘Ü¶o Ho$cr hmoVr.
(9) amIrd R>od gw{dYm (SDF - Standing Deposit Facility)
SDF gw{dYoA§VJ©V ~±H$ [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm EH$m {XdgmgmR>r H$O© XoVo ¶mda [aPìh© ~±H$ Ë¶m ~±Ho$cm Á¶m XamZo ì¶mO XoVo. Ë¶m
Xamcm SDFR (Standing Deposit Facility Rate) Ago åhUVmV.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr H$m‘o :
(1) MbZ {Z{‘©Vr d MbZ àMmbH$ (Currency Issuer) :
· [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo àmW{‘H$ H$m¶© XoemMr MbZ ì¶dñWm {Z¶§{ÌV H$ê$Z Am{W©H$ ñW¡¶© àmßV H$aUo.
· gd© ZmoQ>m d ZmUr ì¶dhmamV AmUÊ¶mMo H$m¶© RBI H$aVo. (1 ê$n¶mMr ZmoQ> d gd© ZmUr gmoSy>Z ~mH$s gd© ZmoQ>m
RBI N>mnVo.)
(2) MbZ {df¶H$ YmoaU A§‘b~OmdUr (Monetary Policy Implementation) :

· nwdu MbZ {df¶H$ YmoaU R>a{dÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o hmoVm nU hm A{YH$ma AmVm ‘m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU g{‘Vrbm
(Monetary Policy Committee) bm XoÊ¶mV Amcm Amhoo. [aPìh© ~±H$ AmVm ’$³V MbZ{df¶H$ YmoaU A§‘b
~OmdUrMo H$m¶© H$aVo.
(3) ~±H$m§Mr ~±H$ åhUyZ H$m¶© (Banker to Bank) :
· XoemVrb gd© ~±H$m§Mr ImVo [aPìh© ~±Ho$V AgVmV. hr gd© ~±H$m§Mr ImVr [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mm DAD (Deposit Account
Department) MmbdV AgVmo.
· [aPìh© ~±H$ BVa ~±H$m§Zm H$O© nwadR>m H$aVo.
· [aPìh© ~±H$ BVa ~±H$m§gmR>r A§{V‘ ÌmVm (Lender of Last Resort) åhUyZ C^r amhVo.
· [aPìh© ~±H$ BVa ~±H$m§Zm YmoaUmË‘H$ gëbm d ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aV AgVo.
(4) gaH$maMr ~±H$ åhUyZ H$m¶© (Banker & Debt Manager to Government) :
· [aPìh© ~±H$ H|$Ð gaH$maMr ~±H$ Am{U amÁ¶ gaH$maMr ~±H$ ({gp³H$‘ dJiVm) åhUyZ H$m¶© H$aVo.
· gaH$maMo amoIo (Bonds) {dHy$Z gaH$mabm n¡go {‘idyZ XoVo.
· gaH$mabm gd© ~±qH$J godm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVo.
· gaH$maMo naH$s¶ MbZ{df¶H$ ì¶dhma nmhVo.
· amÁ¶ gaH$maZo emgH$s¶ H$O© amoIo VmaU åhUyZ R>odë¶mg [aPìh© ~±H$ Ë¶m§Zm Special Drawing Facility (SDF)
A§VJ©V H$O© nwadR>m H$aVo Am{U ¶m H$Om©Mr ‘¶m©Xm Amobm§S>ë¶mg Ways & Means Advances A§VJ©V amÁ¶ gaH$mabm
H$O© XoVo.
(5) XoUr d {ZagZ J¥h åhUyZ H$m¶© (Clearing House) :
· àË¶oH$ ~±Ho$bm BVa ~±Ho$H$Sw>Z H$mhr XoUr ¶oUo ~mH$s AgVo. Vr XoUr BVa ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z KoD$Z ¶m ~±Ho$bm XoÊ¶mMo H$m‘
[aPìh© ~±H$ H$aV AgVo.
(6) naH$s¶ MbZmMo ì¶dñWmnZ (Manager of Foreign Currency) :
· XoemMm naH$s¶ MbZgmR>m [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o O‘m AgVmo d Ë¶mMo ì¶dñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ [aPìh© ~±H$ H$aV AgVo.
20
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m>>
(7) ~±qH$J ì¶dñWoMo {Z¶§ÌH$ (Regulator of The Banking System) åhUyZ H$m¶© :
· ~±H$m§Zm d Ë¶m§À¶m emIm§Zm [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mm nadmZm (License) KoUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo.
· ~±H$m§Mr VnmgUr H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mm Amho.
· MbZ {df¶H$ YmoaU A§‘b~OmdUrVyZ ~±Ho$H$S>rb amoI, VacVm ¶m§Mo {Z¶‘Z H$aÊ¶mMo H$m¶© [aPìh© ~±H$ H$aV AgVo.
(8) {dÎmr¶ g‘mdoeZmgmR>r H$m¶© (Financial Inclusion) :
· Jar~mVrb Jar~ ì¶³Vrbm ~±H$s¨J‘Ü¶o OwidyZ KoUo. Jar~ ì¶³VrMo ~±Ho$‘Ü¶o ImVo H$mT>Uo d Jar~ ì¶³Vrbm ~±H$s¨J
godm XoD$Z Ë¶mMo {dÎmr¶ g‘mdoeZ H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ [aPìh© ~±H$ H$aVo.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ ¶moOZm (Lead Bank Scheme) :
gwédmV … {S>g|~a 1969 (JmS>Jri g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z d E’$. Eg. Zar‘Z g{‘VrÀ¶m gwMZodê$Z hr ¶moOZm gwé Ho$bro.)
H$m¶© …
(1) EH$ {Oëhm EH$m ~±Ho$bm XÎmH$ åhUyZ XoÊ¶mV Ambm d Ë¶m ~±Ho$bm Ë¶m {OëømMr AJ«Ur ~±H$ åhUyZ XOm© XoÊ¶mV
Ambm.
(2) AJ«Ur ~±H$ XOm© {‘imboë¶m ~±H$m§Zr Ë¶m {OëømMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUZo.
(3) {OëømVrb bmoH$m§À¶m nVJaOm ^mJ{dÊ¶mgmR>r Am{U {Z¶moOZ nyVugmR>r H$m¶© H$aUo.
Cfm WmoamV g{‘Vr : (2009) :
{e’$mag … 2000 nojm OmñV bmoH$g§»¶m Agboë¶m Jmdmn¶ªV AJ«Ur ~±Ho$Zo gw{dYm nwadmdr.
AJ«Ur ~±Ho$Mo narjU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘o 2013 ‘Ü¶o [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo AJ«Ur ~±H$ ¶moOZm ehar ^mJmVhr bmJy H$amdr Aer gyMZm
Ho$br. AmVmn¶ªV Ho$di J«m‘rU d {Z‘ ehar ^mJmgmR>rM hr ¶moOZm H$m¶© H$aV hmoVr.
AJ«H«$‘ joÌ H$O© nwadR>m (Priority Sector Lending) :
AJ«H$‘ joÌ åhUOo AW©ì¶dñWoVrc Aer joÌo Á¶m§Zm H$O© {‘iUo AdKS> OmVo. hr H$O} H¥$fr, {ejU, {Z¶m©V H$O©, J¥h,
gwú‘, bKw d ‘Ü¶‘ CnH«$‘, gm‘m{OH$ nm¶m^yV g§aMZm nwZ{Z{‘©Vrj‘ COm© ¶m gmR>r {Xco OmVmV.
2007 … S>m°. gr. Eg. ‘wVu g{‘Vr.
2011 … E‘. ìhr. Zm¶a g{‘Vr.
Zm¶a g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z 23 E{àb 2015 amoOr [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo AJ«H«$‘ joÌ nwadÊ¶mMo gwYmarV bú¶ àH$m{eV Ho$bo.
^maVr¶ ~±H$m VgoM gd© naH$s¶ ~±H$m§Zm AJ«H«$‘ joÌmbm 40% H$O© XoÊ¶mMo bj KmbyZ {Xobo Amho. nydu naH$s¶ ~±H$m§Zm Vo
32% hmoVo. Vo AmVm 40% Ho$bo Amho. åhUOoM àË¶oH$ ~±Ho$Zo Ë¶m§À¶m EHy$U H$Om©À¶m 40% H$O©o nwadR>m AJ«H«$‘ joÌmcm
Ho$cmM nmhrOo ho ~§YZH$maH$ Amho.
naH$s¶ ~±Ho$Mo bú¶ :
20 qH$dm Ë¶mnojm OmñV emIm Agboë¶m naH$s¶ ~±Ho$Zo 40% Mo bú¶ 31 ‘mM© 2018 n¶ªV JmR>m¶Mo Amho.
20 nojm H$‘r emIm Agboë¶m naH$s¶ ~±H$m§Zr 2015-16 ‘Ü¶o 32%, 2016-17 ‘Ü¶o 34%, 2017-18 ‘Ü¶o 36%,
2018-19 ‘Ü¶o 38% Am{U 2019-20 åhUOo 31 ‘mM© 2020 n¶ªV 40% Mo bú¶ nyU© H$am¶Mo Amho.
åhUOo AmVm ^maVr¶ ~±H$m d naH$s¶ ~±H$m ¶m XmoKm§Zm nU AJ«H«$‘ joÌ H$O© nwadR>çmMo 40% bú¶ A{Zdm¶© (Compulsory)
Amho.
AJ«H«$‘ joÌ H$O© nwadR>m - 40% (eoVr 18%, Xþ~©b KQ>H$ 10%, gwú‘ CnH«$‘ 7.5%, BVa 4.5%).
21
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m>>
EHy$U AJ«H«$‘ joÌ 40%
joÌ cú¶
H¥$fr 18%
gyú‘ CnH«$‘ 7.5%
Xþ~©c KQ>H$ 10%
BVa 4.5
AJ«H«$‘ joÌ H$O©nwadR>çmMo ~±H$m§gmR>r cú¶ :
(1) ì¶mnmar ~±H$m : 40%
(2) àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±H$m : 75%
(3) cKw {dÎm ~±H$m : 75%
Á¶m ~±H$m AJ«H«$‘ joÌmMo eoVrMo 18% Mo bú¶ nyU© H$aV ZmhrV Ë¶m§Mr Cd©[aV a³H$‘ NABARD À¶m Rural Infrastructure
Development Fund (RIDF) ‘Ü¶o O‘m Ho$br OmVo.
CXm : g‘Om ICICI ~±Ho$Zo eoVH$è¶m§Zm ’$º$ 10% H$O} {Xcr 8% ~mH$s AmhoV. Va ICICI Mo n¡go NABARD ‘Ü¶o
hñVm§VaU hmoVmV NABARD Z§Va Vo RIDF ‘Ü¶o hñVm§Va hmoVmV {VWyZ Vo RRB ‘Ü¶o OmVmV. RRB ‘YyZ Vo
eoVH$è¶m§Zm H$O© {Xco OmVo.
Va ICICI  NABARD  RIDF  RRB  eoVH$ar.
Á¶m ~±H$m AJ«H«$‘ joÌmMo BVa bú¶ nyU© H$aV ZmhrV Ë¶m§Mr Cd©arV a³H$‘ amï´>r¶ Amdmg ~±H$ A§VJ©V J«m‘rU Amdmg {ZYr
(Rural Housing Fund), {gS>~r ~±H$ A§VJ©V Micro, Small & Medium Enterprise Fund ¶m {ZYrV R>odbr OmVo. ¶m
R>odboë¶m {ZYrda [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo R>a{dë¶mZwgma Ë¶m ~±H$m§Zm ì¶mO {Xbo OmVo.
AH$m¶©H$mar g§nÎmr (Non Performing Assets) :
~±H$m§Mr Aer g§nÎmr Or ~±Ho$gmR>r CËnÞ {‘idyZ XoV Zmhr Ë¶m g§ßmÎmrbm AH$m¶©H$mar g§nÎmr åhUVmV.
Oa EImÚm ~±Ho$Mm ‘wÔb Am{U ì¶mOmMm hâVm 90 {Xdgmnojm OmñV H$mimgmR>r WH$bm Agob Va Ë¶mbm AH$m¶©H$mar
g§nÎmr åhUVmV.
àH$ma :
(1) AZwà‘m{UH$ g§nÎmr (Sub Standard) : Aer g§nÎmr Or 90 {Xdgmnojm OmñV d 12 ‘{hÝ¶mnojm H$‘r H$mbmdYrgmR>r
AH$m¶©H$mar am{hbr Amho. Ë¶m g§nÎmrbm AZwà‘m{UV g§nÎmr åhUVmV.
(2) gme§H$ g§nÎmr (Doubtful Assets) : Aer g§nÎmr Or 1 dfm©nojm OmñV H$mimgmR>r AH$m¶©H$mar am{hbr Amho.
(3) J‘mdbobr g§nÎmr (Loss of Asset) : ~±Ho$Zo qH$dm [aPìh© ~±Ho$À¶m A§VJ©V qH$dm ~mô¶ boImnarjH$mZo (Auditor)
H$O© ~wS>mbo Ago Kmo{fV Ho$bo Ë¶m g§Îmrbm J‘mdbobr g§nÎmr åhUVmV.
Asset Reconstruction Company :
~±Ho$Mo ~wS>rV H$O© {dH$V KoUmè¶m g§ñWobm Asset Reconstruction Company Ago åhUVmV.
^m§S>db n¶m©ßVVm (Capital Adequacy) :
~±H$m ~w{S>V H$Om©bm {H$Vr Vm|S> XoD$ eH$VmV ho ‘moOÊ¶mgmR>r ^m§S>db n¶m©ßVVm ‘moObr OmVo.
Capital Adequacy =
22
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m>>
~ogb {ZH$f (Basel Norms) :
Bank for International Settlement (BIS) hr ~±§H$ pñdËPab±S>‘Yrb ~ogb ¶m ehamV Amho.
¶m ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm 17 ‘o 1930 amoOr Pmcr. hr ~±H$ OJmVrc à‘wI ‘Ü¶dVu ~±H$m§Mr EH$ Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§KQ>Zm Amho.
¶m ~±Ho$Mm CÔoe Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ‘m¡{ÐH$ Am{U {dÎmr¶ ghH$m¶© dmT>rg bmdUo d ‘Ü¶dVr© ~±H$m§gmR>r ‘Ü¶dVu ^w{‘H$m ~OmdUo.
1988 ‘Ü¶o BIS ¶m ~±Ho$Zo ~ogb {ZH$f àH$m{eV Ho$bo. ¶mZwgma ~±H$m§Zm {H$‘mZ ^m§S>db n¶m©ßVVm (Capital Adequacy)
àmßV H$aÊ¶m{df¶r ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.
~ogc {ZH$f àmá H$aUmar ~±H$ OmoIr‘oMo {Z¶‘Z H$ê$ eH$Vo. Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>mMm gm‘Zm H$ê$ eH$Vo Ë¶m‘wio ¶m ~±H$m
Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ñVamda doJdoJù¶m XoemV emIm CKSy> eH$VmV.
(1) ~ogb-I : 1988
· ^m§S>db n¶m©ßVVm bú¶ … 8%
· Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ñVamda ~±Ho$Mo ApñVËd {Q>H$dm¶Mo Agë¶mg Ë¶m ~±H$m§gmR>r 8% Mm ^m§S>dc n¶m©áVm JmR>Ê¶mMo cú¶
R>a{dÊ¶mV Amco.
(2) ~ogb-II … 2004
· ^m§S>db n¶m©ßVVm bú¶ … 9%
(3) ~ogb-III… 2020
· ~ogb III {ZH$f 31 ‘mM© 2019 Z§Va bmJy H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVrb Ago gm§{JVbo Jobo.
· ^m§S>db n¶m©ßVVm bú¶ … 11.5% (^m§S>db n¶m©ßVVm 9% + amoYH$ ^m§S>db n¶m©ßVVm 2.5%)
· ^maVr¶ ~±H$m§Zm ~ogb {ZH$f bmJy H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nwZ©^m§S>dbrH$aU (Recapitalisation) åhUOo ~±H$m§§Zm ñdV…H$S>o OmñV
^m§S>db O‘m H$amdo bmJob.
· ~ogb III {ZH$fmZwgma àemgH$s¶ gwYmaUm, H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ gwYmaUm, OmoIr‘ ì¶dñWmnZ ho gwYmaUm§Mo KQ>H$ V¶ma
H$aÊ¶mV Ambo AmhoV.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo JìhZ©a
H«$. JìhZ©a H$m¶©H$mi H«$. JìhZ©a H$m¶©H$mi
nmgyZ n¶ªV nmgyZ n¶ªV
1. Am°g~m°Z© pñ‘W 1 Apr 1935 30 Jun1937 14. Am¶ Or nQ>ob 1 Dec 1977 15 Sep 1982
2. Ooåg Q>oba 1 Jul 1937 17 Feb1943 15. ‘Z‘mohZ qgJ 16 Sep 1982 14 Jan 1985
3. gr S>r Xoe‘wI 11 Aug 1943 30 Jun1949 16. A{‘V Kmof 15Jan 1985 4 Feb 1985
4. ~oZoJb am‘m amd 1 Jul 1949 14 Jan1957 17. Ama EZ ‘ëhmoÌm 4 Feb 1985 22 Dec 1990
5. Ho$ Or Am§~oJmdH$a 14 Jan 1957 28 Feb1957 18. Eg d|H$Q>am‘ZZ 22 Dec 1990 21 Dec 1992
6. EMìhrAma A¶§Jma 1 Mar 1957 28 Feb1962 19. gr a§JamOZ 22 Dec 1992 21 Nov 1997
7. nr.gr. ^Å>mMm¶© 1 Mar 1962 30 Jun1967 20. {~‘b OmbmZ 22 Nov 1997 6 Sep 2003
8. Eb Ho$ Pm 1 Jul 1967 3 May1970 21. dm¶ ìhr aoÈ>r 6 Sep 2003 5 Sep2008
9. ~r.EZ. AS>maH$a 4 May 1970 15 Jun1970 22. S>r gwã~mamd 5 Sep 2008 4 Sep 2013
10. Eg OJÞmW 16 Jun 1970 19 May1975 23. aKwam‘ amOZ 4 Sep 2013 4 Sep 2016
11. EZ gr goZJwám 19 May 1975 19 Aug1975 24. D${O©V nQ>ob 4 Sep 2016 11 Dec 2018
12. Ho$ Ama nwar 20 Aug 1975 2 May 1977 25. e{º$H$m§V Xmg 12 Dec 2018 gÜ¶m H$m¶©aV
13. 3 May 1977 30 Nov 1977
E‘ ZaqghZ 
23
3 n¡gm d McZ
àñVmdUm (Introduction) :
B.g. 700 nyd© Amo{OZm ~oQ>m§da qH$dm {b{S>¶mÀ¶m amOmZo gd© àW‘ ZmUr nmS>m¶bm gwédmV Ho$br.
JwßVm H$mimV ewÕ gmoÝ¶mMr ZmUr nmS>br OmV Ago.
1540 ‘Ü¶o eoa ehm gwarZo {XëbrMm ~mXemh AgVmZm én¶m hr g§km gd©àW‘ dmnaÊ¶mg gwédmV Ho$br. Vmo én¶m 175
J«oZ (11.34 J«°‘) dOZmM§ Mm§XrMo ZmUo hmoVo.
n¡gm …
dñVy Am{U godm {dH$V KoÊ¶mgmR>r Xo¶ åhUyZ dmnamV ¶oUmè¶m H$moUË¶mhr dñVybm n¡gm Ago åhUVmV. CXm. én¶o, MoH$,
{~Q>H$m°BZ.
n¡emMr ‘hËdmMr H$m¶© :
(1) Store of Value (‘yë¶g§J«hU) … n¡gm Odi ~miJVm ¶oVmo. n¡emMo ‘yë¶ {Q>Hy$Z amhVo.
(2) Unit of Account ({hemo~mMo EH$H$) … n¡em‘wio EImÚm dñVyMo ‘yë¶ H$mT>Uo d ì¶dhma H$aUo gmono hmoVo.
(3) Medium of Exchange ({d{Z‘¶mMo ‘mÜ¶‘) … emgZmZo n¡embm ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xbr Agë¶m‘wio bmoH$m§Mm n¡emdaMm
{dídmg dmT>Vmo d gd© bmoH$ Vmo n¡gm pñdH$maVmV åhUyZ n¡gm ho {d{Z‘¶mMo ‘mÜ¶‘ Amho.
(4) Standard of Deffered Payment (AñW{JV Xo¶‘mZ) … n¡em‘wio ^{dî¶H$mbrZ XoUr (åhUOo CYmar) XoUo e³¶
hmoVo ¶mbmM AñW{JV Xo¶‘mZ Ago åhUVmV.
MbZ :
gd© MbZ ho n¡go AgVmV nU gd©M n¡go ho MbZ AgVmVM Ago Zmhr. ZmoQ>m Am{U ZmÊ¶m§À¶m ñdénmV gaH$ma qH$dm
‘Ü¶dVu ~±Ho$Zo {ZJ©{‘V Ho$boë¶m n¡embm d¡Y MbZ (Legal Currency) åhUVmV.
Am^mgr MbZ (Virtual Currency) :
Am^mgr MbZ åhUOo {d{Z¶{‘V/A{Z¶§{ÌV g§JU{H$¶ n¡gm Omo {d{eï> bmoH$ Ë¶mbm {Z¶§{ÌV H$aVmV d Á¶mMr ñdrH¥$Vr
{d{eï> gXñ¶mn¶ªV ‘¶m©{XV Amho. CXm. {~Q>H$m°B©Z (Bit coin)
Am^mgr MbZmbm Crypto Currency Ago gwÕm åhUVmV. Crypto Currency hm eãX 1998 ‘Ü¶o d¡ XmB© (Wai Dai)
¶m g§emoYH$mZo emoYwZ H$mT>bm.
CXm. {~Q>H$m°B©Z, {c~«m
(1) {~Q>H$m°B©Z (Bitcoin) :
· gmVmoer ZmH$m‘moQmo ¶m g§emoYH$mZo 2009 ‘Ü¶o Bitcoin ¶m Crypto Currency Mm emoY bmdbm.
· Bitcoin Network ‘Yrb Ledger ZmdmMo ¶§Ì Bitcoin Mr ‘mJUr d nwadR>m ¶mdéZ Bitcoin Mr qH$‘V R>adVo.
· {~Q>H$m°BZMo énm§Va d¡Y MbZmV H$am¶Mo Agë¶mg ‘mBZg©H$S>o (Miners) Vo H$aVm ¶oVo.
Bitcoin Mo ’$m¶Xo :
(1) XoUr qH$dm hñVm§VaU ’$s EH$X‘ H$‘r AgVo.
24
n¡gm d McZ
(2) Bitcoin Mo ImVo ho Zmd, amhVm nÎmm d BVa ì¶p³VJV ‘m{hVrer OmoS>bobo Zgë¶m‘wio Bitcoin Mo ì¶dhma
JmonZr¶ amIÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio ¶m‘Ü¶o Ho$cocm ì¶dhma gaH$ma qH$dm ‘Ü¶dVu ~±Ho$cm H$iV Zmhr.
Bitcoin Mo VmoQ>o :
(1) Bitcoin Mm dmna ‘¶m©{XV Agë¶m‘wio gd© ì¶dhma Bitcoin Zo e³¶ hmoV ZmhrV.
(2) Bitcoin À¶m qH$‘Vr‘Ü¶o OmñV MT> CVma AgVmo.
(2) Libra :
· 18 OyZ 2019 cm Facebook H§$nZrZo Libra ZmdmMo Am^mgr McZ ì¶dhmamV AmUÊ¶mMr KmofUm Ho$cr. Libra
McZ 2020 ‘Ü¶o McZmV ¶oUma hmoVo. na§Vw Vo McZmV ¶oD$ eH$co Zmhr. {S>g|~a 2020 ‘Ü¶o Facebook Zo Libra
McZmMo Zmd ~XcyZ Vo Diem AgÊ¶mMo Kmo{fV Ho$co. Diem ¶m c°Q>rZ ^mfoVrc eãXmMr AW© Day-{Xdg Agm
hmoVmo. ho McZ dmnaÊ¶mgmR>r Facebook Zo Novi ZmdmMo {S>{OQ>c d°coQ> XoIrc {dH${gV Ho$co Amho. 2022 gmc
COmS>co Agco, Var Diem McZ cm±M Pmcoco ZìhVo.
gw^mf JJ© g{‘Vr : 2 Zmoìh|~a 2017 :
Am^mgr McZmdarc {ZU©¶mgmR>r gw^mf JJ© ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcr hr g{‘Vr ñWmnZ Ho$cr.
{e’$mag : ^maVmZo Am^mgrMcZmcm d¡Y McZ åhUy Z¶o d ¶m ì¶dham§Zm nadmZJr gwÕm XoD$ Z¶o. ¶m ì¶dhmam§da ~§Xr
Kmcmdr. RBI Zo ñdV:Mo {S>{OQ>c d¡Y McZ {Z‘m©U H$amdo.
^maVmVrc RBI Mo {S>{OQ>c d¡Y (àñVm{dV) McZ :
gw^mf JJ© g{‘VrZo Blockchain Technology & Digital Technology Mm dmna H$ê$Z RBI Zo ñdV:Mo ‘Digital
Currency’ {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$cr, ¶m McZmcm Official Digital Currency qH$dm Central Bank Digital
Currency Ago åhQ>co Amho.
Q>çw{Z{e¶m hm n{hcm Xoe Amho, Á¶mZo gdm©V n{hco gaH$mar d¡Y {S>{OQ>c McZ àñV¥V Ho$co Ë¶mcm Zmd (e-Dinar,
B-{XZma / Digicash / bit Dinar) Ago {Xco.
hm {S>{OQ>c én¶m cmoH$m§Zm WoQ> RBI ‘YyZ {dH$V KoVm ¶oB©c. Vmo ñdV: gmo~V ~miJÊ¶mMr JaO Zmhr. Xþgè¶m H$moUË¶m
~±Ho$Vhr R>odÊ¶mMr JaO Zmhr. ¶mZo WoQ> {S>{OQ>c ì¶dhma H$aVm ¶oVrc.
RBI ‘Ü¶o CKS>coë¶m ImË¶mV ho Digital McZ R>odVm ¶oB©c d ¶mVwZ RBI J«mhH$m§cm ì¶mO XoB©c.
{S>{OQ>c én¶m§‘wio YmVy d H$mJXmMm dmna Q>miVm ¶oB©c.
J«mhH$ Vo RBI Agm WoQ> g~§Y {Z‘m©U hmoB©c.
gdm©oƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mH$Sy>Z Am^mgr McZmVrc ì¶dhmam§Zm ‘w^m :
^maVmV "Am^mgr McZmVrc ì¶dhmam§da RBI Zo KmVcoco {Z~ªY aÔ~m~V R>adUmam {ZH$mc gdm©oƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo {Xcm.
~±H$m Am{U {dÎmr¶ g§ñWm§Zm Am^mgr McZmVrc ì¶dhmam§À¶m gwc^VogmR>r godm àXmZ H$aÊ¶mMr ‘w^m hr ¶m {ZU©¶m‘yio
{‘imcr.
Am^mgr McZmMo ì¶dhma‘§M Mmc{dUmè¶m B§Q>aZoQ> A±S> ‘mo~mB©c Agmo{gEeZ Am°’$ B§{S>¶mZo gdm©oƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶m‘Ü¶o
¶mg§X^m©Vrc ¶m{MH$m XmIc Ho$cr hmoVr. Ë¶mda gdm©oƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mMo Ý¶m¶‘yVu Ama. E’$. Z[a‘Z ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcrc
3 gXñ¶m§À¶m I§S>nrR>mZo {ZU©¶ {Xcm.
^maV gaH$maMm {ZU©¶ :
‘mM© 2021 ‘Ü¶o H|$Ðr¶ H§$nZr ì¶dhma ‘§Ìmc¶mZo (Ministry of Corporate Affairs) 2021-22 Am{W©H$ dfm©nmgyZ
H§$nÝ¶m§Zr Oa Bitcoin gma»¶m Cryptocurrency ‘Ü¶o Jw§VdUyH$ AWdm ì¶dhma Ho$cm Agoc, Va Vmo Ë¶m H§$nÝ¶m§Zr Ë¶m§À¶m
25
n¡gm d McZ
co»¶m§‘Ü¶o (Accounting) Xe©{dcm nm{hOo Aer gyMZm Ho$cr. Jw§VdUwH$Xmam§Zr ¶m ~m~rH$S>o gH$mamË‘H$ÑîQ>çm nm{hco AgyZ
Aem Jw§VdUwH$scm gaH$maMr ‘yH$g§‘Vr Agë¶mMm AW© H$mT>cm Amho.
2022-23 AW©g§H$ënmV Cryptocurrencies VWm Am^mgr {S>{OQ>c g§nÎmrÀ¶m hñVm§VaUmVyZ {‘imcoco CËnÞ ho H$anmÌ
amhrc d Ë¶mda 30% XamZo H$a AmH$macm OmB©c, VgoM ‘¶m©XoncrH$S>rc hñVm§VaUmda 1% XamZo TDS AmH$mamdm cmJoc
¶m KmofUm H$ê$Z Crypocurrency ì¶dhma Cƒ H$anmVirÀ¶m Omù¶mV AmoT>Ê¶mV Amco AmhoV.
d¡Y McZ (Legal Currency) :
^maVr¶ ZmUr :
^maVr¶ ZmUr H$m¶Xm 2011 gÜ¶m ApñVËdmV Amho.
B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZrZo gd©àW‘ ^maVr¶ ZmUo H$m¶Xm 1835 ‘Ü¶o g§‘V Ho$bm.
¶m ZmÊ¶mMr qH$‘V 1 én¶m = 16 AmUo = 64 n¡go = 192 n¡go Aer hmoVr.
1917 ‘Ü¶o n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmÀ¶m H$mimV 1 én¶mMr ZmoQ> N>mnbr Jobr.
1 E{àb 1957 nmgyZ ZmÊ¶m§‘Yrb Xe‘mZ nÕV ApñVËdmV Ambr Am{U 1 én¶o åhUOo 100 n¡go Ago Pmbo.
50 n¡emÀ¶m ZmÊ¶m§Zr H$‘mb 10 én¶mn¶ªVMo ì¶dhma H$aVm ¶oVmV. 50 n¡emÀ¶m ZmÊ¶mcm cKw ZmUo (Small Coin) Ago åhUVmV.
2008 ‘Ü¶o ZdrZ 10 én¶m§Mo ZmUo MbZmV Ambo. ¶m ZmÊ¶mV ‘Ü¶^mJr Vm§~o d {ZHo$b YmVy dmnabm AgyZ ~mhoarb
~mOybm A°ë¶y{‘{ZA‘, {ZHo$b YmVy dmnabo Amho. ¶m ZmÊ¶mMo {S>PmB©Z Z°eZc B§pñQ²>Q>çyQ> Am°’$ {S>PmB©Z, Ah‘Xm~mX ¶oWo
Ho$co Amho. ¶m ZmÊ¶mMr H$ënZm {d{dYVoV EH$Vm (Unity in Diversity) Amho.
2010 ‘Ü¶o S>r. CX¶Hw$‘ma (IIT - Mumbai) ¶m§Zr V¶ma Ho$bobo én¶mMo Zdo {MÝh dmnamV Ambo. ¶m {MÝhmMr {ZdS>
Cfm WmoamV ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcrc Cƒ ñVar¶ g{‘VrZo Ho$cr.
^maV gaH$ma OmñVrV OmñV 1000 én¶m§Mo ZmUo ~Zdy eH$Vmo.
1 én¶m Am{U Ë¶mnojm ‘moR>çm ZmÊ¶m§Zr 1000 én¶mn¶ªVMr XoUr XoVm ¶oD$ eH$Vo.
Q>mH$gmir (Mints) :
Á¶m {R>H$mUr ZmUr nmS>br OmVmV (ZmUr V¶ma Ho$br OmVmV) Ë¶mbm Q>mH$gmi åhUVmV. gd© ZmUr ^maV gaH$ma ‘m’©$V
ZmUo H$m¶Xm 1906 A§VJ©V V¶ma Ho$cr OmVmV.
(1) H$mobH$Îmm (Acrnya) : 1757
¾ hr ^maVmVrb gdm©V OwZr Q>mH$gmi Amho.
¾ ¶oWo nmS>boë¶m ZmÊ¶m§da Hw$R>bohr {MÝh ZgVo.
(2) h¡Ðm~mX Q>mH$gmi : 1803
¾ 1950 n¶ªV {ZOm‘m§À¶m ‘mbH$sMr hr Q>mH$gmi hmoVr. 1950 ‘Ü¶o ¶mMr ‘mbH$s ^maV gaH$maH$S>o hñVJV Pmbr.
¾ 1997 nmgyZ hr Q>mH$gmi g¡’$m~mX d Moambmnëbr ¶m {R>H$mUr hbdÊ¶mV Ambr.
¾ ¶oWo nmS>boë¶m ZmÊ¶m§da Vmè¶m§MoAgo {MÝh AgVo.
(3) ‘§w~B© Q>mH$gmi : 1829
¾ ¶oWo nmS>boë¶m ZmÊ¶m§da Mm¡H$moZ ♦ qH$dm B qH$dm M Aja AgVo.
(4) ZmoES>m : 1988
¾ ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va ^maV gaH$maZo ñWmnZ Ho$bobr hr EH$‘od Q>mH$gmi Amho.
¾ ¶oWo nmS>boë¶m ZmÊ¶m§da  Ago {MÝh AgVo.
ho Mmahr Q>mH$gmir ^maV gaH$maÀ¶m ‘mbH$sMr Agbr Var 2006 ‘Ü¶o ^maV gaH$maZo SPMCIL (Security Printing
& Minting Corporation of India Limited) hr gaH$mar CnH§$nZr ñWmnZ H$éZ ¶m Mmahr Q>mH$gmirMr ‘mbH$s ¶m
H§$nZrH$S>o hñVm§VarV Ho$br.
26
n¡gm d McZ
Q>mH$gmi ñWmnZm {MÝh
H$mocH$mVm 1757
h¡Ðm~mX 1803 
‘w§~B© 1829 B/M/♦
ZmoES>m 1988 
^maVr¶ ZmÊ¶m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço

ZmUo dOZ ì¶mg AmH$ma YmVy aMZm
(Weight) (Shape)
(Coin) (Diameter) (Metal Composition)
1 ê$. 3.09 J«°‘ 20 {‘‘r Jmoc ñQ>rc (cmoh:83%, H«$mo{‘¶‘:17%)
2 ê$. 4.07 J«°‘ 23 {‘‘r Jmoc ñQ>rc (cmoh:83%, H«$mo{‘¶‘:17%)
5 ê$. 6.74 J«°‘ 25 {‘‘r Jmoc {ZHo$c {nVi (Vm§~o:75%, OñV:20%,
{ZH$oc:5%)
10 ê$. 7.74 J«°‘ 27 {‘‘r Jmoc H$S>m - {ZHo$c {nVi
(Vm§~o:75%, OñV:20%, {ZH$oc:5%)
‘Ü¶ - {ZHo$c M§Xoar
(Vm§~o:65%, OñV:15%, {ZHo$c:20%)
Technical Demonetisation (Vm§{ÌH$ {d‘wÐrH$aU) :
ZmÊ¶m§da ~§Xr AmUZo åhUOoM Technical Demonetisation hmo¶.
(1) 1947 ‘Ü¶o ZmÊ¶m§‘Yrb n{hbo Vm§{ÌH$ {d‘wÐrH$aU (Technical Demonetisation) Pmbo d n¡ ho ZmUo MbZmVwZ
~mX Ho$bo.
(2) 1957 ‘Ü¶o ZmÊ¶m§‘Yrb Xþgao Vm§{ÌH$ {d‘wÐrH$aU Pmco d MbZmVyZ AmUm ho ZmUo ~mX Ho$bo.
(3) 2011 ‘Ü¶o ZmÊ¶m§‘Yrb {Vgao Vm§{ÌH$ {d‘wÐrH$aU Pmbo 1 n¡gm Vo 25 n¡gm hr gd© ZmUr MbZmVyZ ~mX Ho$bo.
^maVr¶ MbZr ZmoQ>m :
H$mJXr ZmoQ>m Ho$di B§J«Om§ZrM MbZmV AmUë¶m.
^maVr¶ MbZr ZmoQ>m§gmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ H$m¶Xm 1934 ApñVËdmV Amho.
1906 ‘Ü¶o B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZr ^mJ ^m§S>dbXma AgUmè¶m ~±H$ Am°’$ H$bH$Îmm (~±H$ Am°’$ ~|Jmc) Zo Á¶m ZmoQ>m àgm[aV
Ho$ë¶m Ë¶m ^maVmVrb Iè¶m n{hë¶m ZmoQ>m hmoË¶m. ^maVmV gd©àW‘ ZmoQ>m N>mnÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma ¶mM ~±Ho$cm XoÊ¶mV Amcm.
1861 ‘Ü¶o 10, 20, 50, 100, 1000 én¶m§À¶m ZmoQ>m MbZmV Amë¶m. Ë¶m ZmoQ>m B§½b§S>‘Yë¶m boìha ñQ>m°H$ {‘b ¶oWo
N>mnë¶m OmV Ago.
OmZodmar 1938 ‘Ü¶o [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo n{hbr 5 én¶m§Mr ZmoQ> N>mnbr.
‘hmË‘m Jm§YrMm ’$moQ>mo Agcoë¶m ZmoQ>m gd© àW‘ 1996 ‘Ü¶o McZmV Amë¶m. 1996 ‘Ü¶o 10 é. d 100 é., 1997
‘Ü¶o 50 é., 2000 ‘Ü¶o 500 é., 2001 ‘Ü¶o 5 é. d 20 én¶m§da ‘hmË‘m Jm§YrMm ’$moQ>mo Q>mH$Ê¶mV Amcm.
H$mJXr MbZ N>mnImZo :
^maVmV 4 ZmoQ> àog H$m¶©aV AmhoV.
(1) H$aÝgr ZmoQ> àog, Zm{eH$ amoS> (‘hmamï´>) : 1928
27
n¡gm d McZ
¾ 1928 nmgyZ ¶oWo ZmoQ>m N>mnm¶bm gwédmV.
¾ 1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 én¶m§À¶m ZmoQ>m ¶oWo N>mnVmV.
¾ hr ^maVmVrb n{hbr ZmoQ> àog Amho.
¾ hr àog SPMCIL (The Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd.) À¶m ‘mbH$sMr Amho.
(2) ~±H$ ZmoQ> àog Xodmg (‘Ü¶àXoe) : 1974
¾ 1974 ‘Ü¶o hr ZmoQ> àog C^maÊ¶mV Ambr d 1975 nmgyZ ¶m àog‘Ü¶o ZmoQ>m N>mnm¶bm gwédmV Pmbr,
¾ 20 ê$., 50 ê$., 100 ê$., 500 ê$. À¶m ZmoQ>m ¶oWo N>mnë¶m OmVmV.
¾ hr àog SPMCIL À¶m ‘mbH$sMr Amho.
(3) åh¡gwa ZmoQ> àog (H$Zm©Q>H$) : 12 ‘o 1999
¾ hr àog RBI Mr Cng§ñWm BRBNPL (Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Priavate Limited) (ñWmnZm
: 3 ’o$~«wdmar 1995) ¶m H§$nZrMr Amho.
(4) gmb~moZr ZmoQ> àog (npíM‘ ~§Jmb) : 12 ’o$~«wdmar 2000
¾ hr àog BRBNPL À¶m ‘mbH$sMr Amho.
{g³¶w[aQ>r nona ‘rb, hmoe§Jm~mX (‘Ü¶àXoe) :
¶oWo ZmoQ>m d amoIo V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r bmJUmè¶m H$mJXmMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br OmVo.
^maVmVrc H$mJX McZ N>mnImZo
àog ñWmnZm
H$aÝgr ZmoQ> àog, Zm{eH$ amoS> 1928
~±H$ ZmoQ> àog, Xodmg 1974-75
ZmoQ> àog, åh¡gya 1999
ZmoQ> àog, gmc~moZr 2000
Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited :
ñWmnZm : 10 ’o$~«wdmar 2006

‘w»¶mc¶ : Zdr {X„r
hr EH$ {‘{ZaËZ XOm©Mr gaH$mar H§$nZr AgyZ ^maVmVrc gd© Q>mH$gmir d àog ZmoQ> ¶m H§$nZrÀ¶m ‘mcH$sÀ¶m AmhoV.
ZmoQ> Am{U ~±H$ ZmoQ> :
1 én¶mMr ZmoQ> ^maV gaH$maMo AW©‘§Ìmb¶ N>mnVo Ë¶mbm AmnU én¶m åhUVmo. 1 én¶mÀ¶m ZmoQ>oda
{dÎm ‘§Ìmb¶mÀ¶m g{MdmMr (Finance Secretary) ghr AgVo. 1 én¶mÀ¶m ZmooQ>obm ZmoQ> åhUVmV.
1 ê$n¶mMr ZmoQ> gmoSy>Z ~mH$s gd© ZmoQ>m [aPìh© ~±H$ N>mnVo.
1 én¶mMr ZmoQ> gmoSy>Z ~mH$s gd© ZmoQ>obm ~±H$ ZmoQ> åhUVmV. ¶m ZmoQ>m§da [aPìh© ~±Ho$À¶m JìhZ©aMr
ghr AgVo.
{d‘wÐrH$aU … (Demonetization) :
EImÚm McZmMo {dYr J«møËd (Legal Status) H$mTy>Z KoUo ¶mcmM {d‘wÐrH$aU åhUVmV. XoemVrc H$mimn¡gm Cƒ ‘wë¶
Agcoë¶m ZmoQ>o ‘Ü¶o gmR>dyZ R>odcocm AgVmo åhUyZ XoemVrc H$mimn¡gm ~mhoa H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r Cƒ ‘wë¶ Agcoë¶m ZmoQ>m§Mr
{dYr J«møVm H$mTy>Z KoVcr OmVo åhUOoM Ë¶m ZmoQ>m§dê$Z ì¶dhma H$aUo ~§X Ho$co OmVo ¶mcmM {d‘wÐrH$aU åhUVmV.
ZmoQ>m ~§X H$aÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ [aPìh© ~±Ho$À¶m ‘Ü¶dVu g§MmcH$ ‘§S>imÀ¶m gëë¶mZo ^maV gaH$ma KoV AgVo.
28
n¡gm d McZ
^maVmVrc {d‘wÐrH$aU :
(1) n{hbo {d‘wÐrH$aU (Demonetization) : 12 OmZodmar 1946.
· 500 ê$., 1000 ê$., 10000 ê$n¶mÀ¶m ZmoQ>m McZmVyZ ~mX Ho$ë¶m.
· CÔoe : Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmV ì¶mnmè¶m§Zr H$‘mdcocm H$mim n¡gm ‘moR>çm ZmoQ>m§‘Ü¶o XS>dcocm hmoVm. hm n¡gm ~mhoa H$mTy>Z
H$a‘hgwc dmT>dUo hm ¶m {d‘wÐrH$aUmMm CÔoe hmoVm.
· Voìhm [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo JìhZ©a gr. S>r. Xoe‘wI hmoVo.
· Va ^maVmMo ìhmBgam°¶ VWm JìhZ©a OZab doìhob hmoVo.
· [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo naV 1000 ê$., 5000 ê$. Am{U 10,000 ê$n¶o ‘wë¶mÀ¶m ZmoQ>m MbZmV AmUë¶m.
(2) Xþgao {d‘wÐrH$aU … 16 OmZodmar 1978
· 1000 ê$. 5000 ê$. Am{U 10,000 ê$n¶m§À¶m ZmoQ>m MbZmVwZ ~mX H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m.
· [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo JìhZ©a … Am¶. Or. nQ>ob
· n§VàYmZ … ‘moamaOr XogmB©
· {dÎm ‘§Ìr … {hé^mB© nQ>ob
CÔoe :
· H$mim n¡gm ~mhoa H$mT>Uo.
AW©ì¶dñWobm JVr Amë¶m‘wio 500 én¶mÀ¶m ZmoQ>m naV MbZmV Amë¶m.
1998 ‘Ü¶o 1000 ê$n¶m§Mr ZmoQ> N>mnUo gwé Ho$bo.
2000 ‘Ü¶o ‘hmË‘m Jm§YrMr ’$moQ>mo Agbobr 1000 én¶m§Mr ZmoQ> MbZmV Ambr.
22 OmZodmar 2014 amoOr [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo 500 ê$n¶o Am{U 1000 ê$n¶m§À¶m ZmoQ>m Á¶m 2005 À¶m AmYr N>mnë¶m AmhoV
Ë¶m naV ~XbyZ XoÊ¶mMr KmofUm Ho$br.
(3) {Vgao {d‘wÐrH$aU … 8 Zmoìh|~a 2016
· 500 ê$. d 1000 ê$n¶m§À¶m ZmoQ>m MbZmVwZ ~mX Ho$ë¶m.
· CÔoe … H$mim n¡gm ~mhoa H$mT>Uo.
· àYmZ‘§Ìr … Za|Ð ‘moXr
· [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo JìhZ©a … C{O©V nQ>ob
· {dÎm‘§Ìr … AéU OoQ>br
· 2016 À¶m {d‘wÐrH$aUmdoir Á¶m R>odrXmam§Zr ~MV ImË¶mV 2,50,000 ê$n¶m§nojm OmñV R>odr R>odë¶m qH$dm Mmby
ImË¶mV 12,50,000 nojm OmñV R>odr R>odë¶m Vo H$a {d^mJmÀ¶m aS>mada Ambo.
· 31 {S>g|~a 2016 Z§Va Á¶mÀ¶mH$S>o {d‘w{ÐV ZmoQ>m gmnS>Vrb Ë¶mbm 10,000 ê$n¶o X§S> qH$dm gmnS>boë¶m ZmoQ>m§À¶m
‘wë¶m§À¶m nmM nQ> X§S> ¶mn¡H$s Oo OmñV Amho Vo âmdo bmJob. ‘mÌ H$‘mb (Max) 10 {d‘w{ÐV ZmoQ>m ~miJÊ¶mg
nadmZJr XoÊ¶mV Ambr d g§emoYH$mbm 25 {d‘w{ÐV ZmoQ>m ~miJÊ¶mMr nadmZJr XoÊ¶mV Ambr.
· 8 Zmoìh|~a 2016 bm [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo 500 én¶o d 2000 ê$n¶m§À¶m ZdrZ ZmoQ>m àH$m{eV Ho$ë¶m.
{Vgè¶m {d‘wÐrH$aUmMo n[aUm‘ :
’$m¶Xo :
(1) ~±H$m‘Yrc R>odr dmT>ë¶m
(2) H$a dgwcr (Tax Collection) dmT>cr.
(3) ì¶mOXa H$‘r Pmco.
29
n¡gm d McZ
(4) cmoH$m§Zm {S>{OQ>c ì¶dhmam§Mr gd¶ cmJcr.
(5) ^«ï>mMma H$‘r Pmcm.
ZwH$gmZ :
(1) GDP H$‘r Pmcm
(2) ~oamoOJmar dmT>cr.
{d‘wÐrH$aUmMr VwcZm
n{hco {d‘wÐrH$aU Xþgao {d‘wÐrH$aU {Vgao {d‘wÐrH$aU
{d‘wÐrH$aU cmJy 12 OmoZdmar 1946 16 OmZodmar 1978 8 Zmoìh§o~a 2016
~§X Ho$coë¶m ZmoQ>m 500 ê$., 1000 ê$., 10,000 ê$. 1000 ê$., 5000 ê$., 10,000 ê$. 500 ê$., 1000 ê$.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo JìhZ©a ga gr. S>r. Xoe‘wI Am¶. Or. nQ>oc S>m°. C{O©V nQ>oc
àYmZ‘§Ìr doìhoc (JìhZ©a OZac) ‘moamaOr XogmB© Za|Ð ‘moXr
{dÎm ‘§Ìr - {hê$^mB© nQ>oc Aê$U OoQ>cr
^maVmVrc ZdrZ ZmoQ>m
2000 ê$. ZmoQ> :
a§J … ‘°O|Q>m
ZmoQ>oÀ¶m nmR>r‘mJo à{V‘m : ‘§Jb ¶mZmMr ’$moQ>mo
ZmoQ>oda ’$moQ>mo … ‘hmË‘m Jm§YrOtMm (COdrH$S>o Moham Agbobm) (AJmoXaÀ¶m ZmoQ>oda Jm§YrMm ’$moQ>mo S>mdrH$S>o Moham Agbobm
hmoVm.) 1946 ‘Ü¶o ‘hmË‘m Jm§YtZr no{WH$ bm°aoÝg ¶m§Mr B§½b§S>‘Ü¶o ôQ> KoVbr hmoVr. V|ìhmÀ¶m Ë¶m N>m¶m{MÌmVwZ hr
ZmoQ>odarb ’$moQ>mo KoVbr Amho.
àË¶oH$ ZmoQ>oda ñdÀN> ^maV {‘eZMm bmoJmo XoIrb XmIdbm Amho. hm bmoJmo H$moëhmnwa ‘Yrb AZ§V Img~Xma ¶m§Zr V¶ma
Ho$bm Amho d ñdÀN> ^maV Mr Tagline EH$ H$X‘ ñdÀN>Vm H$s Am¡a hr amOH$moQ>À¶m ^m½¶lr goR> ¶m§Zr V¶ma Ho$br Amho.
[aPìh© ~±H$ OmñVrV OmñV 10,000 ê$n¶m§Mr ZmoQ> N>mny eH$Vo.
500 ê$. ZmoQ> :
a§J … ñQ>moZ J«o
ZmoQ>oÀ¶m nmR>r‘mJo à{V‘m : bmb {H$ëë¶mMr à{V‘m.
200 ê$. ZmoQ> :
a§J … JS>X {ndim (Bright Yellow)
ZmoQ>oÀ¶m ‘mJo à{V‘m … gm§Mr ñVwn (‘Ü¶ àXoe)
100 ê$. ZmoQ> :
a§J … {’$³H$m Om§îm a§J (Lavender)
ZmoQ>oÀ¶m ‘mJo à{V‘m … amUr H$s dmd (Queens Stepwell) (World Heritage Site in Gujarat)
50 ê$. ZmoQ> :
a§J … âbyamogoÝQ> {Zim (Fluorescent Blue)
ZmoQ>oÀ¶m ‘mJo à{V‘m … XJS> aW hånr (H$Zm©Q>H$)
30
n¡gm d McZ
20 ê$. ZmoQ> :
a§J … Greenish Yellow
ZmoQ>oÀ¶m nmR>r‘mJo à{V‘m : Ellora Caves (Am¡a§Jm~mX)
10 ê$. ZmoQ> :
a§J : JS>X Vn{H$ar a§J (Chocolate Brown)
ZmoQ>oÀ¶m ‘mJo à{V‘m … H$moZmH©$ gy¶© ‘§Xra (Amo[agm)
1$ ê$. ZmoQ> :
a§J : Jwcm~r {hadm
ZmoQ>oÀ¶m ‘mJo à{V‘m : ZmoQ>oda YmÝ¶m§Mr aMZm Agoc VgoM "gmJa g‘«mQ>' ¶m Voc emoY OhmOmMo {MÌ.
H$mJXr MbZmMo àH$ma
(1) n[adV©Zr¶ H$mJXr MbZ ( Convertible Paper Currency) :
Á¶m McZmMo VodT>çmM qH$‘VrÀ¶m gmoÝ¶m‘Ü¶o n[adV©Z H$éZ XoÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar gaH$ma qH$dm ‘Ü¶dVu ~±H$ KoVo Ë¶m H$mJXr
McZmcm n[adV©Zr¶ H$mJXr McZ åhUVmV. ¶m McZmMo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
(A) à{V{Z{YH$ H$mJXr MbZ (Representative Paper Currency) :
¾ {OV³¶m ZmoQ>m N>mnë¶m OmVmV {VV³¶mM qH$‘VrMo gmoZo ‘Ü¶dVu ~±Ho$H$S>o qH$dm emgZmH$S>o MbZmbm AmYma
åhUyZ R>odbo OmVo, ¶mbmM gwdU© n[a‘mU (Gold Standard) Ago gwÕm åhUVmV. ¶m McZmda OZVoMm {dœmg
AgVmo. hm àH$ma ’$º$ OmñV {dH${gV XoemH$S>oM AgVmo.
(~) {dídmgmlrV H$mJXr MbZ (Fiduciary Paper Currency) :
¾ {OV³¶m ZmoQ>m N>mnë¶m OmVmV Ë¶mVrb WmoS>çm qH$‘VrMo gmoZo d H$mhr qH$‘VrMo gaH$mar amoIo (Government
Bonds) ‘Ü¶dVu ~±Ho$H$S>o qH$dm emgZmH$S>o MbZmbm AmYma åhUyZ R>odbo OmVo.
(2) A{nadV©Zr¶ H$mJXr MbZ (Inconvertible Paper Currency) :

ZmoQ>m N>mnV AgVmZm ZmoQ>obm AmYma åhUyZ gmoZo qH$dm gaH$mar amoIo emgZmH$S>o qH$dm ‘Ü¶dVu ~±Ho$H$S>o O‘m R>odbo OmV
Zmhr qH$dm ZmoQ>obm H$mhrM AmYma Z R>odVm ZmoQ>m N>mnë¶m OmVmV. ¶mcm An[adV©{Z¶ H$mJXr McZ åhUVmV.
^maVmZo 6 Am°³Q>mo~a 1956 bm An[adV©Zr¶ H$mJXr MbZ nÕV pñdH$mabr Amho åhUOoM ^maVmV MbZ N>mnV AgVmZm
Ë¶m MbZmbm AmYma H$mhr R>odbm OmV Zmhr.
Aem MbZm§da bmoH$m§Mm {dídmg H$‘r AgVmo.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$bm MbZ A‘¶m©X N>mnVm ¶oVo. ‘mÌ [aPìh© ~±H$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Xa, ‘hmJmB©Mm Xa, ‘mJUrMm Xa Am{U MbZgmR>m
¶m gdmªMm {dMma H$éZ MbZ N>mnV AgVo.
[aPìh© ~±H$ 200 H$moQ>r ê$n¶o {H$‘mZ {ZYr (Minimum Reserve System) åhUyZ amIyZ R>odVo ¶mn¡H$s 115 H$moQ>r én¶m§Mo
gmoZo d 85 H$moQ>r ê$n¶m§Mo naH$s¶ gaH$mar H$O©amoIo AgVmV. [aPìh© ~±Ho$bm EdT>m n¡gm ñdV… Odi R>odmdmM bmJVmo.

31
4 ^maVr¶ {dÎmr¶ ~mOma
^maVr¶ ZmUo~mOma (Money Market) :
ZmUo ~mOmamV 12 ‘{hÝ¶mnojm H$‘r H$mbmdYrgmR>r ì¶dhma hmoV AgVmV.
ZmUo ~mOmamV Or gmYZo dmnabr OmVmV Ë¶m§Zm nÌo (Paper) qH$dm {~bo (Bills) Ago åhUVmV.
R>odr R>odUo qH$dm H$O© KoUo ho XmoZ ì¶dhma ZmUo ~mOmamV hmoV AgVmV.
ZmUo~mOma Am{U ^m§S>dcr ~mOma
ZmUo~mOma (Money Market) ^m§S>dcr ~mOma (Capital Market)
gmYZo (Instruments) {~co, nÌo eoAa, amoIo
ì¶dhma AënH$mcrZ (Short Term) XrK© H$mcrZ (Long Term)
naVmdm (Returns) H$‘r OmñV
{Z¶m‘H$ (Regulater) RBI SEBI, RBI, IRDA, PFRDA
R>odr (Deposits)
(A) ‘mJUr R>odr (Demand Deposit) :
Aem R>odr Á¶m J«mhH$mcm ‘mJVm jUrM naV {‘iVmV Ë¶mbm ‘mJUr R>odr åhUVmV.
Cn àH$ma :
(1) ~MV R>odr (Saving Deposits) :
· ~MV R>odr‘Ü¶o {H$Vrhr doim n¡go R>odVm ¶oVmV nU n¡go ImË¶mVwZ H$mT>Ê¶mda ‘¶m©Xm AgVo. àË¶oH$ ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m 10 Vo
30 VmaIon¶ªVÀ¶m X¡{ZH$ {e„H$ a¸$‘oda ‘m{gH$ qH$dm Ì¡‘m{gH$ nÕVrZo ImVoXmambm ì¶mO {‘iVo d Vo ImË¶m‘Ü¶o
AmnmoAmn O‘m Ho$bo OmVo.
· ^maVmVrb gmYmaU Hw$Qy>§~mVrb gd© bmoH$ hoM ImVo CKS>VmV H$maU ¶m R>odrVyZ ì¶mOnU {‘iVo Am{U ho ImVo Mmby
R>odÊ¶mgmR>r ~±H$ H$moUVrhr AmJmD$ ewëH$ AmH$maV Zmhr. ¶m ImË¶m‘wio ~±Ho$bm gwÕm ’$m¶Xm hmoVmo.
(2) Mmby R>odr (Current Deposits) :
· ¶m ImË¶mV {H$Vrhr doim n¡go R>odVm ¶oVmV d {H$Vrhr doim n¡go H$mT>Vm ¶oVmV. ¶m R>odtda J«mhH$mbm ì¶mO {‘iV
Zmhr. ¶m ImË¶m‘wio ~±Ho$bm H$mhrhr ’$m¶Xm ZgVmo. Ë¶m‘wio ~±H$m ho ImVo Agboë¶m ImVoYmaH$mbm Xa ‘{hZm WmoS>o
ewëH$ AmH$maV AgVmV.
· ghgm CÚmoJnVr d ì¶mnmar ho ImVo CKS>VmV.
(B) ‘wXV Xm{¶Ëd (Term Liabilities/Deposits) :
‘wXV R>odr åhUOo Aem R>odr Á¶m J«mhH$ H$mhrVar ‘wXVrgmR>r ~±Ho$V R>odVmo d Vr ‘wXV g§në¶mZ§Va ~±H$ ì¶mOmgH$Q> gd© n¡go
J«mhH$mbm naV XoVo.
32
^maVr¶ {dÎmr¶ ~mOma
CnàH$ma :
(1) ‘wXV R>odr (Fixed Deposit) :
· ~±H$m‘Ü¶o {d{eï> H$mbmdYrgmR>r n¡gm R>odcm OmVmo. ‘wXV 7 {Xdg Vo 10 dfo} Agw eH$Vo. ‘wXV R>odr‘Ü¶o R>odr R>odÊ¶mMm
‘w»¶ CÔoe Mm§Jbo ì¶mO H$‘mdUo hm AgVmo. a³H$‘ Oa ‘wXVrnydu H$mT>m¶Mr Agë¶mg ~±H$ ì¶mO bm^mV H$nmV H$aVo.
(2) nwZamdVu R>odr (Recurring Deposit) :
· R>odr‘Ü¶o R>odm¶Mr a³H$‘ gwédmVrbmM gd© Z R>odVm Vr Xa ‘{hÝ¶mcm {d{eï> a¸$‘ R>odcr OmVo d ‘wXV g§në¶mZ§Va
R>odrMr a³H$‘ ì¶mOmgH$Q> naV Ho$br OmVo.
(3) {n½‘r R>odr (Pigmy Deposit) :
· bhmZ R>odrXmam§À¶m R>odr X¡{ZH$ qH$dm gmßVm{hH$ nÕVrZo WmoS>r WmoS>r a³H$‘ R>odr ñdê$nmV ~±Ho$V R>odVm ¶oVo d ¶m
R>|drda ‘wXV g§në¶mg ì¶mOmgH$Q> gd© n¡go ~±H$ naV H$aVo. ~±H$ {n½‘r EO§Q> Zo‘Vo. Vmo àË¶oH$mÀ¶m KamoKar qH$dm
XþH$mZmV OmD$Z ¶m R>odr Jmoim H$aVmo d ¶m R>odr ~±Ho$V O‘m H$aVmo. ~±H$m {n½‘r EO§Q>bm gwÕm H${‘eZMm WmoS>m {hñgm
XoV AgVmV.
(4) H$a ~MV R>odr (Tax Saving Deposit) :
· 1.5 bmI ê$n¶m§n¶ªVMr a³H$‘ 5 dfm©À¶m ‘wXVrgmR>r Oa ~±Ho$V R>odbr Va Am¶H$a gdbV {‘iVo.
(5) gmd©O{ZH$ ^{dî¶{Zdm©h {ZYr (Public Provident Fund) :
· J«mhH$mZo ¶m‘Ü¶o R>odboë¶m R>odr ^maV gaH$maH$S>o dJ© Ho$ë¶m OmVmV. ^maV gaH$ma ¶mda J«mhH$mbm AmH$f©H$ ì¶mO
XoV AgVo. ¶m‘Ü¶o R>odboë¶m R>odr 15 dfm©n¶ªV H$mT>Vm ¶oV ZmhrV.
H$O} (Loan)
(1) H$O© qH$dm AJ«r‘ (Loan or Advances) :
· ~±H$m ¶mo½¶ d bm¶H$ J«mhH$mbm H$mhr ‘wXVrgmR>r H$O© XoV AgVmV. ho n¡go Ë¶mÀ¶m ~MV ImË¶mV qH$dm Mmby
ImË¶mV O‘m Ho$bo OmVo. Ë¶mZo ho n¡go ImË¶mVyZ H$mT>bo qH$dm Zmhr H$mT>bo qH$dm Ë¶mMm dmna Oar Zmhr Ho$bm Var
Ë¶m H$O©YmaH$mbm ì¶mO Úmdo bmJVo.
(2) amoInV (Cash Credit) :
· ~±H$m ¶mo½¶ d bm¶H$ J«mhH$mbm H$mhr ‘wXVrgmR>r H$O© XoV AgVmV. H$Om©Mr a³H$‘ Ë¶mÀ¶m Mmby ImË¶mV qH$dm ~MV
ImË¶mV O‘m Ho$br OmVo. J«mhH$mZo Ë¶m ImË¶mVyZ OodT>r a³H$‘ H$mT>br, OodT>çm H$mbmdYrgmR>r H$mT>br VodT>¶mM
aH$‘oda VodT>¶mM H$mbmdYrgmR>r Ë¶mbm ì¶mO Úmdo bmJVo. Oa Ë¶mZo a¸$‘ A{O~mV H$mT>br Zgob Va {H$‘mZ ’$s
qH$dm AË¶ën R>abobo ì¶mO Úmdo bmJVo.
(3) O§J‘ ‘mb‘Îmm (Chattel Loan) :
· gmoZo, Mm§Xr qH$dm YmVwÀ¶m dñVy ~±Ho$V JhmU R>odyZ ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z H$O© KoVbr OmVmV Ë¶mbm O§J‘ ‘mb‘Îmm H$O© åhUVmV.
(4) {Q>Pa H$O} (Teaser Loan) :
· H$Om©À¶m ì¶mOmMm hâVm gwédmVrbm H$‘r d Ogm H$mbmdYr g§nm¶bm ¶oB©b Vgm ì¶mOmMm hâVm dmT>V OmVmo.
Ë¶mcm {Q>Pa H$O©o åhUVmV.
· CXm. hmo‘ bmoZ B.
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(5) A{YH$f© gdbV (Over Draft) :
· ~±H$m Ë¶m§À¶m ¶mo½¶ d bm¶H$ J«mhH$mbm Ë¶m§À¶m ImË¶mda Agboë¶m aH$‘onojm H$mhr AmJmD$ a³H$‘ H$mT>m¶Mr
nadmZJr XoVmV hr AmJmD$ a³H$‘ H$mT>br Agob Va Ë¶mda ì¶mO AmH$maVmV Ë¶mbmM A{YH$f© gdbV åhUVmV.
· àYmZ‘§Ìr OZYZ ¶moOZo‘Ü¶o Omo H$moUr ImVoYmaH$ Mm§Jë¶m àH$mao Amnbo ~±H$ ImVo hmVmiob Ë¶mbm ~±H$ 10,000
ê$n¶m§Mr A{YH$f© gdbV ‘§Oya H$aVo.
(6) {dô{XV ì¶mOXa H$O© (Differential Interest Rate Loan) :
· eoVH$ar, ‘Owa, An§J ì¶º$s, AZwgw{MV OmVr, O‘mVr, ¶mì¶º$s¨Zm gdcVrÀ¶m XamV H$O} {Xcr OmVmV. Ë¶mcm
{dô{XV ì¶mOXa H$O© Ago åhUVmV.
· RBI Zo 1970 ‘Ü¶o Zo‘coë¶m S>m°. Ama. Ho$ hOmar g{‘VrZo ¶m H$Om©Mr {e’$mag Ho$cr hmoVr.
CXm. eoVH$è¶m§Zm 4% {dô{XV ì¶mOXamZo H$O} {Xcr OmVmV.
ì¶³Vr Vo ì¶³Vr n¡go hñVm§VaU H$aÊ¶mMo ‘mÜ¶‘
(1) h§þS>r (Hundi) :
ì¶º$s Vo ì¶º$s qH$dm ì¶mnmar Vo ì¶mnmar qH$dm CËnmXH$ Vo ì¶mnmar ¶m§À¶mVrc n¡go hñVm§VaU H$aÊ¶mMo ‘mÜ¶‘ åhUOo
Hundi hmo¶.
hþ§S>r nÌmV ^mJ KoUmè¶m§Mr g§»¶m 3 AgVo d XmoZ J«mhH$m§‘Yrb ì¶dhmamV ~±H$ ‘Ü¶ñWmMr ^w{‘H$m ~OmdVo.
(2) MoH$ (Cheque) :
ì¶º$s Vo ì¶º$s qH$dm ì¶mnmar Vo ì¶mnmar qH$dm CËnmXH$ Vo ì¶mnmar ¶m§À¶mVrc n¡go hñVm§VaU H$aÊ¶mMo ‘mÜ¶‘ åhUOo
Cheque hmo¶.
MoH$da ImbÀ¶m ~mOyg 9 AmH$S>çm§Mm EH$ Mw§~H$s¶ JwUY‘© Agbobm H$moS> emB© nmgyZ N>mnbm OmVmo. ¶m H$moS>bm MICR
(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) H$moS> Ago åhUVmV.
hm H$moS> 9 AmH$S>çm§Mm AgVmo. n{hbo 3 AmH$S>o eha, ‘Ybo 3 AmH$S>o ~±H$ Am{U eodQ>Mo 3 AmH$S>o ~±H$ emIm Xe©dVmV.
2002-03 ‘Ü¶o S>m°. Ama. ~r. ~‘©Z g{‘VrZo ^m¡{VH$ MoH$ hñVm§VaUmEodOr CTS - Cheque Truncation System ¶§ÌUm
gwM{dbr. ¶m‘Ü¶o MoH$Mr Electronic Image (Soft Copy) {ZagZmgmR>r (Clearing) nmR>{dbr OmVo.
CTS AmYm[aV MoH$ {ZagZmMo (Clearning) Mo H$m‘ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo NPCI (National Payment Corporation of India)
H$S>o {Xbo Amho. Va XoUr (Settlement) ^mJ{dÊ¶mMo H$m‘ [aPìh© ~±H$ ñdV… H$aVo.
MoH$da {b{hboë¶m VmaIonmgyZ MoH$ 3 ‘{hÝ¶m§À¶m AmV dQ>dmdm (Clear) bmJVmo.
(3) {S>‘m§S> S´>mâQ> (Demand Draft) :
DD da ghr ~±Ho$À¶m A{YH$mè¶mMr AgVo d MoH$da ghr Ë¶m ImVoYmaH$mMr AgVo. Ë¶m‘wio bmoH$m§Mm {S>‘m§S> S´>mâQ>da
OmñV {dídmg AgVmo. Á¶m ì¶³VrÀ¶m ZmdmZo S>r.S>r. H$mT>m¶Mm Amho Ë¶mÀ¶m ImË¶mV AJmoXa n¡go O‘m Ho$bo OmVmV, ‘J
Z§VaM S>r.S>r. {ZKV AgVmo. EImÚm g§ñWoMr ’$s âÊ¶mgmR>r DD Mm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.
(4) RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement) :
gwê$dmV : 2004 ‘Ü¶o Pmbr.
¶m‘Ü¶o XoUr Vm~S>Vmo~ {Xbr OmVo d ~±H$ Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o Amboë¶m àË¶oH$ RTGS Mr XoUr ñdV§ÌnUo ^mJ{dVo.
RTGS Ûmao {H$‘mZ 2 bmI ê$n¶o nmR>{dbo OmVmV. H$‘mb ‘¶m©Xm Zmhr.
IM© … 1 Owc¡ 2019 nmgyZ RBI Zo RTGS godm J«mhH$m§Zm ‘mo’$V CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr Amho.
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(5) NEFT ( National Electronic Fund Transfer) :
gwê$dmV : 2005 ‘Ü¶o Pmbr.
NEFT ‘Yrb XoUr Vm~S>Vmo~ XoV ZmhrV, Va {d{eï> doio‘Ü¶o O‘m Pmbobo gd© NEFT EH$XmM JR>çmZo nmR>{dbr OmVmV.
NEFT Ûmao {H$‘mZ d H$‘mb {H$Vr {ZYr nmR>dmdm ¶mda ‘¶m©Xm Zmhr.
IM© … 1 Owc¡ 2019 nmgyZ RBI Zo NEFT godm J«mhH$m§Zm ‘mo’$V CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr Amho.
(6) IMPS (Immediate Payment Services) :
gwê$dmV 2010 nmgyZ Pmbr.
ì¶º$s Vo ì¶º$s, J«mhH$ Vo ì¶mnmar ¶m§À¶mVrc n¡go hñVm§VaU H$aÊ¶mMo ‘mÜ¶‘ åhUOo IMPS hmo¶.
NPCI (National Payment Corporation of India)$ hr godm nwadV AgVo.
XoUr Vm~S>Vmo~ ^mJ{dbr OmVmV.
24 x 7 hr godm gwé AgVo.
{H$‘mZ d H$‘mc XoUr ‘¶m©Xm Zmhr.
IM© … 1 bmI ê$n¶mn¶ªVÀ¶m XoUrda 5 ê$n¶o + godmH$a Am{U 1 bmI ê$n¶o Vo 2 bmI ê$n¶mn¶ªVÀ¶m XoUrda 15 ê$n¶o
d godmH$a AmH$macm OmVmo.
(7) AEPS (Aadhar Enabled Payment System) :
ì¶º$s Vo ì¶º$s, J«mhH$ Vo ì¶mnmar ¶m§À¶mVrc n¡go hñVm§VaU H$aÊ¶mMo ‘mÜ¶‘ åhUOo AEPS hmo¶.
NPCI Zo 2014 nmgyZ AEPS ¶§ÌUm gwê$ Ho$br.
XoUr (payment) Vm~S>Vmo~ {Xcr OmVo.
Á¶m {R>H$mUr ~±H$ CnbãY Zmhr Ë¶m {R>H$mUr ~±H$ EH$ EO§Q> Zo‘Vo, Ë¶m EO§Q>H$S>o EH$ Micro ATM AgVo, ho Micro
ATM ~moQ>mMo R>go AmoiIy eH$Umao POS (Point of Sale) CnH$aU Amho.
Micro ATM À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVwZ ImË¶mVyZ n¡go H$mT>Uo, ImË¶mV n¡go O‘m H$aUo, ImË¶mVrb {eëbH$ a³H$‘ VnmgUo, ImË¶mVwZ
XoUr XoUo hr H$m¶© Ho$br OmVmV. ho gd© ì¶dhma EO§Q> H$ê$Z XoVmo.
EH$mdoir 10,000 én¶m§Mr XoUr XoVm ¶oVo qH$dm 10,000 ê$. EH$mdoir H$mT>Vm ¶oVmV.
IM© … à{Vì¶dhma Micro ATM da AmoiI {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mgmR>r 10 n¡go NPCI AmH$maVo d ì¶dhmamÀ¶m 1% IM© ¶oVmo.
({H$‘mZ 5 én¶o d H$‘mc 15 én¶o)
(8) UPI (Unified Payment Interface) :
ì¶º$s Vo ì¶º$s, J«mhH$ Vo ì¶mnmar ¶m§À¶mVrc n¡go hñVm§VaU H$aÊ¶mMo ‘mÜ¶‘ UPI hmo¶.
gwê$dmV 11 E{àb 2016 ‘Ü¶o Pmbr.
XoUr Vm~S>Vmo~ {Xcr OmVo.
UPI Ûmao {H$Vr n¡go nmR>dm¶Mo ¶mMr {H$‘mZ ‘¶m©Xm Zmhr d H$‘mb ‘¶m©Xm 1 bmI ê$. Amho.
IM© : UPI AmYmarV ì¶dhmamgmR>r IM© 50 n¡go à{Vì¶dhma ¶oVmo.
‘mo~mB©b dê$Z XoUr hñVm§VaU H$aÊ¶mMr gmYZo :
(1) ^r‘ A°n (BHIM-Bharat Interface for Money) :
· n§VàYmZ lr. Za|Ð ‘moXr ¶m§À¶m hñVo 30 {S>g|~a 2016 bm VmbH$Q>moam ñQ>o{S>¶‘ ({Xëbr) ¶oWrb {S>Or YZ ‘obm ¶m
H$m¶©H«$‘mV ho A°n gwé H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.
· H$‘mb hñVm§VaUr¶ ‘¶m©Xm à{V ì¶dhma 10,000 ê$. d à{V{XZ 20,000 ê$n¶o R>odbr Amho.
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· IM© … à{Vì¶dhma 50 n¡go nU gÜ¶m BHIM App Ûmao gd© godm ‘mo’$V CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë¶m AmhoV.
(2) Paytm App : (Pay Through Mobile) :
· One 97 Communication Limited ¶m H§$nZrMo Paytm App Amho. {dO¶ eoIa e‘m© ho ¶m H§$nZrMo g§ñWmnH$ d
‘w»¶ H$m¶©H$mar A{YH$mar AmhoV.
· ‘w»¶mb¶ … ZmoES>m
· EH$mdoir H$‘mb 5000 ê$n¶m§Mr XoUr Paytm Ûmao XoVm ¶oVo d H$‘mb X¡{ZH$ VgoM ‘m{gH$ 20,000 ê$n¶m§Mr XoUr
XoVm ¶oVo.
^maVr¶ amï´>r¶ XoUr ‘hm‘§S>i (NPCI - National Payment Corporation of India Ltd) :
ñWmnZm … {S>g|~a 2008. (10 àdV©H$ ~±H$m§Zr {‘iwZ NPCI ¶m H§$nZrMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr.)
NPCI {H$aH$moi XoUr ¶§ÌUm§gmR>r (Retail Payment System) EH$ gdm}ƒ g§ñWm Amho.
H$m¶© : XoemVrc ~±H$ ¶§ÌUogmR>r ^m¡VrH$ d Bco³Q´>m°{ZH$ nm¶m^yV gw{dYm nwadUo, Retail Payment System {dH${gV H$aUo,
V§ÌkmZmMm A{YH$m{YH$ dmna H$aUo.
NPCI À¶m g§MmbH$ ‘§S>imV [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo {Z¶w³V Ho$bobm EH$ g§MmbH$, Xhm àdV©H$ ~±H$m§Zr {Z¶w³V Ho$bobo g§MmbH$,
XmoZ BVa g§MmbH$ d EH$ AÜ¶j BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ho$bobm AgVmo.
NPCI g§ñWoZo UPI AmYmarV ^r‘ A°n {dH${gV Ho$bo Amho.
NIPL (NPCI International Payments Limited) :
National Payment Corporation of India Ltd Ûmao NIPL ho 19 Am°JñQ> 2020 amoOr ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
NPCI Ûmao {Z{‘©V qH$dm {dH${gV Rupay Card, UPI ¶m godm§À¶m Am§Vaamï´>r¶rH$aUmMo ‘w»¶ H$m¶© NIPL Ûmao Ho$co OmB©c.
‘w»¶ H$m¶©H$mar A{YH$mar : [aVoe ew³cm
ZmUo ~mOma (Money Market) :
¶m ZmUo ~mOmamV H$O© XoUmè¶mhr ~±H$m AgVmV d H$O© KoUmè¶mhr ~±H$m AgVmV.
(1) ‘mJUr Xo¶ ~mOma/¶mMZm ~mOma (Call Money Market) :
· Ooìhm EH$ ~±H$ Xþgè¶m ~±Ho$bm EH$m {XdgmgmR>r H$O© XoVo åhUOo 1 {XdgmMo ì¶dhma ‘mJUrXo¶ ~mOmamV hmoV AgVmV.
· ¶mMZm ~mOma ‘w§~B©, H$mocH$Îmm Am{U MoÞB© ‘Ü¶o H|$ÐrV Amho.
· ¶mMZm ~mOmamcm Am§Va ~±H$ (Inter Bank) ¶mMZm ~mOma Ago gwÕm åhUVmV.
· ¶mMZm ~mOma hm ZmUo ~mOmamVrc amoIVoÀ¶m pñWVrMm ¶mo½¶ {ZX}em§H$ Amho.
(2) gyMZm Xo¶ ~mOma (Notice Money Market) :
· Ooìhm EH$ ~±H$ Xþgè¶m ~±Ho$bm 2 {Xdg Vo 14 {Xdgm§gmR>r H$O© nwadR>m H$aVo åhUOo ~±H$-~±H$ ‘Yrb ho ì¶dhma 2
{Xdg Vo 14 {Xdgm§gmR>r hmoVo Ë¶m ~mOmambm gyMZmXo¶ ~mOma (Notice Money Market) åhUVmV.
(3) ‘wXVXo¶ ZmUo ~mOma (Term Money Market) :
· Ooìhm XmoZ ~±H$m‘Yrb ì¶dhma 15 {Xdg Vo 12 ‘{hZo ¶m H$mbmdYrgmR>r hmoV AgVmV Ë¶mbm ‘wXVXo¶ ZmUo ~mOma
åhUVmV.
Q´>oPar {~b (Treasury Bill) :
emgH$s¶ ZmUo ~mOmambm (Govt. Bond) Q´>oPar {~b åhUVmV.
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¶m ~mOmamV gaH$ma H$O© KoVo (gaH$mar Bond {dHy$Z) d ~±H$m qH$dm ì¶³Vr, Bond {dH$V KoD$Z H$O© XoVmV. (IaoXr
{dH«$sMo ì¶dhma RBI ‘m’©$V Ho$co OmVmV.)
Q´>oPar {~co H|$Ð gaH$maM Omar H$aVmV amÁ¶ gaH$ma H$aV ZmhrV.
{~cmdarc qH$‘V (CXm. 1 H$amoS> én¶o) d {dH«$s qH$‘V (CXm. 97 cmI én¶o) ¶mVcm Omo ’$aH$ AgVmo (3 cmI én¶o)
VrM Jw§VdUyH$XmamMr H$‘mB© AgVo. Q´>oPar {~cmVyZ ì¶mO {‘iV ZgVo Ë¶m‘wio Q´>oPar {~co hr "eyÝ¶ ì¶mO {~co' (Zero
Coupons Bills) AgVmV.
CÔoe … ~mOmamVrb n¡gm H$‘r H$aUo d MbZdmT> amoIUo qH$dm gaH$magmR>r n¡gm C^maUo.
emgZ ho H$O© ’$³V 14 {Xdg, 91 {Xdg, 182 {Xdg Am{U 364 {Xdgm§gmR>rM KoVo.
gwédmVrbm ’$³V 91 {XdgmMr Q´>oPar {~bo hmoVr.
dmKyb g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z 182 {Xdgm§Mr d 364 {Xdgm§Mr 14 {Xdgm§Mr Q´>oPar {~bo ~mOmamV Ambr.
14 {Xdgm§Mr Q´>oPar {~bo ’$³V amÁ¶ gaH$mabm {dH$br OmVmV.
dm{UÁ¶ nÌo (Commercial Papers) :
CÚmoJ g‘wh ~mOmamVyZ Aën‘wXVrMo H$O© C^maÊ¶mgmR>r ~mOmamV dm{UÁ¶nÌo {dHy$Z H$O© C^maVmV.
dm{UÁ¶nÌm§Mr qH$‘V {H$‘mZ 5 bmI d 5 bmImÀ¶m nQ>rV AgVo.
‘wXV … {H$‘mZ 7 {Xdg Vo H$‘mb 1 df©.
R>odr à‘mUnÌo (Certificate of Deposit) :
Ooìhm ~±Ho$bm qH$dm {dÎmr¶ g§ñWobm ~mOmamVyZ n¡gm C^mam¶Mm AgVmo Voìhm Vo ~mOmamV R>odr à‘mUnÌo {dHy$Z ~mOmamVyZ
n¡go C^maVmV.
qH$‘V … R>odr à‘mUnÌo {H$‘mZ 1 bmI ê$n¶o qH$dm 1 bmI ê$n¶m§À¶m nQ>rV AgVmV.
‘wXV : {H$‘mZ 7 {Xdg d H$‘mb 1 df©.
n¡emMm nwadR>m :
(1) M0 = Reserve Money (g§{MV n¡gm) : [aPìh© ~±Ho$Vrb ~±H$m§À¶m R>odr + bmoH$m§Odirb MbZr ZmoQ>m d ZmUr +[aPìh©
~±Ho$Vrb BVa R>odr. M0 åhUOo Cƒ j‘VoMm n¡gm (High Power Money) hmo¶.
(2) M1 = Narrow Money (g§Hw${MV n¡gm) : bmoH$m§Odirb MbZr ZmoQ>m d ZmUr + bmoH$m§À¶m ~±H$m§‘Yrb ‘mJUr R>odr
+ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Vrb BVa R>odr.
(3) M2 = M1 + 1 dfm©n¶ªVÀ¶m ‘wXV R>odr + ~±H$m§Zr {dH$coë¶m Mmcy R>odrMo n¡go.
(4) M3 = Broad Money ({dñV¥V n¡gm)
= M2 + 1 dfm©nojm OmñV H$mimÀ¶m ‘wXV R>odr + ~±H$m§Mr ‘mJUr Xo¶ d ‘wXV H$O©.
Money Multiplier (m) =
(1) M0 åhUOo nm`m^yV n¡gm (Monetary Base) : M0 {Z‘m©U Pmë`mdaM n¡emMm nwadR>m (M1, M2, M3) {Z‘m©U hmoVmo
åhUyZ M0 bm nm`m^yV n¡gm Ago åhUVmV,
M0 åhUOo g§{MV n¡gm (Reserve Money) : M0 `m g§H$ënZoV gmR>m, R>odr, MbZ Ago eãX AmhoV Am{U Vo [aPìh©
~±Ho$H$Sy>Z {Z`{‘V Ho$bo OmVmV. Ë`m‘wio M0 bm g§{MV n¡gm Ago åhUVmV.
M0 åhUOo Cƒj‘VoMm n¡gm (High Power Money) : M0 bm (qH$dm bmoH$m§Odirb MbZr ZmoQ>m d ZmUr + [aPìh©
~±Ho$Vrb R>odr + ~±H$m§H$S>rb amoI gmR>çmbm) (qH$dm gaH$ma d [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo {Z‘m©U Ho$boë`m MbZmbm) Cƒj‘VoMm
n¡gm Ago åhUVmV.
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(2) M1 åhUOo g§Hw${MV n¡gm (Narrow Money) : M1 g§H$ënZoV MbZr ZmoQ>m d ZmÊ`m§gmo~V ~±H$m§H$S>À`m Ho$di ‘mJUr
R>odrM (~MV R>odr + Mmby R>odr) ‘moOV Agë`m‘wio d `m R>odt‘Üò nV{Z{‘©Vr j‘Vm VwbZoZo H$‘r Agë`m‘wio M1 bm
g§Hw${MV n¡gm Ago åhUVmV.
(3) M3 åhUOo {dñV¥V n¡gm (Broad Money) : M2 g§H$ënZoV ~±H$m§H$S>À`m gd©M R>odr ‘moOV Agë`m‘wio Am{U nV{Z{‘©VrMm
‘moR>m AmdmH$m Agë`m‘wio M2 bm {dñV¥V n¡gm Ago åhUVmV.
n¡emMr JwUmH$ma nÕV (Equation of Money Multiplier) qH$dm n¡gmJwUH$ (Money Multiplier) :
· A‘o[aHo$V 1992 ‘Üò MbZmV ’$º$ 3,000 H$moQ>r S>m°ba {H$‘VrÀ`m ZmoQ>m hmoË`m, Va ~±H$m§‘Yrb R>odr 60,000 H$moQ>r
S>m°baÀ`m hmoË`m. åhUOo AW©ì`dñWoV MbZmnojm 20 nQ>tZr n¡emMm nwadR>m hmoVm. hr "nQ>' Iyn ‘hÎdmMr AgVo.
· AmnU ~{KVb§ nm`m^yV n¡gm (Monetary Base) dmT>{dbm, H$s n¡emMm nwadR>m (Money Supply) dmT>Vmo. Á`m à‘mUmV
nm`m^yV n¡gm dmT>{dbm Ë`mÀ`m {H$ËòH$ nQ>tV n¡emMm nwadR>m dmT>Vmo.
· {H$Vr "nm`m^yV n¡gm' dmT>{dbm H$s {H$Vr n¡emMm nwadR>m dmT>Vmo `mbm n¡gmJwUH$ (Money Multiplier) Ago åhUVmV.
n¡gmJwUH$ åhUOo n¡emMm nwadR>m Am{U nm`m^yV n¡gm `mVrb JwUmoÎma hmo`.

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5 ^maVr¶ ~±H$
amï´>r¶rH¥$V ~±H$m (Nationalised Bank) :
amï´>r¶rH$aU åhUOo EImÚm ImOJr ì¶º$sMr qH$dm g§ñWoMr ‘mcH$s Ooìhm gaH$ma Amnë¶m Vmã¶mV KoVmo (nwU© qH$dm ~hþ‘VmMo
^m§S>dc {dH$V KoD$Z) Voìhm Ë¶mcm amï´>r¶rH$aU Ago åhUVmV.
amï´>r¶rH¥$V ~±H$m åhUOo Aem ~±H$m Á¶m ~±Ho$V emgZmMr ‘mcH$s 50% nojm A{YH$ Amho.
19 Owb¡ 1969 amoOr H|$Ð gaH$maZo Á¶m ~±Ho$V R>odr 50 H$moQ>r nojm OmñV hmoË¶m Aem 14 ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r¶rH$aU Ho$bo.
15 E{àb 1980 amoOr Á¶m ~±H$m§À¶m R>odr 200 H$moQ>r nojm OmñV hmoË¶m Aem 6 ~±H$m§Mo amîQ´>r¶rH$aU Ho$bo.
4 gßQ>|~a 1993 amoOr amï´>r¶rH¥$V ~±H$m§n¡H$s Ý¶y ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶mMo n§Om~ Z°eZb ~±Ho$V {d{bZrH$aU Pmë¶m‘wio ^maVmV
EHy$U 19 amï´>r¶rH¥$V ~±H$m Pmë¶m AmhoV.
1 E{àc 2019 amoOr amï´>r¶rH¥$V ~±H$m n¡H$s {dO¶m ~±H$ Am{U XoZm ~±H$ ¶m XmoZ ~±H$m ~±H$ Am°’$ ~S>moXm ‘Ü¶o {dcrZ Pmë¶m
Ë¶m‘wio amï´>r¶rH¥$V ~±Ho$Mr g§»¶m 19 dê$Z 17 Pmcr.
amï>´>r¶rH¥$V ~±H$m§‘Yrc {Vgè¶m {dcrZrH$aUmMr (Merger) KmofUm H|$Ð gaH$maZo 30 Am°JñQ> 2019 amoOr Ho$cr hmoVr. ¶m
KmofUoZwgma Acmhm~mX ~±H$ hr B§{S>¶Z ~±Ho$V {dcrZ Pmcr, Va Amo[aE§Q>c ~°H$ Am°’$ H$m°‘g© Am{U ¶wZm¶Q>oS> ~±H$ Am°’$
B§{S>¶m ¶m n§Om~ Z°eZc ~±Ho$V {dcrZ Pmë¶m, qgS>rHo$Q> ~±H$ H°$ZS>m ~±Ho$V {dcrZ Pmcr, Va Am§Y«m ~±H$ Am{U H$m°nm}aoeZ
~±H$ ¶m ¶w{Z¶Z ~±Ho$V {dcrZ Pmë¶m, ho {dcrZrH$aU 1 E{àc 2020 amoOr cmJy Pmco. ¶m {dcrZrH$aUm‘wio ^maVmVrc
amï´>r¶rH¥$V ~±H$mMr g§»¶m 17 dê$Z 11 Pmcr.
g§nwU©nUo ImOJr g§ñWm§Mo nyU© emgH$s¶ hñVm§VaU Pmboë¶m 19 ~±H$m§ZmM amï´>r¶rH¥$V ~±H$m åhUVmV. ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m
hr amï´>r¶rH¥$V ~±H$ Zmhr. (gÜ¶m ^maVmV gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$mMr (Public Sector Banks) g§»¶m 12 Amho Ë¶mV 11 amï´>r¶rH¥$V
~±H$m d 1 ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m)
2021-22 AW©g§H$ënmV 2 gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc ~±H$m Am{U 1 gmYmaU {d‘m H§$nZrMo ImgJrH$aU H$aÊ¶mMr KmofUm
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Amho. H$moUË¶m 2 gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mo ImgJrH$aU H$am¶Mo? ¶mgmR>r ZrVr Am¶moJmMm g„m ‘mJ{dÊ¶mV
Amcm. 3 OyZ 2021 cm ZrVr Am¶moJmZo {ZJªwVdUyH$ g{Md g{‘VrH$S>o 2 gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mr Zmdo gwMdcr - g|Q´>c ~±H$
Am°’$ B§{S>¶m Am{U B§{S>¶Z AmoìhagrO ~±H$ ¶m Ë¶m 2 ~±H$m AmhoV. cdH$M ¶m 2 ~±H$m§‘Ycm gaH$maMm dmQ>m {dHy$Z
({ZJªwVdUyH$ H$ê$Z) ¶m 2 ~±H$m ImgJr Ho$cr OmÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm Amho.
amï´>r¶rH¥$V ~±H$m§gmR>r ~±qH$J H§$nZr hñVJV Am{U ‘mbH$s hñVm§VaU H$m¶Xm 1970 Am{U 1980 bmJw Amho.
ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m (State Bank of India) :
ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ ‘Ðmg , ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ ~|Jmb, ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ ~m°å~o ¶m {VÝhr ~±Ho$À¶m EH$ÌrH$aUmVyZ 1921 ‘Ü¶o B§no[a¶c
~±H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
E. S>r. Jmoadmbm g{‘VrZo (1954) ¶m B§no[a¶b ~±Ho$Mo Zmd ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m H$amdo Ago gwM{dbo. Ë¶mZwgma 8 ‘o
1955 amoOr ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m H$m¶Xm g§‘V H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.
ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶mMr ñWmnZm … 1 Owb¡ 1955
‘w»¶mb¶ : ‘§w~B©
AÜ¶j (Chairman) (7 Am°³Q>mo~a 2020) : {XeoZ Hw$‘ma Iam.
emgZmMm SBI ‘Yrb dmQ>m 55% nojm H$‘r H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr.
ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶mÀ¶m 8 gømoJr ~±H$m … (1) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ gm¡amï´> (2) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§Xÿa (3) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$
h¡Ðm~mX (4) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ nQ>r¶mbm (5) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ ÌmdUH$moa (6) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ åh¡gya (7) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$
{~H$mZoa (8) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ O¶nya.
39
^maVr¶ ~±H$
1963 ‘Ü¶o ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ {~H$mZoa Am{U ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ O¶nya ¶m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU hmoD$Z ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ {~H$mZoa A±S>
O¶nya Ago ZdrZ ~±Ho$Mo Zmd nS>bo.
13 Am°JñQ> 2008 ‘Ü¶o ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ gm¡amï´> hr ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶mV {d{bZ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
26 Am°JñQ> 2010 ‘Ü¶o ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§Xþa hr ~±H$ ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m‘Ü¶o {d{bZ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
gÜ¶m ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ ‘Yrb ^maV gaH$maMm dmQ>m … 57.88% Amho. (E{àc 2020)
^maVr¶ ‘{hbm ~±H$ :
ñWmnZm … 19 Zmoìh|~a 2013
~«rX dm³¶ … g~b ‘{hbm, ~bdmZ ^maV
‘w»¶mb¶ (HQ) : {X„r
n{hbr emIm … ‘w§~B©
n{hë¶m AÜ¶jm … Cfm AZ§V gw~«‘Ê¶‘
eodQ>À¶m AÜ¶jm : Eg. ñdmWr
CÔoe … ‘{hbm§Mo Am{W©H$ Ñï>çm g~brH$aU H$aUo.
2013-14 À¶m ~OoQ> ‘Ü¶o {dÎm‘§Í¶m§Zr ^maVr¶ ‘{hbm ~±Ho$gmR>r 1000 H$amoS> ê$n¶m§Mr KmofUm Ho$cr hmoVr.
OJmV ’$³V ^maV, nm{H$ñVmZ Am{U Q>m§Pm{Z¶m ¶m Xoem‘Ü¶o {deofV… ’$³V ‘{hbm§gmR>r ~±H$ Amho.
¶m ~±Ho$‘Ü¶o gd© ‘{hbm H$‘©Mmar AgVrb. hr ~±H$ ’$³V ‘{hbm§Zm H$O© XoB©b nU ¶m ~±Ho$V nwéf n¡go R>ody eH$Vmo nU
Ë¶mbm H$O© {‘iUma Zmhr.
Basel III À¶m ^m§S>dbmgmR>r SBI Mr ^m§S>dcr n¶m©áVm dmT>mdr, AH$m¶©H$mar g§nÎmr H$‘r ìhmdr, H$O© XoÊ¶mMr j‘Vm
dmT>mdr Am{U SBI Mo ^m§S>db dmT>dÊ¶mgmR>r ñQ>oQ> ~±Ho$À¶m 5 gømoJr ~±H$m d ^maVr¶ ‘{hbm ~±Ho$Mo {dbrZrH$aU ñQ>oQ>
~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m‘Ü¶o 1 E{àc 2017 amoOr H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.
ICICI Bank (Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Bank) :
5 OmZodar 1955 bm ICICI ‘§S>imMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.

1994 ‘Ü¶o ICICI ‘§S>imZo ICICI ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
2002 ‘Ü¶o ICICI {dH$mg ‘§S>imMo ICICI ~±Ho$V {d{b{ZH$aU Pmbo ¶mbmM Reverse Merge åhUVmV.
ICICI hr ^maVmVrb n{hbr d¡pídH$ ~±H$ (Universal Bank) Amho.
1999 ‘Ü¶o ICICI ~±H$ Ý¶y¶m°H©$ ñQ>m°H$ E³gM|O ‘Ü¶o gw{MH¥$V hmoUmar ^maVmVrb n{hbr d Am{e¶mVrb Xþgar ~±H$ Amho.
‘o 2015 amoOr MrZ‘Ü¶o em§Km¶ ¶m {R>H$mUr ICICI ~±Ho$À¶m {dXoemVrc n{hë¶m emIoMo CX²KmQ>Z àYmZ‘§Ìr Za|Ð ‘moXr
¶m§À¶m hñVo Pmco.
SIDBI (Small Industrial Development Bank of India) :
ñWmnZm … 2 E{àb 1990

‘w»¶mb¶ … bIZm¡
CÔoe … gyú‘, bKw d ‘Ü¶‘ CnH«$‘ (Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises) joÌmbm {dÎm nwadR>m H$aUo d XrK© ‘wXVrMo
H$O© nwadR>m H$aUo .
‘wÐm ~±H$ (MUDRA - Micro Unit Development Refinance Agency) :
2015-16 À¶m AW©g§H$ënm‘Ü¶o 20,000 H$amoS> én¶m§Mr Jw§VdUyH$ H$éZ "‘wÐm ~±H$' ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag H$aÊ¶mV
Amcr.
‘wÐm ~±H$ {gS>~rMr CnH§$nZr åhUyZ H$m¶© H$aVo.
‘wÐm ~±Ho$V {gS>~rZo 1000 H$amoS> ê$n¶m§Mr Jw§VdUyH$ Ho$br Amho.
40
^maVr¶ ~±H$
CÔoe … bKw CÚmoJmVrb Á¶m bmoH$m§Mr n¡emMr JaO ^mJbr Zmhr Ë¶m§Mr nVJaO (n¡emMr JaO) ^mJ{dUo. (Funding the
Unfunded)
bú¶JQ> … N>moQ>o ì¶mnmar, ‘{hbm ì¶dgm{¶H$, AZwgw{MV OmVr O‘mVrMo bmoH$, Vê$U d {e{jV Hw$eb H$mamJra.
àYmZ‘§Ìr ‘wÐm ¶moOZm :
· gwê$dmV : 8 E[àb 2015
· H$Om©Mo àH$ma …
¾ {eey H$O© : 50 hOma ê$n¶m n¶ªVMo
¾ {H$emoa H$O© : 50 hOma ê$n¶o Vo 5 bmI ê$n¶mn¶ªVMo
¾ Vê$U H$O© : 5 bmI Vo 10 bmI ê$n¶mn¶ªVMo.
· ¶m ¶moOZoA§VJ©V bKw CÚmoJm§Zm (Small Industry) H$‘mb 10 bmI ê$n¶m§n¶ªVMo H$O© {Xbo OmVo.
· ‘wÐm ~±H$ bKw CÚmoJmbm {dÎm nwadR>m H$aUmè¶m ~±Ho$bm nwZ{d©ÎmnwadR>m H$aV AgVo.
· {eey H$Om©Mr Ëd[aV naV’o$S> Ho$ë¶mg 2% ì¶mO gdcV {‘iVo.
Zm~mS>© (NABARD : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) :
ñWmnZm … 12 Owb¡ 1982 (~r. ìhr. {edam‘Z g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z (1979) NABARD Mr ñWmnZm.)
‘w»¶mb¶ … ‘w§~B©
CÔoe …
(1) H¥$fr d J«m‘rU J¡a H¥$fr joÌmbm Ogo bKw CÚmoJ, Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ d hñV CÚmoJ ¶m§Zm {dÎm nwadR>m H$ê$Z J«m‘rU ^mJmMm
{dH$mg H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Zm~mS>©Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
(2) J«m‘rU joÌmbm bKw ‘wXVrMo d XrK© ‘wXVrMo H$O} XoUmè¶m {dËVr¶ g§ñWm§Zm H$O© nwadR>m H$aUo
Zm~mS>©À¶m A§VJ©V RIDF (Rural Infrastructure Development Fund) Amho. ^maV emgZmZo 1995-96 À¶m
~OoQ>‘Ü¶o Zm~mS>©A§VJ©V hm {ZYr n{hë¶m§Xm {Z‘m©U Ho$cm. Á¶m ~±H$m Ë¶m§À¶m AJ«H«$‘ joÌmÀ¶m (Priority Sector Lending)
H¥$fr joÌmMo 18% H$Om©Mo C{Ôï> nyU© H$aV ZmhrV Ë¶m ì¶mnmar ~±H$m§Zm H$O©nwadR>çmVrc ’$aH$m EdT>o n¡go RIDF {ZYr‘Ü¶o
R>odmdo cmJVmV.
Oa RIDF ‘ÜmyZ amÁ¶ gaH$maZo H$O© KoVbo Va Ë¶m§Zm ~±H$ Xamnojm 1.5% ñdñV XamZo H$O© nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo.
Zm~mS>©Mo gwédmVrbm ^m§S>db 100 H$moQ>r ê$n¶m§Mo hmoVo Z§Va Vo 5000 H$moQ>r ê$n¶o H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.
Zm~mS>‘© Ü¶o 100% {hñgm ^maV gaH$maMm Amho. (RBI Zo 26 ’o$~«dw mar 2019 amoOr Amncr ‘mcH$s ^maV gaH$macm {dH$cr.)
Zm~mS>© J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb {dH$mgmË‘H$ H$O©nwadR>m H$aUmè¶m gd© {dÎmr¶ g§ñWm§Mr {eIa g§ñWm (Apex Bank) åhUyZ H$m¶©
H$aVo.
^maVr¶ Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ~±H$ IDBI (Industrial Development Bank of India) Bank) :
ñWmnZm … 1 Owb¡ 1964
CÔoe … ^maVr¶ CÚmoJ joÌmbm H$O© nwadR>m H$aUo
IDBI Bank Ltd. hr gaH$mar d¡pídH$ ~±H$ (Universal Bank) Amho.
2019 ‘Ü¶o IDBI ¶m ~±Ho$cm ImOJr joÌ ~±H$ ¶m JQ>mV dJuH¥$V H$aÊ¶mV Amco Amho.
àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±H$m (RRB - Regional Rural Banks) :
E‘. ZaqghZ g{‘VrZo (1975) ^maVmV àmXo{eH$ ~±H$m ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$br hmoVr.
2 Am°³Q>mo~a 1975 bm 5 àmXo{eH$ ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
CÔoe … N>moQ>o d {g‘m§V eoVH$ar, eoV‘Oya, J«m‘rU H$mamJra ¶m§Zm {dÎm nwadR>m H$éZ J«m‘rU {dH$mg H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àmXo{eH$
J«m‘rU ~±H$m ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m.
41
^maVr¶ ~±H$
àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~°±H$m gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ~±H$m‘m’©$V nwañH¥$V ~±H$m AgVmV.
^m§S>db … àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±H$m§Mo A{YH¥$V ^m§S>db 5 H$moQ>r ê$n¶o AgVo Va dgwbr ^m§S>db 1 H$moQ>r ê$n¶m§Mo AgVo.
(50% dmQ>m H|$Ð gaH$ma, 15% dmQm amÁ¶ gaH$ma 35% dmQ>m nwañH¥$V ~±Ho$Mm) àmXo{eH$ ~±Ho$‘Ü¶o àË¶j d AàË¶jnUo
gaH$maMm dmQ>m Agë¶m‘wio Ë¶m gaH$maMr ~±H$ AmhoV.
H$m¶© … (1) àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±H$m, R>odrXmam§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m R>odrda BVa ~±H$mnojm OmñV XamZo ì¶mO XoVmV d H$O©Xmambm BVa
~±H$m§nojm H$‘r XamZo H$O© AmH$maVmV. (2) eoV‘Owam§Zm, J«m‘rU d Hw$eb H$m‘Jmam§Zm d eoVH$è¶m§Zm bKw ‘wXVrMo H$O© XoVmV.
àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±Ho$bm bhmZ ì¶³VtMr ~±H$ Ago gwÕm åhQ>co OmVo.
‘hmamï´>mV 2 àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±H$m AmhoV
(1) ‘hmamï´> J«m‘rU ~±H$ (‘w»¶mc¶ : Am¡a§Jm~mX)
(2) {dX^©-H$moH$U J«m‘rU ~±H$ (‘w»¶mc¶ : ZmJnya)
1 OmZodmar 2016 nmgyZ àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±H$m§Zm (RRB) AJ«H«$‘ H$O© nwadR>çmMo (Priority Sector Lending) Mo bú¶
75% BVHo$ R>odbo Amho.
^maVmV EHy$U 43 RRB AmhoV. gdm©{YH$ RRB Am§Y« àXoe‘Ü¶o (EHy$U 4) AmhoV. (1 E{àc 2020)
RRB Amendment Act 2015 Zwgma àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±Ho$Mo A{YH¥$V ^m§S>db 2000 H$moQ>r ê$n¶o Agob d Vo 1 H$moQ>r
ê$n¶m§nojm H$‘r Ho$bo OmUma Zmhr.
J«m‘rU ~±Ho$À¶m O‘m-IMm©Mo df© 1 E{àb Vo 31 ‘mM© Ago Agob (AJmoXa 1 OmZodmar - 31 {S>g|~a hmoVo.)
àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±Ho$V gdm©V OmñV n¡gm NABARD Mm AgVmo.
7 àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±H$m§Mo {d{cZrH$aU :
RBI Zo ^maVmVrc 7 n«mXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±H$m§Mo 3 ~±H$m§‘Ü¶o {d{cZrH$aU Ho$co.
(1) n§Om~ J«m‘rU ~±H$, ‘midm J«m‘rU ~±H$, gVcO J«m‘rU ~±H$ ¶m 3 ~±H$m§Mo EH$mM [aOZc ê$ac ~±Ho$V {d{cZrH$aU.
(2) Amgm‘ J«m‘rU {dH$mg ~±H$ Am{U cm§Jnr Xohm§Jr J«m‘rU ~±H$ ¶m ~±H$m§Mo EH$mM [aOZc ê$ac ~±Ho$V {d{cZrH$aU.
(3) ~S>moXm JwOamV J«m‘rU ~±H$ Am{U XoZm JwOamV J«m‘rU ~±H$ ¶m§Mohr EH$mM àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±Ho$V {d{cZrH$aU Pmco.
¶m {d{cZrH$aUmMm CÔoe ~±H$m§À¶m H$m¶©j‘VoV dmT> ìhmdr Am{U H$m‘H$mOmV H$moUVmhr AS>Wim ¶oD$ Z XoUo.
Xn©U (DARPAN : Digital Advancement of Rural Post Office For a New India) :
~±Ho$Mr gw{dYm Zgcoë¶m J«m‘rU cmoH$g§»¶ocm ~±Ho$À¶m gw{dYm nwadÊ¶mgmR>r hm àH$ën {S>g|~a 2017 ‘Ü¶o gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV
Amcm.
J«m‘rU ^mJmVrc ZmJarH$m§Zm nmoñQ>mA§VJ©V ~±Ho$À¶m gw{dYm nwa{dë¶m OmUma AmhoV.
Am¶mV-{Z¶m©V ~±H$ (EXIM Bank : Export Import Bank of India) :
ñWmnZm … 1 OmZodmar 1982 (Abo³Pm§S>a g{‘Vr d Q>§S>Z g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maer dê$Z ñWmnZm.)
CÔoe … ^maVmÀ¶m {Z¶m©VrV dmT> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r d XoemMm naH$s¶ ì¶mnma Am{U J§wVdUyH$ ¶m§Mr Am{W©H$ dmT> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r
EXIM Bank ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
amï´>r¶ J¥h ~±H$ (National Housing Bank) :
ñWmnZm … 9 Owb¡ 1988 (a§JamOZ g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z ñWmnZm)

‘w»¶mb¶ … Zdr {X„r
CÔoe …
· J¥h H$O© XoUmè¶m {dÎmg§ñWm§Zm (~±H$m§Zm) nwZ{d©Îm (Refinance) nwadR>m H$aÊ¶mgmR>r amï´>r¶ J¥h ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
· Kam gmR>rMo H$O© nadS>Ê¶m¶mo½¶ H$aUo.
42
^maVr¶ ~±H$
hr ~±H$ Residex (Residential Index) hm J¥h qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ {dH${gV H$aVo. 2007 nmgyZ Vmo àH$m{eV Ho$cm OmVmo.
NHB hr g§nyU©V… [aPìh© ~±Ho$À¶m ‘mbH$sMr hmoVr. RBI Zo 19 ‘mM© 2019 amoOr hr gd© ‘mcH$s gaH$macm {dHw$U Q>mH$cr
Ë¶m‘wio AmVm ^maV gaH$ma amï´>r¶ J¥h ~±Ho$Mm ‘mcH$ Amho.
NHB J¥h {Z‘m©U joÌmV H$O© XoUmar gdm}ƒ g§ñWm Amho.
^maVr¶ Am¡Úmo{JH$ J§yVdUyH$ ~±H$ ‘¶m©{XV IIBI (Industrial Investment Bank of India Limited) :
ñWmnZm … 1985
CÔoe … CÚmoJm§Zm {deofV… AmOmar CÚmoJm§Zm bKw ‘wXVrZo H$O© nwadR>m H$aUo d Ë¶m§Mo nwZd©gZ H$aUo.
‘w»¶mb¶ … H$mobH$mVm
2007 ‘Ü¶o hr ~±H$ ~§X H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
d¡pídH$ ~±H$ (Universal Bank) :
d¡pídH$ ~±H$ åhUOo Aer ~±H$ Or EH$mM N>VmImbr R>odr, H$O}, {d‘m, å¶wÀ¶wAb ’§$S>, eoAa ~mOma, ‘MªQ> ~±H$s¨J ¶m gd©
gw{dYm nwa{dVo.
1997 À¶m Ama.Eg. ImZ g{‘VrZo ^maVmV d¡pídH$ ~±H$ g§H$ënZm CX¶mg AmUcr.
ICICI ~±H$ ^maVmVrb n{hbr d¡pídH$ ~±H$ Amho.
IDBI hr gaH$mar d¡pídH$ ~±H$ Amho.
IDFC Am{U ~§YZ ¶m XmoZ Z{dZ ~±H$m§Zm d¡pídH$ ~±H$ åhUyZ nadmZm {Xbm Amho.
Aem àH$mao ^maVmV EHy$U 4 d¡pídH$ ~±H$m AmhoV.
A°p³gg ~±H$ (Axis Bank) :
UTI ~±H$ (Unit Trust of India) Zo UTI Bank 1993 ‘Ü¶o ñWmnZ Ho$br d 2007 ‘Ü¶o ¶m ~±Ho$Mo Zmd A°p³gg ~±H$
Ago Ho$bo.
US-64 hm ^maVmMm n{hbm å¶wÀ¶wAb ’§$S> 1964 ‘Ü¶o UTI Zo AmUbm hmoVm.
ZdrZ ImOJr ~±H$m (New Private Sector Bank) :
ZaqghZ g{‘Vr I - 1991, ZaqghZ g{‘Vr II - 1998 ¶m g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z RBI Zo ^maVmV ZdrZ ImOJr ~±H$m
ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr nadmZJr {Xcr.
22 ’o$~«wdmar 2013 bm RBI Zo ZdrZ ImOJr ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m gyMZm Omhra Ho$ë¶m d {H$‘mZ 40% àdV©H$m§Mm
dmQ>m, 25% emIm J«m‘rU ^mJmV CKS>mì¶m bmJVrb ¶m AQ>r ~±H$mgmR>r Q>mH$Ê¶mV Amë¶m.
¶m gd© gyMZm§Zwgma ZdrZ ImOJr ~±H$m ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r RBI H$S>o EHy$U 25 AO© Ambo.
¶m 25 AOmªMr N>mZZr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo gßQ>|~a 2013 ‘Ü¶o {d‘b OmbmZ ([aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo ‘mOr JìhZ©a) ¶m§À¶m
AÜ¶jVoImbr g{‘Vr Zo‘br.
{d‘b OmbmZ g{‘VrZo ¶m gd© 25 AOmªMr N>mZZr H$ê$Z Amnbm Ahdmb 25 ’$~«wdmar 2014 bm gmXa Ho$bm.
¶m AhdmbmMm {dMma H$ê$Z [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo 9 E{àb 2014 bm Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation
(IDFC) Am{U Bhandhan Financial ¶m g§ñWm§Zm ZdrZ ImOJr ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr A§{V‘ nadmZJr {Xbr. ¶m XmoÝhr
~±Ho$bm AmVm 18 ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m AmV gd© AQ>r d ‘mZHo$ nyU© Ho$ë¶mZ§Va A§{V‘ nadmZm {Xbm OmB©b.
H$m¶© : gdmªZm ~±H$s¨J godm nwa{dUo
R>odr ‘¶m©Xm Zmhr.
(1) ~§YZ ~±H$ (Bandhan Bank) :
· 17 OwZ 2015 bm [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z A§{V‘ nadmZm {‘imbm.
· hr EH$ d¡pídH$ ~±H$ (Universal Bank) Amho.
· ‘w»¶mb¶ … H$mobH$mVm
· ~§YZ ~±H$ hr ~§YZ ’$m¶ZmpÝe¶b ¶m EH$m gwú‘ {dÎm H§$nZrMr (Micro Finance Company) ~±H$ Amho.
43
^maVr¶ ~±H$
(2) IDFC Bank (Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation Bank) :
· 23 Owb¡ 2015 bm [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z A§{V‘ nadmZm {‘imbm.
· hr EH$ d¡pídH$ ~±H$ (Universal Bank) Amho.
· 1 Am°³Q>mo~a 2015 bm IDFC Zo ~±H$ gwé Ho$br.
· ‘w»¶mb¶ … ‘§w~B©
· nm¶m^yV joÌmbm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aUmar H§$nZr IDFC ¶m H§$nZrZo IDFC ~±H$ ñWmnZ Ho$br.
bKw {dÎm ~±H$m (Small Finance Bank) :
g{‘Vr … Cfm WmoamV g{‘Vr
bKw {dÎm ~±H$m ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r 72 AO© Ambo hmoVo. ¶m AOm©Mr N>mUUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Cfm WmoamV g{‘Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV
Amcr.
Cfm WmoamV g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo 16 gßQ>|~a 2015 amoOr 10 {dÎm g§ñWm§Zm bKy {dÎm ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr
nadmZJr {Xbr. 18 ‘{hÝ¶m§À¶m AmV gd© AQ>r nyU© Ho$ë¶mZ§Va A§{V‘ nadmZm XoÊ¶mMo AmídmgZ Ë¶m§Zm XoÊ¶mV Ambo Amho.
gdm©V n{hbm nadmZm qH$dm ^maVmVrb gdm©V n{hbr bKw {dÎm ~±H$ : Capital Small Finance Bank (24 E{àb 2016)
gdm©V eodQ>Mm nadmZm … 12 ‘o 2017 Disha Microfin
^m§S>db … 100 H$moQ>r ê$n¶o, àdV©H$mMm dmQ>m {H$‘mZ 40% Agmdm.
nmÌVm … {H$‘mZ 10 dfm©Mm {d{Îm¶ joÌmVbm AZw^d Agmdm.
H$m¶© … bKw CÚmoOH$, eoVH$ar d Ag§K{Q>V joÌmbm ~±qH$J gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
bKw {dÎm ~±H$m§Zr 25 bmI ê$n¶m§n¶ªVMr {H$‘mZ 50% H$O} dmQ>br nm{hOo.
EH$m ì¶³Vrbm EHy$U ^m§S>dbr ‘wë¶m§À¶m 10% nojm OmñV H$O© dmQ>Vm ¶oUma Zmhr d ì¶³Vr g‘whmbm 15% nojm OmñV
H$O© XoVm ¶oUma Zmhr.
bKw {dÎm ~±H$m§Zm AJ«H«$‘ joÌmbm H$O©nwadR>m (Priority Sector Lending) EHy$U H$Om©À¶m 75% H$O© XoUo ~§YZH$maH$ Amho.
R>odr ‘¶m©Xm Zmhr. FDI ‘¶m©Xm 74%
Xo¶ ~±H$m (Payment Banks) :
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo g§MmbH$ Z{MHo$V ‘moa g{‘VrZo gßQ>|~a 2013 ‘Ü¶o Xo¶ ~±H$m ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$br.
^m§S>db … 100 H$moQ>r ê$n¶o, àdV©H$mMo ^m§S>db 40%
H$m¶© …
(1) R>odr pñdH$maUo Am{U bmoH$m§À¶m XoUr (Payment) XoUo. Xo¶ ~±H$m H$O© XoV ZmhrV Ë¶m‘wio Priority Sector Lending
Mr ‘¶m©Xm Zmhr qH$dm Credit Card nU XoV ZmhrV. (Debit Card XoVm ¶B©c)
(2) R>odrXmambm 1 bmI ê$n¶m§nojm OmñV R>odr R>odVm ¶oUma ZmhrV.
(3) Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) ‘¶m©Xm 75%
n{hbm A§{V‘ nadmZm … Airtel Payment Bank (12 OmZodmar 2017)
Xþgam A§{V‘ nadmZm … Indian Post Payment Bank (30 OmZodmar 2017). hr ~±H$ 100% ^maV gaH$maMr ~±H$ Amho.
FDI ‘¶m©Xm 74%
ZdrZ ImOJr ~±H$m, cKy {dÎm ~±H$m Am{U Xo¶ ~±H$m
‘mnX§S> ZdrZ ImOJr ~±H$m (New cKy {dÎm ~±H$m (Small Xo¶ ~±H$m (Payment Bank)
Private Sector Bank) Finance Bank)
22 OmZodmar 1993,
RBI À¶m ‘mJ©Xe©H$
OmZodmar 2001, 22 27 Zmoìh|~a 2014 27 Zmoìh|~a 2014
gwMZm
’o$~«wdmar 2013
44
^maVr¶ ~±H$
gÜ¶m gwê$ ~±H$m 10 10 07
H$‘r CËnÞ JQ>, chmZ
ì¶dgm{¶H$, eoVH$ar d R>odr pñdH$maUo d cmoH$m§Mr
H$m¶© gdmªZm ~±H$ gw{dYm XoUo
Ag§KQ>rV joÌmcm ~±H$ XoUr XoUo
gw{dYm XoUo
{H$‘mZ ^m§S>dc 500 H$moQ>r 100 H$moQ>r 100 H$moQ>r
25 cmI ê$n¶m§n¶ªVMr
50% H$O}. EH$m ì¶º$scm
H$O© ‘¶m©Xm H$O© ‘¶m©Xm Zmhr 10% d ì¶º$sg‘whmcm H$O© XoVm ¶oUma Zmhr
15% nojm OmñV H$O© XoVm
¶oUma Zmhr.
AJ«H«$‘ joÌ H$O© nwadR>m 40% 75% -
R>odr ‘¶m©Xm Zmhr Zmhr H$‘mc 1 cmI ê$n¶o
naH$s¶ ~±H$m (Foreign Banks) :
^maVmV àdoe H$aUmar n{hbr naH$s¶ ~±H$ (1853) Mercantile Bank of India, London & China [¶m ~±Ho$Mo ZdrZ
Zmd HSBC (Hongkong & Shanghai Corporation Ltd)]
‘w»¶mb¶ … b§S>Z
^maVmV EHy$U 45 naH$s¶ ~±H$m H$m¶©aV AmhoV.
^maVmV gdm©{YH$ 102 emIm Agcocr naH$s¶ ~±H$ Standard Chartered Bank (B§½c§S>Mr ~±H$) Amho.
ghH$mar ~±H$m (Co-operative Banks) :
(1) àmW{‘H$ H¥$fr nVg§ñWm (Primary Agriculture Credit Societies) :
· J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb 10 qH$dm Ë¶mnojm OmñV ì¶³VtZr WmoS>o’$ma g^mgX ewëH$ ^ê$Z hr nVg§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$bobr AgVo.
· hr nVg§ñWm g^mgXm§Zm Aën d ‘Ü¶‘ ‘wXVrMr H$O} XoV AgVo.
· ¶m g^mgXm§‘YwZM EH$ AÜ¶j d EH$ g{Md {ZdS>bo OmVmV.
· ¶m nVg§ñWoda {Z¶§ÌU {Oëhm ‘Ü¶dVu ghH$mar ~±Ho$Mo AgVo.
(2) amÁ¶ ghH$mar ~±H$m (State Co-operative Bank) :
· amÁ¶mVrb {Oëhm ‘Ü¶dVu ghH$mar ~±H$m§Mm g§K åhUOo amÁ¶ ghH$mar ~±H$m
· H$m¶© … amÁ¶mVrb ghH$mar g§ñWm§Zm bKw d ‘Ü¶‘ ‘wXVrMo H$O© XoUo.
· gÜ¶m XoemV 31 amÁ¶ ghH$mar ~±H$m AmhoV.
ZmJar d ‘ëQ>rñQ>oQ> ghH$mar ~±H$mda WoQ> RBI Mo n¶©dojU :
amï´>nVtZr 26 OyZ 2020 amoOr µ~±qH$J {Z¶‘Z AÜ¶mXoe 2020 Omar Ho$cm. ¶mZwgma gd© ZmJar/ehar ghH$mar ~±H$m Am{U
‘ëQ>rñQ>oQ> ~±H$m§Zm WoQ> RBI À¶m n¶©dojUmImcr AmUyZ ImVoXmam§À¶m R>odtZm gwajm XoUo VgoM ¶m ~±H$m§Mo ~iH$Q>rH$aU H$aUo.
eoS>çwc ~±H$mà‘mUoM ghH$mar ~±H$mgmR>r RBI cm Amncm A{YH$ma dmnaVm ¶oUma Amho.
‘MªQ> ~±qH$J H§$nÝ¶m (Merchant Banking Companies) :
H$m¶© … ‘MªQ> ~±H$m CÚmoJm§Zm H$O© nwadR>m H$aVmV, Ë¶m§Zm ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmV, H$m¶Xoera gëbm XoVmV d ¶m gdmªgmR>r Or ’$s
AmH$maVmV VmoM ¶m ~±Ho$Mm ’$m¶Xm AgVmo.
45
^maVr¶ ~±H$
^maVr¶ OrdZ {d‘m {ZJ‘ (LIC : Life Insurance Corporation of India) :
ñWmnZm … 1 gßQ>|~a 1956
‘w»¶mb¶ … ‘w§~B©
CÔoe … OrdZ {då¶mMm àgma H$aUo, XoemVrb àË¶oH$ ì¶³VrMm {d‘m H$mTw>Z Ë¶m§Zm Am{W©H$ g§ajU XoUo.
^maVmVrb n{hbr OrdZ {d‘m H§$nZr … Amo[aE§Q>b bmB’$ BÝewaÝg H§$nZr (1818)
^maVr¶ gmYmaU {d‘m {ZJ‘ (General Insurance Corporation of India) :
ñWmnZm … 22 Zmoìh|~a 1972
‘w»¶mb¶ … ‘w§~B©
CÔoe … OmJ{VH$ ñVamdarb gmYmaU nwZ{d©‘m nwa{dUmar d OmoIr‘ Cnm¶ nwa{dUmar g§ñWm ~ZUo.
^maVmVrb n{hbr gmYmaU {d‘m H§$nZr H$mobH$Îmm ¶oWo ñWmnZ Pmbobr {Q´>Q>m°Z BÝewaÝg H§$nZr.(1850)
IRDAI : Insurance Regulatory Develpment Authority of India :
ñWmnZm … 1999 (‘ëhmoÌm g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z ñWmnZm)

d¡Ym{ZH$ XOm© … E{àb 2000
H$m¶© … {d‘m CÚmoJmMo {Z¶‘Z d {dH$mg H$aUo. ({d‘m CÚmoJmbm Regulate H$aÊ¶mMo H$m¶© IRDAI H$aVo)
A.H«$. {dÎmr¶ g§ñWm (Financial Institution) {Z¶m‘H$ ‘§S>i (Regulating Body)
1 ì¶mnmar g§ñWm RBI
2 {d‘m H§$nÝ¶m IRDAI
3 ‘MªQ> ~±qH$J H§$nÝ¶m SEBI
4 å¶wÀ¶wAb ’§$S> SEBI
5 eoAa {dÎm H§$nÝ¶m SEBI
6 J¥h {dÎm H§$nÝ¶m NHB
7 noÝeZ d àmopìhS>ÝS> ’§$S>g PFRDA
^maVr¶ {dÎmr¶ ~mOmamMo {Z¶m‘H$

RBI SEBI IRDAI PFRDA
ñWmnZm 1 E{àc 1935 12 E{àc 1988 1999 23 Am°JñQ> 2003
d¡Ym{ZH$ XOm© - 12 E{àc 1992 19 E{àc 2000 1 ’o$~«wdmar 2014
{Z¶‘Z (Regulator) ZmUo~mOma ^m§S>dcr ~mOma {d‘m CÚmoJ noÝeZ {ZYr
‘w»¶mc¶ ‘w§~B© ‘§w~B© h¡Ðm~mX Zdr {X„r
AÜ¶j eº$sH$m§V Xmg AO¶ Ë¶mJr gw^mfM§Ð Iw§Q>r¶m ho‘§V H$m°ÝQ´>°³Q>a
^maVmVrb H$mhr ~±H$m d Ë¶m§Mr ñWmnZm/‘w»¶mb¶/CÔoe :
~±Ho$Mo Zmd ñWmnZm ‘w»¶mb¶ CÔoe
IDBI 1964 ‘w§~B© CÚmoJm§Zm ‘XV
IFCI 1948 {X„r CÚmoJm§Zm ‘XV
ICICI 1 OmZodmar1955 ‘w§~B© nVnwadR>m d Jw§VdUyH$
IRBI 1 ‘mM© 1985 ‘w§~B© AmOmar CÚmoJm§Zm ‘XV
SIDBI 1 E{àb 1990 bIZm¡ bKwCÚmoJm§Zm H$O©nwadR>m
46
^maVr¶ ~±H$
NABARD 12 Owb¡ 1982 ‘w§~B© H¥${fjoÌ d J«m‘rU {dH$mg
EXIM 1 OmZodmar 1982 ‘w§~B© Am¶mV-{Z¶m©V ‘XV
Lead Bank 1969 ‘w§~B© {Oëhm XÎmH$ KoUo
UTI 1 ’o$~«wdmar 1964 ‘w§~B© N>moQ>r Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo
LIC 1 gßQ>|~a 1956 ‘w§~B© Hw$Qw>§~mMr ~MV g§H${bV H$aUo
RRB 1975 ‘w§~B© J«m‘rU ^mJm§Zm H$O©nwadR>m
♦ ‘hËdmMr ‘m{hVr ♦
^maVmVrb n{hbr ~±H$ … ~±H$ Am°’$ qhXþñVmZ, (1770) (H$cH$Îmm ¶oWo Aco³Pm§S>a A°ÝS> H§$nZrZo ñWmnZ Ho$cr.)
^maVr¶m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bobr n{hbr ~±H$ … AdY H$‘{e©Ab ~±H$, (1881)
n{hbr nyU© ^maVr¶ ~±H$ … n§Om~ Z°eZb ~±H$, (1894) (cmcm ha{H$eZ ¶m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$cr.)
^maVmVrb gdm©V ‘moR>r ~±H$ … ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m
^maVmVrb gdm©V ‘moR>r ImOJr ~±H$… IDFC Bank
^maVmVrb gdm©V ‘moR>m ~±H$ g‘yh … amï´>r¶rH¥$V ~±H$m§Mm g‘yh
^maVmV gdm©{YH$ emIm Agbobr naH$s¶ ~±H$… ñQ>°ÝS>S>© MmQ>©S>© ~±H$, ¶w.Ho$.
naXoemV gdm©{YH$ emIm Agbobr ^maVr¶ ~±H$ … ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m
naXoemV gdm©{YH$ Xoem§‘Ü¶o H$m‘ H$aUmar ^maVr¶ ~±H$… ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m
OJmVrb gdm©V ‘moR>r ~±H$ … B§S>pñQ>´>¶b H$‘{e©Ab ~±H$ Am°’$ Mm¶Zm
^maVmV MoH$Mr ì¶dñWm gwê$ H$aUmar n{hbr ~±H$… ~|Jmb ~±H$, (1784)
^maVmV ~MV ~±H$ gwê$ H$aUmar n{hbr ~±H$… ào{gS>oÝgr ~±H$ Am°’$ ~|Jmb, (1830)
B§Q>aZoQ> ~±H$s¨J gwê$ H$aUmar n{hbr ~±H$… ICICI Bank
H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© gwê$ H$aUmar n{hbr ~±H$… g|Q´>b ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m
E. Q>r. E‘. gwê$ H$aUmar n{hbr ~±H$ … HSBC Bank, (1987)
Am¶.Eg.Amo. à‘mUnÌ {‘imbobr n{hbr ~±H$… H°$Zam ~±H$
å¶wMwAb ’§$S> gwê$ H$aUmar n{hbr ~±H$ … ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m
gdm©V OwZr gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ~±H$… Abmhm~mX ~±H$
^maVm~mhoa emIm H$mT>Umar n{hbr ~±H$… ~±H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶m, (1946) b§S>Z
14 ~±H$m, Á¶m§Mo 19 Owb¡ 1969 amoOr amï´>r¶rH$aU Pmbo
(~±qH$J H§$nZr (hñVJV d ‘mbH$s hñVm§VaU) H$m¶Xm 1970 AÝd¶o d¡Y)
H«$. ~±Ho$Mo Zmd ñWmnZm ‘w»¶mb¶ ‘moQ>mo/ñbmoJZ
1 Allahabad Bank 24 Apr 1865 Kolkata (WB) A tradition of trust
2 Bank of Baroda 20 Jul 1908 Mumbai (MH) India’s International Bank
3 Bank of India 7 Sep 1906 Mumbai (MH) Relationships beyond banking
4 Bank of Maharashtra 8 Feb 1936 Pune (MH) One family one bank
5 Canara Bank 1 Jul 1906 Bangaluru (Karnataka) It’s easy to change for those who you love,
Together we can
6 Central Bank of India 21 Dec 1911 Mumbai (MH) Build a better life around us, Central to you
since 1911
7 Dena Bank 26 May 1938 Mumbai (MH) Trusted family bank
47
^maVr¶ ~±H$
8 Indian Bank 5 Mar 1907 Chennai (TN) Taking banking technology to common
man, Your tech-friendly bank
9 Indian Overseas Bank 10 Feb 1937 Chennai (TN) Good people to grow with
10 Punjab National Bank 12 Apr 1895 New Delhi The name you can bank upon
11 Syndicate Bank 10 Nov 1925 Manipal (Karnataka) Your faithful and friendly financial partner
12 Union Bank 11 Nov 1919 Mumbai (MH) Good people to bank with
13 United Bank of India 12 Oct 1950 Kolkata (WB) The bank that begins with U
14 UCO Bank 6 Jan 1943 Kolkata (WB) Honours your trust
6 ~±H$m,
Á¶m§Mo 15 E{àb 1980 bm amï´>r¶rH$aU Pmbo
(~±qH$J H§$nZr (hñVJV d ‘mbH$s hñVm§VaU) H$m¶Xm 1980 AÝd¶o d¡Y)
H«$. ~±Ho$Mo Zmd ñWmnZm ‘w»¶mb¶ ‘moQ>mo/ñbmoJZ
1 Andhra Bank 20 Nov 1923 Hyderabad (Telangana) Much more to do. With YOU in focus.
2 Corporation Bank 12 Mar 1906 Mangaluru (Karnataka) Prosperity for all
3 Oriental Bank of 19 Feb 1943 New Delhi Where every individual is committed
Commerce
4 Punjab and Sindh Bank 24 Jun 1908 New Delhi Where series is a way of life
5 Vijaya Bank 23 Oct 1931 Bangaluru (Karnataka) A friendly you can bank upon
6 New Bank of India 21 Dec 1936 1993 ‘Ü¶o n§Om~ Z°eZb Trusted family bank
~±Ho$V {dbrZ
7 Xo¶ ~±H$m
([aPìh© ~±H$ 27 Zmoìh|~a 2014 ‘mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZmÝd¶o ñWmnZ)
H«$. ~±Ho$Mo Zmd AO©Xma nadmZm àmár ~±H$ gwédmV ‘w»¶mb¶
1 Airtel Payments Bank Bharati Airtel 23 Nov 12 Jan 2017 New Delhi
(+ Kotak Mahindra 2016
Bank)
2 Indian Posts Payments Bank Department of Posts 20 Jan 2017 30 Jan 2017 New Delhi
3 Paytm Payments Bank Vijay Shekhar Sharma 3 Jan 2017 23 May 2017 Noida
4 Fino Payments Bank Fino PayTech 1 Apr 2017 30 Jun 2017 Mumbai
5 Aditya Birla Idea Payments Aditya Birla Nuvo (+ 3 Apr 2017 22 Feb 2018 Mumbai
Bank Idea)
6 Jio Payments Bank Reliance Industries (+ 1 Mar 2017 3 Apr 2018 Mumbai
SBI)
7 NSDL Payment Bank National Securities 1 Apr 2017 bdH$aM gwê$
Depository Limited
hmoB©b
8 Vodafone M-Pesa Awaited
9 Cholamandalam Distribution Surrenderred
Services
10 Sun Pharmaceuticals (Dilip Surrenderred
Sanghavi)
11 Tech Mahindra Surrenderred
48
6 emídV {dH$mg (Sustainable Development)
emídVVm (Sustainability) :
1. Sustainable hm eãX 'Sustainere' ¶m c°Q>rZ eãXmnmgyZ V¶ma Pmcm Amho. Sustainere åhUOo Yê$Z R>odUo, ghZ H$aUo,
ghmæ¶ H$aUo, nwa{dUo, Mmcy R>odUo, {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo, Am¶wî¶mcm hmV^ma cmdUo.
2. IUCN (International Union for Conservation o Nature qH$dm International Union for Conservation of Nature
and Natural Resources) hr {ZgJm©M Am{U n[apñWVrH$sM§ OVZ H$aUmar EH$ ‘hÎdmMr Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§KQ>Zm Amho. IUCN,
UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) Am{U WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) ¶m VrZ g§ñWm§Zr
{‘iyZ 1980 ‘Ü¶o World Conservation Strategy hm Ahdmc àH$m{eV Ho$cm. Z¡g{J©H$ òmoVm§Mo OVZ H$aÊ¶m~m~V
hm OJmVrc n{hcm Am§Vaamï´>r¶ Ahdmc g‘Ocm OmVmo. ¶m AhdmcmV gd©àW‘ emídVoMr ì¶m»¶m H$aÊ¶mV Amcr,
""emídVVm åhUOo gOrd d nm[apñWVrH$sMm {dMma H$aUo. emídVVm åhUOo Z¡g{J©H$ òmoVm§Mm Agm dmna H$aUo Omo ^ê$Z
H$mT>Vm ¶oB©c.''
3. IUCN À¶m AZoH$ ‘hÎdmÀ¶m àH$ënm§‘Ü¶o à‘wI AgUmè¶m am°~Q>© A°coZ ¶m§Zr åhQ>co Amho H$s, "Mm§Jco Am¶wî¶' åhUOo
Cƒ àVrMo ‘mZdr OrdZ Am{U Cƒ àVrMr nm[apñWVrH$s. ho "Mm§Jco Am¶wî¶' åhUOoM emídVVm hmo¶.
emídV {dH$mg n[afXm (Sustainable Development Conferences) :
‘mZdr n`m©daU n[afX - 1972 (Conference on Human Environment - 1972)
1. g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmZo 5 OyZ Vo 16 OyZ 1972 Xaå`mZ ñQ>m°H$hmo‘ (ñdrS>Z) òWo ‘mZdr n`m©daU n[afX (UN Conference on
Human Development) Am`mo{OV Ho$br hmoVr. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm‘Üò n`m©daU ~XbmMm {dMma H$aUmar hr n{hbr gdmªV
‘moR>r n[afX R>abr. `m n[afXoV n`m©daU d {dH$mgm~m~V 26 VÎdm§Mm A§V^m©d Agbobr ñQ>m°H$hmo‘ KmofUm (Stockholm
Declaration) ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambr. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm‘Üò n`m©daU ~XbmMm {dMma gd©àW‘ `m n[afXoV H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
2. Am{W©H$ dmT> hmoV AgVmZm ‘mZdr n`m©daU d Z¡g{J©H$ ómoVm§Mm hmoV Agbobm èhmg Am{U Ë`mMm Am{W©H$ d gm‘m{OH$
{dH$mgmda hmoV Agboë`m n[aUm‘m§Mr OmUrd `m H$mimV OJmbm hmoD$ bmJbr. `mÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmZo
n`m©daU d {dH$mg Am`moJ (WCED : World Commission on Environment Development) `m Am`moJmMr J«mo hmb}‘
~«wQ>b±S> `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr 1983 ‘Üò ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m Am`moJmbm "~wQ>b±S> H${‘eZ' Agohr åhUVmV. `m Am`moJmZo
1987 ‘Üò 'Our Common Future' hm Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm.
3. Our Common Future AhdmbmV emídV {dH$mgmda (Sustainable Development) â XoÊ`mV Ambm. `m AhdmbmV
emídV {dH$mgmMr ì`m»`m XoIrb H$aÊ`mV Ambr. "{dH$mg emídV hmoÊ`mgmR>r dV©‘mZH$mimVrb JaOm Aem nÕVrZo nyU©
Pmë`m nm{hOoV, OoUoH$ê$Z ^mdr {nT>rÀ`m JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mda n[aUm‘ hmoUma Zmhr'.
· [aAmo n[afX (Rio Summit) qH$dm dgw§Yam n[afX (Earth Summit) 1992
1. ñQ>m°H$hmo‘‘Üò Pmbobr 1972 Mr ‘mZdr n`m©daU n[afX, 1983 À`m n`m©daU d {dH$mg Am`moJmÀ`m {e’$maer `mZo
ào[aV hmoD$Z g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmZo 3 Vo 14 OyZ 1992 ‘Üò n{hbr dgw§Yam n[afX âdbr. hr n[afX ~«mPrb‘Yrb [aAmo-{X-
OmZoamo‘Üò Pmë`m‘wio `m n[afXobm "[aAmo n[afX' Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo. `m n[afXoMo erf©H$ "g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmMr n`m©daU d
{dH$mg n[afX' (UNCED-United Nations Conference on Environment Development) Ago hmoVo.
2. n`m©daU d {dH$mgmÀ`m ghg§~§Ymg ‘hÎd XoD$Z emídV {dH$mgmMr VÎdo `m n[afXoV CÕ¥V H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
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3. [aAmo n[afXoV Imbrb {df`m§da MMm© Pmë`m.
(i) {ego, J°gmobrZ, {H$aUmoËgmar {dfmar nXmW© `m§À`m CËnmXZ à{H«$`m§Mr nÕVera N>mZZo.
(ii) Ordmí‘ B§YZmEodOr n`m©`r B§YZmMm dmna.
(iii) gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmYZm§da â.
(iv) nmÊ`mMm dmna Am{U ‘`m©XrV nwadR>m.
4. [aAmo n[afXoV Imbrb 3 AmamIS>o (Documents) ~ZdÊ`mV Ambo.
(i) [aAmo KmofUmnÌ (Rio Declaration) : {d{dY Xoem§À`m Am{U g‘mOmÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo ZdrZ Am{U g‘mZ Ý`m`
XoUmar OmJ{VH$ ^mJrXmar {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mMr KmofUm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. emídV {dH$mgmMr 27 VËdo (Principles)
`m KmofUmnÌmV ‘mS>Ê`mV Ambr AmhoV.
(ii) AO|S>m 21 (Agenda 21) : 21 ì`m eVH$mgmR>r emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r AW©ì`dñWm§Zm ñWm{ZH$, amï´>r` d Om-
J{VH$ ñVamda H$amd`mÀ`m emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmam hm OmJ{VH$ AmamIS>m R>abm. OyZ 1992
‘Üò hm H$ama g§‘V H$aÊ`mV Ambm. AW©ì`dñWm§Zr Xm[aÐç {Z‘y©bZmgmR>r bmoH$g§»`m, Amamo½`godm, {ejU,
‘{hbm h¸$, `m{df`H$ YmoaUo AmIyZ emídV {dH$mg H$aÊ`mda â {Xbm nm{hOo. D$Om© H$m`©j‘ V§ÌkmZ, ‘{hbm
geº$sH$aU, ñWm{ZH$ emgZm§Mo d {~Ja gaH$mar g§KQ>Zm§Mo geº$sH$aU, ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg, n`m©daU ~Mmd,
dZg§dY©Z, emídV eha {dH$mg, ómoV g§dY©Z, emídV H¥${f{dH$mg d O¡dV§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$aÊ`mda AO|S>m 21
H$ama â XoVmo. OmJ{VH$sH$aU, Globalisation Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMo CXmarH$aU Liberalisation `m H$amambm
‘mÝ` AmhoV. H$maU Ë`m‘wio {dH$gZerb Xoem§‘Yrb Jw§VdUwH$sg MmbZm {‘iVo d hr Jw§VdUyH$ da gm§{JVboë`m
Am{W©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Cn`moJmV òD$ eH$Vo. AO|S>m 21 hm 4 ^mJ d 40 àH$aUm§‘Üò {d^mJbm
Jobobm 700 nmZr H$ama Amho.
^mJ 1 - "gm‘m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ n[a‘mUo' (Social Economic Dimensions)
^mJ 2 - {dH$mgmgmR>r ómoVg§dY©Z Am{U ì`dñWmnZ (Conservation and Management of Resources)
^mJ 3 - "à‘wI JQ>m§À`m (VéU, ‘wbo, {ó`m B.) ^y{‘Ho$Mo g~brH$aU' (Strengthening the Role of Major
Groups)
^mJ 4 - "A§‘b~OmdUrMo ‘mJ©' (Means of Implementation)
(iii) dZg§dY©Z VËdo (Forest Principles) : dZm§Mo g§dY©Z, ì`dñWmnZ Am{U emídV {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r 15
VËdm§Mm A§V^m©d `m AmamIS>çmV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
darb 3 AmamIS>o am~dÊ`mMm {ZU©` gXñ` amï´>m§Zr ¿`md`mMm AgVmo. ho 3 AmamIS>o gº$sMo ZmhrV (non
binding).
5. [aAmo n[afXoV Imbrb 3 H$ama qH$dm A{^g§Yr (Conventions) ‘m§S>Ê`mV Ambo. ho H$ama ‘mÌ H$m`Xoera (Legally
binding) H$ama AmhoV. `m 3 H$amam§Zm EH${ÌVnUo "[aAmo A{^g§Yr' (Rio convention) Agohr åhUVmV.
(i) O¡d{d{dYVm A{^g§Yr (Convention on Biological Diversity) : O¡d{d{dYVoMo OVZ H$aUo, O¡d{d{dYVm
KQ>H$m§Mm emídV dmna H$aUo, OZwH$s` ómoVm§Mm bm^ KoVm§Zm Vmo g‘mZ d Ý`mæ` KoUo `m CÔoemZo hm H$ama 5 OyZ
1992 bm ‘m§S>Ê`mV Ambm. 29 {S>g|~a 1993 nmgyZ hm H$ama A§‘bmV Ambm. O¡d{d{dYVm A{^g§Yr AÝdò
11 gßQ>|~a 2003 nmgyZ H$mQ>m©OoZm àmoQ>moH$m°b Am{U 12 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2014 nmgyZ ZmJmo`m àmoQ>moH$m°b H$amam§Mr
A§‘b~OmdUr gwê$ Pmbr.
6. [aAmo n[afXoZ§Va Xa 5 dfmªZr Aer n[afX KoÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Ambm.
7. [aAmo n[afXoV ‘mÝ` Ho$ë`mZwgma g§`wº$ amï´>g§Km§VJ©V "emídV {dH$mg Am`moJ' (Commission on Sustainable
Development) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. (2013 ‘Üò `m Am`moJmMo ê$nm§Va "CƒñVar` amOH$s` gôV' (High-level
Political Forum on Sustainable Development) H$aÊ`mV Amco.
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emídV {dH$mg
[aAmo +5 n[afX (Rio+5 Summit) :
1. AO|S>m 21 H$amamÀ`m A§‘b~OmdUrMo nwZ‘y©ë`m§H$Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo [aAmo n[afXoZ§Va 5 dfmªZr Ý`y`m°H©$ òWo 23
Vo 27 OyZ 1997 Xaå`mZ [aAmo +5 n[afX âbr.
2. n[afXoV AO|S>m 21 H$amamMr A§‘b~OmdUr, dmT>Vo OmJ{VH$sH$aU, Globalisation CËnÞmVrb dmT>Vr Ag‘mZVm
Inequality d dmT>Vm n`m©daU èhmg (Environment Loss) `mda MMm© Pmë`m.
eVH$moÎma n[afX (Millennium Summit) :

1. {dH$mgmgmR>r 21 ì`m eVH$mV g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmMr ^y{‘H$m H$m` Agob? `mda MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmZo 6
Vo 8 gßQ>|~a 2000 Xaå`mZ Ý`y`m°H©$ òWo eVH$moÎma n[afX Am`mo{OV Ho$br.
2. 1978 À`m Aë‘m-AQ>m n[afXoZo 2000 dfm©V JmR>md`mMr Amamo½`{df`H$ H$mhr búò R>a{dbr hmoVr. UNDP À`m
‘mZd {dH$mg Ahdmbm§‘Üò {dH$mgmÀ`m {ZX}em§H$m§Mm Ib hmoD$ bmJbm. AO|S>m 21 Zo emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r ‘moR>r
nmíd©^y‘r nwa{dbr.
3. `m gmè`m KQ>Zm§Mm à^md åhUyZ 8 gßQ>|~a 2000 bm g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmÀ`m gmYmaU n[afXoZo "eVH$moÎma KmofUm' (Mil-
lennium Declaration) ñdrH$mabr. OJmVrb gd© nwéf, ‘{hbm, ‘wbo `m§Mr Xm[aÐçmVyZ d g§Kfm©VyZ gwQ>H$m H$aÊ`m-
Mm {ZYm©a H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ‘moOVm òVrb Aer 8 Üò` (goal) ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambr. eVH$moÎma n[afXoV ñdrH$maÊ`mV
Amë`m‘wio Ë`m§Zm ghóH$ {dH$mg Üò`/eVH$moÎma {dH$mg Üò` (Millennium Development Goals - MDGs)
åhQ>bo Jobo.
[aAmo+10 n[afX (Rio+10 Summit) :
1. 1992 À`m [aAmo n[afXoZ§Va 10 dfmªZr X{jU Am{’«$Ho$Vrb OmohmÝg~J© ¶oWo [aAmo +10 n[afX 26 Am°JñQ> Vo 4
gßQ>|~a 2002 Xaå`mZ nma nS>br. `m n[afXoMo erf©H$ "emídV {dH$mgmMr OmJ{VH$ n[afX' (WSSD - World
Summit on Sustainable Development) Ago hmoVo.
2. nmUr d ñdÀN>Vm, D$Om©, ‘mZdr Amamo½`, H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm Am{U O¡d{d{dYVm d n`m©daU ì`dñWmnZ `m 5 ‘wÚm§da
MMm© Pmë`m.
3. n[afXoA§Vr "OmohmÝg~J© KmofUm' (Johannesburg Declaration) gdm©Zw‘Vo g§‘V H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m KmofUoV H$mhr
H¥$Vr AmamIS>çm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. Ogo Xm[aXç« {Z‘y©bZ, Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ghH$m`©, ‘{hbm geº$sH$aU, {dH$gZerb
Xoem§Mm emídV {dH$mg BË`mXr.
[aAmo+20 n[afX (Rio+20 Summit) :
1. 1992 À`m [aAmo n[afXoZ§Va 20 dfmªZr nwÝhm ~«mPrb‘Yrb [aAmo-{X-OmZoamo òWo [aAmo +20 n[afX 20 Vo 22
OyZ 2012 Xaå`mZ nma nS>br. `m n[afXoMo erf©H$ "g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmMr emídV {dH$mg n[afX' (UNCSD - United
Nations Conference on Sustainable Development) Ago hmoVo. hr n[afX XmoZ à‘wI ‘wÚm§gmR>r ‘hÎdmMr R>abr
J«rZ BH$m°Zm°‘r Am{U emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r g§ñWmË‘H$ `§ÌUm.
2. n[afXoV gXñ` Xoem§Zr (192 Xoem§Zr) EH$ KmofUmnÌ Omhra Ho$bo. `m KmofUmnÌmMo Zmd 'The Future We Want'
Ago hmoVo.
`mV Imbrb ‘wÔo CX²Y¥V H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
(i) Xm[aXç« {Z‘y©bZ ho emídV {dH$mgmMo gdm©V ‘hÎdmMo C{Ôï> Amho.
(ii) emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r g‘mZ Am{W©H$ dmT> d gd©g‘mdoeH$ {dH$mg hmoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.
(iii) Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$ d emídV {dH$mgmMo Üò` àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r 2015 ‘Üò àmá H$amd`mMo ghóH$ {dH$mg
Üò` (MDGs) ‘hÎdmMo AmhoV.
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emídV {dH$mg
(iv) qbJ Ag‘mZVm (Gender Inequality) Xya H$aUo d ór geº$sH$aU (Women Empowerment) H$aUo
emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ ~m~ Amho. Ë`m‘wio {ó`m§Mo h¸$, Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$, amOH$s` joÌmV
{ó`m§Mm gh^mJ dmT>{dUo ‘hÎdmMo Amho.
3. J«rZ BH$m°Zm°‘r (Green Economy)
(i) 2008 ‘Üò UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) À`mn[afXoV gd©àW‘ J«rZ BH$m°Zm°‘r `m
g§H$ënZoMm àgma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. S>opìhS> {nAg©, ES>dS>© ~m{~©à Am{U A{Zb ‘mHª$S>o` `m§Zr Sustain-
able Development Economics and Environment in the Third World `m nwñVH$mV J«rZ BH$m°Zm°‘rMr
g§H$ënZm (Blueprint for a Green Economy) ‘m§S>br.
(ii) emídV {dH$mgmÀ`m g§H$ënZoV ‘mZdmMo amhUr‘mZ gwYmaUo Am{U ‘mZdr ^m§S>dbm~amo~aM Z¡g{J©H$ ^m§S>dbmMo
OVZ H$aUo Ano{jV AgVo. J«rZ BH$m°Zm°‘r g§H$ënZoV amhUr‘mZ gwYmaUo Ano{jV Agbo, Var Vo n`m©daU
AZwHy$b AgÊ`mda A{YH$ â {Xbm OmVmo. ‘mZdr ^m§S>dbmnojm Z¡g{J©H$ ^m§S>db OmñV ‘hÎdmMo g‘Obo
OmVo. J«rZ BH$m°Zm°‘r‘Üò n`m©daU g§dY©Z H$aV amhUo Am{U Ë`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ h[aV g§Yr (Green jobs) {Z‘m©U
H$aUo `mbm ‘hÎd XoÊ`mV òVo.
(iii) {dH$gZerb Xoem§À`m ‘Vo J«rZ BH$m°Zm°‘r {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘moR>çm Jw§VdUwH$sMr JaO bmJob. Vr OrS>rnrÀ`m
gmYmaU 2% Agy eH$Vo. `mCbQ> {dH${gV Xoe J«rZ BH$m°Zm°‘rH$S>o ì`mnmar Ñï>rZo Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>r~m~V gy{MV
H$aV AmhoV. {dH${gV Xoe emídV {dH$mgmMr hr Midi ‘mZdr H$ë`mUmnmgyZ Xya ZodyZ Jw§VdUyH$ Am{U
bm^mÀ`m gyÌmH$S>o KoD$Z OmD$ BpÀN>VmV.
(iv) Rio + 20 n[afXoV ^maVmgh BRICS Xoem§Zr J«rZ BH$m°Zm°‘r `m {df`mV {dH${gV Xoe dmnaV Agbobo ómoV
d n`m©daU èhmg `m§Zmhr O~m~Xma Yabo Amho. ^maVmÀ`m åhUÊ`mZwgma J«rZ BH$m°Zm°‘r hr g§H$ënZm emídV
{dH$mgmbm n`m©` ZgyZ emídV {dH$mgmMm g‘m§Va ‘mJ© åhUyZ nwT>o Ambr nm{hOo.
4. [aAmo +20 n[afXoMr Imbrb 3 C{Ôï>o hmoVr (1) emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r ZdrZ amOH$s` ~m§{YbH$s {Z‘m©U H$aUo, (2)
nydu {Xboë`m dMZm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUo, (3) ZdrZ d CX`moÝ‘wI AmìhmZm§Zm g§~mo{YV H$aUo.
5. The Future We Want `m KmofUmnÌmV ghóH$ {dH$mg Üò` (Millennium Development Goals - MDGs) Mo
‘hÎd AYmoaopIV H$ê$Z nwT>rb H$mimV emídV {dH$mg Üò` (Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs) {ZYm©arV
H$aÊ`mMm C„oI H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
6. [aAmo+20 n[afXoZwgma g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmZo 22 OmZodmar 2013 bm OWG (Open Working Group) H$m`©JQ> ñWmnZ
Ho$bm. OWG H$S>o emídV {dH$mg Üò` (SDGs) {ZYm©arV H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar XoÊ`mV Ambr. OWG Zo [aAmo
KmofUmnÌ, AO|S>m 21, [aAmo n[afXm, ‘mZdm{YH$mamMr d¡pídH$ KmofUm, MDGs, g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmÀ`m gZXoVrb ‘yëò
`m gd© ~m~r {dMmamV KoD$Z 13 ~¡R>H$m§A§Vr 17 Üò` (Goals) Am{U 169 bú` (Target) Agbobm SDG Ahdmb
~Z{dbm. g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmÀ`m 68 ì`m ~¡R>H$sV 19 Owb¡ 2014 bm hm Ahdmb ‘m§S>Ê`mV Ambm. OmZodmar 2015 Vo
Am°JñQ> 2015 `m Ahdmbmda {d{dY Am§VaemgH$s` MMm© Pmë`m. `m Ahdmbmda A§{V‘ MMm© d ‘mÝ`VogmR>r gßQ>|~a
2015 ‘Üò g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmZo ñdV§Ì emídV {dH$mg n[afX âdbr.
7. emídV {dH$mg n[afX (Sustainable Development Summit)
(i) 25 Vo 27 gßQ>|~a 2015 Xaå`mZ Ý`y`m°H©$‘Üò emídV {dH$mg n[afX âbr. 2000 À`m eVH$moÎma n[afXoZo
MDGs Kmo{fV Ho$bo, Va 2015 À`m emídV {dH$mg n[afXoZo SDGs.
(ii) OWG À`m {e’$maerZo ‘m§S>boë`m Ahdmbmda AmYmarV SDGs Mm g‘mdoe AgUmar {df`n{ÌH$m ‘m§S>Ê`mV
Ambr. `m n{ÌHo$Mo Zmd 'Transforming Our World - The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development'
Ago hmoVo.
(iii) 25 gßQ>|~a 2015 bm 193 gXñ` Xoem§Zr g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmÀ`m gd©gmYmaU gôV `m {df`n{ÌHo$Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm.
`m {df`n{ÌHo$V 92 n[aÀN>oX, 17 Üò` d 169 bú`m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. hr Üòò d búò 2030 ‘Üò JmR>Ê`mMm
{ZYm©a gdm©Zw‘Vo g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmZo Ho$bm Amho.
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emídV {dH$mg
eVH$moÎma {dH$mg Ü¶o¶o (MDGS - Millennium Development Goals)
· 2015 AIoa 8 Ü¶o¶ (Goals) JmR>m¶Mr hmoVr. hr Ü¶o¶o 21 cú¶ (Targets) Am{U 60 {ZX}em§H$m§‘Ü¶o (Indicators)
{d^mJcocr AmhoV. g§¶wº$ amï´>g§KmZo 8 Ü¶o¶, 21 cú¶ d 60 {ZX}em§H$ gwM{dco Agco, Var ^maVmV 8 Ü¶o¶, 12 cú¶
d 35 {ZX}em§H$ R>a{dÊ¶mV Amco hmoVo. hr 8 Ü¶o¶o Imcrcà‘mUo.....
Ü¶o¶ 1 - AmË¶§{VH$ Xm[aÐç d Cnmg‘ma Xÿa H$aUo (Eradicate Extreme Poverty And Hunger)
· cú¶ 1 A - 1.25 S>m°canojm H$‘r CËnÞ AgUmè¶m cmoH$m§Mo à‘mU 1990 ‘Yrc à‘mUmnojm {Zåå¶mda AmUUo.
· cú¶ 1 ~ - ~oamoOJma VgoM {ó¶m d Vê$U ~oamoOJma ¶m gdmªZm nyU© d CËnmXH$ amoOJma nwa{dUo.
· cú¶ 1 H$ - Cnmg‘mar ghZ H$aUmè¶m cmoH$m§Mo à‘mU 1990 ‘Yrc à‘mUmnojm {Zåå¶mda AmUUo.
Ü¶o¶ 2 - d¡pídH$ (gmd©{ÌH$) àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr nmVir JmR>Uo. (Achieve Universal Primary Education)
· cú¶ 2 A - OJâmVrc ‘wco VgoM ‘wctMo àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© hmoB©c ¶mÑï>rZo à¶ËZ H$aUo.
Ü¶o¶ 3 - qcJg‘mZVm d ór geº$sH$aUmgmR>r à¶ËZ H$aUo. (Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women)
· cú¶ 3 A - 2005 AIoa àmW{‘H$ d ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ emim§‘Yrc ‘wcm-‘wct‘Yrc Ag‘mZVm (‘wctÀ¶m g§»¶oVrc JiVr)
Xÿa H$aUo, 2015 n¶ªV {ejUmÀ¶m gd© nmVit‘Yrc Ag‘mZVm Xÿa H$aUo.
Ü¶o¶ 4 - ~mc‘¥Ë¶yXa H$‘r H$aUo. (Reduce Child Mortality)
· cú¶ 4 A - nmM dfmªÀ¶m AmVrc ~mcH$m§‘Yrc ~mc‘¥Ë¶yXa 1990 À¶m Xamnojm 2/3 Zo H$‘r H$aUo.
Ü¶o¶ 5 - ‘mV¥ñdmñWmV gwYmaUm H$aUo. (Improve Maternal Health)
· cú¶ 5 A - ‘mVm‘¥Ë¶yXa 1990 À¶m Xamnojm 3/4 Zo H$‘r H$aUo.
· cú¶ 5 ~ - 2015 AIoa àOZZñdmñW gdmªn¶ªV nmohmoM{dUo.
Ü¶o¶ 6 - ES²>g, ‘co[a¶m d BVa AmOmam§{dê$Õ cT>Uo. Combat HIV/AIDS Malaria and Other Diseases)
· bú` 6 A - 2015 n`ªV ES²gMo à‘mU {Zåå`mda AmUyZ Ë`mZ§Va àgmamMm doJ CbQ> H$aUo.
· bú` 6 ~ - 2010 n`ªV gd© ES²g~m{YVm§Zm CnMma hmoB©b `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
· bú` 6 H$ - 2015 n`ªV ‘bo[a`m d BVa J§^ra AmOmam§Mo à‘mU {Zåå`mda AmUyZ Ë`mZ§Va àgmamMm doJ CbQ> H$aUo.
Üò` 7 n`m©daUmMr emídVVm {Q>H${dUo. (Ensure Environmental Sustainability)
· bú` 7 A - Xoem§À`m `moOZm§‘Üò, YmoaUm§‘Üò emídV {dH$mgmÀ`m VÎdm§Mm Adb§~ H$aUo Am{U n`m©daUmVrb ómoVm§Mm
hmoUmam èhmg ^ê$Z H$mT>Uo.
· bú` 7 ~ - 2010 n`ªV O¡d{d{dYVm (Biodiversity) Zï> hmoÊ`mMm doJ H$‘r H$ê$Z 2015 n`ªV O¡d{d{dYVoVrb hmZr
H$‘r H$aUo.
· bú` 7 H$ - 2015 AIoa {nÊ`mMo nmUr d ‘yb^yV ñdÀN>Vm `m emídV JaOm nyU© hmoD$ eH$Umè`m bmoH$m§Mo à‘mU
dmT>{dUo.
· bú` 7 S> - 2020 AIoa PmonS>nÅ>rV amhUmè`m H$‘rV H$‘r 10 H$moQ>r bmoH$m§À`m amhUr‘mZmV {deof gwYmaUm H$aUo.
Üò` 8 - {dH$mgmgmR>r OmJ{VH$ ^mJrXmarMm {dH$mg H$aUo. (A Global Partnership For Development)
· bú` 8 A - (amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda {dH$mg, Mm§Jbo emgZ d Xm[aXç« {Z‘y©bZmgmR>r H${Q>~Õ AgUmar) Iwbr,
{Z`‘~Õ, gVH©$, emofU{da{hV ì`mnmar d Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm V`ma H$aUo.
· bú` 8 ~ - (A{dH${gV Xoem§H$Sy>Z Am`mVewëH$‘wº$ d H$moQ>m‘wº$ Am`mV H$ê$Z, Jar~ d H$O©~mOmar Xoem§Zm H$O© gdbVr
XoD$Z, Xm[aÐç {Z‘y©bZmgmR>r H$m`©aV AgUmè`m Xoembm {dH$mgmË‘H$ ghmæ` H$ê$Z) A{dH${gV Xoem§À`m JaOm ^mJ{dUo.
· bú` 8 H$ - (N>moQ>çm {dH$gZerb ~oQ>m§À`m emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r H¥$Vr AmamIS>m V`ma H$ê$Z) {dH$gZerb ~oQ>o d ^ydo{ï>V
Xoem§À`m {deof JaOm ^mJ{dUo.
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emídV {dH$mg
· bú` 8 S> - {dH$gZerb Xoem§À`m H$Om©À`m àíZm§Mr amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda g‘J« {dMma H$ê$Z gmoS>dUyH$ H$aUo.
· bú` 8 B© - {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm Amdí¶H$ Am¡fYr dmOdr {H$‘VrV {‘iÊ`mgmR>r (Am¡fYr H§$nÝ`m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo) à`ËZ
H$aUo.
· bú` 8 ’$ - ImgJr joÌmÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo ‘m{hVr d àgmamgma»`m AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMo ’$m`Xo CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
emídV {dH$mg Üòò (SDGs - Sustainable Development Goals) :
· 2030 AIoa 17 Üòò (Goals) JmR>m`Mr AmhoV. hr Üòò 169 bú` (Targets) Am{U 231 {ZX}em§H$m§‘Üò (Indicators)
{d^mJbobr AmhoV. ^maVmVrb gm§p»`H$s d H$m`©H«$‘ H$m`m©Ýd`Z ‘§Ìmb`mZo 17 SDG ‘moOVm òVrb Ago 306 amï´>r`
ñVamdarb {ZX}em§H$ gwM{dbo AmhoV. ZrVr Am`moJmZo SDG India Index ‘moOVmZm 2018 ‘Üò 62 Am{U 2019 ‘Üò
100 {ZX}em§H$ {dMmamV KoVbo AmhoV. 2030 AIoa JmR>m`Mr 17 Üòò Imbrbà‘mUo.....
Üò` -1 - g§nyU© OJmVrb haVèhoMo Xm[aÐç Xya H$aUo. (No Poverty)
· bú` 1.1 - 2030 AIoa 1.25 S>m°banojm H$‘r CËnÞ AgUmè`m AmË`§{VH$ Xm[aÐçmVrb bmoH$m§Mo à‘mU eyÝ` H$aUo.
Üò` - 2 - Cnmg‘ma Xya H$aUo, AÞgwajm àmá H$aUo, nmofUmV dmT> H$aUo d emídV eoVrg àmoËgmhZ XoUo. (Zero Hunger)
· bú` 2.1 - 2030 AIoa Cnmg‘ma ghZ H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§Mo à‘mU eyÝ` H$aUo VgoM Jar~ d Agwa{jV JQ>mbm (ZdOmV
~mbH$m§gh) df©â gwa{jV, nmofH$ d nwaogo AÞ nwa{dUo.
· bú` 2.2 - 2025 AIoa 5 dfmªImbrb IwaQ>r (Stunted) d ewîH$ (Wasted) ~mbH$m§‘Yrb Hw$nmofU Xya H$ê$Z 2030
AIoa gd© àH$maMo Hw$nmofU g§n{dUo, VgoM {H$emoad`rZ ‘wbr, JamoXa d ñVZXm ‘mVm§À`m nmofUmÀ`m JaOm ^mJ{dUo.
· bú` 2.3 - N>moQ>o eoVH$ar, J«m‘rU bmoH$ {deofV… {ó`m, newnmbH$, H$moir `m§Zm O{‘Zr, CËnmXZómoV, {dÎmgodm, nUZ,
~mOmagodm `m§Mm g‘mZ d nwaogm dmQ>m XoD$Z 2030 AIoa H¥$fr CËnmXZ d CËnÞ XwßnQ> H$aUo.
· bú` 2.4 - n`m©daU~Xb d Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Q>m§Mm gm‘Zm H$aVm òB©b BVH$s gj‘Vm d bd{MH$nUm H¥$fr CËnmXZmÀ`m
aMZobm àmá H$ê$Z, O‘rZ d qgMZmV gwYmaUm H$ê$Z 2030 n`ªV emídV H¥$fr CËnmXZ H$aUo.
Üò` - 3 - {ZamoJr OrdZmMr ImÌr XoD$Z (g§nyU© OJmVrb d gd© d`mVrb) gdmª‘Üò Mm§Jë`m ñdmñÏ`mMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U
H$aUo. (Good Health and Well-Being)
· bú` 3.1 - 2030 AIoa OmJ{VH$ ñVamdarb ‘mVm‘¥Ë`y à‘mU 70 nojm Imbr AmUUo.
· bú` 3.2 - 5 dfmªImbrb Á`m ~mbH$m§Mo ‘¥Ë`y amoIVm òdy eH$VmV (Preventable Deaths) Vo gd© ‘¥Ë`y amoIÊ`mMr
j‘Vm 2030 n`ªV àmá H$aUo.
· bú` 3.3 - 2030 n¶ªV ES²g, ‘bo[a`m, jàmoJ, H$mdri, ObOÝ` d BVa gmWtÀ`m AmOmam§Mm àgma Wm§~{dUo.
Üò¶ -4 - am‘mdoeH$ d Ý`mæ` Ago XO}Xma {ejU XoD$Z gdmªZm Am`wî`â (H$mhrZm H$mhr) {eH$Vm òB©b Aem g§Yr {Z‘m©U
H$aUo. (Quality Education)
· bú` 4.2 - nyd©V`mar åhUyZ gd© ‘wbo d ‘wbtZm H$modù`m d`mVM nyd©àmW{‘H$ {ejU, g§JmonZ d {dH$mg hmoB©b Aer
nmVir 2030 AIoa JmR>Uo.
· bú` 4.4 - 2030 n`ªV gw`mo½` amoOJma XoD$ eHo$b, Aer Vm§{ÌH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m¡eëò Agboë`m VéU d àm¡T>m§À`m
g§»òV dmT> H$aUo.
· bú` 4.6 - 2030 n`ªV gd© VéU gmja H$ê$Z àm¡T> gmjaVoV (nwéf+ór) ârd dmT> H$aUo.
· bú` 4.7 - 2030 n`ªV gdmªZm emídV {dH$mgmMo kmZ d H$m¡eë` nwa{dUo.
Üò` - 5 - b¢{JH$ g‘mZVm àmá H$aUo d ‘{hbm d ‘wbtMo g~brH$aU H$aUo. (Gender Equality)
· Üò` 5.1 - ‘{hbm d ‘wbtdarb gd© àH$maÀ`m qhgm g‘má H$aUo.
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emídV {dH$mg
· bú` 5.2 - ‘{hbm d ‘wbtdarb AË`mMma, {dH«$`, b¢{JH$ N>i d gd© àH$maÀ`m qhgm g‘má H$aUo.
· bú` 5.5 amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ d gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmVrb haVèhoÀ`m {ZU©` à{H«$òV ‘{hbm§Mm nyU© gh^mJ d ZoV¥Ëd
H$aÊ`mgmR>r g‘mZ g§Yr àmá H$ê$Z XoUo.
· bú` 5.6 b¢{JH$ d àOZZ Amamo½`mn`ªV d¡pídH$ nmohmoM {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z àOZZ h¸$ (Reproductive Rights) {‘idyZ
XoÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` à`ËZ H$aUo.
Üò` - 6 - gdmªZm nmUr Am{U ñdÀN>Vm CnbãY H$aUo d Ë`mMo emídV {Z`moOZ H$aUo. (Clean Water and Sanitation)
· bú` 6.1 - 2030 n`ªV gdmªgmR>r gwa{jV {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr d¡pídH$ d g‘mZ CnbãYVm {Z‘m©U H$aUo.
· bú` 6.2 - 2030 n`ªV gdmªgmR>r nwaoem d g‘mZ ñdÀN>VoÀ`m gw{dYm nwa{dUo, Jmdo hmJUXmar ‘wº$ H$aUo, Agwa{jV
JQ>mVrb VgoM ‘{hbm d ‘wbtgmR>r ñdÀN>VoÀ`m gw{dYm nwa{dUo.
Üò` - 7 - gdmªgmR>r nadS>Ê`mOmoJr, {dídgZr` d emídV D$Om© CnbãY H$aUo. (Affordable and Clean Energy)
Üò` 8 - {Za§Va, g‘mdoeH$ d emídV Am{W©H$ dmT>rg àmoËgmhZ XoD$Z CËnmXH$ amoOJma d gdmªZm Mm§Jbo H$m‘ nwa{dUo.
(Decent Work and Economic Growth)
Üò` - 9 - gw`mo½` nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mr C^maUr H$ê$Z g‘mdoeH$ d emídV Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU H$aUo d ZmdrÝ`Vobm àmoËgmhZ
XoUo. (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure)
· bú` 9.1 - Am{W©H$ {dH$mg d bmoH$H$ë`mUmÀ`m CÔoemZo VgoM gdmªZm g‘mZ d nadS>Ê`mOmo½`m ‘yb^yV gw{dYm
nwa{dÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo àmXo{eH$ VgoM gr‘obJV XO}Xma, {dídgZr`, emídV d gw`mo½` nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo.
· bú` 9.2 - g‘mdoeH$ d emídV Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmg MmbZm XoUo, VgoM 2030 n`ªV OrS>rnr d amoOJmamV CÚmoJjoÌmMm
dmQ>m dmT>dV OmUo d AË`§V A{dH${gV Xoem§‘Üò CÚmoJjoÌmMm dmQ>m XwßnQ> H$aUo.
Üò` - 10 - XoemVrb d Xoem-Xoem§‘Yrb Ag‘mZVm H$‘r H$aUo. (Reduced Inequalities)
· bú` 10.1 2030 n`ªV CËnÞmV emídV dmT> H$aUo d AW©ì`dñWoVrb VimVrb 40% bmoH$g§»òMo CËnÞ gamgarnojm
dmT>{dUo.
Üò` - 11 - ehao d ‘mZdr A{Ydmg g‘mdoeH$, gwa{jV, bd{MH$ Am{U emídV H$aUo. (Sustainable Cities and
Communities)
· bú` 11.1 - 2030 n`ªV gdmªZm nwaVrb Ago gwa{jV d nadS>Ê`mOmoJo Ka, ‘yb^yV gw{dYm nwa{dUo d PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm§‘Üò
gwYmaUm H$aUo.
· bú` 11.2 - 2030 n`ªV gdmªZm gwa{jV, nadS>Ê`mOmoJr, gwb^ d emídV dmhVyH$ `§ÌUm nwa{dUo, añVo gwa{jVVm
dmT>{dUo, gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVyH$ ì`dñWoV dmT> H$aUo, {ó`m, ~mbHo$, An§J d d¥Õm§À`m dmhVyH$ g§~§{YV JaOm§da {deof
bj XoUo.
Üò` - 12 - emídV CËnmXZ d Cn^moJmMm AmH¥$Vr~§Y {Z‘m©U H$aUo. (Responsible Consumption and Production)
· bú` 12.1 - {dH${gV Xoem§À`m à`ËZm§Zr, {dH$gZerb Xoem§À`m j‘Vm d {dH$mg {dMmamV KoD$Z emídV CËnmXZ d
Cn^moJmgmR>r 10 dfmªMm H¥$Vr AmamIS>m am~{dUo.
Üò` 13 - n`m©daU~Xb d Ë`mMo n[aUm‘ `mda VËH$mi H$madmB© H$aUo. (UNFCC H$amamÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV amhÿZ) Climate
Action)
· bú` 13.1 - n`m©daU~Xbm‘wio d BVa Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Q>m§‘wio hmoUmè`m YmoŠ`m§Zm Vm|S> XoVm òB©b BVH$s gj‘Vm d
bd{MH$nUm àmá H$aUo.
Üò` - 14 - emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r g‘wÐ d gmJar g§gmYZm§Mm emídV dmna H$aUo d Ë`m§Mo OVZ H$aUo. (Life Below
Water)
· bú` 14.1 - 2025 n`ªV gmJar àXyfU, {deofV… O{‘Zrdarb à{H«$`m§‘wio hmoUmao gmJar àXyfU amoIUo.
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· bú` 14.2 - 2020 n`ªV g‘wÐ {ZamoJr d CËnmXH$ pñWVrV AmUUo, `mgmR>r gmJar d g‘wÐ {H$Zmè`mdarb n`m©daUmMo
emídV {Z`moOZ H$aUo.
· bú` 14.5 - amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` {Z`‘mdbrZwgma VgoM emór` ‘m{hVrMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z 2020 AIoa {H$‘mZ 10%
{H$Zmar d gmJar àXoemMo OVZ H$aUo.
· bú` 14.6 - 2020 n`ªV emídV ‘Ëñ` CÚmoJmg ~mYH$ R>ê$ eH$Umè`m g~{gS>r Wm§~{dUo. `mgmR>r WTO À`m
{Z`‘mdbtMm dmna H$aUo.
Üò` - 15 - O{‘Zrdarb n`m©daUmMo g§ajU d nwZd©gZ H$aUo d emídV dmnamg àmoËgmhZ XoUo, dmid§Q>rH$aUmg Vm|S> XoUo.
O{‘ZrMo AdH«$‘U Wm§~{dUo, O¡d{d{dYVoVrb hmg Wm§~{dUo. (Life on Land)
· bú` 15.1 - 2020 n`ªV O‘rZ, JmoS>çm nmÊ`mVrb nm[apñW{VH$s, dZo, nd©V, ewîH$ O{‘Zr, Amoë`m O{‘Zr `m§Mo
Am§Vaamï´>r` {Z`‘mdbrà‘mUo OVZ H$aUo, nwZd©gZ H$aUo d Ë`m§Mm emídV dmna H$aUo.
· bú` 15.2 - 2020 n`ªV gd© àH$maÀ`m dZm§À`m emídV {Z`‘Zmg àmoËgmhZ XoUo, {Zd©ZrH$aU Wm§~{dUo, (Deforestation)
AdH«${‘V dZm§Mo nwZd©gZ H$aUo, dZamonU d nwZd©ZrH$aU dmT>{dUo.
Üò` - 16- emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r em§VVm{à` Am{U g‘mdoeH$ g§ñWm C^maUo, gdmªZm Ý`m` nwa{dUo, `m g§ñWm à^mdr,
O~m~Xma d g‘mdoeH$ ~Z{dUo. (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions)
· bú` 16.1 - gd© àH$maÀ`m qhgm amoIUo d qhgo‘wio hmoUmao ‘¥Ë`y amoIUo.
· bú` 16.4 - 2030 AIoa ~oH$m`Xoera Am{W©H$ d eómóm§Mm àdmh amoIUo, Mmoarg Joboë`m ‘mb‘Îmm naV {‘idyZ XoUo,
gd© àH$maÀ`m g§K{Q>V JwÝøm§{déÕ bT>m XoUo.
· bú` 16.5 - gd© àH$maMo ^«ï>mMma d bmMbwMnV amoIUo.
· bú` 16.9 - OÝ‘XmIë`mgh 2030 n`ªV gdmªMr Ý`mæ` AmoiI {Z‘m©U H$aUo.
Üò` - 17 emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r A§‘b~OmdUrg JVr XoUo d OmJ{VH$ ^mJrXmarg àmoËgmhZ XoUo. (Partnerships For The
Goals)
· bú` 17.1 - Xoer ómoVm§Mr J{VerbVm dmT>{dUo, Ë`mgmR>r H$a d BVa ‘hgwbmV dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm
Am§Vaamï´>r` ‘XV nwa{dUo.
· bú` 17.2 - {dH${gV Xoem§Zr Ë`m§À`m OrS>rnr‘Yrb 0.7% dmQ>m {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm A{YH¥$V {dH$mg ‘XV åhUyZ
XoÊ`mMo dMZ nmiUo, `mVrb 0.15 Vo 0.20% dmQ>m AË`§V A{dH${gV Xoem§Zm nwa{dUo.
emídV {dH$mg Üò` {ZX}em§H$ (SDG Index) :
1. OmJ{VH$ SDG Index
1. H$moU ‘moOVo ? - Sustainable Development Solutions Am{U Bertelsmann Stiftung `m g§ñWm§‘Yrb VÁkm§À`m
g{‘Ë`m§Zr gd©àW‘ 2016 ‘Üò SDG Index ‘moOyZ Sustainable Development Report àH$m{eV Ho$bm.
2. H$gm ‘moObm OmVmo? - àËòH$ 17 àH$maÀ`m SDG ‘Yrb H$m‘{Jar ‘moObr OmVo d Vr 0 Vo 100 Xaå`mZ ‘m§S>br OmVo.
gd© 17 SDG Mr gamgar åhUOo SDG Index hmo`.
3. Bï>V‘ ‘yë¶ - SDG Index 0 Vo 100 AgVmo. SDG Index 100 AgUo åhUOo gd© SDG JmR>Uo.
4. Mmby Ahdmb - 2020 À`m Sustainable Development Report Zwgma ^maVmMm SDG Index 61.92 hmoVm. `m~m~VrV
193 Xoem§À`m `mXrV ^maV 117 ì`m H«$‘m§H$mda hmoVm. `m AhdmbmZwgma SDG 1, 6, 8 Am{U 13 ‘Üò ^maVmMr
H$m‘{Jar gwYmaUoÀ`m {XeoZo hmoVr.
2. ZrVr Am`moJmMm SDG India Index :
1. 2018 ‘Üò ZrVr Am`moJmZo {d{dY amÁò d H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§Mr SDGs ~m~VMr àJVr ‘moOÊ`mMm {ZX}em§H$ {dH${gV
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Ho$bm Amho. hm {ZX}em§H$ gm§p»`H$s d H$m`©H«$‘ H$m`m©Ýd`Z ‘§Ìmb`, Global Green Growth Institute Am{U g§`wº$
amï´>g§KmÀ`m ‘XVrZo {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
2. {ZX}em§H$mMm CÔoe :
(i) amÁò d H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§Mr H$m‘{Jar AmYm[aV H«$‘dmar bmdUo.
(ii) Ë`m§À`mV SDGs JmR>Ê`mgmR>r {ZH$mon ñnY}g àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
(iii) amÁ`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m j‘Vm§Mr VgoM ÌwQ>tMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUo.
(iv) ‘m{hVr g§H$bZ H$aUo.
3. `m {ZX}em§H$mbm SDG India Index ho Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ Ë`m~m~VMo Imbrb Ahdmb ZrVr Am`moJmZo àH$m{eV
Ho$bo AmhoV.
Baseline Report 2018 :
1. gd©àW‘ 2018 ‘Üò n{hbm Ahdmb ZrVr Am`moJmZo àH$m{eV Ho$bm. `m AhdmbmV 17 SDG n¡H$s 12, 13 d 14
ì`m H«$‘m§H$mÀ`m SDG Mr àJVr ‘moOVm Ambr Zmhr Am{U 17 dm SDG Am§Vaamï´>r` ghH$m`m©er g§~§{YV Agë`m‘wio
Vmo ‘moOÊ`mV Ambm Zmhr. Cd©[aV 13 SDG ‘Üò {d{dY amÁò/H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§Mr H$m‘{Jar ‘moOÊ`mV Ambr. `mgmR>r
13 SDG er g§~§{YV 62 àH$maMo AJ«H«$‘ {ZX}em§H$ (Priority indicators) {dMmamV KoÊ`mV Ambo.
2. 13 SDG ‘Yrb EHy$U H$m‘{Jar 0 Vo 100 Xaå`mZ ‘m§S>Ê`mV Ambr. SDG India Index 100 AgUo åhUOo darb
SDGs nyU©V: JmR>Uo. {ZX}em§H$ AmYm[aV 4 dJ© H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
Aspirant : 0 Vo 49
Performer : 50 Vo 64
Front Runner : 65 Vo 99
Achiever : 100
3. 2018 AhdmbmZwgma ^maVmMm gamgar {ZX}em§H$ 57 âbm. amÁ`m§‘Üò {h‘mMb àXoe Am{U Ho$ai Va H|$Ðem{gV
àXoem§‘Üò M§S>rJS> AmKmS>rda am{hbo.
Index and Dashboard 2019 :
1. 2019 ‘Üò ZrVr Am`moJmZo Xwgam Ahdmb àH$m{eV Ho$bm. `m AhdmbmV 17 dm dJiVm Cd©[aV gd© 16 SDG ‘Yrb
H$m‘{Jar ‘moOÊ`mV Ambr. 17 SDG er g§~§{YV 100 àH$maMo {ZX}em§H$ {dMmamV KoÊ`mV Ambo.
2. 2019 AhdmbmZwgma ^maVmMm gamgar {ZX}em§H$ gwYmê$Z 60 Pmbm. amÁ`m§‘Üò Ho$ai Am{U H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§‘Üò
M§S>rJS> AmKmS>rda am{hbo. {~hma amÁ¶mV Am{U H|$Ðem{gV àXoemV cS>mI gdm©V eodQ>r hmoVm.
3. 2018 nojm 2019 ‘Üò SDG H«$. 6, 9 Am{U 7 ‘Üò gdm©{YH$ àJVr Zm|X{dbr Jobr.

57
7 ^maVmVrc Am{W©H$ {Z¶moOZ
(n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm)
Am{W©H$ {Z¶moOZ :
Am{W©H$ {Z¶moOZ åhUOo XoemÀ¶m AW©ì¶dñWoMo {Z¶moOZ H$aUo. XoemMo Am{W©H$ ì¶dhma gwairVnUo Mmbmdo d {d{eï> C{Ôï>
JmR>>Vm ¶mdo ¶m Ñï>rZo H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUmè¶m {Z¶moOZmbm Am{W©H$ {Z¶moOZ åhUVmV.
{Z`moOZmMo àH$ma :
n{hë`m àH$aUmV AmnU {Z`moOZm~Ôb H$mhr àmW{‘H$ MMm© Ho$ë`m. `m MMmª‘Yrb R>iH$ ~m~tMr COiUr H$ê$`m.
AmXoemË‘H$ AW©ì`dñWm (command economy) åhUOo {Z`mo{OV AW©ì`dñWm. Aem AW©ì`dñWoV {Z`moOZ Am`moJmgmaIr
H|$Ðr` g§ñWm H$m`©aV AgVo. ^maVmV 1950 ‘Üò {Z`moOZ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr.
1956 À`m Xwgè`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaUmnmgyZ ^maV AmXoemË‘H$ {Z`moOZmH$S>o A{YH$ PwH$bm Am{U g‘mOdmXr g‘mOaMZm
{Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mMo Üò` R>adÊ`mV Ambo. ^maVmZo R>adbobr hr g‘mOdmXr g‘mOaMZm bmoH$emhr nÕVrMr (democratic
socialism) hmoVr. òWyZ 1991 n`ªV {Z`moOZ ho ^m¡{VH$ (physical) hmoVo.
1991 À`m ZdrZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaUmnmgyZ ‘mÌ AmXoemË‘H$EodOr gyMH$mË‘H$ {Z`moOZ (indicative planning) gwê$ Pmbo.
^m¡{VH$ {Z`moOZ d gyMH$mË‘H$ {Z`moOZmbm gm‘m{OH$ {Z`moOZmMr (social planning) OmoS> XoÊ`mV Ambr.
^maVmV ~hþñVar` {Z`moOZ (multi-level planning) {dH${gV Pmbo. `m àH$mamV 5 ñVa (H|$Ðr`, amÁ`, {Oëhm, VmbwH$m
d J«m‘ñVa) {dH${gV hmoV Jobo.
1950 ‘Yrb {Z`moOZ Am`moJmÀ`m ñWmnZo‘wio H|$Ðr` {Z`moOZmbm, 1952 ‘Yrb amï´>r` {dH$mg n[afXoÀ`m ñWmnZo‘wio
amÁ`ñVamÀ`m gh^mJmbm Am{U 1992-93 ‘Yrb 73 ì`m d 74 ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVr‘wio {Oëhm-VmbwH$m-J«m‘ñVamdarb
ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§À`m ñVamdarb {Z`moOZmbm nmR>~i {‘imbo. {Z`moOZmV {dH|$ÐrH$aUmg Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo A{YH$m{YH$
àmYmÝ` {Xbo Jobo.
ZrVr Am`moJmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ghH$mar g§KamÁ` d "geº$ amÁò geº$ amï´>' {Z{‘©Vrg gdm}ƒ àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo.
amï´>r` {Z`moOZ ho {Z`mo{OV AW©ì`dñWoMo A{d^mÁ` A§J AgVo. {Z`mo{OV AW©ì`dñWm qH$dm AmXoemË‘H$ AW©ì`dñWoV
CËnmXZ, Jw§VdUyH$, {H$‘Vr, CËnÞ `m gaH$maH$Sy>Z {Z`§{ÌV Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Jw§VdUyH$, CËnmXZ d ’$b{ZînÎmtMm AmamIS>m
~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r Aem AW©ì`dñWm§‘Üò geº$ H|$Ðr` {Z`moOZ g§ñWm H$m`©aV AgVo. a{e`m‘Üò Pmboë`m ~moëeo{dH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va
AmXoemË‘H$ AW©ì`dñWoMm d amï´>r` {Z`moOZmMm Adb§~ H$aV a{e`Z gaH$maZo 1928 Z§Va n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Mm H$m`©H«$‘
hmVr KoVbm. ^maVmV `m a{e`Z {Z`moOZ `moOZm§nmgyZ àoaUm KoD$Z 15 ‘mM© 1950 bm {Z`moOZ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV
Ambr Am{U 1 E{àb 1951 bm n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm gwé Pmë`m. {Z`moOZ Am`moJ hr amï´>r` ñVamda {Z`moOZ AmIUmar
^maVmVrb gdm}ƒ `§ÌUm R>abr.
`m 5 ñVam§nbrH$S>o àmXo{eH$ {Z`moOZ (Regional Planning) hm doJim àH$ma Amho. g§nyU© amï´> qH$dm {d{eï> amÁ` qH$dm
{d{eï> {Oëhm bú` Z R>odVm {d{eï> àXoe bú` R>odyZ Ë`mMo gdm©Wm©Zo {Z`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo.
àmXo{eH$ {Z`moOZ (Regional Planning) H$aVmZm amï´>ñVamdarb AW©ì`dñWm H$moUË`m àH$maMr Amho `mbm {deof ‘hÎd
CaV Zmhr. EH$m {d{eï> àXoembm {dH$mgmMr ñdm`ÎmVm XoD$Z Ë`m àXoembm ómoV C^maÊ`mMr d ho ómoV Ë`m àXoemÀ`m
{dH$mgmgmR>r IM© H$aÊ`mMr ‘w^m XoÊ`mV òVo. A‘o[aHo$V 1933 ‘Üò Q>oZogr Imoao àm{YH$aU (TVA - Tenessy Valley
Authority) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Am{U `m àm{YH$aUmH$S>o Q>oZogr Imoè`mÀ`m {Z`moOZmMr O~m~Xmar XoÊ`mV Ambr.
A‘o[aHo$Vrb Q>oZogr Imoao {Z`moOZ ho àmXo{eH$ {Z`moOZmMo gdm©V n{hbo d CÎm‘ CXmhaU R>aVo. ^maVmV àmXo{eH$ {Z`moOZ ho
nyU©nUo ñdm`Îm ñdénmMo Zgbo Var àmXo{eH$ g‘mdoeZ H$aVmZm H|$ÐgaH$maÀ`m ‘mJ©Xe©ZmZo Ho$di àmXo{eH$ `moOZm am~{dë`m
OmVmV. CXm. ZjbJ«ñV LWE (Left Wing Extremism) àXoemgmR>rÀ`m {dH$mg `moOZm.
58
^maVmVrc Am{W©H$ {Z¶moOZ
^maVmVrb Am{W©H$ {Z¶moOZmMm B{Vhmg …
(1) E‘. {dídoídaæ¶m : 1934
· åh¡gwa amÁ¶mMo {XdmU d VoìhmMo à{gÕ {gpìhb B§{O{ZAa lr. E‘. {dídoídaæ¶m ¶m§Zr Amnë¶m Planned Economy
for India ¶m nwñVH$mV gdm©V n{hbo ^maVr¶ {Z¶moOZmMr g§H$ënZm ‘m§S>br.
· gaH$maZo Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmda â Úmdm Aer gyMZm Ë¶m§Zr Ho$br.
· {Z¶moOZ H$am qH$dm Zï> ìhm Agm g§Xoe Ë¶m§Zr {Xbm.
(2) H$m±J«og ¶moOZm (Congress Plan) : 1938
· 1938 À¶m H$m±J«ogÀ¶m h[anyam ¶oWrb A{YdoeZmV (A{YdoeZmMo AÜ¶j gw^mfM§Ð ~mog) Jm§YrOtÀ¶m àoaUoZo amï´>r¶
{Z¶moOZ g{‘Vr n§. Odmhabmb Zohé ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImbr ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
(3) ‘§w~B© ¶moOZm (Bombay Plan) qH$dm Q>mQ>m {~bm© ¶moOZm : 9 OmZodmar 1944
· ‘w§~B©Vrb 8 CÚmoJnVtZr (Oo.Ama.S>r. Q>mQ>m, nwéfmoÎm‘ R>mHy$aXmg B.) ^maVmÀ¶m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r ^m§S>dbXmamda
AmYmarV ¶moOZm V¶ma Ho$br hmoVr Ë¶m ¶moOZocm ‘w§~B© ¶moOZm Ago åhUVmV.
· Ë¶m§Zr A Plan of Economic Development for India ¶m ZmdmZo H¥$Vr AmamIS>m V¶ma Ho$bm.
· Vrd« Am¡Úmo{JH$aU, O‘rZ gwYmaUm, bKw CÚmoJ ì¶mnma d {dH$mgmÀ¶m KQ>H$m§~m~V ‘w§~B© ¶moOZoV â XoÊ¶mV Amcm.
· ‘w§~B© ¶moOZo‘Ü¶o gd© àW‘ ^maVmgmR>r {‘l AW©ì¶dñWm (Mixed Economy) Mr g§H$ënZm ‘m§S>cr Jocr.
(4) Jm§Yr ¶moOZm : 1944
· Jm§YrOtÀ¶m {dMmaYmaoVyZ à^mdrV hmoD$Z lr. lr‘mZ Zmam¶U AJ«dmb ¶m§Zr Jm§Yr ¶moOZm V¶ma Ho$br.
· J«m‘rU {dH$mg, Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ, bKw CÚmoJ ¶mda ¶m ¶moOZo‘Ü¶o â XoÊ¶mV Ambm hmoVm.
· Am{W©H$ {dH|$ÐrH$aUmda (Financial Decentralization) hr ¶moOZm AmYmarV hmoVr.
(5) OZVm ¶moOZm (Peoples Plan) : E{àb 1945
· ‘w§~B© ¶moOZobm CÎma åhUyZ H$Å>a g‘mOdmXr ZoVo ‘mZd|Ð am°¶ ¶m§Zr hr ¶moOZm V¶ma Ho$br.
· H¥$fr Am{U CÚmoJ ¶m XmoÝhr joÌm§da ¶m ¶moOZoV â XoÊ¶mV Amcm hmoVm.
(6) gdm}X¶ ¶moOZm : OmZodmar 1950
· O¶àH$me Zmam¶U ¶m§Zr hr ¶moOZm V¶ma Ho$br.
· AqhgH$ ‘mJm©Zo emofU {da{hV g‘mO {Z‘m©U H$aUo ho ¶m ¶moOZoMo C{Ôï> hmoVo.
· gdm}X¶ ¶moOZm AmMm¶© {dZmo~m ^mdo d ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr ¶m§À¶m {dMmagaUrda AmYmarV hmoVr. ¶m‘Ü¶o H¥$fr, bKw CÚmoJ,
Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ, O‘rZ gwYmaUm, Am{W©H$ {dH|$ÐrH$aU ¶mda ¶m ¶moOZoV â XoÊ¶mV Amcm hmoVm.
{Z¶moOZ Am¶moJ (Planning Commission) :
ñWmnZm … 15 ‘mM© 1950 (28 ‘mM© 1950 - n{hbr ~¡R>H$)
Ag§d¡Ym{ZH$ qH$dm KQ>Zm~mø (Extra Constitutional/Statutory Commission) Am¶moJ Amho H$maU KQ>Zo‘Ü¶o {Z¶moOZ
Am¶moJmMm CëboI Zmhr.
{Z¶moOZ Am¶moJ H|$Ð gaH$mabm {Z¶moOZmÀ¶m ~m~V gëbmJma Am¶moJ åhUyZ H$m‘ H$aVmo.
AÜ¶j … ^maVmMo n§Vn«YmZ {Z¶moOZ Am¶moJmMo AÜ¶j AgVmV.
n{hë¶m {Z¶moOZ Am¶moJmMo AÜ¶j … n§. Odmhabmb Zohé
CnmÜ¶j … emgZ CnmÜ¶jmMr Zo‘UyH$ H$aVo. CnmÜ¶j X¡{ZH$ H$m‘H$mO nmhV AgVmV.
n{hë¶m {Z¶moOZ Am¶moJmMo CnmÜ¶j … JwcPmarcmc Z§Xm
gXñ¶ : emgZ BVa gXñ¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ H$aV AgVo. Ë¶mV AW©Vk, {dMmad§V, {Z¶moOZ ‘§Ìr AgVmV.
59
{Z`moOZ Am`moJmMr H$m`} :
(1) XoemVrb Z¡g{J©H$, Vm§{ÌH$ d ‘mZdr g§gmYZmMm emoY KoUo d ¶mMm n[aUm‘H$maH$ Cn^moJ H$aVm ¶oB©b ¶mgmR>r
n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm V¶ma H$aUo.
(2) Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb AS>Wio Xÿa H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gaH$mabm ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo d Ë¶mV ¶mo½¶ Vo ~Xb H$aUo.
(3) ¶moOZoMo doimodoir ‘wë¶‘mnU H$aUo d Ë¶mV ¶mo½¶ Vo ~Xb H$aUo.
(4) XoemVrb Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZo, ‘mZdr g§gmYZo, ^m§S>db d ^m¡{VH$ gmYZgm‘J«rMo ‘yë`‘mnZ H$ê$Z `m gmYZm§Mm gw`mo½`,
g‘Vmob d H$m`©j‘ dmna H$aUo.
(5) H|$Ð d amÁ`m§Zm {Z`moOZ AmIÊ`mV, am~dÊ`mV ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo d g„m XoUo.
(6) H|$Ð d amÁ`m§Zm {Z`moOZ AmIÊ`mV, am~dÊ`mV ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo d g„m XoUo.
(7) C{Ôï>m§Mo Q>ßno R>adyZ Ë`mÑï>rZo {Z`moOZ H$aUo.
(8) Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb AS>Wio Xya H$aUo.
(9) `moOZoMo ‘yë`‘mnZ H$ê$Z doimodoir Amdí¶H$ ~Xb H$aUo.
(10) `moOZm A‘bmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ `§ÌUm C^maUo.
(11) amï´>r` CËnÞmV d CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aUo.
(12) amoOJma{Z{‘©Vr hmoÊ`mgmR>r bú` {ZYm©arV H$ê$Z Ë`mgmR>rÀ`m Cnm``moOZm AmIUo.
(13) CËnÞ d g§nÎmrVrb {df‘Vm H$‘r H$aUo.
{Z¶moOZ Am¶moJ ho n§VàYmZ H$m¶m©b¶mÀ¶m (PMO) A§VJ©V H$m¶© H$aVo.
amï´>r¶ {dH$mg n[afX (National Development Council) :
ñWmnZm … 6 Am°JñQ> 1952
Ag§d¡Ym{ZH$ qH$dm KQ>Zm~mø Am¶moJ Amho (Extra Constitutional / Statutory Commission Body)
n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm V¶ma H$aV AgVmZm amÁ¶m§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mgmR>r amï´>r¶ {dH$mg n[afXoMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
AÜ¶j … ^maVmMo à§VàYmZ
gXñ¶ … gd© H|$Ðr¶ H°${~ZoQ> ‘§Ìr, amÁ¶m§Mo ‘w»¶‘§Ìr, H|$Ðem{gV àXoemMo àemgH$, {Z¶moOZ ‘§S>imMo gd© gXñ¶.
H$m¶© :
(1) {Z¶moOZ Am¶moJmZo V¶ma Ho$boë¶m n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZoÀ¶m Ahdmbmda {Q>H$m {Q>nÊUr H$aUo, Ë¶mV gwYmaUm gwM{dUo,
‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo d A§{V‘ Ahdmbmbm ‘mÝ¶Vm XoUo.
(2) amï´>r¶ {dH$mg n[afXoÀ¶m ‘mÝ¶Vo {edm¶ ¶moOZoMr àË¶j H$m¶©dmhr gwé hmoV Zmhr. (¶moOZobm A§{V‘ ‘mÝ¶Vm g§gX
XoV AgVo.)
7 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1967 bm amï´>r` {dH$mg n[afXoMr nwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr d {Vbm XoemVrb {dH$mgmË‘H$ YmoaUo R>a{dUmar
gdm}ƒ `§ÌUm (highest decision making authority on development matters) åhUyZ XOm© XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
1990 À`m XeH$mV {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aVmZm amï´>r` {dH$mg n[afXobm AmË`§{VH$ ‘hÎd àmá Pmbo hmoVo.
na§Vw 1 OmZodmar 2015 bm ZrVr Am`moJmÀ`m ñWmnZo‘wio darb {Z`moOZ Am`moJ d amï´>r` {dH$mg n[afX `m `§ÌUm ~mX
Pmë`m AmhoV.
{ZVr Am¶moJmÀ¶m ñWmnZo‘wio {Z¶moOZ Am¶moJ d amï´>r¶ {dH$mg n[afX ~§X Pmë¶m AmhoV.
{ZVr Am¶moJ (NITI - National Institution for Transforming India) :
ñWmnZm … 1 OmZodmar 2015
AÜ¶j … ^maVmMo n§VàYmZ
{ZVr Am¶moJmMo n{hbo AÜ¶j … Za|Ð ‘moXr
60
CnmÜ¶j … gw‘Z ~oar
n§VàYmZ CnmÜ¶jmMr Zo‘UyH$ H$aVmV.
{ZVr Am¶moJmMo n{hbo CnmÜ¶j … AaqdX nZJm[a¶m
nyU© doi gXñ¶ …
(1) àmo. a‘oe Mm§X (H¥$fr Vk)
(2) S>m°. ìhr. Ho$. gmañdV (DRDO Mo ‘mOr AÜ¶j/emñÌk)
(3) ìhr. Ho$. nm°b (Public Health Expert)
‘w»¶ H$m¶©H$mar A{YH$mar (CEO) : ~r. ìhr. Ama. gw~«‘Ê¶‘
AY©doi gXñ¶ … AÚmn ho nX âbo Jobo Zmhr.
nX{gÕ gXñ¶ (Ex. Officio Members) : {H$‘mZ 4 H|$Ðr¶ ‘§Í¶mMr {Z¶w³Vr nX{gÕ gXñ¶ åhUyZ Ho$br OmB©b. gÜ¶m
A{‘V ehm, amOZmW qgh, {Z‘©cm {gVmam‘Z, Za|ÐqgJ Vmo‘a ho nX{gÕ gXñ¶ AmhoV.
{deof Am‘§{ÌV (Special Invitees) : n§VàYmZm‘m’©$V Vk, {deof Vk d kmZ AgUmè¶m ì¶³VtMr Zo‘UyH$ {deof Am‘§{ÌV
åhUyZ H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVo. gÜ¶m {ZVrZ JS>H$ar, {da|Ð Hw$‘ma, ApídZr d¡îUd, {n¶wf Jmo¶c, amd B§Ð{OV qgJ ho {deof Am‘§{ÌV
gXñ¶ AmhoV.
H$m¶© :
(1) {ZVr Am¶moJ hr g§ñWm ^maV gaH$maMr qWH$ Q>±H$ (Think Tank) åhUyZ H$m¶© H$aUma Amho.
(2) Xm[aÐç {Z‘w©bZ H$aUo, àË¶oH$ ^maVr¶ ì¶³Vrbm gÝ‘mZmZo OrdZ OJVm ¶mdo Aer g§Yr àmßV H$aUo.
(3) {dH$mg à{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o IoS>çm§Mm gh^mJ dmT>{dUo.
{ZVr Am¶moJmZo ZdrZ ^maV 2022 gmR>r {dH$mg AO|S>m V¶ma H$aÊ¶mMo Kmo{fV Ho$bo Amho. ¶mV 6 g‘ñ¶m§nmgyZ ‘w³VVm
{‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r H$m‘ Ho$bo OmB©b d Ë¶m g‘ñ¶m nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV - (1) Xm[aÐç {Z‘y©cZ, (2) AñdÀN>Vm, (3)
^«ï>mMma, (4) XheVdmX, (5) OmVr¶dmX, (6) gm§àXm{¶H$Vm.
‘hmamï´> {Z¶moOZ ‘§S>i :
ñWmnZm : 1972
AÜ¶j : ‘w»¶‘§Ìr
gXñ¶ : {dÎm d {Z¶moOZ ‘§Ìr, Am{Xdmgr {dH$mg ‘§Ìr, {Z¶moOZ amÁ¶ ‘§Ìr, d¡Ym{ZH$ {dH$mg ‘§S>imMo AÜ¶j.
H$m¶© : amÁ¶mÀ¶m {Z¶moOZmg§~§Yr NDC À¶m {ZU©¶ d ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Zm gwg§JV Agcocm g„m amÁ¶ gaH$macm XoUo.
^maVmVrb n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm

8 {S>g|~a 1951 bm n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohé ¶m§Zr n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm g§gXoV ‘m§S>br d {Z¶moOZmMm n{hbm àdmg
gwé Pmbm. Oar n{hbr ¶moOZm {S>g|~a 1951 ‘Ü¶o ‘m§S>br Agbr Var {VMm H$m¶©H$mb 1 E{àb 1951 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1956
n¶ªV Agm bmJy H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.
H$mbmdYr … 1 E{àb 1951 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1956
‘w»¶ â … H¥$fr joÌmda
à{V‘mZ … hoam°S>-S>mo‘a à{V‘mZ Big Push {gÕm§Vmda AmYmabobo hmoVo. `m à{V‘mZmZwgma AW©ì`dñWoV ‘moR>r ^m§S>dbr
Jw§VdUyH$ Ho$br, Va CËnmXZ dmT>Vo, CËnmXZ dmT>ë`m‘wio CËnÞ dmT>Vo, CËnÞmVyZ ~MV hmoVo, ~MVrVyZ Jw§VdUyH$ hmoD$Z
AW©ì`dñWm ñd`§{dH$mgmÀ`m AdñWoV {eaVo.
61
AÜ¶j … n§. Odmhabmb Zohé
CnmÜ¶j … JwbP[abmb Z§Xm
¶moOZoMo CnZmd … nwZéËWmZ ¶moOZm
¶moOZoVrb KS>m‘moS>r :
(1) UGC : XoemVrb {d{dY {dÚmnrR>m§‘Üò g‘Ýd` gmYUo d Cƒ {ejUmMr ‘mZHo$ {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo 1945
‘Üò University Grants Committee ñWmnZ Pmbobr hmoVr. 28 {S>g|~a 1953 bm `m g{‘VrMo Am`moJmV University
Grants Commission ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
(2) IIT : gßQ>|~a 1951 ‘Üò n{hë`m Indian Institute of Technology IaJnya (n. ~§Jmb) bm ‘mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr
Am{U nwT>o ^maVâ IIT ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. 15 gßQ>|~a 1956 bm IIT IaJnyagmR>r H|$Ðr` H$m`Xm g§‘V H$aÊ`mV
Ambm d `m g§ñWobm amï´>r` ‘hÎdmMr g§ñWm åhUyZ Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
(3) g‘wXm` {dH$mg H$m`©H«$‘ (g‘mO {dH$mg `moOZm) : 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1952 nmgyZ ^maVmV g‘wXm` {dH$mg H$m`©H«$‘ (CDP -
Community Development Program) gwê$ Pmbm. J«m‘rU joÌmÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r Am{U n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Zm
JVr {‘idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r hr `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
(4) Xm‘moXa Imoao {dH$mg àH$ën … S>m°. ‘oKZmX gmhm ¶m§À¶m {e’$maerdéZ A‘o[aHo$À¶m Q>oZogr Imoao {dH$mg àH$ënmÀ¶m
YaVrda Xm‘moXa ZXrda YaU C^maÊ¶mg gwédmV Ho$br. {Vbæ¶m YaU (~mamH$ma ZXrda), ‘¡WmoZ YaU (~mamH$ma ZXrda),
nmZeoV YaU (Xm‘moXa ZXrda), H$moUma YaU (H$moUma ZXrda) Aer 4 YaUo ~m§YÊ¶mV Ambr. Xm‘moXa Imoao àH$ën
npíM‘ ~§Jmb d PmaI§S> ¶m amÁ¶mV ngabobm Amho.
(5) ^mH«$m-Zm§Jb YaU (17 Zmoìh|~a 1955) : gVbO ZXrda {h‘mMb àXoe d n§Om~‘Ü¶o.
(6) {hamHw$S> YaU (1957) … ‘hmZXrda (Amo{a>gm ‘Ü¶o) ho YaU C^maco Amho. ho YaU OJmVbo gdm©V bm§~rMo (26 {H$.‘r.)
‘mVrMo YaU d ‘mZd{Z{‘©V YaU Amho. ¶m YaUmMr ‘wi g§H$ënZm E‘. {dœoídaæ¶m ¶m§Mr hmoVr.
(7) qgÐr IV H$maImZm … ^maVmMm n{hbm IV H$maImZm Am°³Q>mo~a 1951 ‘Ü¶o PmaI§S> amÁ¶mVrb YZ~mX {OëømVrb
qgÐr ¶m {R>H$mUr C^maÊ¶mV Ambm.
(8) {MÎma§OZ cmoH$mo‘mo{Q>ìh d³g© (n. ~§Jmb) … aoëdo B§OrZ H$maImZm
(9) noam§~ya (Vm{‘iZmSy>) … aoëdo S>ã¶m§Mm H$maImZm
(10) qhXþñVmZ A±Q>r~m¶mo{Q>³g (10 ‘mM© 1954) … qnnar, nwUo
(11) HMT : ~±Jbmoa (KS>çmim§Mm H$maImZm)
(12) ñQ>oQ> ~°H$ Am°’$ B§{S>¶mMr ñWmnZm … 1 Owb¡ 1955
(13) ICICI ‘hm‘§S>imMr ñWmnZm … 5 OmZodar 1955
(14) PL-480 - A‘o[aH$m (USA) Public Law : 480 qH$dm Food For Peace H$m`Úm§VJ©V BVa Xoem§Zm YmÝ`nwadR>m H$aVo.
^maVmZo n{hë`m `moOZonmgyZ A‘o[aHo$H$Sy>Z PL-480 AÝdò AÞYmÝ` Am`mV H$am`bm gwadmV Ho$br. `m Am`mVrV
‘w»`V… JìhmMm g‘mdoe hmoVm. XwX£dmZo Ë`mV JmOaJdV (Parthenium hysterophorus) Mo ~r Agë`m‘wio Vo ^maVâ
ngabo.
¶moOZoMr C{Ôï>¶o :
(1) XoemÀ¶m ’$miUrVyZ gmdaUo
(2) ^mddmT> {Z¶§{ÌV H$aUo
(3) amoOJma dmT>{dUo d bmoH$m§Mo amhUr‘mZ gwYmaUo
(4) gmd©O{ZH$ IMm©Mo 2,069 H$moQ>r én`m§Mo bú` R>odÊ`mV Ambo. ’$miUrMm ’$Q>H$m H¥$fr joÌmbm OmñV ~gbm hmoVm.
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H¥$fr Am`mVrdarb Adb§~Vm dmT>V hmoVr. hr Adb§~Vm H$‘r H$aUo d H¥$fr joÌmMm {dH$mg H$aUo hr ‘w»` C{Ôï>o
n{hë`m `moOZoV R>odÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mgmR>r EHy$U IMm©n¡H$s gdm©{YH$ 31% IM© hm H¥$fr d qgMZmda H$aÊ`mMo
R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo.
¶moOZoMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ :
(1) AÝZYmÝ¶mMo ¶mo½¶ CËnmXZ d H$‘r Am¶mV ¶m‘wio naH$s¶ ì¶dhma AZwHw$b hmoVm.
(2) amï´>r¶ CËnÞmV 2.1% d¥ÕrXa JmR>Uo ho Ü¶o¶ hmoVo. ‘mÌ 3.5% d¥ÕrXa JmR>bm Jobm.
(3) EH$‘od ¶moOZm Á¶m‘Ü¶o dñVy§À¶m qH$‘Vr H$‘r Pmë¶m.
(4) EHy$U IM© … 1960 H$moQ>r (H¥$fr-31%, COm©-12%, CÚmoJ 6%, dmhVyH$ d XiUdiU-27%, gm‘m{OH$ godm-22%)
(5) amï´>r¶ CËnÞmV dmT> 18%.
Xþgar n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
H$mbmdYr … 1 E{àb 1956 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1961
‘w»¶ â … OS> d ‘wb^wV CÚmoJ
à{V‘mZ … nr. gr. ‘hmbZmo{~g
¾ n{hë`m `moOZoV hoam°S>-S>mo‘a à{V‘mZmZwgma ^m¡{VH$ Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mMo R>abo. na§Vw hr Jw§VdUyH$ Zo‘H$s Hw$R>o H$amdr, `mMo
CÎma ‘hmbZmo{~g à{V‘mZmV gmnS>Vo.
¾ ^m¡{VH$ Jw§VdUyH$ J«mhH$ dñVy (Consumer goods) CËnmXZmV Ho$br Va CËnmXZ Ëd[aV hmoVo, amoOJma {Z{‘©Vr bJoM
hmoVo. na§Vw Am{W©H$ àJVr ‘Ü`‘ hmoVo.
¾ `mCbQ> ^m¡{VH$ Jw§VdUyH$ ^m§S>dbr dñVy (Capital goods) CËnmXZmV Ho$br Va XrKm©dYrV ‘moR>r Am{W©H$ àJVr hmoVo. na§Vw
CËnmXZ VWm amoOJma {Z{‘©VrgmR>r AdYr bmJy eH$Vmo. ‘hmbZmo{~g `m§Zr "^m§S>dbr dñVy' CËnmXZmV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mMo
à{V‘mZ gwMdbo. `m à{V‘mZmZwgma ^m§S>dbr CÚmoJ, ‘yb^yV CÚmoJ, AdOS> CÚmoJ C^maUrÛmao Vrd« Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU
H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Ambm. `m‘wio XrKm©dYrV ‘moR>r Am{W©H$ dmT> hmoUma hmoVr.
¾ na§Vw da gm§{JVë`mà‘mUo `m à{V‘mZmV CËnmXZ d {deofV… amoOJma{Z{‘©VrgmR>r AdYr bmJy eH$Vmo. `mgmR>r
amoOJma{Z{‘©VrMm ^ma bKwCÚmoJm§da Q>mH$Ê`mMo R>abo. åhUOo EH$sH$S>o XrK©d¥ÕrgmR>r ‘moR>çm CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg d XwgarH$S>o
amoOJma {Z{‘©VrgmR>r bKwCÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Ambm.
¶moOZoMo CnZmd … ^m¡{VH$dmXr ¶moOZm (Zohé-‘hmbZmo{~g ¶moOZm)
AÜ¶j … n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohé
CnmÜ¶j … {Q>. Q>r. H¥$îUå‘mMmar
Xþgè¶m ¶moOZo‘Ü¶o "g‘mOdmXr g‘mOaMZoMo VËd' (Socialistic Pattern of Society) pñdH$maÊ¶mV Amco. ¶m VËdmMm
àW‘ pñdH$ma OmZodmar 1955 ‘Ü¶o âcoë¶m H$m±J«ogÀ¶m AmdS>r (‘Ðmg) A{YdoeZmV H$aÊ¶mV Amcm. A{YdoeZmMo AÜ¶j
: ¶w.EZ. R>o~a ho hmoVo.
(1) {^bmB© cmoh nmobmX àH$ën (N>ÎmrgJS>) … 1955 (a{e¶mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo)
(2) ‘hmamï´> amÁ¶ {Z{‘©Vr … 1 ‘o 1960
(3) ê$aHo$bm cmoh nmobmX àH$ën (Amo[agm) … 1958 - O‘©ZrÀ¶m ‘XVrZo
(4) XÿJm©nya nmobmX àH$ën (npíM‘ ~§Jmc) … 1959 - {~«Q>ZÀ¶m ‘XVrZo
(5) AUwD$Om© Am¶moJmMr ñWmnZm … 1 ‘mM© 1958 Am¶moJmMo n{hbo AÜ¶j - S>m°. hmo‘r ^m^m
(6) Zm§Jb IV H$maImZm (n§Om~) … 1961
63
(7) éaHo$bm IV H$maImZm (Amo[agm)
(8) Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) : ñWmnZm … 1 gßQ>|~a 1956
(9) ^maVmMo Xþgao Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaU Omhra : 30 E{àc 1956
‘yë¶‘mnZ
(1) nmobmX (Steel) CÚmoJmV dmT>
(2) EHy$U IM© … 4600 H$moQ>r (H¥$fr-20%, COm©-10%, CÚmoJ-24%, dmhVyH$ d XiUdiU-28%, gm‘m{OH$
godm-18%)
(3) amï´>r¶ CËnÞmV 4.5% d¥ÕrXa JmR>Uo Ano{jV hmoVo ‘mÌ àË¶jmV 4.2% d¥ÕrXa JmR>bm Jobm. amîQ´>r¶ CËnÞ dmT> -
19.5%)
{Vgar n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
H$mbmdYr … 1 E{àb 1961 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1966
‘w»¶ â … H¥${f d ‘yb^yV CÚmoJ (1962 À¶m MrZ ¶wÕmZ§Va â ~XbÊ¶mV Ambm d g§ajU Am{U {dH$mg ¶mda â
XoÊ¶mV Ambm.) H¥$fr d CÚmoJ ¶m XmoÝhrda â XoD$Z Xoe AmË‘{Z^©a H$aÊ¶mda â XoÊ¶mV Amcm.
à{V‘mZ … ‘hmbZmo{~g - gwI‘m°¶ MH«$dVu
¾ ^m§S>dbr dñVy CËnmXZmMo ‘mJrb Xwgè`m `moOZoVrb ‘hmbZmo{~g à{V‘mZ Mmby R>odÊ`mV Ambo. `m `moOZogmR>r gwI‘m°`
MH«$dVu `m§Zr `m à{V‘mZmda AmYmarV 'The Mathematical Framework of IIIrd Plan' Agm EH$ AmamIS>m V`ma
Ho$bm hmoVm.
AÜ¶j … n§. Odmhabmb Zohé (‘o 1964 n¶ªV) bmb ~hmXþa emñÌr (OwZ 1964 Vo OmZodmar 1966)
CnmÜ¶j … gr. E‘. {ÌdoXr (gßQ>|~a Vo {S>g|~a 1963)
AemoH$ ‘ohVm ({S>g|~a 1963 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1966)
¶moOZoMo Zmd … H¥$fr d CÚmoJ ¶moOZm
(1) ^maV-MrZ ¶wÕ 1962 : {V~oQ>À¶m ñdmV§Í¶mgmR>r VoWo gwê$ Agcoë¶m hmcMmctZm ^maVmZo {Xcoë¶m nmR>tã¶m‘wio
{Z‘m©U Pmcoë¶m gr‘mdmXmMo ê$nm§Va ¶wÕmV Pmco, Ë¶mdoir ìhr. Ho$. H¥$îU‘oZZ ho g§ajU ‘§Ìr hmoVo. ¶wÕH$mimV hr
O~m~Xmar ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU ¶m§À¶mH$S>o gmondÊ¶mV Amcr hmoVr.
(2) ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ ¶wÕ (E{àc 1965 Vo gßQ>|~a 1965) : JwOamV‘Yrc H$ÀN>À¶m dmXmdê$Z E{àc 1965 ‘Ü¶o ^maV
d nm{H$ñVmZ ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o ¶wÕmcm gwê$dmV Pmcr. ¶m ¶wÕmdoir nm{H$ñVmZZo H$mpí‘a‘Ü¶o Am°naoeZ J«±S>ñc°‘ am~dco,
d Line of Control nma H$ê$Z ^maVmV H$mpí‘amVyZ KwgImoar Ho$cr ¶mcm ^maVmZohr VmoS>rg-VmoS> à{Vh„m Ho$cm.
¶m ¶wÕ~§XrMm H$ama VËH$mcrZ USSR ‘Yrc VmíH§$X ¶oWo ^maVmMo n§VàYmZ cmc ~hmXþa emór d nm{H$ñVmZMo
g¡Ý¶à‘wI ‘mohå‘X Amæ¶w~ ImZ ¶m§À¶mV Pmcm.
(3) ^maVmV {^fU XþîH$mi : 1965-66
(4) cmc~hmXÿa emótMm öX¶{dH$mamZo ‘¥Ë¶y : 10 OmZodmar 1966 ‘Ü¶o VmíH§$X ¶oWo ^maV d nm{H$ñVmZ Xaå¶mZ ¶wÕ~§Xr
H$ama H$aÊ¶mV Amcm. ¶mM amÌr cmc~hmXÿa emótMm öX¶{dH$mamZo ‘¥Ë¶y Pmcm.
(5) H¥$fr ‘wë¶ Am¶moJ ñWmnZm (Agriculture Price Commission) : 1 OmZodmar 1965
AÜ¶j … àmo. Xm§Vdmbm (1985 ‘Ü¶o ¶m Am¶moJmMo Zmd ~XbwZ H¥${f ‘yë¶ d qH$‘Vr Am¶moJ Ago H$aÊ¶mV Ambo)
(6) ^maVr¶ AÝZ ‘hm‘§S>i (Food Corporation of India) :
ñWmnZm : 14 OmZodmar 1965
64
H$m¶© :
(i) AÞYmÝ¶mMo ¶mo½¶ {dVaU (Distribution) H$aUo.
(ii) amï´>r¶ AÞ gwajm àmá hmoÊ¶mgmR>r AÞ YmÝ¶mMm gmR>m (Buffer stock) R>odUo.
(iii) AÞYmÝ¶mMr ~mOma qH$‘V pñWa R>odÊ¶mgmR>r Iwë¶m ~mOmamV Vm§Xþi d JìhmMr {dH«$s H$aUo.
(7) Jmodm ‘wº$s g§J«m‘ : Jmodm ¶oWo nmoVy©{JOm§Mr dgmhV hmoVr. {S>g|~a 1961 ‘Ü¶o ^maVr¶ g¡Ý¶mZo H$madmB© H$ê$Z
Jmodm nmoVw©JrOm§nmgyZ ‘wº$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcm. 1962 ‘Ü¶o 12 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr H$m¶Xm H$ê$Z Jmodm, Xrd-X‘U ¶m§Zm
"H|$Ðem{gV àXoemMm XOm© XoÊ¶mV Amcm.'
‘yë¶‘mnZ :
(1) ^maV-MrZ, ^maV nm{H$ñVmZ d ^rfU XþîH$mi ¶m H$maUm§‘wio {Vgar ¶moOZm gdm©{YH$ An¶er ¶moOZm R>abr Amho.
(2) EHy$U IM©-8577 H$moQ>r (H¥$fr-21%, COm©-14%, CÚmoJ-23%, dmhVwH$-XiUdiU-25%, gm‘m{OH$ godm
17%)
(3) {Vgè¶m ¶moOZoV 5.6% d¥Õr Xa JmR>Uo Ano{jV hmoVo ‘mÌ àË¶jmV 2.8% d¥ÕrXa JmR>bm Jobm.
(4) ¶m ¶moOZogmR>r gwI‘m°¶ MH«$dVu ¶m§Zr "The Mathematical Framework of Third Plan Agm AmamIS>m V¶ma
Ho$bm hmoVm.
¶moOZobm gwÅ>r
H$mbmdYr : 1 E{àb 1966 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1969
{Vgè¶m ¶moOZoÀ¶m An¶em‘wio d {Z‘m©U Pmobobo Am{W©H$ AñW¡¶©, {dÎmr¶ gmYZm§Mm A^md ¶m‘wio Mm¡Wr ¶moOZm bJoM gwé
H$aVm Ambr Zmhr d n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZobm 3 df} gwQ>r XoÊ¶mV Ambr. ¶m 3 dfm©V 3 dm{f©H$ ¶moOZm gaH$maZo am~{dë¶m.
(1) 1 E{àb 1966 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1967
(2) 1 E{àb 1967 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1968
(3) 1 E{àb 1968 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1969
AÜ¶j … B§{Xam Jm§Yr
CnmÜ¶j … AemoH$ ‘ohVm (gßQ>|~a 1967 n¶ªV)
YZ§O¶ JmS>Jri (gßQ>|~a 1967 nmgyZ)
¶moOZoMo Zmd : ñdmdb§~Z
¶moOZoVrc KS>m‘moS>r :
(1) n§Om~-h[a¶mZm {Z{‘©Vr … 1 Zmoìh|~a 1966
(2) én¶mMo Ad‘yë¶Z … 6 OyZ 1966 bm 36.5% Zo énm¶mMo Ad‘yë¶Z Ho$bo.
(3) h[aV H«$m§Vr (Green Revolution) :
¾ h[aV H«$m§VrMo ^maVr¶ OZH$ … E‘. Eg. ñdm{‘ZmWZ
¾ h[aV H«$m§VrMo ‘wi OZH$ … Zm°a‘Z ~moabm°J
¾ Eg. ñdm{‘ZmWZ ¶m emñÌkm§Zr ‘op³gH$Z ~wQ>³¶m (S²>dm’©$)$ OmVrÀ¶m JìhmMm g§H$a ^maVr¶ ñWm{ZH$ OmVrer
KS>dyZ AmUbm d Ë¶mMr bmJdS> ^maVmV Ho$br d h[aVH«$m§VrMr gwédmV Pmbr. `mV Lerma Rojo 64A Am{U
Sonora 64 `m OmVtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm. IVo, Xþhoar bmJdS>, qgMZmMm dmna H$éZ h[aV H«$m§VrMm nm¶m amodbm
Jobm. (gr. gw~«‘Ê¶‘-H¥$fr ‘§Ìr hmoVo)
¾ ^maVmVrb AÞYmÝ¶mMo CËnmXZ dmT>dÊ¶mgmR>r h[aVH«$m§Vr ^maVmV gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
65
(4) CÀMV‘ CËnmXZmMo dmU H$m¶©H«$‘ (HYVP - High Yielding Varieties Program)
¾ Vm§Xþi, Jhþ, Ádmar, ~mOar, ‘H$m ¶m§Mo CÀMÎm‘ CËnmXZmMo dmU V¶ma H$éZ Ë¶m§Mo A{YH$ joÌmV bmJdS> H$éZ
Ë¶mMo CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r hm H$m¶©H«$‘ gwé Ho$bm.
¾ ¶m VrZ dfm©V Am{W©H$ ñW¡¶© dmT>bo d Mm¡Wr ¶moOZm gwé H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AZwHw$b n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr.
Mm¡Wr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
H$mbmdYr … 1 E{àb 1969 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1974 (Mm¡Ï`m `moOZoMm ‘gwXm 1966 ‘ÜòM AemoH$ ‘ohVm§Zr V`ma Ho$bobm hmoVm.
na§Vw ‘Yë`m H$mimV `moOZm§Zm gwQ>r XoÊ`mV Amë`m‘wio YZ§Oàmd JmS>Jrim§Zr Mm¡Ï`m `moOZoMm Zdm ‘gwXm V`ma Ho$bm.)
‘w»¶ â … ñdmdb§~Z, ñW¡¶m©gh Am{W©H$ dmT> (Growth with Stability)
Kmof dm³¶ … ñW¡¶m©gh Am{W©H$ dmT>
¶moOZoMo Zmd … ñW¡¶m©gh Am{W©H$ dmT> Am{U Am{W©H$ ñdmdb§~Z
¶moOZoMo CnZmd … JmS>Jri ¶moOZm
CnmÜ¶j … YZ§O¶ JmS>Jri (‘o 1971 n¶ªV)
gr. gw~«‘Ê¶‘ ( ‘o 1971 Vo Owb¡ 1972)
XþJm©àgmX Ya (Owb¡ 1972 nmgwZ)
à{V‘mZ … A°bZ ‘mZ Am{U AemoH$ ê$Ð YZ§O¶ JmS>Jri
¾ 4 Ï`m `moOZoV A°bZ ‘mZ d AemoH$ éÐ `m§Zr gwM{dbobo A°bZ ‘mZ-AemoH$ éÐ à{V‘mZ dmnabo Jobo. {Z`moOZ
Am`moJmMo CnmÜ`j YZ§Oàmd JmS>Jri `m§Zr `m à{V‘mZmda AmYm[aV 4 Ï`m `moOZoMm AmamIS>m V`ma Ho$bm hmoVm. ho
à{V‘mZ 4 Ï`m, 5 ì`m d 6 ì`m `moOZoV dmnabo Jobo. ^m¡{VH$ Jw§VdUyH$ J«mhH$ dñVy CËnmXZmV H$amdr H$s ^m§S>dbr
dñVy CËnmXZmV H$amdr, `mMm {ZU©` ‘hmbZmo{~g à{V‘mZmZwgma Xwgè`m `moOZoV KoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm Am{U Vr ^m§S>dbr
dñVy CËnmXZmV H$aÊ`mMo R>abo hmoVo. na§Vw n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV nS>bobm I§S>, ‘moR>çm ^m§S>db C^maUrMo AmìhmZ d {d{dY
g§H$Q>o `m§‘wio ‘hmbZmo{~g à{V‘mZ Mmby R>odUo AmìhmZmË‘H$ hmoVo Am{U gmoSy>Z XoUohr eŠ` ZìhVo.
¾ `mgmR>r ‘Ybm n`m©` {ZdS>Ê`mV Ambm. amOH$mof, Am`mV-{Z`m©V, amoOJmapñWVr AZwHy$b AgVmZm ^m§S>dbr dñVy
CËnmXZmV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo d à{VHy$b AgVmZm J«mhH$ dñVy CËnmXZmV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo, Ago à{V‘mZ ‘mZ d éÐ `m§Zr
gwM{dbo. Ë`m‘wio `m à{V‘mZmbm Iwbo gmVË` à{V‘mZ (Open Consistency Model) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
¶moOZoMo C{Ôï> :
(1) 1968 ‘Üò XoemMo n{hbo amï´>r` {ejU YmoaU Omhra H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. {ejUmÀ`m erK« nwZa©MZoMo Üò`
R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. `mgmR>r 4 Ï`m `moOZoV {ejU d ‘Zwî`~i {dH$mgmda XoIrb â XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
(2) 4 Ï`m `moOZoV g§nÎmr d Am{W©H$ H|$ÐrH$aUmda Cnm` `moOÊ`mMo C{Ôï> R>odÊ`mV Ambo. `mMr gwadmV 1969 ‘Yrb
~±H$m§À`m amï´>r`rH$aUmZo Pmbr.
(3) 4 Ï`m `moOZoV àmXo{eH$ {dH$mgmMohr C{Ôï> R>odÊ`mV Ambo. `mgmR>r 1969 ‘Üò à{gÕ JmS>Jri gyÌ Adb§~Ê`mV
Ambo.
(1) ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ ¶wÕ 1971 (~m§½cmXoe {Z{‘©Vr ¶wÕ) : nm{H$ñVmZmVrc 1970 Z§VaÀ¶m {ZdS>UwH$sZ§Va nyd©
nm{H$ñVmZ (~m§½cmXoe) ‘Yrc ñdV§Ì gaH$ma ñWmnZoÀ¶m dmXmdê$Z VgoM nm{H$ñVmZZo ^maVr¶ dm¶y Xcm{dê$Õ
Mmcdcoë¶m Operation Chengiz Khan ‘wio ¶wÕ gwê$ Pmco. OZac ‘m{UH$ em° ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImcrc ^maVr¶
g¡Ý¶mZo nm{H$ñVmZr g¡Ý¶mcm eaUmJVr nËH$aÊ¶mg ^mJ nmS>co. Ë¶m‘wio 90,000 ¶wÕ H¡$Úm§À¶m ‘wº$VoÀ¶m ~Xë¶mV
nm{H$ñVmZZo ~m§½cmXoeMo ñdV§Í¶ ‘mÝ¶ Ho$co d Amdm‘r crJMo ZoVo eoI ‘wPr~a aho‘mZ ¶m§Mr gwQ>H$m Ho$cr. 2 ‘mM©
66
1972 amoOr T>mH$m ¶m {R>H$mUr ^maVmÀ¶m VËH$mcrZ n§VàYmZ B§{Xam Jm§Yr d eoI ‘wPr~a aho‘mZ ¶m§À¶mV ‘¡Ìr d
em§VVm H$ama Pmcm.
(2) Owb¡ 1969 ‘Ü¶o 14 ~±H$mMo amï´>r¶rH$aU
(3) VobmMo g§H$Q> … OPEC Xoem§Zr 1973 ‘Ü¶o VobmÀ¶m qH$‘Vr 400% n¶ªV dmT>dë¶m Ë¶mbmM VocmMo g§H$Q> Oil
Crisis åhUVmV.
(4) Operation Flood : Am°naoeZ âbS> / White Revolution
¾ S>m°. dJug Hw$[a¶Z ¶m§À¶m à¶ËZmVwZ 1970 ‘Ü¶o Operation Flood hm H$m¶©H«$‘ gwé H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. ¶m A§VJ©V
^maVmV XþYmMo CËnmXZ dmT>dyZ ^maVmV XþYmMm ‘hmnwa AmUZo hr g§H$ënZm hmoVr.
¾ Z°eZb S>oAar S>oìhbn‘|Q> ~moS>© (NDDB) ‘m’©$V Operation Flood H$m¶©H«$‘ gwé H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.
(5) AJ«Ur ~±H$ ¶moOZm : 1969
(6) 1968 ‘Ü¶o XoemMo n{hco amï´>r¶ {ejU YmoaU Omhra Ho$co.
(7) MRTP H$m`Xm : Am{W©H$ eº$sMo H|$ÐrH$aU Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Am{U CÚmoJmVrb ‘ºo$Xmar Q>miÊ`mgmR>r 1969 ‘Üò
MRTP (Monopolies Restrictive Trade Practices Act) H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
(8) AZwHy$b ì`mnmaVmob (Favorable Balance of Trade) : 1972-73 - ì`mnmaVmob AZwHy$b am{hbm. 104 H$moQ>r
én`m§Mo ì`mnma Am{YŠ` am{hbo.
(9) FERA H$m`Xm : 1973 ‘Üò naH$s` ì`dhmam§da {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r ’o$am (Foreign Exchange Regulation
Act) H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV òD$Z 1 OmZodmar 1974 nmgyZ bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
(10) ~moH$mamo bmoh-nmobmX CÚmoJ : (gÜ`mÀ`m) PmaI§S> amÁ`mV 1972 ‘Üò ~moH$mamo nmobmX àH$ënmMr a{e`mÀ`m ‘XVrZo
C^maUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Z§Va SAIL H$S>o Vmo hñVm§V[aV H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
(11) SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited) : 24 OmZodmar 1973 bm ^maV gaH$maZo gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb
‘hÎdmÀ`m SAIL H§$nZrMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. {^bmB©, ~moH$mamo, XwJm©nya, ê$aHo$bm, ~wZ©nya, gbo‘ ho gd© CÚmoJ SAIL
À`m ‘mbH$sMo AmhoV. SAIL ‘Yrb 86% B{¹$Q>r ^maV emgZmÀ`m ‘mbH$sMr AgyZ {Vbm ‘hmaËZMm XOm© {Xbobm
Amho.
(12) Adf©UàdU joÌ {dH$mg H$m`©H«$‘ (DPAP-Draught Prone Area Development Program) : 1973-74
‘Üò O‘rZ, nmUr d BVa Z¡g{J©H$ ómoV `m§Mm g§Vw{bV {dH$mg H$aUo `m `moOZoMo C{Ôï> hmoVo.
‘yë¶‘mnZ :
(1) EHy$U IM© 15779 H$moQ>r. (H¥$fr-24%, CÚmoJ-23%, dmhVyH$-20%, gm‘m{OH$ godm-18%, COm©-15%)
(2) 5.7% d¥ÕrXa JmR>Uo Ano{jV hmoVo ‘mÌ àË¶jmV 3.2% d¥ÕrXa JmR>bm Jobm.
nmMdr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
H$mbmdYr … 1 E{àb 1974 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1979 (hr ¶moOZm 1978 ‘Ü¶oM åhUOo 1 df© AJmoXaM g‘mßV H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
OZVm Xc gaH$ma gÎmoda Amco d Ë¶m§Zr nmMdr ¶moOZm ~mOwcm R>odwZ ñdV:Mr ¶moOZm gwê$ Ho$cr.)
‘w»¶ â … Jar~r hQ>mAmo / Xm[aÐç {Z‘©ybZ d ñdmdb§~Z
à{V‘mZ … A°bZ ‘mZ d AemoH$ ê$Ð, S>r.S>r. Ya
CnmÜ¶j … XþJm©àgmX Ya ({S>g|~a 1974 n¶ªV)
nr. EZ. h³ga (OmZodmar 1975 Z§Va)
¶moOZoMo C{Ôï> : amï´>r` CËnÞmV 4.4% dm{f©H$ d¥{ÕXamMo bú` R>odÊ`mV Ambo. 5 ì`m `moOZonmgyZ dm{f©H$ d¥{ÕXamMo bú`
ho GDP AmYm[aV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
67
(1) nmoIaU AUwMmMUr …
¾ 18 ‘o 1974 bm ^maVmZo n{hbr AUwMmMUr nmoIaU (amOñWmZ) ¶oWo Ho$br.
¾ gm§Ho${VH$ ^mfm … ~wÕ hgbm (Smilling Buddha)
¾ ^maVmVrb gm¶ag AUw^Å>rVrb ßbwQ>mo{ZA‘ ¶m MmMUrV dmnabm Jobm hmoVm.
¾ A{^¶mZ à‘wI … amOmam‘ÊUm
(2) 42 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr 1976 : Mini Constitution
(3) ^maVmMo n{hbo amîQ´>r¶ bmoH$g§»¶m YmoaU (16 E{àb 1976) : ¶m YmoaUmZwgma c¾mMo d¶ nwê$fm§gmR>r 21 df© d
ór¶m§gmR>r 18 df© H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
(4) ñd¶§amoOJmamgmR>r J«m‘rU VéUm§Mo à{ejU (TRYSEM - Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment)
: 15 Am°JñQ> 1979 amoOr J«m‘rU ¶wdH$m§Zm ‘yb^yV Vm§{ÌH$ d ì¶dgm¶ H$m¡eë¶mMo à{ejU XoUmar ¶moOZm gwé Ho$br.
(5) amï´>r¶ àm¡T> {ejU H$m¶©H«$‘ (National Adult Education Program) : 2 Am³Q>mo~a 1978
¾ 15 Vo 35 df© d¶moJQ>mVrb {Zajam§Zm nwT>rb 5 dfm©V gmja H$aUo.
(6) 2 Am°³Q>mo~a 1975 : ^maVmVrb n{hë¶m 5 àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±H$m (RRB) ñWmnZ.
(7) dmid§Q> {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$‘ : 1977-78
¾ dmid§Q> {dH$mgmgmR>r d O{‘ZrMo dmid§Q>rH$aU {Z¶§ÌUmV AmUÊ¶mgmR>r.
(8) EH$mpË‘H$ ~mb{dH$mg H$m¶©H«$‘ (ICDS - Integrated Child Development Scheme) :
¾ 2 Am°³Q>mo~a 1975
¾ 0 Vo 6 df© d¶mo½mQ>mVrb ~mbH$m§Mo nmofU d Amamo½¶ gwYmaÊ¶mgmR>r hr ¶moOZm gwé Ho$br.
(9) 25 OyZ 1975 :
¾ XoemV amï´>r¶ AmUr~mUr Omhra (XoemVrb {Vgar amï´>r¶ AmUr~mUr)
¾ amï´>nVr ’$H«w$ÔrZ Acr Ah‘X ¶m§Zr H$c‘ 352 Zwgma amï´>r¶ AmUr~mUr Kmo{fV Ho$cr.
(10) 26 OwZ 1975 amoOr 20 H$c‘r H$m¶©H«$‘mg gwédmV.
(11) AZwHy$b ì`mnmaVmob : 1976-77 ‘Üò ^maVmMm ì`mnmaVmob AZwHy$b am{hbm. 68 H$moQ>r én`m§Mo ì`mnma Am{YŠ`
am{hbo.
‘yë¶‘mnZ :
(1) EHy$U IM© 39426 H$moQ>r én¶o. (CÚmoJ-26%, H¥$fr-22%, COm©-19%, dmhVyH$ d XiUdhU-18%, gm‘m{OH$
godm-17%.
(2) 4.4% BVH$m d¥ÕrXa JmR>Uo Ano{jV hmoVo ‘mÌ àË¶jmV 4.7% BVH$m d¥ÕrXa JmR>bm Jobm.$
gaH$Vr ¶moOZm (1978-1980) :
gaH$Vr ¶moOZm/OZVm XbmMr ghmdr ¶moOZm/gmIir ¶moOZm (Rolling Plan)
Rolling Plan hr g§H$ënZm d¡km{ZH$ ê$nmV ‘m§S>Ê¶mMo lo¶ Zmo~oc {dOoVo AW©Vk àmo. JwÞma {‘S>©c ¶m§Zm {Xco OmVo. Ë¶m§Zr
hr g§H$ënZm Ë¶m§À¶m 'Indias Economic Planning in it's Broader Setting' ¶m nwñVH$mV ‘m§S>cr Amho.
gaH$Vr `moOZm åhUOo H$m` ?
AmYrÀ`m nmM `moOZmH$mimV R>a{dbobr C{Ôï>o Am{U àmá Ho$bobr gmÜò `mV ~arM V’$mdV {XgV hmoVr. AÞYmÝ` CËnÞmV
~aoM MT>CVma òV hmoVo, ‘hmJmB©Mm Xa dmT>VM hmoVm, Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmT> IynM ‘§XJVrZo hmoV hmoVr. àËòH$doir {d{dY joÌmV
doJdoJim ^ma XoD$Z IM© H$aÊ`mV òV hmoVm. joÌmJ{UH$ Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mMo R>aë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mo AZw‘mZ d Ë`mgmR>r ~Xb
H$amd`mMm Agë`mg 5 df} nyU© hmoÊ`mMr dmQ> nmhmdr bmJo. `mgmR>r AW©ì`dñWoVrb à‘wI KQ>H$m§gmR>r 5 dfmªMo XrK©
68
bú` R>a{dbo Var joÌr` (Sectoral) KQ>H$m§gmR>r 1 dfm©Mo bú` R>adyZ Xadfu (year-on-year) Ë`mV hdm Vmo ~Xb H$ê$Z
`moOZm am~{dUo `mbm gaH$Vr `moOZm (Rolling Plan) Ago åhUVmV. gaH$Ë`m `moOZoV bd{MH$Vm (flexibility) AgVo.
Xadfu {ZYm©arV bú`m§‘Üò ~Xb H$aVm òVmo. {dH$mgmV gmVË`Vm {Z‘m©U hmoVo. C{Ôï>o Am{U gmÜò `mVrb A§Va H$‘r hmoD$
eH$Vo.
à{V‘mZ : 1974 ‘Yrb AW©emómVrb Zmo~ob{dOoVo JwÞma {‘S>m©b `m§Zr X{jU Am{e`mVrb AW©ì`dñWm§‘Yrb àíZm§Mr
‘m§S>Ur H$aUma§ 'Asian Drama' ho nwñVH$ {b{hb§ hmoV§. Indian Economic Planning in its Broader Setting `m nwñVH$mV
Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoVrb àíZm§Mo {dñV¥V {dícofU Ho$bo hmoVo. `m {dícofUmda AmYmarV gaH$Ë`m `moOZoMm ‘gwXm
`moOZm Am`moJmMo VËH$mbrZ CnmÜ`j S>r. Q>r. bH$S>mdmbm `m§Zr V`ma Ho$bm.
H$mbmdYr … 1978-1983 ¶m H$mbmdYrgmR>r hr ¶moOZm V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Ambr hmoVr. ‘mÌ àË¶jmV ’$³V 1 E{àb 1978
Vo OmZodmar 1980 Xaå¶mZ hr ¶moOZm am~dÊ¶mV Ambr.
AÜ¶j … ‘moamaOr XogmB© (Owb¡ 1979 n¶ªV) MaUqgJ (Owb¡ 1979 Vo OmZodmar 1980)
CnmÜ¶j … S>r. Q>r. bH$S>mdmbm
amOH$s` KS>m‘moS>r : VobmMo g§H$Q> - 1979 ‘Üò BamU‘Üò H«$m§Vr Pmbr. BamUMm emh aPm nhbdrbm Xoe gmoSy>Z Úmdm
bmJbm. `m Xaå`mZ Am`mVmo„m Imo‘oZr BamUMm Zdm ZoVm ~Zbm. `m‘wio VobmÀ`m {H$‘Vr ^S>H$ë`m. VobmÀ`m {H$‘Vr
100% Zr dmT>ë`m.
`moOZmJV {dH$mg :
(1) {Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ð (DIC-District Industrial Centre) : gaH$Ë`m `moOZmH$mimV Hw$Q>ra Am{U bKwCÚmoJm§Mm
{dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ðo gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Hw$Q>ra Am{U bKwCÚmoJ joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmè`m CËnmXH$m§Zm
bmJUmè`m dñVy, godm, g~{gS>r Am{U gmo`rgw{dYm EH$mM {R>H$mUr nwa{dVm `mì`mV `m CÔoemZo {Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ðo
ñWmnÊ`mV Ambr. 1 ‘o 1978 nmgyZ {Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ðo H$m`©aV Pmbr.
(2) H$m‘mgmR>r AÞ `moOZm (Food For Work Program) : amoOJma d AÞgwajm nwa{dUmar hr `moOZm OZVmH$mimV
gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
(3) A§Ë`moX` ‘XV `moOZm : Xm[aÐç aofoImbrb Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm `m `moOZ|VJ©V {dÎmr` ‘XV nwa{dbr OmB©.
ghmdr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
H$mbmdYr … 1 E{àb 1980 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1985.
‘w»¶^ma … Xm[aÐç {Z‘w©bZ d amoOJma {Z{‘©Vr
à{V‘mZ … A°bZ ‘mZ d AemoH$ éÐ `m§Mo Iwbo gmVË` à{V‘mZ (Open Consistency Model)
AÜ¶j … B§{Xam Jm§Yr (Am°³Q>mo~a 1984 n¶ªV)
amOrd Jm§Yr (Am°³Q>mo~a 1984 Z§Va)
CnmÜ¶j … EZ. S>r. {Vdmar (Am°JñQ> 1981 n¶ªV)
e§H$aamd MìhmU(1981 Vo Owb¡ 1984)
nr. ìhr. Zaqghamd (Zmoìh|~a 1984 Vo OmZodmar 1985)
¶moOZoMo C{Ôï> : n{hë`m 5 `moOZm§‘Üò Am{W©H$ dmT>rda A{YH$m{YH$ â XoÊ`mV Ambm. J[a~r hQ>mAmoÀ`m KmofUmhr H$aÊ`mV
Amë`m. na§Vw {H$‘mZ JaOm nyU© H$ê$ eH$Umè`m Xm[aÐç {Z‘y©bZmÀ`m R>mog `moOZm gwê$ Pmë`m ZmhrV. Ë`m gwê$ H$aÊ`mMo
C{Ôï> 6 ì`m `moOZoV R>odÊ`mV Ambo.
¾ Xm[aÐç {Z‘y©bZ qH$dm J[a~r hQ>mAmo ho 6 ì`m `moOZoMo ‘hÎdmMo C{Ôï> (Removal of poverty to be foremost
objective) R>odÊ`mV Ambo.
69
(1) Am°naoeZ ãë¶y ñQ>ma … OZ}bqgJ q^ÐZdmbo d BVa I{bñVmZr XheVdmXr ñdV§Ì I{bñVmZMr ‘mJUr H$aV hmoVo d ho
XheVdmXr eñÌmgh gwdU© ‘§{XamV (A‘¥Vga-n§Om~) R>mU ‘m§Sw>Z hmoVo. 3 Vo 6 OwZ 1984 ¶m Xaå¶mZ ‘oOa OZab
Hw$bXrn qgJ ~«ma ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Am°naoeZ ãë¶y ñQ>ma hr bîH$ar H$madmB© q^ÐZdmbobm ‘maÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$br Jobr.
(2) ^monmi J°g XþK©Q>Zm … 2 d 3 {S>g|~a 1984 ¶m {Xder ^monmi ¶oWrb ¶w{ZAZ H$m~m©B©S> B§{S>¶m {b{‘Q>oS (UCIL) ¶m
{H$Q>H$ZmeH$ V¶ma H$aUmè¶m H$maImÝ¶mVwZ {‘WmB©b Am¶gmogm¶ZoQ> ¶m {dfmar dm¶wMr JiVr hmoD$Z 3700 bmoH$m§Mm
‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm, Va 5.6 bmI bmoH$m§Zm Ë¶mMr {df~mYm Pmbr.
(3) EH$mpË‘H$ J«m‘rU {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$‘ … (IRDP : Integrated Rural Development Program) : 2 Am°³Q>mo~a
1980.
C{Ôï> … J«m‘rU J[a~m§Zm Xm[aÐç aofoÀ¶m da CMbwZ Am{W©H$ ñdmdb§~Z àmßV H$aUo.
(4) amï´>r¶ J«m‘rU amoOJma ¶moOZm (NREP : National Rural Employment Program) 2 Am°³Q>mo~a 1980.
CX²Xoe … J«m‘rU AHw$eb (Unskilled) Jar~m§Zm CËnmXH$ amoOJmamÀ¶m g§Yr CnbãY H$éZ XoUo.
(5) 15 E{àb 1980 … 6 ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r¶rH$aU
(6) Zm~mS>©Mr ñWmnZm … 12 Owb¡ 1982.
(7) 1984 ‘Ü¶o ^maV gaH$maZo ZdrZ g§JUH$ YmoaU Omhra Ho$co.
(8) gbo‘ bmoh-nmobmX CÚmoJ : gbo‘ (V{‘iZmSy>) òWo 1982 ‘Üò hm CÚmoJ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. hm CÚmoJ SAIL
A§VJ©V H$m`©aV AgyZ é§X nmobmXr nÌo V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vmo à{gÕ Amho.
(9) {demImnÅ>U‘ bmoh-nmobmX CÚmoJ : {demImnÅ>U‘ (Am§Y« àXoe) òWo OmZodmar 1982 ‘Üò hm nmobmX CÚmoJ gwê$
H$aÊ`mV Ambm. {dPmJ ñQ>rb (Vizag Steel) åhUyZhr Vmo AmoiIbm OmVmo. AmYr Vmo SAIL A§VJ©V H$m`©aV hmoVm.
Z§Va RINL (Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited) Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gÜ`m hm bmoh-nmobmX CÚmoJ RINL
A§VJ©V H$m`©aV Amho.
(10) J«m‘rU joÌmVrb ‘{hbm d ~mbH$m§Mr {dH$mg `moOZm (DWCRA - Development of Women Child in Rural
Areas) : gßQ>|~a 1982 nmgyZ J«m‘rU Jar~ {ó`m§Zm ñd`§amoOJma {‘imdm ho `m `moOZoMo C{Ôï> hmoVo. S>oÝ‘mH©$À`m
‘XVrZo hm H$m`©H«$‘ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
(11) ~m`moJ°g H$m`©H«$‘ (NBMMP - National Biogas Manure Management Program) : 1981-82 ‘Üò hm
H$m`©H«$‘ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. KaJwVr B§YZ nwa{dUo, g|Ðr` IV nwa{dUo, O§Jbm§darb VmU H$‘r H$aUo Am{U J«m‘rU
ñdÀN>Vm `m `moOZoMo C{Ôï> hmoVo.
(12) J«m‘rU ^y{‘hrZm§gmR>r Amídm{gV amoOJma `moOZm (RLEGP - Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Program) : 15 Am°JñQ> 1983 bm gwé Pmboë`m `m `moOZoMo C{Ôï> ^y{‘hrZ J«m‘rU ‘Owam§Zm amoOJmamMo AmídmgZ
XoUo d J«m‘rU ^mJmV CËnmXH$ àH$ën {Z‘m©U H$aUo hmoVo.
‘yë¶‘mnZ …
(1) IM© : 1,09,292 H$moQ>r én¶o (COm©-28%, H¥$fr-24%, CÚmoJ-16%, dmhVyH$ XiUdhU-16%, gm‘m{OH$
godm-16%,)
(2) EHy$U d¥ÕrXa 5.2% JmR>Uo Ano{jV hmoVo ‘mÌ àË¶jmV 5.5% d¥ÕrXa JmR>bm Jobm.
gmVdr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
H$mbmdYr … 1 E{àb 1985 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1990.
‘w»¶ â … CËnmXH$ amoOJma {Z{‘©Vr
à{V‘mZ … 7 ì`m `moOZoMm AmamIS>m nr. Ama. ~«÷mZ§X d gr. EZ. dH$sb `m§Zr gwM{dboë`m ~«÷mZ§X-dH$sb à{V‘mZmda
70
AmYmabobm hmoVm.
¾ ‘hmbZmo{~g à{V‘mZmZwgma ^m¡{VH$ Jw§VdUyH$ ^m§S>dbr dñVy CËnmXZmV Ho$br OmV hmoVr. ‘mZ-éÐ à{V‘mZmZwgma hr
Jw§VdUyH$ H$Yr ^m§S>dbr, Va H$Yr J«mhH$ dñVy CËnmXZmH$S>o didVm òV hmoVr. ~«÷mZ§X-dH$sb à{V‘mZmÝdò hm àíZ
EH$XmMm gmoS>dÊ`mV Ambm. ^m¡{VH$ Jw§VdUyH$ J«mhH$ dñVy CËnmXZmH$S>o (Wage goods) didÊ`mMo R>abo.
¾ ~«÷mZ§X-dH$sb à{V‘mZmÝdò 7 ì`m `moOZm H$mimV (amOrd Jm§Yr n§VàYmZ AgVmZm) gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJm§‘Üò ^m§S>dbr
Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mMm doJ ‘§Xmdbm. n{hë`m Vo ghmì`m `moOZon`ªV ^maVmV AmXoemË‘H$ {Z`moOZ (imperative planning)
nÕV dmnabr OmV hmoVr. gmVì`m `moOZoVhr AmXoemË‘H$ {Z`moOZ dmnabo Jobo. na§Vw {dkmZ-V§ÌkmZ joÌmV gyMH$mË‘H$
{Z`moOZ (indicative planning) Mm dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ImgJr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmg àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mV Ambo.
¾ ~«÷mZ§X `m§À`m Studies in Economics of Welfare Maximization Am{U ~«÷mZ§X d dH$sb `m§À`m Planning for
an Expanding Economy `m nwñVH$m§‘Üò darb à{V‘mZmMr VÎdo gmnS>VmV. EH$sH$S>o J«mhH$ dñVy (Wage goods)
CËnmXZmg MmbZm XoUo Am{U XwgarH$S>o bmoH$m§Zm `m dñVy IaoXr H$aÊ`mMr j‘Vm àmá H$ê$Z XoUmè`m amoOJma.
`moOZm (CXm.- Odmha amoOJma, Zohê$ amoOJma) am~{dUo, Ago ho à{V‘mZ Agë`m‘wio ~«÷mZ§X d dH$sb `m§Zr gwM{dboë`m
à{V‘mZmbm ‘Owar dñVy à{V‘mZ (Wage Goods Model) Ago åhUVmV.
Kmofdm³¶ … AÞ, amoOJma d CËnmXH$Vm.
KmofUm … H$m±J«og gaH$maZo ~oH$mar hQ>mAmo hr KmofUm {Xbr.
AÜ¶j … amOrd Jm§Yr ({S>g|~a 1989 n¶ªV)
ìhr. nr. qgJ ({S>g|~a 1989 Z§Va)
CnmÜ¶j … ‘Z‘mohZ qgJ (Am°JñQ> 1987 n¶ªV)
nr. {ede§H$a (Owb¡ 1987 Vo OyZ 1988)
‘mYdqgJ gmoi§H$s (OyZ 1988 Vo Am°JñQ> 1989)
am‘H¥$îU hoJS>o ({S>g|~a 1989 Z§Va)
¶moOZoMo Zmd … amoOJma {Z{‘©Vr OZH$ ¶moOZm
¶m ¶moOZo‘Ü¶o {dkmZ-V§ÌkmZ joÌmV gwMH$ {Z¶moOZmMm (Indicative Planning) Adc§~ Ho$cm Jocm.
(1) ~mo’$mog© àH$aU … ñdrS>Z ~mo’$mog© E. ~r. H§$nZr gmo~V 440 Vmo’$m (155 mm Howitzer) IaoXr H$aÊ¶mMm ^maVmZo
H$ama Ho$bm hmoVm. X qhXy dV©‘mZ nÌmÀ¶m {MÌm gw~«‘Ê¶‘ ¶m nÌH$mamZo ¶m ì¶dhmamV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV amOH$maUr
VgoM bîH$ar ì¶³VtZm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV bmM {Xbr Agë¶mMo àH$m{eV Ho$bo ¶m‘wio XoemV Ii~i CS>mcr.
(2) B§{Xam Amdmg ¶moOZm 1985-86 … ‘w³V H$aÊ¶mV Ambobo doR>{~Jma d AZwgwMrV OmVr d O‘mVt‘Yrb J[a~m§gmR>r
‘mo’$V Kao ~m§YyZ XoÊ¶mgmR>rMr hr ¶moOZm.
(3) Odmha amoOJma ¶moOZm (JRY - Jawahar Rojgar Yojana) : 1 E{àb 1989.
CÔoe … J«m‘rU ^mJmV ‘Owar amoOJma nwa{dUmar ¶moOZm.
(4) Zohé amoOJma ¶moOZm (NRY - Nehru Rojgar Yojana) : Am°³Q>mo~a 1989
CÔoe … ehar ^mJmV ‘Owar amoOJma d ñd¶§ghmæ¶Vm JQ> C^maÊ¶mV ‘XV H$aUo.
(5) amï´>r¶ gmjaVm {‘eZ (National Literacy Mission ) : 5 ‘o 1988.
CÔoe … 15 Vo 35 d¶moJQ>mVrb {Zaja ì¶³VtZm gmja ~Z{dUo.
(6) ISy> ’$im ‘mohr‘ (Operation Black Board) :1987
CÔoe … àmW{‘H$ emim§Zm Amdí¶H$ OmñVrÀ¶m ‘wb^yV gw{dYm nwa{dUo.
(7) H|$Ðr¶ J«m‘rU ñdÀN>Vm H$m¶©H«$‘ (Central Rural Sanitation Program) : 1986
CÔoe … J«m‘rU bmoH$m§À¶m amhUr‘mZmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r d J«m‘rU ñdÀN>Vm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r.
71
(8) amï´>r¶ Amdmg ~±H$ (National Housing Bank) : 8 Owb¡ 1988.
CÔoe … J¥hH$O© XoUmè¶m {dÎmg§ñWm§Zm nwZ{d©Îm (Refinance) nwadR>m H$aÊ¶mgmR>r amï´>r¶ Amdmg ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV
Ambr.
(9) H$nmQ>© ¶moOZm (CAPART : Council For Advancement of Peoples Action & Rural Technology) :
J«m‘rU ^mJmMm g‘w{MV {dH$mg hmoD$Z VoWrc Am{W©H$ KS>m‘moS>tZm MmcZm {‘imdr ¶m CÔoemZo hr ¶moOZm gwê$
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
(10) {ejU YmoaU : 1986 ‘Üò Xwgao amï´>r` {ejU YmoaU Omhra H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
‘wë¶‘mnZ …
(1) IM© … 2,18,729 H$moQ>r én¶o IM© (COm©-28%, H¥$fr-22%, CÚmoJ-13%, dmhVyH$ XiUdiU-19%, gm‘m{OH$
godm-19%,)
(2) EHy$U 5% d¥ÕrXa JmR>Uo Ano{jV hmoVo ‘mÌ àË¶jmV 5.6% BVH$m d¥ÕrXa JmR>Ê¶mV Ambm.
XmoZ dm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
XoemV amOH$s¶ AñW¡¶© Agë¶m‘wio AmR>dr ¶moOZm bJoM gwé H$aÊ¶mV Ambr Zmhr d Ë¶mEodOr XmoZ dm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
am~dÊ¶mV Amë¶m.
H$mbmdYr … 1 E{àb 1990 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1991
1 E{àb 1991 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1992
AÜ¶j … M§ÐeoIa (OwZ 1991 n¶ªV)
Zaqghamd (OwZ 1991 Z§Va)
CnmÜ¶j … ‘Yy X§S>dVo (OwZ 1990 Vo {S>g|~a 1990)
‘mohZ Ym[a¶m ({S>g|~a 1990 Vo OwZ 1991)
àUd ‘wIOu (OwZ 1991 Z§Va)
¶moOZoMo Zmd … ñdmdb§~Z ¶moOZm
¶moOZoVrc KS>m‘moSr :
(1) hf©X ‘ohVm KmoQ>mim … ‘w§~B© eoAa ~mOmamVrb Am{W©H$ KmoQ>mim
(2) amOH$s` ApñWaVm : ‘§S>b Am`moJmÀ`m {e’$maerdê$Z ìhr. nr. qgJ emgZmÀ`m AmajUmÀ`m {ZU©`m{déÕ àM§S>
OZjmo^ C’$mibm hmoVm. Z§Va M§ÐeoIa gaH$ma Ambo. nwT>o am‘ OÝ‘^y‘r-~m~ar ‘erX àH$aU KS>bo. bdH$aM
{ZdS>UwH$m Omhra Pmë`m. {ZdS>UwH$m Am{U EHy$UM 1991 df© '‘§S>b-‘§{Xa' {df`m§Zr JmOV am{hbo. 21 ‘o 1991 bm
MoÞB©Odirb lr noê$§~wXya òWo WoZ‘wbr amOaËZ‘ `m ‘mZdr ~m°å~YmaH$ ‘{hboZo Ho$boë`m ñ’$moQ>mV amOrd Jm§YtMm ‘¥Ë`y
Pmbm.
(3) VobmMo g§H$Q> (Mini Oil Shock) : 1990 ‘Üò BamH$Zo Hw$doV‘Üò KwgImoar Ho$br. A‘o[aHo$Zo BamH${déÕ AmImVr `wÕ
nwH$mabo. `m‘wio 1991 ‘Üò VobmÀ`m {H$‘Vr ^S>H$ë`m. VobmÀ`m EH$m ~°abMr qH$‘V 17 S>m°badê$Z 36 S>m°ban`ªV
Jobr. `m H$mimV ’$º$ 9 ‘{hZo {H$‘Vr ^S>H$ë`m åhUyZ `mbm "{‘Zr Am°Bb em°H$' åhUVmV. ‘mÌ, OJmVrb gd©M
AW©ì`dñWm§da hm {‘Zr Am°Bb em°H$ J§^ra n[aUm‘ H$ê$Z Jobm.
(4) 1991 Mo Am{W©H$ g§H$Q> : 1991 ‘Üò ì`dhmaVmobmMo g§H$Q> {Z‘m©U Pmbo. amOH$mofr` VyQ> 8.4% Pmbr. naH$s`
MbZgmR>m 5.8 {~{b`Z S>m°ba BVH$mM Cabm. H$Om©Mo GDP er Agbobo à‘mU 55.3% n`ªV dmT>bo. àM§S> MbZdmT>
Pmbr. CÚmoJ joÌmV ‘§Xr Ambr. ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm {XdmiImoa (bankrupt) ~Zbr.
`moOZmJV {dH$mg :
én`mMo Ad‘yë`Z (Devaluation of Indian Currency) : 1, 3 Am{U 15 Owb¡ 1991 bm AZwH«$‘o 9.5, 10 Vo
10.78% Am{U 2% én`mMo Ad‘yë`Z H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
72
ZdrZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaU : 24 Owb¡ 1991 bm CXmarH$aU Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aUmbm AZwHy$b AgUmao "ZdrZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaU'
Omhra H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ^maVr` CÚmoJm§Zm OmJ{VH$ ñnY}V {Q>H$Vm `mdo, `mgmR>r `m ZdrZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaUmV ‘yb^yV ~Xb
Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmZo ^maVmV Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Zm (CXmarH$aU, ImgJrH$aU d OmJ{VH$sH$aU)
gwadmV Pmbr.
‘yë¶‘mnZ :
1991-92 gmbr XoemMm Am{W©H$ d¥ÕrXa ’$³V 0.9% EdT>mM hmoVm.
AmR>dr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
H$mbmdYr … 1 E{àb 1992 Vo 31 ‘mM© 1997
‘w»¶^ma … ‘mZdr {dH$mg (Human Development)
à{V‘mZ … nr. ìhr. Zaqghamd (VËH$mcrZ n§VàYmZ) - ‘Z‘mohZ qgJ (VËH$mcrZ AW©‘§Ìr)
qH$dm LPG à{V‘mZ (Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation)
qH$dm Export Led Growth Model
qH$dm Om°Z S>ãë¶y {‘ca à{V‘mZ
¾ 1990 À`m UNDP À`m n{hë`m ‘mZd {dH$mg AhdmbmZo ‘mZd {dH$mg ho ‘hÎdmMo ‘mZbo hmoVo. ZdrZ à{V‘mZ ho
‘mZd {dH$mgmMo hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio 8 ì`m `moOZoMo Zmd ‘Zwî`~i {dH$mg `moOZm R>odyZ ‘mZdr {dH$mgmg gdm©{YH$ àmYmÝ`
XoÊ`mV Ambo.
¾ ^m¡{VH$ ^m§S>dbm~m~V CbQ> {ZJwªVdUyH$ (Disinvestment) H$ê$Z ImgJrH$aUmMo YmoaU Adb§~Ê`mV Ambo. ^m§S>dbr
d ‘yb^yV CÚmoJm§‘YyZ gaH$maZo {ZJw©VdUyH$ H$am`bm gwadmV Ho$br. CÚmoJm§Mo ImgJrH$aU d AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mg
gwadmV Pmbr.
¾ AmXoemË‘H$ {Z`moOZ (Imperative planning) EodOr nyU©nUo gyMH$mË‘H$ {Z`moOZ (Indicative planning) VÎd
Adb§~Ê`mg gwadmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
AÜ¶j … Zaqghamd (‘mM© 1996 Z§Va)
EM. S>r. XodoJm¡S>m (‘mM© 1996 Z§Va)
CnmÜ¶j … àUd ‘wIOu (‘mM© 1996 n¶ªV)
‘Yy X§S>dVo (‘mM© 1996 Z§Va)
¶moOZoMo Zmd … ‘Zwî¶~i {dH$mg ¶moOZm
(1) {ZJªwVdUyH$ Am¶moJ (Disinvestment Commission) : 1992 ‘Ü¶o n{hë¶m§Xm gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc CÚmoJm§‘Ü¶o
{ZJwªVdUwH$sMr à{H«$¶m gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. 1993 À¶m a§JamOZ g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdéZ Am°JñQ> 1996 ‘Ü¶o
lr. Or. ìhr. am‘H¥$îU ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcr n{hbm {ZJªwVdUyH$ Am¶moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.
(2) 1992 ‘Ü¶o 73 ì¶m KQ>Zm XþéñVr Zwgma n§Mm¶V amO g§ñWobm d 74 ì¶m KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m¶ÚmwZgma ZJa n§Mm¶V
¶m§Zm KQ>ZmË‘H$ XOm© XoÊ¶mV Ambm.
(3) n§VàYmZ amoOJma ¶moOZm … 2 Am°³Q>mo~a 1993.
CÔoe … gw{e{jV ~oamoOJma ¶wdH$m§‘Ü¶o ì¶dgm{¶H$Vobm MmbZm XoD$Z CËnmXH$, ì¶dgm{¶H$ qH$dm godm CnH«$‘
C^maÊ¶mgmR>r g~{gS>r¶w³V {dÎmr¶ ‘XV XoÊ¶mgmR>r hr ¶moOZm gwê$ Ho$cr.
(4) Amídm{gV ‘Owar ¶moOZm (Employment Assurance Scheme) : 2 Am°³Q>mo~a 1993
CÔoe … XþJ©‘ ^mJmVrb {H$‘mZ 2 OUm§Zm 100 {Xdg ‘OwarMo AmídmgZ XoUmar ¶moOZm.
73
(5) amï´>r¶ gm‘m{OH$ godm ¶moOZm (National Social Assistance Program) : gwédmV : 15 Am°JñQ> 1995.
CÔoe … {dYdm, An§J, AmYmahrZ d¥Õm§Zm ghmæ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r.
(6) ‘Ü¶mÞ Amhma ¶moOZm (Mid day Meal Scheme) : gwédmV : 15 Am°JñQ> 1995
CÔoe … emioVrb {dÚmÏ¶mªMr CnpñWVr dmT>dUo d {dÚmÏ¶mªMm nmofUWa dmT>{dUo.
(7) g§J‘ ¶moOZm … gwédmV : 15 Am°JñQ> 1996.
CÔoe … An§J ì¶³VtÀ¶m JQ>mbm ñd¶§amoOJmamgmR>r 15000 én¶m§Mo AW©ghmæ¶ XoÊ¶mgmR>r.
(8) J§Jm H$ë¶mU ¶moOZm … gwédmV : ’o$~«wdmar 1997.
CÔoe … ^yJ^m©Vrb, O‘rZrdarb nmÊ¶mÀ¶m ñÌmoVm§Mm emoY d Ë¶m§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo
(9) ^maVr¶ ì¶mnma d¥Õr g§KQ>ZoMr ñWmnZm OmZodmar 1992 ‘Ü¶o H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
(10) J«m‘rU H$mam{Jam§Zm gwYm[aV gmYZm§Mm g§M nwa{dUmar `moOZm (SITRA - Supply of Improved Tools for Rural
Artisans) : 1992 ‘Üò J«m‘rU H$mam{Jam§‘Üò Vm§{ÌH$ Hw$ebVm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r gwYm[aV AdOmao nwa{dÊ`mg§X^m©V
hr `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
‘wë¶‘mnZ :
(1) AmR>ì¶m ¶moOZonmgyZ gaH$maZo gwMH$ {Z¶moOZmMm (Indicative Planning) Adb§~ Ho$bm.
(2) IM© … 4,74,121 H$moQ>r én¶o (COm©-27%, H¥$fr-21%, CÚmoJ-10%, dmhVyH$ XiUdiU-21%, gm‘m{OH$
godm-22%.).
(3) amï´>r¶ CËnÞmV 4.9% dmT> Pmbr.
(4) EHy$U 5.6% d¥ÕrXa JmR>Uo Ano{jV hmoVo. ‘mÌ àË¶jnUo 6.5% d¥ÕrXa JmR>bm Jocm.
Zddr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
H$mbmdYr … 1 E{àb 1997 Vo 31 ‘mM© 2002.
‘w»¶ â … H¥$fr d J«m‘rU {dH$mg
KmofUm dm³¶ … gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ Am{U g‘mZVogh Am{W©H$ dmT>. (Growth with Social Justice & Equality)
AÜ¶j … Am¶. Ho$. JwOamb (‘mM© 1998 n¶ªV)
AQ>b{~hmar dmOno¶r (‘mM© 1998 Z§Va)
CnmÜ¶j … ‘Yy X§S>dVo (‘mM© 1998 n¶ªV)
Ogd§V qgJ (‘mM© 1998 Vo ’o$~«wdmar 1999), Ho$. gr. n§V (’o$~«wdmar 1999 Z§Va)
¶moOZoMo C{Ôï> : 53 {‘{b`Z amoOJma{Z{‘©VrMo bú` R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo.
(1) nmoIaU - II :
¾ ^maVmZo 11 Am{U 13 ‘o 1998 Xaå¶mZ nmoIaU (amOñWmZ) ¶oWo Xþgar AUwMmMUr Ho$br.
¾ ßbwQ>mo{ZA‘ 239 Am{U ¶wao{Z¶‘ 233 Mm dmna ¶m MmMUrV Ho$bm Jobm.
¾ gm§Ho${VH$ ^mfm … e³Vr - 98.
¾ MmMUrMo à‘wI … S>m°. E.nr.Oo. AãXÿb H$bm‘
(2) H$ma{Jb ¶wÕ … ^maV Am{U nm{H$ñVmZ ¶m§À¶m Xaå¶mZ ‘o 1999 Vo Owb¡ 1999 Xaå¶mZ H$ma{Jb ¶wÕ Pmbo. ^maVmZo
Am°naoeZ {dO¶ ZmdmZo bîH$ar H$madmB© Ho$br.
(3) ’o$‘m H$m¶Xm (FEMA -Foreign Exchange Management Act - 1999) g§‘V Ho$bm d 1 OwZ 2000 nmgyZ bmJw
Ho$bm.
74
(4) goP ñWmnZoMr KmofUm : 2000 ‘Ü¶o (SEZ : Special Economic Zone)
(5) ñdU©O¶§Vr ehar amoOJma ¶moOZm … gwédmV : 1 {S>g|~a 1997.
¾ ehamVrb ~oamoOJmam§gmR>r ñd¶§amoOJmamMr d ‘Oyar amoOJma ¶moOZm.
(6) AÞnwUm© ¶moOZm … 1 E{àc 2000
¾ noÝeZ Z {‘iUmè¶m Ooð> ZmJ[aH$m§Zm 10 {H$bmo AÞYmÝ¶ nwadÊ¶mgmR>r.
(7) g‘J« Amdmg ¶moOZm … 1 E{àb 1999.
¾ J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb Jar~m§Zm {Zdmam, ñdÀN>Vm Am{U {nÊ¶mMo nmUr nwa{dUmar ¶moOZm.
(8) ñdU© O¶§Vr J«m‘ ñdamoOJma ¶moOZm … 1 E{àb 1999.
¾ J«m‘rU Jar~r d ~oamoOJmar Zï> H$aÊ¶m~m~V hr ¶moOZm hmoVr.
(9) Odmha J«m‘ g‘¥Õr ¶moOZm … 1 E{àb 1999.
¾ gm‘wXm{¶H$ J«m‘rU nm¶m^wV gw{dYm§À¶m {Z[‘©Vr ~m~V hr ¶moOZm hmoVr.
(10) A§Ë¶moX¶ AÞ ¶moOZm … 25 {S>g|~a 2000.
¾ Jar~mVë¶m Jar~ Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm Xa ‘{hZm 25 {H$bmo YÞYmÝ¶ nwadR>m, 2 ê$. à{V {H$bmo n«‘mUo Jhÿ d 2 ê$. à{V
{H$bmo à‘mUo Vm§Xþi ¶m ^mdmZo XoÊ¶mgmR>r hr ¶moOZm hmoVr.
(11) àYmZ‘§§Ìr J«m‘ gS>H$ ¶moOZm … 25 {S>g|~a 2000.
¾ XoemVrb gd© IoS>o ~mam‘mhr añË¶m§Zr OmoS>Ê¶mMr ¶moOZm.
(12) àYmZ‘§Ìr J«m‘moX¶ ¶moOZm … 2000-01.
¾ J«m‘rU ^mJmV emídV ‘mZdr {dH$mg gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>rMr ¶moOZm.
(13) g§nyU© J«m‘rU amoOJma ¶moOZm … 25 gßQ>|~a 2001.
(14) dmpë‘H$s-Am§~oS>H$a Amdmg ¶moOZm … gßQ>|~a 2001.
¾ ehar PmonS>nÅ>¶mVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r J¥h {Z‘m©U ¶moOZm.
(15) gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ … 2001.
¾ 6 Vo 14 df} d¶moJQ>mVrb ~mbH$mg Cn¶w³V d ¶mo½¶ àmW{‘H$ {ejU XoÊ¶mgmR>r.
(16) 11 ‘o 2000 amoOr cmoH$g§»¶m Am¶moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. (’o$~«wdmar 2000 ‘Ü¶o amï´>r¶ cmoH$g§»¶m YmoaU
Kmo{fV H$aÊ¶mV Amco.)
(17) 28 Owc¡ 2000 amoOr ^maV gaH$maZo amï´>r¶ H¥$fr YmoaU Omhra Ho$co.
(18) H$ñVwa~m Jm§Yr {ejU ¶moOZm : ór gmjaVm H$‘r Agcoë¶m {OëømV ‘wctÀ¶m emim ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r 15
Am°JñQ> 1997 amoOr hr ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
(19) JmoY«m hË¶mH$m§S> : JwOamV‘Yrc JmoY«m ¶m aoëdo ñQ>oeZda 27 ’o$~«wdmar 2002 amoOr Ym{‘©H$ dmXmVyZ Ominmoi Pmcr,
n[aUm‘r g§nyU© JwOamV‘Ü¶o 2002 ‘Ü¶o Ym{‘©H$ X§Jcr Cgië¶m.
‘yë¶‘mnZ :
(1) IM© … 9,41,040 H$moQ>r én¶o (COm©-25.4%, H¥$fr-12.8%, CÚmoJ-29.9%, dmhVyH$ XiUdiU-14.2%,
gm‘m{OH$ godm-20.7%,).
(2) 6.5% d¥ÕrXa JmR>Uo Ano{jV hmoVo. ‘mÌ àË¶jmV 5.5% d¥ÕrXa JmR>bo Joco.
Xhmdr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
H$mbmdYr … 1 E{àb 2002 Vo 31 ‘mM© 2007
¶moOZoMo Zmd … {ejU ¶moOZm, cmoH$m§Mr ¶moOZm (Peoples Plan)
75
AÜ¶j … AQ>b {~hmar dmOno¶r (‘o 2004 n¶ªV)
‘Z‘mohZ qgJ (‘o 2004 Z§Va)
CnmÜ¶j … Ho$. gr. n§V (Owb¡ 2004 n¶ªV)
‘m±Q>oH$qgJ Ahbwdm{b¶m (Owb¡ 2004 Z§Va)
g§¶wº$ amï´>g§KmÀ¶m 2015 ‘Ü¶o JmR>m¶À¶m 8 Millennium Development Goals Mm à^md 10 ì¶m n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZoda
hmoVm.
¶moOZoMr C{Ôï>o :
H¥$fr joÌmbm AW©ì`dñWoMo ‘yi àoaH$ ~i (Prime moving force) d Jm^m joÌ (Core sector) åhQ>bo Jobo.
2000 ‘Üò g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmZo 2015 AIoa JmR>md`mMo 8 eVH$moÎma {dH$mg Üòò (MDGs- Millennium Development
Goals) R>adbo hmoV.o `m Üò`m§Mm 10 ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoda à^md nS>bm. {dH$mgmMo ‘moOVm òÊ`mgmaIo bú` (Monitorable
targets) R>adÊ`mV Ambo. Ogo- 2007 n`ªV ~mb‘¥Ë`yXa 12 Zo H$‘r H$aUo, ‘mVm‘¥Ë`y à‘mU 100 Zo H$‘r H$aUo, Xm[aÐç
6.5% Zo H$aUo, gmjaVm 10.2% Zo dmT>{dUo, àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU H$aUo, gd© ‘moR>çm àXy{fV ZÚm ñdÀN>
H$aUo, IoS>r n¸²$`m ~ma‘mhr añË`m§Zr OmoS>Uo, b¢{JH$ geº$sH$aU H$aUo. ’$º$ Am{W©H$ dmT>rda (Economic growth)
â XoÊ`mnojm amhUr‘mZmMm XOm© C§MmdyZ Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmda (Economic development) â XoÊ`mV Ambm. `m `moOZoV
‘moOVm òÊ`mgmaIr búò 2007 d 2012 gmR>r {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
‘{hbm g~brH$aUmgmR>r `m `moOZoV gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d b¢{JH$ g~brH$aUmMr (Social, economic gender
empowerment) {ÌgyÌr Adb§~Ê`mV Ambr.
amï´>r` {dH$mg n[afXoMm gh^mJ dmT>dyZ {dH|${ÐV {Z`moOZmda â XoÊ`mV Ambm. `m `moOZoV n{hë`m§XmM H|$Ðm~amo~a amÁ`m§er
MMm© H$ê$Z amÁ`m§Zm XoIrb {dH$mgmMo ‘moOVm òÊ`mgmaIo bú` (Monitorable targets) KmbyZ XoÊ`mV Ambo.
amoOJma{Z{‘©Vr ho 10 ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMo ‘hÎdmMo C{Ôï> g‘OÊ`mV Ambo. à{Vdfu 10 {‘{b`Z (EHy$U 50 {‘{b`Z)
amoOJma{Z{‘©VrMo bú` R>odÊ`mV Ambo.
Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmV 10% d¥{ÕXamMo bú` R>odÊ`mV Ambo.
GDP À`m 20.3% ~MV d 23.4% Jw§VdUyH$ hmoUo Ano{jV hmoVo.
(1) Xhmdr ¶moOZm bmoH$m§Mr ¶moOZm (Peoples Plan) ~Z{dÊ¶mda â XoÊ¶mV Ambm.
(2) Xadfu 10 bmI amoOJmamMo C{Ôï>ço ¶m ¶moOZoV R>odÊ¶mV Ambo.
(3) d§Xo ‘mVa‘² ¶moOZm … 9 ’o$~«wdmar 2004.
¾ J^©dVtMr VnmgUr d JamoXa H$mimV Amamo½¶ godm XoÊ¶mg§X^m©V emgH$s¶ d ImOJr ¶§ÌUm§À¶m gh^mJmZo hr
¶moOZm gwé Ho$br hmoVr.
(4) amï´>r¶ H$m‘m§À¶m ~Xë¶mV AÞ ¶moOZm … 14 Zmoìh|~a 2004.
¾ AHw$eb ‘Owam§Zm AÞ g§ajU XoÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo hr ¶moOZm gwê$ Ho$br hmoVr.
(5) OZZr gwajm ¶moOZm … 12 E{àb 2005.
¾ J^©dVtMr JamoXa H$mimV VnmgUr, àgyVr, àgyVr Z§Va Am{W©H$ ‘XV d g§ñWmË‘H$ àgyVr (Institutional
Delivery) dmT>{dÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo hr ¶moOZm gwé Ho$br.
(6) ^maV {Z‘m©U ¶moOZm … 2005-06.
¾ J¥h{Z‘m©U, qgMZ, no¶Ob, añVo, {dÚwVrH$aU Xþag§Mma ¶m 6 joÌm‘Ü¶o ‘yb^yV d nm¶m^yV gw{dYm CnbãY H$éZ
gdmª{JU {dH$mg H$aÊ¶mgmR>r hr ¶moOZm gwé Ho$br hmoVr.
(7) amï´>r¶ J«m‘rU amoOJma h‘r ¶moOZm (NREGS - National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme) :
¾ 2 ’o$~«wdmar 2006.
76
¾ NREGS H$m¶Xm 7 gßQ>|~a 2005 amoOr g§‘V Ho$cm.
¾ 2 Am°³Q>mo~a 2009 bm ¶m ¶moOZobm ‘hmË‘m Jm§YrOtMo Zmd XoÊ¶mV Ambo.
(8) Odmhabmb Zohé amï´>r¶ ehar nwZéËWmZ A{^¶mZ (JNNURM- Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban
Renewal Mission) : 3 {S>g|~a 2005.
¾ ehar ^mJmVrb nm¶m^yV gw{dYm Ogo COm©, Xþag§Mma, añVo, nmUr nwadR>m, ñdÀN>Vm, KZH$Mam ì¶dñWmnZ, dmhVyH$
¶m§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ¶mgmR>r hr ¶moOZm gwé Ho$br hmoVr.
(9) ^maV A‘o[aH$m ZmJar AUwH$ama (18 Owc¡ 2005) : A‘o[aHo$Mo amï´>mÜ¶j Om°O© ~we d ^maVmMo n§VàYmZ ‘Z‘mohZqgJ
¶m§Zr ¶m H$amamcm ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xcr. ¶m H$amamcm Am§Vaamï´>r¶ AUweº$s Am¶moJmZo 2008 ‘Ü¶o ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xcr. ¶m
Am¶moJmZo {Xcoë¶m ‘mÝ¶VoZ§Va NSG (Nuclear Supplier Group) Zo ^maVmcm AUwgm‘J«r nwa{dÊ¶mMr g§‘Vr {Xcr.
‘yë¶‘mnZ :
(1) IM© … 16,18,460 H$moQ>r én¶o (COm©-22.4%, H¥$fr-20.2%, CÚmoJ-16%, dmhVyH$-16.3%, g§Mma-5.1%,
CÚmoJ I{ZOo-4%, gmYmaU Am{W©H$ godm-1.9%, {dkmZ V§kmZ d n¶m©daU-1.8%, gmYmaU godm-1.3%,)
(2) EHy$U 8% BVH$m d¥ÕrXa JmR>Uo Ano{jV hmoVo. ‘mÌ àË¶jmV 7.7% BVH$m d¥ÕrXa JmR>bm Jobm.
AH$amdr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
H$mbmdYr … 1 E{àb 2007 Vo 31 ‘mM© 2012
‘w»¶â … Am{W©H$ d¥Õr, g‘mdoeH$ {dH$mg, gm‘m{OH$ godm
AÜ¶j … ‘Z‘mohZqgJ
CnmÜ¶j … ‘m±Q>oH$qgh Ahbwdm{b¶m
bú¶ … Am{W©H$ dmT>, Xm[aÐç d ~oamoOJmar {Z‘©wbZ, {ejU, Amamo½¶, nm¶m^yV gw{dYm Am{U n¶m©daU d emídVVm qH$dm
gm‘m{OH$ godm (Faster & Inclusive Growth)
bú` d gmÜ` : ‘wÔo gwQ>gwQ>rV ìhmdoV `mgmR>r 11 ì`m `moOZoMr búò d gmÜò 6 JQ>m§‘Üò {d^mJbr AmhoV - Am{W©H$
dmT>, Xm[aÐç d ~oamoOJmar {Z‘y©bZ, {ejU, Amamo½`, nm`m^yV gw{dYm Am{U n`m©daU d emídVVm.
Xm[aÐç d ~oamoOJmar :
bú` :
¾ Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU 10% Zr H$‘r H$aUo.
¾ 58 Xebj amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr {Z‘m©U H$aUo.
¾ gw{e{jV ~oamoOJmar 5% À`m Imbr AmUUo.
¾ AHw$eb H$m‘Jmam§À`m ‘Owar XamV 20% Zr dmT> H$aUo.
{ejU :
bú` :
¾ àmW{‘H$ emioZ§Va emim gmoS>Umè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr JiVr 2003-04 ‘Yrb 53.2% dê$Z 2011-12 n`ªV 20% da
AmUUo.
¾ 7 dfmªhÿZ A{YH$ d` Agboë`m§Mr gmjaVm 85% H$aUo.
¾ gmjaVoVrb nwéf d {ó`m§‘Üò Agbobr V’$mdV 10% n`ªV Imbr AmUUo.
¾ Cƒ {ejU KoUmè`m§Mr g§»`m 10% dê$Z 15% H$aUo.
77
Amamo½` :
bú` :
¾ {eey ‘¥Ë`yXa (Child Mortality) 28 n`ªV d ‘mVm ‘¥Ë`yà‘mU (Maternal Mortality) 100 n`ªV H$‘r H$aUo.
¾ EHy$U OZZXa (Fertility Rate) 2.1 n`ªV H$‘r H$aUo.
¾ 2009 n`ªV gdmªZm ñdÀN> nmUrnwadR>m H$aUo.
¾ 0 Vo 3 df} d`moJQ>mVrb ‘wbm§Mo Hw$nmofU {Zåå`mda AmUUo.
¾ {ó`m VgoM ‘wbt‘Yrb aº$j`mMo à‘mU {Zåå`mda AmUUo.
nm`m^yV gw{dYm :
bú` :
¾ 2009 n`ªV gd© IoS>o d Xm[aÐç aofoImbrb bmoH$m§Zm drOOmoS>Ur d nyU©doi drO {‘idyZ XoUo.
¾ 2009 n`ªV H$‘rV H$‘r 1000 bmoH$g§»òMo Jmd AWdm S>m|Jami ^mJmVrb 500 bmoH$dñVrMo Jmd gd© F$Vy§V {Q>Ho$b
Aem añË`m§Zr OmoS>Uo d 2015 n`ªV gd© dñË`m Aem añË`m§Zr OmoS>Uo.
¾ 2007 n`ªV gd© IoS>çm§Zm Q>o{b’$moZ, Va 2012 n`ªV ~«m°S>~±S> godm§Zr OmoS>Uo.
¾ 2012 n`ªV J«m‘rU J[a~m§Zm Kao ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r OmJm, Va 2016-17 n`ªV Ka CnbãY H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmamIS>m AmIUo.
n`m©daU d emídVVm :
bú` :
¾ dZo d PmS>m§Zr AmÀN>mXrV àXoemV 5% Zr dmT> H$aUo.
¾ 2011-12 n`ªV OmJ{VH$ Amamo½` g§KQ>ZoMo dm`wewÕrMo ‘mZH$ àmá H$aUo.
¾ 2011-12 n`ªV ZÚm, ehar KZH$Mè`mMo ì`dñWmnZ H$ê$Z ñdÀN>Vm amIUo.
¾ D$Om© H$m`©j‘Vm 2016-17 n`ªV 20% Zr dmT>{dUo.
(1) 2009 ‘Ü¶o {ejU h³H$mMm H$m¶Xm (Right to Education Act - RTE) H$aÊ¶mV Ambm d Ë¶mMr A§‘b~OmdUr
1 E{àb 2010 nmgyZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
(2) gmja ^maV ¶moOZm … 8 gßQ>|~a 2009
(3) CÀM d Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU {‘iUmÀ¶m CÔoemZo 2011-12 ‘Ü¶o National Mission in Education Through
Information & Communication Technology ho A{^¶mZ gwé H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶m A§VJ©V 5 Am°³Q>mo~a 2011
bm ~mOmamV AmH$me Q>°ãboQ> AmUbo.
(4) amï´>r¶ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejm A{^¶mZ … ‘mM© 2009
(5) OZZr {eew gwajm H$m¶©H«$‘ … 1 OwZ 2011.
(6) àYmZ‘§Ìr ñdmñW gwajm H$m¶©H«$‘ (2009) … Amamo½¶ godoVrb àmXo{eH$ Ag‘Vmob Xÿa H$aÊ¶mgmR>r d¡ÚH$s¶ {ejUmV
JwUmË‘H$ gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r hr ¶moOZm gwê$ Ho$br.
(7) AH$amì¶m ¶moOZm H$mimV nmo{cAmo d Hw$ð>amoJmMo ^maVmVyZ CƒmQ>Z Pmë¶mMo Kmo{fV H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
Amamo½¶ bú¶ :
(1) {eey ‘¥Ë¶yXa 28 n¶ªV d ‘mVm ‘¥Ë¶yXa 100 n¶ªV H$‘r H$aUo.
(2) EHy$U OZZ Xa (Fertility Rate) 2.1 n¶ªV H$‘r H$aUo.
78
‘wë¶‘mnZ
(1) IM© … 36,76,936 H$moQ>r én¶o (gm‘m{OH$ godm-32.57%, H¥$fr-19.67%, COm©-18.61%, dmhVyH$-16.68%,
BVa IM©)
(2) EHy$U 9.0% d¥ÕrXa JmR>Uo Ano{jV hmoVo ‘mÌ àË¶jmV 8.2% d¥ÕrXa JmR>bm Jobm.
~mamdr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
H$mbmdYr … 1 E{àb 2012 Vo 31 ‘mM© 2017.
AÜ¶j … ‘Z‘mohZ qgJ (‘o 2014 n¶ªV) (31 {S>g|~a 2014 bm {Z¶moOZ Am¶moJ g§nwï>mV Ambm.)
CnmÜ¶j … ‘m±Q>oH$qgJ Ahbwdm{b¶m (‘o 2014 n¶ªV)
bú¶ … Am{W©H$ d¥Õr, g‘mdoeH$ d emídV {dH$mg
¶moOZoMo Zmd … ObX, emídV Am{U A{YH$ g‘mdoer d¥Õr (Faster, More Inclusive & Sustainable Development)
Xm[aÐç d ~oamoOJmar :
· 12 ì`m `moOZoV H$m¡eë` {dH$mgmda (Skill Development) {deof bj XoÊ`mV Ambo. `mgmR>r NSD- (National
Skill Development Authority) àm{YH$aU d Ë`m A§VJ©V amï´>r` H$m¡eë` {dH$mg A{^`mZ NSDM (National Skill
Developoment Mission) 12 ì`m `moOZmH$mimV gwê$ H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo.
gmÜ` :
¾ 24 gßQ>|~a 2013 bm ñdU©O`§Vr ehar amoOJma `moOZoMr nwZa©MZm H$ê$Z "amï´>r` ehar OrdZmoÞVr A{^`mZ' (NULM-
National Urban Livelihood Mission) gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
¾ 2014 ‘Üò H¥$fr godm {dñVma d `m§{ÌH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo NMAET (National Mission on Agriculture
Extension and Technology) ho A{^`mZ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
{ejU :
bú` :
¾ 12 ì`m `moOZoAIoa emioV OmÊ`mÀ`m gamgar dfm©V 7 df} {ejUmMr dmT> H$aUo.
Amamo½` :
bú` :
¾ 12 ì`m `moOZoAIoa {eey ‘¥Ë`yXa 25 d ‘mVm ‘¥Ë`yà‘mU 100 da AmUUo VgoM 0 Vo 6 df} d`moJQ>mVrb qbJJwUmoÎma
(Sex Ratio) 950 da AmUUo.
¾ 12 ì`m `moOZoAIoa OZZXa (Fertility Rate) 2.1 da AmUUo.
¾ 15 ‘o 2015 nmgyZ gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½` `§ÌUm§‘Üò ñdÀN>Vog àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo nm[aVmo{fH$na àmoËgmhZ XoUmar
"H$m`mH$ën' `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 25 gßQ>|~a 2016 bm ñdÀN> ^maV {‘eZ Am{U H$m`mH$ën `m§À`m g‘Ýd`mZo
"ñdÀN> ñdñW gd©Ì' A{^`mZ gwê$ Pmbo.
¾ 4 Zmoìh|~a 2016 bm d§Xo ‘mVa‘ `moOZoMo AmYw{ZH$ ê$n åhUOo "àYmZ‘§Ìr gwa{jV ‘mV¥Ëd A{^`mZ' gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
nm`m^yV gw{dYm :
bú` :
¾ ~mamì`m `moOZoAIoa gd© amï´>r` d amÁ` ‘hm‘mJmªMo H$‘rV H$‘r XwnXarH$aU H$aUo.
¾ 11 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2014 nmgyZ gm§gX AmXe© J«m‘ `moOZm gwê$ Pmbr.
¾ 25 OyZ 2015 bm "àYmZ‘§Ìr Amdmg `moOZ'Mo (ehar) AZmdaU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. 20 Zmoìh|~a 2016 bm (B§{Xam
79
Amdmg `moOZoEodOr) "àYmZ‘§Ìr Amdmg `moOZm'Mo (J«m‘rU) AZmdaU H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
¾ 100% J«m‘rU {dÚwVrH$aU d 24 × 7 drOnwadR>çmMo bú` R>odyZ 25 Owb¡ 2015 bm "XrZX`mb CnmÜ`m` J«m‘Á`moVr
`moOZm' gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
¾ 1 OmZodmar 2015 nmgyZ "g§nyU© XoemV' J°g g~{gS>r ~±H$ ImË`mV dJ© H$aUmar "nhb `moOZm' gwê$ Pmbr.
¾ ehar ‘yb^yV gw{dYm d gmo~VM nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo 25 OyZ 2015 bm "A‘¥V `moOZm',
"ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r {‘eZ' gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
¾ 21 ’o$~«wdmar 2016 bm J«m‘rU joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm àmoËgmhZ XoVrb, Ago dmT>j‘ J«m‘rU g‘yh {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m
CÔoemZo "í¶m‘màgmX ‘wIOu é~©Z {‘eZ' gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
n`m©daU d emídVVm :
bú` :
¾ 12 ì`m `moOZmH$mimV dZmÀN>m{XV àXoemV (CnJ«h AmYmao ‘moOyZ) Xadfu 1 {‘{b`Z hoŠQ>aMr dmT> H$aUo.
¾ n°arg n[afXobm AZwgê$Z ^maVmZo Amnbo 'INDC - Intended Nationally Determined Contributions' Omhra Ho$bo
AmhoV.
¾ ^maVmZo INDC Ahdmb 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2015 bm g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmH$S>o gwnyX© Ho$bm.
¾ ndZAmYmarV D$O}gmR>r National Offshore Wind Energy Policy ho YmoaU ~Z{dÊ`mV Ambo.
¾ nwT>rb nmM dfmªV àËòH$s 500 MW j‘VoMo 25 gm¡anmH©$ (Solar Park) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m `moOZoda H|$Ð gaH$maZo
{e¸$m‘moV©~ Ho$bo.
(1) bú¶ … J¡a H¥$fr joÌmV 50.3 Xebj amoOJma {Z{‘©Vr H$ê$Z H$m¡eë¶ {dH$mgmda â XoUo.
(2) amï´>r¶ ehar OrdZmoÝZVr A{^¶mZ (National Urban Livelihood Mission) : 24 gßQ>|~a 2013.
¾ ehamVrc ~oamoOJmam§gmR>r ñd¶§amoOJmamMr VgoM ‘Owar amoOJmamMr hr ¶moOZm Amho.
(3) XrZX¶mb A§Ë¶moX¶ ¶moOZm … 25 gßQ>|~a 2014.
¾ VéUm§‘Yrb H$m¡eë¶mMm {dH$mg H$aUo d Ë¶m§Zm amoOJma nwa{dUo.
¾ hr ¶moOZm ehar VgMo J«m‘rU ^mJmV gwé Pmbr.
(4) XrZX¶mb A§Ë¶moX¶ ¶moOZm … (OwZo Zmd) amï´>r¶ J«m‘rU OrdZmoÝZVr A{^¶mZ : 29 ‘mM© 2016
(5) XrZX¶mb A§Ë¶moX¶ ¶moOZm … (OwZo Zmd) amï´>r¶ ehar OrdZmoÝZVr A{^¶mZ : 19 ’o$~«wdmar 2016
(6) nT>o ^maV, ~T>o ^maV … 26 Am°JñQ> 2014.
¾ ‘wbm§Zm bdH$a {b{hVm dmMVm ¶mdo VgoM J{UV {df¶mV AmdS> {Z‘m©U ìhmdr ¶m CÔoemZo hr ¶moOZm gwé H$aÊ¶mV
Ambr.
(7) CS>mZ ¶moOZm … 14 Zmoìh§o~a 2014.
¾ embo¶ {ejU d A{^¶m§{ÌH$s àdoenyd© narjm ¶mXrVrb Xar ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r CÀM ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU KoUmè¶m
‘wbtgmR>r hr ¶moOZm gwé H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
(8) amï´>r¶ CÀMñVa {ejm A{^¶mZ (RUSA) - 2013 : CÀM {ejU g§ñWm§Zm ghmæ¶ XoUo.
(9) CÝZV ^maV A{^¶mZ … 11 Zmoìh|~a 2014.
¾ XoeâmVrb gd© CÀM {ejU g§ñWm ñWm{ZH$ g‘wXm¶mer OmoS>ë¶m Omì¶mV d Ë¶m§Zm {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí¶H$
AgUmar V§ÌkmZo nwa{dÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo hr ¶moOZm gwé Ho$br hmoVro.
(10) amï´>r¶ {S>{OQ>b gmjaVm {‘eZ (National Digital Literacy Mission) {S>{OQ>c gmjaVm A{^¶mZ (DISHA) ho
A{^¶mZ cmoH$m§Zm {S>{OQ>c gmja ~Z{dÊ¶mgmR>r gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
80
(11) amï´>r¶ A{dîH$ma A{^¶mZ (9 Owb¡ 2015) … {dkmZ Am{U J{UV {df¶mV {dÚmÏ¶mªZm AmdS> {Z‘m©U ìhmdr.
(12) eJwZ nmoQ>©b (18 OmZodmar 2017) … eJwZ ho gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo nmoQ>©b Amho.
(13) ñdñW ~ÀMo ñdñW ^maV … 25 {S>g|~a 2016.
¾ ñdÀN> ^maV {‘eZ Am{U gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ ¶m§Zm OmoS>Umar hr ¶moOZm Amho.
(14) bú¶ … [eew ‘¥Ë¶yXa 25 d ‘mVm ‘¥Ë¶yXa 100 da AmUUo d ~mb qbJ JwUmoÎma 950 da AmUUo.
OZZXa (Fertility Rate) 2.1 da AmUUo.
(15) XoemMo n{hbo ‘mZ{gH$ Amamo½¶ YmoaU … Am°³Q>mo~a 2014.
(16) Am¶wf {‘eZ … gßQ>|~a 2014.
(17) {‘eZ B§ÐYZwî¶ … {S>g|~a 2014. d¡pídH$ bgrH$aUmgmR>r (Universal Vaccination)
(18) H$m¶mH$ën ¶moOZm … 15 ‘o 2015.
¾ gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½¶ ¶§Ì§Um‘Ü¶o ñdÀN>Vog àmoËgmhZ XoUmar nm[aVmo{fH$na àmoËgmhZ ¶moOZm Amho.
(19) ñdÀN ñdñW gd©Ì … 25 gßQ>|~a 2016.
¾ ñdÀN> ^maV {‘eZ Am{U H$m¶mH$ën ¶m§À¶m g‘Ýd¶mZo hr ¶moOZm gwé Ho$br.
(20) 12 gßQ>|~a 2013 bm amï´>r¶ AÝZ gwajm H$m¶Xm g§‘V H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.
(21) XrZX¶mb CnmÜ¶m¶ J«m‘Á¶moVr ¶moOZm … 25 Owb¡ 2015.
¾ 100% J«m‘rU {dÚwVrH$aU d 24 x 7 drOnwadR>m ¶mgmR>r hr ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
(22) 2015-16 À¶m AW©g§H$ënmV JAM (Jandhan-Adhar-Mobile) ¶m {ÌgwÌrda â XoD$Z, {Xbr OmUmar Am{W©H$
g~{gS>r WoQ> ~±H$ ImË¶mV hñVm§VaU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ¶m {ÌgwÌrMm dmna H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVmo.
(23) 2020 n¶ªV J§^ra àXÿfU Pmboë¶m ZÚm 100% ñdÀN> H$aUo.
(24) emco¶ ñd¶§godH$ H$m¶©H«$‘ åhUyZ 16 OwZ 2016 amoOr {dÚm§Ocr H$m¶©H«$‘ gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcm.
(25) 2014 ‘Ü¶o H¥$fr godm {dñVma d ¶m§{ÌH$sH$aU H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo National Mission on Agriculture Extension
and Technology (NMAET) ho A{^¶mZ gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
(26) gd© IoS>o qH$dm Jmdo ~ma‘mhr añË¶m§Zr OmoS>Uo VgoM gd© amÁ¶ d amï´>r¶ ‘hm‘mJm©Mo XþnXarH$aU H$aÊ¶mMo cj R>odÊ¶mV
Amco hmoVo.
‘yë¶‘mnZ :
{Z¶mo{OV IM© 80,50,123 H$moQ>r én¶o H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUma hmoVm d 8.2% d¥ÕrXamMo bj R>odÊ¶mV Ambo hmoVo. nU ~mamdr
¶moOZm {VMm 5 dfm©Mm H$m¶©H$mb nyU© H$é eH$br Zmhr H$maU 31 {S>g|~a 2014 bm {Z¶moOZ Am¶moJ ~§X H$aÊ¶mV Amcm.
~mamì¶m ¶moOZoV gdm©{YH$ IM© gm‘m{OH$ godm joÌmMm (34.74%) Amho.
~mamì¶m ¶moOZoV d¥ÕrXa 6.9% am{hbm.
gmam§e (Summary)
Am{W©H$ d¥{ÕXa :
g§nyU© `moOZm H$mbmdYrV Am{W©H$ d¥Õr ho ‘w»` C{Ôï> am{hbo. `m H$mbmdYrV 3 `wÕo, 2 XwîH$mi, 1991 Mo g§H$Q>, 2008
Z§VaMr ‘§Xr Aem AZoH$ ~mYm Amë`m.
gdmªV H$‘r d¥{ÕXa {Vgè¶m `moOZoV (2.8%) am{hbm. (Xhmì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMr AmH$S>odmar {dMmamV KoVbr Va gdmªV
H$‘r d¥{ÕXa 4 Ï`m `moOZoV (2.05%) am{hbm.)
gdm©{YH$ d¥{ÕXa 11 ì`m `moOZoV am{hbm.
81
1 ë`m, 5 ì`m, 6 ì`m, 7 ì`m d 8 ì`m `moOZoV Ano{jV d¥{ÕXamnojm OmñV d¥{ÕXa am{hbm.
CËnmXZ :
H¥$fr CËnmXZmV n{hë`m d Xwgè`m h[aV H«$m§Vr‘wio dmT> Pmbr. AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZ 1951-52 ‘Üò 50.8 {‘{b`Z Q>Z hmoVo,
Vo 2016-17 ‘Üò 273.4 {‘{b`Z Q>Zda nmohmoMbo.
Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmMm d¥{ÕXa g§W am{hbm. CXmarH$aUmZ§Va `m d¥{ÕXamZo JVr KoVbr. 10 ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV Am¡Úmo{JH$
CËnmXZmMm d¥{ÕXa 8.2% BVH$m ‘hÎm‘ hmoVm. 2008 Z§Va ‘§Xr‘wio hm d¥{ÕXa KQ>bm Amho. 2013-14 ‘Üò IIP d¥{ÕXa
F$UmË‘H$ Zm|Xdbm Jobm.
MbZdmT> :
1991 AmYr MbZàd¥ÎmrV Vrd« MT>CVma Ambo. 1 ë`m `moOZoV Vrd« MbZKQ>, Va 5 ì`m `moOZoV Vrd« MbZdmT> AZw^dmg
Ambr.
{Z`moOZmVrb Anè :
n{hë`m 5 `moOZm§‘Üò J[a~r hQ>mAmoÀ`m ZwgË`m KmofUm Pmë`m. na§Vw Ë`mgmR>r R>mog `moOZm gwê$ hmoD$ eH$ë`m ZmhrV.
amoOJma{Z{‘©Vrbm Cƒ àmW{‘H$Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr Zmhr.
amoOJma{Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1980 Z§Va {d{dY amoOJma `moOZm gwê$ Pmë`m Agë`m Var dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m d g§aMZmË‘H$
gwYmaUm§À`m H$‘VaVm§‘wio ~oamoOJmar {Z‘m©U Pmbr. Usual Status nÕVrZwgma 1972-73 ‘Üò ~oamoOJmarMm Xa 1.6%
hmoVm, Vmo 2017-18 ‘Üò 6.1% da Jobm.
Xm[aÐçmV KQ> Pmbr. na§Vw Xm[aÐçaofoImbrb bmoH$g§»òV KQ> Ambr Zmhr. 1973-74 ‘Üò 32.1 H$moQ>r bmoH$ Xm[aÐçaofoImbr
hmoVo. 2011-12 ‘Üò V|Sw>bH$a nÕVrZwgma 26.9 H$moQ>r bmoH$ Xm[aÐçaofoImbr hmoVo.
IoS>çm§À`m gj‘rH$aUmMm doJ ‘§X Agë`m‘wio eharH$aU amoIVm Ambo Zmhr. A{Z`mo{OV eharH$aUm‘wio PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm
dmT>ë`m.
O‘rZ gwYmaUm§Mm doJ ‘§X am{hbm. 2015-16 ‘Üò gr‘m§V eoVH$è`m§Mo à‘mU 68.5% hmoVo d Ë`m§À`mH$S>o à{VHw$Qw>§~ gamgar
Ho$di 0.38 hoŠQ>a O‘rZ hmoVr.
AnèmMr H$maUo :
{Z`moOZ gwadmVrbm g‘mOdmXr, Va Z§Va ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWoH$S>o PwH$bo.
‘hmbZmo{~g à{V‘mZmZwgma gwadmVrbm ^m¡{VH$ ^m§S>dbmV Jw§VdUyH$ Pmbr. 1991 Z§Va Vr dmè`mda gmoSy>Z amd-‘Z‘mohZ
à{V‘mZmZwgma ‘mZdr ^m§S>dbmda Jw§VdUyH$ hmoD$ bmJbr.
g‘mOdmXr g‘mOaMZoMo Adeof Cabobo AgVmZm XwgarH$S>o CXmarH$aU, ImgJrH$aU d OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m (LPG) ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ
‘wº$ AW©ì`dñWoV àdoe H$aUo Mmby Pmbo. AW©ì`dñWm MH«$ì`yhmV gmnS>br.
gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJm§‘YyZ XrK©H$mimV d¥Õr d amoOJma{Z{‘©Vr hmoUma hmoVr, Or Anojonojm ’$maM H$‘r Pmbr.
CËnmXZ `§ÌUoV ~Xb Pmbm Zmhr. CËnmXZ d {ejUmV g‘Ýd`mMm A^md am{hbm.
AÞ, {ejU, Amamo½`, ‘yb^yV gw{dYm nwa{dÊ`mMo VÎd 10 ì`m `moOZoZ§Va AmT>iVo. `m VÎdmbm ZdJm§Yr`Z Ñ{ï>H$moZ (Neo
Gandhism) Ago åhUVmV. Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` JV}V ZdJm§Yr`Z Ñ{ï>H$moZ d ghH$ma Midi ho AmeoMo {H$aU AmhoV.
ZrVr Am`moJmÀ`m ñWmnZoZ§Va ghH$mar g§KamÁ` d {dH|$ÐrH$aUmg àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV òV Amho. AÞ, {ejU, Amamo½`, ‘yb^yV
gw{dYm, Xm[aÐç {Z‘y©bZ d amoOJma{Z{‘©Vr hr VÎdo gaH$maÀ`m AO|S>çmda AmhoV. H$Yr H$mir YaUo ~m§YUmao gaH$ma AmVm
‘wbm§À`m {ejUmda â XoUmao gaH$ma ~Zbo Amho.
82
n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
¶moOZm H$mcmdYr ‘w»¶ â à{V‘mZ {Z¶mo{OV gmÜ¶ d¥ÕrXa
d¥ÕrXa
1 1951-56 H¥$fr hoam°S>-S>mo‘a à{V‘mZ 2.1% 3.6%
2 1956-61 OS> d ‘wc^yV CÚmoJ ‘hmcZmo{~g à{V‘mZ 4.5% 4.2%
3 1961-66 H¥$fr d OS> CÚmoJ ‘hmcZmo{~g - Eg. MH«$dVu 5.6% 2.8%
¶moOZocm 1966-69 ñdmdc§~Z - 5% 3.9%
gwÅ>r
4 1969-74 ñW¡¶m©gh dmT> A°cZ ‘mZ - AemoH$ ê$Ð - S>r. 5.7% 3.3%
Ama. JmS>Jri
5 1974-78 Xm[aÐç {Z‘y©cZ d A°cZ ‘mZ - AemoH$ ê$Ð - S>r. 4.4% 4.8%
ñdmdc§~Z S>r. Ya
gaH$Vr 1978-80 - àmo. cH$S>mdmcm - -
¶moOZm
6 1980-85Xm[aÐç {Z‘y©cZ d A°cZ ‘mZ - AemoH$ ê$Ð 5.2% 5.7%
amoOJma {Z{‘©Vr
7 1985-90 CËnmXH$ amoOJma ~«åhmZ§X - dH$sc 5% 6%
{Z{‘©Vr
dm{f©H$ 1990-1992 - - - 0.9%
¶moOZm
8 1992-97 ‘mZdr {dH$mg Zaqgh amd - ‘Z‘mohZ 5.6% 6.7%
9 1997-02 H¥$fr d J«m‘rU - 6.5% 5.5%
{dH$mg
10 2002-07 {ejU - 8% 7.7%
11 2007-12 Am{W©H$ d¥Õr, nyam (PURA : Providing Urban 9% 7.9%
g‘mdoeH$ {dH$mg, Amenities in Rural Area) qH$dm
gm‘m{OH$ godm 8.1%
12 2012-17 Am{W©H$ d¥Õr, - 8.2% 6.9%
A{YH$ g‘mdoeH$ d
emídV {dH$mg

83
8 amï´>r¶ CËnÞ
amï´>r¶ CËnÞ (National Income) :
XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr ¶m§Zr 1867-68 ‘Ü¶o ^maVmMo XaS>moB© CËnÞ (Per Capita Income) 20 ê$. Amho Ago gm§{JVbo. (^maVmMo
amï´>r¶ CËnÞ ‘moOÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aUmao n{hco ì¶º$s.)
1911 ‘Ü¶o {’$ÝS>co {gamg ¶m§Zr ^maVmMo XaS>moB© CËnÞ (Per Capita Income) 49 é. Amho Ago gm§{JVco.
1913-14 ‘Ü¶o dm{S>¶m Am{U Omoer ¶m§Zr ^maVmMo XaS>moB© CËnÞ 44.30 ê$. Amho Ago gm§{JVbo.
S>m°. ìhr. Ho$. Ama. ìhr. amd ¶m§Zr gd©àW‘ ^maVmMo amï´>r¶ CËnÞ emñÌr¶ nÕVrZo ‘moObo. Ë¶m§Zr CËnmXZmMr JUZm
(Census of Outcome) d CËnÝZmMr JUZm (Census of Income) ¶m XmoÝhr nÕVtMm g§¶w{º$H$ dmna Ho$bm. S>m°. amd
¶m§À¶m nmhUrZwgma ^maVmMo XaS>moB© CËnÞ 1925 Vo 1929 ¶m H$mimV 76 é. Am{U 1931-32 ‘Ü¶o 62 ê$. AmT>iVo.
S>m°. ìhr. Ho$. Ama. ìhr. amd ¶m§Zm amï´>r¶ boIm àUmbrMo OZH$ (Father of National Income Accounting) ‘mZbo OmVo.
ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va ^maV gaH$maZo Am°JñQ> 1949 ‘Ü¶o amï´>r¶ CËnÞ g{‘Vr ñWmnZ Ho$br. ¶m g{‘VrMo à‘wI àmo. nr.gr.
‘hmbZmo{~g hmoVo Va àmo. S>r. Ama. JmS>Jri d S>m°. ìhr. Ho$. Ama. ìhr. amd ho ¶m g{‘VrMo gXñ¶ hmoVo. ¶m g{‘VrZo 1950-
51 ‘Ü¶o nmhUr Ho$br d Amnbm Ahdmb 1954 ‘Ü¶o gmXa Ho$bm. ¶m g{‘VrZo amï´>r¶ CËnÞ ‘moOÊ¶mgmR>r {Zìdi CËnmXZ
nÕV Am{U {Zìdi CËnÞ nÕV gwM{dbr. ¶m g{‘VrZo ^maVmMo amï´>r¶ CËnÞ 8650 H$moQ>r d XaS>mB© CËnÞ 246.90 ê$.
Agë¶mMm A§XmO gm§{JVbm.
^maVmV amï´>r¶ CËnÞ ‘moOÊ¶mMo H$m‘ CSO (Central Statistical Organisation) H$aVo.
^maVmMo amï´>r¶ CËnÞ ‘moOÊ¶mMo à¶ËZ
Vk ‘moOUr df© amï´>r¶ CËnÞ (H$moQ>rV) XaS>moB© CËnÞ (ê$n¶o)
XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr 1868 340 20
dmS>r¶m d Omoer 1913-14 1067 44.30
ìhr. Ho$. Ama. ìhr. amd 1931-32 1689 62
amï´>r¶ CËnÞ g{‘Vr 1948-49 8650 246.90
amï´>r¶ CËnÞ ‘moOÊ¶mMr nÕV :
(1) CËnmXZ nÕV (Production Method) :
· CËnmXZ nÕVrZo amï´>r¶ CËnÞ ‘moOVmZm gd© A§{V‘ dñVy d godm§À¶m ~mOma^mdmMr ~oarO Ho$br OmVo.
(2) CËnÞ nÕV (Income Method) :
· CËnÞ nÕVrZo amï´>r¶ CËnÞ ‘moOVmZm ‘mbH$m§Zm àmßV hmoUmè¶m CËnÞmÀ¶m AmYmamda amï´>r¶ CËnÞmMo ‘moO‘mn Ho$bo OmVo.
(3) IM© nÕV (Expenditure Method) :
· CËnmXZ g§ñWm§Zr {Z‘m©U Ho$boë¶m A§{V‘ dñVy d godm {dH$V KoÊ¶mgmR>r bmoH$m§Zr Ho$boë¶m IMm©Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo
d ¶mdéZ amï´>r¶ CËnÞ H$mT>bo OmVo.
84
amï´>r¶ CËnÞ
ñWyb Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZ (Gross Domestic Product (GDP) :
GDP åhUOo EH$m Am{W©H$ dfm©V Xoem§VJ©V CËnm{XV hmoUmè¶m gd© A§{V‘ dñVy d godm§Mo ‘yë¶.
GDP åhUOo EH$m Am{W©H$ dfm©V Xoem§VJ©V Hw$Qy>§~ g§ñWmZr H$‘mdbobo CËnÞ.
GDP ‘moOVmZm XoemÀ¶m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {g‘oÀ¶m AmV CËnm{XV Ho$boë¶m dñVy Am{U godm qH$dm H$‘mdbobo CËnÞ {dMmamV
KoVbo OmVo. GDP ‘Ü¶o CËnÞ Hw$Ur H$‘mdbo ho {dMmamV KoVbo OmV Zmhr.
GDP ‘wio AW©ì¶dñWoMo g§»¶mË‘H$ AmH$bZ hmoVo JwUmË‘H$ Zmhr.
^maVmV Am{W©H$ df© 1 E{àb Vo 31 ‘mM© Agë¶m‘wio GDP ‘moOÊ¶mMo df© 2017-18. 2018-19 Ago AmnU XmIdVmo.
Nominal GDP : Mmby qH$‘VrZo GDP ‘moOë¶mg Ë¶m GDP bm Nominal GDP åhUVmV.
Real GDP : AmYma^yV dfm©Vrb (Base Year) qH$‘Vrer VwbZm H$éZ ‘moOboë¶m GDP bm Real GDP åhUVmV.
Nominal GDP
GDP Deflator = × 100
Real GDP
GDP Deflator ho qH$‘V dmT> (Inflation) qH$dm qH$‘V KQ> (Deflation) ‘moOÊ¶mMo {ZX}em§H$ Amho.
GDP Deflator ‘moOVmZm GDP ‘Ü¶o ¶moJXmZ XoUmè¶m gd©M dñVy Am{U godm ¶m§Mm {dMma KoVbm OmVmo.
GDP ‘moOÊ¶mgmR>r AmYma^yV df© (Base Year) : 2011-12.
2019-20 ‘Ü¶o ^maVmMm GDP d¥ÕrXa 5.2% hmoVm. 2015-16 Z§Va GDP gVV H$‘r Pmbm Amho.
CÚmoJ ì¶dhma ‘§Ìmb¶ (MCA-Ministry of Corporate Affairs) gÜ¶m B©-JìhZ©Ýg H$m¶©H«$‘m§VJ©V XoemVrb gd© H§$nÝ¶m§Mo
boIo (Audit), MCA-21 ¶m S>oQ>m~og ‘Ü¶o EH${ÌV R>odV Amho.
AmYma^yV df© (Base year) : AmYma^yV df© åhUOo Ago df© Oo qH$‘VrÀ¶m Ñï>rZo EH$ gm‘mÝ¶ df© AgVo. Ë¶mdfm©Vrc
qH$‘Vr‘Ü¶o ‘moR>r MT>CVma Pmcocr ZgVo. AmYma^yV dfm©Mm qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ 100 BVH$m ‘mZcm OmVmo.
OmZodmar 2015 nmgyZ amï´>r¶ CËnÞ ‘moOUrÀ¶m ZdrZ nÕVrMm Adc§~ H$aÊ¶mV Amcm Amho. ¶m ZdrZ nÕVrMo {dícofU
Imcrcà‘mUo H$aVm ¶oB©c.
¾ ¶mnydu pñWa KQ>H$‘yë¶ {H$‘Vrcm (Constant Factor - Cost Price) ‘moOcocm GVA hm àYmZ GDP åhUyZ JUcm
OmV Ago. AmVm pñWa ~mOma {H$‘Vrcm (Constant Market Price) Mo AmH$S>o OmñV âVmV. Ë¶m‘wio ^maVmMm GDP
AmVm OmñV âVmo. ZdrZ nÕV IMF (International Money Fund) d BVa Am§Vaamï´>r¶ nÕVtÀ¶m nR>S>rV ~gVo.
¾ AmYma^yV df© 2004-05 EodOr 2021-12 ñdrH$maÊ¶mV Amco.
gm§p»¶H$s d H$m¶©H«$‘ H$m¶m©Ýd¶Z ‘§Ìmc¶mZo 2017-18 ho ZdrZ AmYma^yV df© ñdrH$maÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$cr Amho.
ñWyb amï´>r¶ CËnmXZ (GNP : Gross National Product) :
¶m‘Ü¶o XoemÀ¶m ZmJarH$mZo XoemV qH$dm Xoem~mhoa H$‘mdbobo CËnÞ {dMmamV KoVbo OmVo.
GNP = GDP + A - B
A åhUOo XoemÀ¶m ZmJ[aH$mZo naXoemV H$‘mdbobo CËnÞ ‘m¶Xoer nmR>{dbo.
B åhUOo naH$s¶ XoemÀ¶m ZmJ[aH$mZo Amnë¶m XoemV CËnÞ H$‘dyZ Vo CËnÞ Ë¶mÀ¶m XoemV nmR>{dbo.
Oa A hm B nojm OmñV Agob Va GNP > GDP CXm : A‘o[aH$m
Oa B hm A nojm OmñV Agob Va GDP > GNP CXm : ^maV
^maVmMm GDP hm GNP nojm OmñV AgVmo. A‘o[aHo$gma»¶m {dH${gV XoemMm GNP hm GDP nojm ‘moR>m AgVmo.
GNP ‘wio AW©ì¶dñWoMo JwUmË‘H$ AmH$bZ hmoVo.
{Zìdi amï´>r¶ CËnmXZ (Net National Product) :
GNP ‘YyZ Kgmam dOm Ho$ë¶mZ§Va {Zìdi amï´>r¶ CËnmXZ {‘iVo. (Kgmam åhUOo CËnÞ {‘idÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$cocm IM©)
¶m‘wio CËnÞ {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r {H$Vr IM© H$amdm bmJVmo ¶mMm A§XmO ¶oVmo.
NNP = GNP - D (D åhUOo Depreciation)
85
amï´>r¶ CËnÞ
{Zìdi Xoem§VJ©V CËnÞ (NDP : Net Domestic Product) :
GDP ‘YyZ Kgmam (Depreciation) dOm Ho$ë¶mg NDP {‘iVmo.
NDP = GDP - D
emídV/gmVË¶nyU© {Zìdi amï´>r¶ CËnmXZ (SNNP : Sustainable Net National Product) :

SNNP = GNP - D - E
D = Kgmam, E = n¶m©daUmMm èhmg qH$dm n¶m©daUmMm Kgmam
harV ñWyb Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZ (Green GDP) :
Am{W©H$ dmT> hmoV AgVmZm Z¡g{J©H$ ñÌmoV g§nV OmVmV d n¶m©daUmMm èhmg hmoV OmVmo. Aem n¶m©daUmÀ¶m èhmgm‘wio
amï´>r¶ CËnÞ emídV amhÿ eH$V Zmhr.
Green GDP = GDP - Environment Loss
g‘Om ^maVmMm GDP 10,000 ê$. Amho nU ho 10,000 H$‘dÊ¶mgmR>r 3000 ê$n¶m§Mo Z¡g{J©H$ ñÌmoV (CXm. H$moigm,
Vob) g§ndbo Agob Am{U n¶m©daUmMm BVH$m èhmg Ho$bm Agoc Omo ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r 1000 ê$. IM© Ho$co nm{hOo ‘J
^maVmMm Green GDP = 10,000 - 1000 = 9000 Amho. n¶m©daUmMo ZwH$gmZ ‘moOUo ho Iwn AdKS> d H$R>rU Amho.
China Zo 2006 ‘Ü¶o gd© àW‘ Green GDP ‘moObm nU Ë¶m§Zm GDP ‘Ü¶o 3% KQ> OmUdbr. 2007 Z§Va MrZZo
Green GDP ‘moOUo ~§X H|$bo.
^maVmV Green GDP ‘moOVm ¶oB©b H$m Ë¶mgmR>r 4 Am°½mñQ> 2011 ‘Ü¶o nmW©Xmg JwßVm ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImbr EH$ g{‘Vr
ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambr hmoVr.
nmW©Xmg JwßVm g{‘VrMr {e’$mag :
Green GDP hr g§H$ënZm H$mhrer AnyU© AgyZ Am{W©H$ dmT> ‘moOÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mhr nojm doJir g§H$ënZm dmnabr nm{hOo.
GDP ‘moOÊ¶mMr ZdrZ gyÌo gwMdyZ Ë¶m g§H$ënZoV Z¡g{J©H$ ñÌmoV, ‘mZdr ^m§S>db Am{U nm¶m^yV g§nÎmr ¶m§Mo ‘yë¶ {dMmamV
KoÊ¶mMr {e’$mag ¶m JQ>mZo Ho$br Amho.
Gross National Happiness (GNH) :
^yVmZMo amOo {O½‘o qgJo dm§JMyH$ ¶m§Zr GNH hr ZdrZ CËnÞ ‘moOÊ¶mMr nÕV 1972 nmgyZ Adb§{~br.
GNH ‘moOVmZm Imbrb 4 KQ>H$ {dMmamV KoVmV.
(1) Am{W©H$ ñd¶§nyU©Vm (Sustainable & Equitable Socio-Economic Development),
(2) Am{X‘ n¶m©daU (Environmental Conservation),
(3) gm§ñH¥${VH$ OnUyH$ d dmT> (Preservation & Promotion of Culture),
(4) H$ë¶mUH$mar bmoH$emhr (Good Governance).
^yVmZÀ¶m {Z¶moOZ Am¶moJmMo Zmd National Happiness Commission R>odÊ¶mV Ambo.
^maVmV ‘Ü¶àXoe ho amÁ¶ ñdV…gmR>r GNH Index ‘moOVmo.
OmJ{VH$ AmZ§X {ZX}em§H$ (WHI - World Happiness Index) :
H$moU ‘moOVo? - 2012 nmgyZ g§¶wº$ amï´>g§KmMo Sustainable Development Solutions Network OmJ{VH$ AmZ§X Ahdmc
àH$m{eV H$aVo. hm Ahdmc {d{dY Vkm§Ûmao ~Zdcm OmVmo. Gallup World Poll {h g§ñWm WHI gmR>rMr ‘m{hVr (Data)
CncãY H$aV AgVo.
H$gm ‘moOcm OmVmo - Gallup Methodology da AmYm[aV àíZmdcrÀ¶m CÎmam§dê$Z WHI ‘moOcm OmVmo. ¶m àíZmVrc
ì¶dgm¶ d AW©ì¶dñWm, ZmJ[aH$m§Mm gh^mJ, XiUdiU d V§ÌkmZ, gm‘m{OH$ {df¶ Am{U {d{dYVm, {ejU Am{U
86
amï´>r¶ CËnÞ
Hw$Qw>§~o, H$ë¶mUmMr ^mdZm, n¶m©daU Am{U D$Om©, AÞ Am{U {Zdmam, gaH$ma Am{U amOH$maU, H$m¶Xm Am{U gwì¶dñWm,
Y‘© Am{U Z¡{VH$Vm, dmhVyH$, H$m‘ BË¶mXr {df¶m§Mm A§V^m©d Ho$cocm AgVmo.
Bï>V‘ ‘yë¶ WHI 0 Vo 1 AgVmo WHI 1 H$S>o PwH$Umam AgUo åhUOo Ë¶m XoemMm WHI Mm§Jcm AgUo.
Mmcy Ahdmc - 2022 Mm Ahdmc hm EHw$UmVcm 10 dm Ahdmc hmo¶. 2022 À¶m AhdmcmZwgma {’$Zc±S> Xoe gdm©V
AmZ§Xr AmT>icm. ¶m H«$‘dmarV ^maV 136 ì¶m H«$‘m§H$mda hmoVm. ^maV 2018 AhdmcmV 133 ì¶m, 2019 AhdmcmV
140 ì¶m, 2020 AhdmcmV 144 ì¶m Am{U 2021 139 ì¶m H«$‘m§H$mda hmoVm.
H|$Ðr¶ gm§p»¶H$s H$m¶m©b¶ (CSO : Central Statistical Organization/Office) :
ñWmnZm … 1951
CÔoe … {d{dY H|$Ðr¶ ‘§Ìmb¶o d amÁ¶ emgZm‘Ü¶o gm§p»¶H$s¶ g‘Ýd¶ amIÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo CSO Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
‘w»¶mb¶ … Zdr {X„r, ‘mÌ Am¡Úmo{JH$ gm§p»¶H$s qdJ H$mobH$mVm ¶oWo Amho.
H$m¶© …
(1) amï´>r¶ CËnÞ (National Income) ‘moOUo
(2) J«mhH$ qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ ‘moOUo (CPI)
(3) Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ {ZX}em§H$ (IIP : Index of Industrial Production) ‘moOUo
(4) gm§p»¶H$s g§~§{YV {H«$¶m‘Ü¶o g‘Ýd¶ gmYUo
amï´>r¶ Z‘wZm gd}jU H$m¶m©b¶ (NSSO : National Sample Survey Organisation/Office) :
ñWmnZm … 1950
CÔoe … Am{W©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ {Z¶moOZ AmIÊ¶mgmR>r d {Z¶moOZmVrb YmoaUo AmIÊ¶mgmR>r amï´>r¶ nmVirda Z‘wZm gd}jU
H$aÊ¶mgmR>r NSSO Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr.
NSSO ‘m’©$V "gd}jU' ¶m ZmdmZo EH$ Û¡¡dm{f©H$ (Biannual) OZ©c àH$m{eV Ho$co OmVo.
1970 ‘Ü¶o NSSO Mr nwZa©MZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
amï´>r¶ gm§p»¶H$s H$m¶m©c¶ (NSO - National Statistical Office) :
amï´>r¶ ‘hÎdmÀ¶m gm§p»¶H$sMr O~m~Xmar ¶m H$m¶m©c¶mda Q>mH$Ê¶mV Amcr Amho. AmYrÀ¶m CSO Am{U NSSO À¶m
{dcrZrH$aUmVyZ 2019 nmgyZ NSO ho H$m¶m©c¶ H$m¶©aV Pmco Amho.
OmZodmar 2020 ‘Yrc S>m°. gr. a§JamOZ g{‘VrZo Ago {dcrZrH$aU H$ê$Z g§gXocm O~m~Xma AgUmar ¶§ÌUm C^maÊ¶mMr
{e’$mag Ho$cr hmoVr. àË¶jmV 2019 ‘Ü¶o Ago {dcrZrH$aU Pmco Amho. na§Vy NSO ho gaH$macm O~m~Xma AgUmao
H$m¶m©c¶ C^maÊ¶mV Amco Amho. (g§gXocm O~m~Xma Zmhr). CSO Am{U NSSO ¶m AmVm Organisation Z amhVm A§VJ©V
H$m¶©aV AgUmao Office-cum-branch am{hcoco Amho. Imcr {Xcocr CSO Am{U NSSO Mr H$m¶©o åhUOoM Ë¶m§À¶m NSO
¶m ‘w»¶mc¶mMr H$m¶©o hmoV.
amï´>r¶ gm§p»¶H$s Am¶moJ (Nationl Statistical Commission) :
OmZodmar 2000 ‘Yë¶m S>m°. gr. a§JamOZ g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdéZ amï´>r¶ gm§p»¶H$s Am¶moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
12 Owb¡ 2006 bm n{hë¶m amï´>r¶ gm§p»¶H$s Am¶moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
Am¶moJmbm Amnbo H$m¶© CÎm‘ ~OmdVm ¶mdo ¶mgmR>r Am¶moJmbm ñdm¶ËVVm XoÊ¶mV Ambr Amho.
amï´>r¶ gm§p»¶H$s Am¶moJmMo n{hbo AÜ¶j … àmo. gwaoe V|Sw>bH$a
15 Owc¡ 2019 nmgyZ "{~‘c Hw$‘ma am°¶' ho AÜ¶j AmhoV.
87
amï´>r¶ CËnÞ
Am¶moJmMo H$m¶© :
(1) gm§p»¶H$s ¶§ÌUoda XoIaoI R>odUo d H$m¶©àUmbrMm AmT>mdm KoUo.
(2) amï´>r¶ ‘hÎdmMr Am{U XoemÀ¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r {ZUm©¶H$ R>aUmar AmH$S>odmar emoYUo.
(3) H|$Ð gaH$mMr {d{dY ‘§Ìmb¶o, {d^mJ, ¶§ÌUm§‘Ü¶o gm§p»¶H$s¶ g‘Ýd¶ amIUo.
(4) gm§p»¶H$s¶ AhdmbmMo boIm narjU H$éZ KoUo.
Am{W©H$ df© :
1867 nydu ^maVmV 1 ‘o Vo 30 E{àb Ago Am{W©H$ df© hmoVo. 1867 nmgyZ Am{W©H$ df© 1 E{àb Vo 31 ‘mM© Ago Ho$bo.
Eb. Ho$. Pm g{‘Vr-1984 …
Am{W©H$ df© ~XbÊ¶mV ¶mdo H$m ¶mgmR>r emgZmZo Eb. Ho$. Pm ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImbr g{‘Vr ñWmnZ Ho$br.
{e’$mag … Z¡F$Ë¶ ‘mog‘r dmè¶mMm (South West Monsoon) AW©ì¶dñWoda hmoUmam n[aUm‘ bjmV KoD$Z ^maVmMo Am{W©H$
df© 1 OmZodmar Vo 31 {S>g|~a Ago H$amdo Aer gyMZm Ho$br. na§Vy Am{W©H$ df© ~XbyZ AW©ì¶dñWoda hmoUmao n[aUm‘ ZJÊ¶
(Negligible) AgVrb Va OwZr nÕV VerM Mmby R>odÊ¶mMr gyMZm Ho$br.
e§H$a AmMm¶© g{‘Vr :

Am{W©H$ df© ~XbÊ¶mV ¶mdo H$m ¶mgmR>r 6 Owb¡ 2016 bm ^maV emgZmZo hr g{‘Vr ñWmnZ Ho$br.
e§H$a AmMm¶© g{‘VrZo Mmby Am{W©H$ df© nÕVrMo ’$m¶Xo d VmoQ>o Am{U ZdrZ Am{W©H$ df© nÕVr gwMdyZ Ë¶mMo ’$m¶Xo Am{U
ZwH$gmZ gwMdm¶Mo Amho.
¶m g{‘VrZo 28 {S>g|~a 2016 bm {dÎm ‘§Ìmb¶mbm Amnbm Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm. ‘mÌ {dÎm ‘§Ìmb¶mZo AmUIr hm Ahdmb
àgmarV Ho$bm Zmhr.

88
9 Xm[aÐç, ~oamoOJmar, Am{W©H$ d ‘mZdr {dH$mg
àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
GDP hm AW©ì¶dñWoVrb Am{W©H$ {dH$mg ‘moOÊ¶mMm {ZX}em§H$ Amho nU Vmo AW©ì¶dñWoVrb bmoH$m§Mo Mm§Jbo amhUr‘mZ
àX{e©V H$aobM Ago Zmhr.
‘mZd {dH$mg åhUOo AW©ì¶dñWoÀ¶m dmTr gmo~VM bmoH$m§À¶m amhUr‘mZmMm {dH$mg H$aUo hmo¶.
‘mZd {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$ (HDI : Human Development Index) :
‘mZd {dH$mg Ahdmb Xa dfu UNDP (United Nations Development Program) àH$m{eV H$aVo.
UNDP Zo 1990 ‘Ü¶o n{hë¶m§Xm ‘mZd {dH$mg Ahdmb Omhra Ho$bm.
‘mZd {dH$mg AhdmbmMr àoaUm nm{H$ñVmZr AW©Vk ‘h~y~ Cb-hH$ Am{U ^maVmMo AW©Vk A‘Ë¶© goZ ¶m§Mr hmoVr.
‘h~y~ Cb hH$ ¶m§Zm ‘mZd {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$mMo OZH$ Agoo g§~moYbo OmVo.
Imbrb VrZ KQ>H$m§da ‘mZd {dH$mg Ahdmb ‘moObm OmVmo. :
(1) XrK© d {ZamoJr OrdZ (Long & Healthy Life) :
· ¶mV OÝ‘mdoioMo gamgar Am¶wî¶ ‘moObo OmVo.
· {H$‘mZ 20 df} d H$‘mb 85 df} Am¶wî¶ g‘Obo OmVo.
(2) kmZmMr gwJ‘Vm (Access to Knowledge) :
· 25 df} d Ë¶mnojm OmñV d¶ AgUmè¶m§‘Ü¶o gamgar {H$Vr df© {ejU Pmbobo Amho Vo ‘moOVmV. {H$‘mZ 15
df} {ejU d {H$‘mZ 0 (eyÝ¶) df© {ejU g‘Obo OmVo. ¶mbmM AmnU gamgar embo¶ df© (Mean Years of
Schooling) åhUVmo.
· Ano{jV embo¶ df© (Expected Years of Schooling) … ¶m‘Ü¶o emioV àdoe KoUmè¶m ‘wbm§Zr {H$Vr df} {eH$Uo
Ano[jV Amho ho {dMmamV KoVbo OmVo. H$‘mb 18 df} d {H$‘mZ 0 (eyÝ¶) df© g‘Obo OmVo.
(3) Mm§Jbo amhUr‘mZ (Decent Standard of Living) :
· OrdZ‘mZmMm XOm© ‘moOÊ¶mgmR>r XaS>moB© ñWyb amï´>r¶ CËnÞ (Per Capita Gross National Income) ho ‘moObo OmVo.
· H$‘mb CËnÞ 75,000 S>m°ba d {H$‘mZ CËnÞ 100 S>m°ba g‘Obo OmVo.
àË¶j ‘yë¶ - {H$‘mZ ‘yë¶
Am¶m‘ {ZX}em§H$ =
H$‘mb ‘yë¶ - {H$‘mZ ‘yë¶
· darb {VÝhr KQ>H$m§Mm ^y{‘Vr¶ ‘Ü¶ (Geometric Mean) H$mTw>Z Ë¶m XoemMm ‘mZd {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$ R>adbm OmVmo.
‘mZd {dH$mg {ZXo©em§H$ 0 Vo 1 ¶m‘Ü¶o AgVmo.
¾ 0 åhUOo = ‘mZd {dH$mg Pmbobm Zmhr
¾ 1 åhUOo = nyU© ‘mZd {dH$mg Pmbobm Amho.
· ‘mZd {dH$mg AhdmbmVrb ‘m{hVr ~amo~a (Accurate) KoÊ¶mgmR>r g‘m§Va AmH$S>o Jmoim H$aVmV. ¶mgmR>r UNPD
(United Nations Population Division), UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific & Cultural
Organisation), Institute for Statistics, World Bank ¶m§À¶mH$S>rb AmH$S>odmar KoVbr OmVo.
HDI déZ XoemMo nwT>rb JQ> Ho$bo OmVmV :
(1) Aën {dH${gV Xoe … HDI 0.550 nojm H$‘r
89
Am{W©H ${dH$mg, ‘mZd {dH$mg
(2) ‘Ü¶‘ {dH${gV Xoe … HDI 0.550 Vo 0.699 Xaå¶mZ
(3) CÀM {dH${gV Xoe … HDI 0.700 Vo 0.799 Xaå¶mZ
(4) A{VCÀM {dH${gV Xoe … HDI 0.800 nojm OmñV
‘mZd {dH$mg Ahdmb 2022 :
AhdmbmMo Zmd … Uncertain times, unsettled lives : Shaping our future in a world in transformation.
189 Xoem§À¶m ¶mXr‘Ü¶o ^maVmMm H«$‘m§H$ 132 dm Amho. ^maVmMm HDI 0.633 BVH$m AgyZ ^maVmbm ‘Ü¶‘ {dH${gV
Xoem§À¶m ¶mXrV Q>mH$bo Amho.
H«$‘m§H$ Xoe ‘mZd {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$ (HDI)
1 pñdËPbªS> 0.962
2 Zm°d} 0.961
3 Am¶©c±S> 0.959
132 ^maV 0.633
189 Zm¶Oa 0.400
BRICS Xoemn¡H$s a{e¶m, ~«mPrb, MrZ d X{jU A{’«$H$m ¶m§Mm HDI AZwH«$‘o 52,84,85,114 dm H«$‘m§H$ Amho.
^maVmMo lr. {dídOrV Jwhm ¶m§Zr ‘mZd {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$mda AmYm[aV ZdrZ {ZX}em§H$ V¶ma Ho$bo AmhoV.
HDI1 = XrK© d {ZamoJr OrdZ kmZmMr gwJ‘Vm, Mm§Jbo amhUr‘mZ.
HDI2 = HDI1 + OrdZmMr JwUdÎmm.
HDI3 = HDI2 + Xm[aÐçaofodarb bmoH$g§»¶oMo à‘mU.
HDI4 = HDI3 + eharH$aU.
^maVmMm ‘mZd {dH$mg Ahdmb :
darb Am`m‘m§da AmYm[aV ^maVmZo n{hbm ‘mZd {dH$mg Ahdmb 2001 ‘Üò àH$m{eV Ho$bm. `m AhdmbmV 1999-
2000 ‘Yrb HDI {Xbo hmoVo. `m AhdmbmZwgma ^maVmMm HDI 0.387 hmoVm. gdm©{YH$ HDI {X„rMm hmoVm, Va gdm©V
H$‘r HDI PmaI§S>Mm hmoVm. `m AhdmbmMo erf©H$ 'State of Human Development' Ago hmoVo.
2011 ‘Üò ^maVmZo Xwgam ‘mZd {dH$mg Ahdmb àH$m{eV Ho$bm. `m AhdmbmV 2007-08 ‘Yrb HDI {Xbo hmoVo. `m
AhdmbmVrb R>iH$ ~m~r Imbrbà‘mUo-
¾ ^maVmMm HDI 0.467 Pmbm. (1999-2000 nojm 2007-08 ‘Üò HDI ‘Üò 21% Zo dmT> Pmbr.)
¾ gdm©{YH$ HDI Ho$aiMm (0.790) âbm. gdm©V H$‘r HDI N>ÎmrgJS>Mm (0.358) âbm.
¾ ‘hmamï´>mMm HDI 0.572 âbm.
¾ 11 ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoÀ`m eodQ>r eodQ>r àH$m{eV Pmboë`m 2011 À`m `m AhdmbmMo erf©H$ "gm‘m{OH$ g‘mdoeZmH$S>o
(Towards Social Inclusion)' Ago hmoVo.
‘hmamï´>mMm ‘mZd {dH$mg Ahdmc :
‘hmamï´>mZo n{hbm ‘mZd {dH$mg Ahdmb 2002 ‘Üò àH$m{eV Ho$bm. `m AhdmbmZwgma ‘hmamï´>mMm 2001 ‘Yrb HDI
0.666 hmoVm. gdm©{YH$ HDI ‘w§~B©Mm d gdm©V H$‘r HDI Z§Xwa~maMm hmoVm.
‘hmamï´>mZo Xwgam ‘mZd {dH$mg Ahdmb 2012 ‘Üò àH$m{eV Ho$bm. `mV 2011 ‘Yrb HDI XoÊ`mV Ambo. 2012 À`m
AhdmbmVrb R>iH$ ~m~r Imbrbà‘mUo -
¾ ‘hmamï´>mMm HDI 0.752 Pmbm.
¾ gdm©{YH$ HDI ‘w§~B©Mm (eha + CnZJa) 0.841 âbm. gdm©V H$‘r HDI Z§Xwa~ma {OëømMm 0.604 âbm.
¾ 2012 À`m `m AhdmbmMo erf©H$ "g‘mdoeH$ {dH$mgmH$S>o (Towards Inclusive Human Development)' Ago hmoVo.
90
Ag‘mZVm g‘m¶mo{OV ‘mZd {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$ (Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index) :
H$moU ‘moOVo?
¾ 2010 À`m ‘mZd {dH$mg AhdmbmMo erf©H$ 'The Real Wealth of Nations : Pathways to Human Development'
Ago hmoVo. ‘mZd {dH$mg Ahdmb H$m`©H«$‘mbm `m dfm©V 20 df} nyU© Pmbr hmoVr. `m{Z{‘ÎmmZo 2010 À`m AhdmbmV
MPI, IHDI Am{U GII ho 3 ZdrZ {ZX}em§H$ àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ‘mZdr {dH$mgmVrb Ag‘mZVm ‘moOÊ`mgmR>r
UNDP Zo IHDI {ZX}em§H$ ‘moOm`bm gwadmV Ho$br. ‘mZdr {dH$mgmVrb Ag‘mZVm HDI ‘Üò à{Vq~{~V hmoV Zmhr.
Vr IHDI ‘Üò à{Vq~{~V hmoVo.
H$gm ‘moObm OmVmo?
¾ HDI ‘moOVmZm ‘mZd {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$mMo {VÝhr Am`m‘ (XrK© d {ZamoJr OrdZ, kmZmMr gwJ‘Vm, Mm§Jbo amhUr‘mZ) ‘moOyZ
{VÝhr Am`m‘m§Mo Ag‘mZVoda AmYm[aV Ag‘mZVm g‘m`mo{OV {ZX}em§H$ H$mT>bo OmVmV. eodQ>r `m VrZ {ZX}em§H$m§dê$Z
Ag‘mZVm g‘m`mo{OV ‘mZd {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$ (IHDI) H$mT>bm OmVmo.
Bï>V‘ ‘yë` :
¾ HDI d IHDI gmaIm AgUo åhUOo ‘mZd {dH$mgmV g§nyU© g‘mZVm AgUo. HDI d IHDI ‘Üò OodT>r V’$mdV OmñV,
VodT>r {dH$mgmVrb Ag‘mZVm OmñV.
Mmby Ahdmb :
¾ UNDP À`m 2020 À`m AhdmbmZwgma ^maVmMm 2019 ‘Yrb IHDI 0.475 Amho.
¾ Ag‘mZVm {dMmamV KoVë`mg ^maVmÀ`m ‘mZd {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$mV 26.4% KQ> òVo`. hr V’$mdV ‘mZd {dH$mgmVrb
Ag‘mZVm åhUOoM "gm‘m{OH$ ì`mdV©Z' Xe©{dVo.
qbJ Ag‘mZVm {ZX}em§H$ (Gender Inequality Index) :
qbJ Ag‘mZVm {ZX}em§H$ ‘moOÊ¶mMo KQ>H$.
(1) n«OZZ ñmmñÏ¶ (Reproductive Health) : ¶mV ‘mVm ‘¥Ë¶y Xa Am{U nm¡J§S>mdñWoVrb OÝ‘Xa ‘moOyZ àOZZ
Amamo½¶mMm {ZX}em§H$ H$mT>bm OmVmo.
(2) geº$sH$aU (Empowerment) : ñÌr d nwéfmMm g§gXoVrb gh^mJ d ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejUmVrb à‘mU {dMmamV
KoVbo OmVo.
(3) amoOJma joÌ (Employment) : amoOJmam‘Ü¶o ór d nwéfm§Mm gh^mJ {dMmamV KoVcm OmVmo.
ñÌr {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$ Am{U nwéf {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$ H$mT>bm OmVmo d ¶m XmoÝhr {ZX}em§H$mdéZ qbJ AmYmarV ‘mZd {dH$mg
{ZX}em§H$ H$mT>bm OmVmo.
qbJ Ag‘mZVm {ZX}em§H$ 0 Vo 1 Xaå¶mZ AgVmo. 0 åhUOo qbJ g‘mZVm Amho. Va 1 åhUOo Vrd« qbJ Ag‘mZVm Amho.
Mmby Ahdmb :
¾ UNDP À`m 2020 ‘mZd {dH$mg gm§p»`H$sZwgma 2019 ‘Üò ^maVmMm GII 0.488 Amho. åhUOo ^maVmV qbJ
Ag‘mZVm Amho. åhUOo nwéf Am{U {ó`m§n¡H$s H$moUrVar nwT>o Amho Am{U Hw$UrVar ‘mJo Amho. Cabobr AmH$S>odmar
(CXm.- g§gXoVrb, amoOJmamVrb gh^mJ) Amnë`mbm ór`mM ‘mJo AmhoV ho Xe©{dVo. GII `mXrV ^maV 123 ì`m
H«$‘m§H$mda Amho.
qbJ AmYmarV {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$ (Gender Development Index) :
H$moU ‘moOVo ?
¾ 1995 À`m ‘mZd {dH$mg AhdmbmMo erf©H$ 'Gender Human Development' Ago hmoVo. `m 1995 À`m AhdmbmV
qbJôX (Gender inequality) da àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm. qbJôX ‘moOVm òB©b Ago 2 ZdrZ {ZX}em§H$ GDI Am{U.
GEM `m 1995 À`m AhdmbmV àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. 2010 ‘Üò GDI Mr ‘moOUr d àH$meZ Wm§~dÊ`mV Ambo
hmoVo. 2014 À`m ‘mZd {dH$mg AhdmbmV GDI Mr ‘moOUr d àH$meZ nwÝhm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. H$gm ‘moObm OmVmo.
91
ñÌr {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$ Am{U nwéf {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$ ñdV§ÌnUo H$mT>bm OmVmo d eodQ>r ñÌr {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$mMo nwéf {dH$mg
{ZX}em§H$mer Agbobo à‘mU H$mT>bo OmVo. Vo à‘mU åhUOoM qbJ AmYmarV {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$.
GDI 0 Vo 1 ‘Ü¶o ‘moObm OmVmo.
GDI 1 åhUOo nwéf d ñÌr¶m ¶m§Mm g‘mZ {dH$mg Pmbobm Amho.
GDI 1 nojm H$‘r åhUOo nwafmnojm pñÌ¶m§Mm {dH$mg H$‘r Pmbobm Amho.
UNDP À¶m 2018 À¶m AhdmbmZwgma 2017 ‘Ü¶o ^maVmMm GDI 0.841 Amho.
b¢{JH$ gj‘rH$aU ‘mnZ (GEM - Gender Empowerment Measure) :

H$moU ‘moOVo ?
¾ da gm§{JVë`mà‘mUo 1995 ‘Üò GDI gmo~VM GEM ‘moOUrg d àH$meZmg gwadmV Pmbr.
¾ 2010 ‘Üò GEM Mr ‘moOUr d àH$meZ Wm§~bo Amho.
H$gm ‘moObm OmVmo ?
¾ GEM ‘moOÊ`mgmR>r 3 Am`m‘ {dMmamV KoVbo OmV hmoVo - amOH$s` gh^mJ, Am{W©H$ gh^mJ d {ZU©` à{H«$`m, Am{W©H$
ómoVm§darb ‘mbH$s.
(1) amOH$s` gh^mJ (Political Participation) `mgmR>r nwéf d ‘{hbm§Mm g§gXoVrb gh^mJ {dMmamV KoVbm Jobm.
(2) Am{W©H$ gh^mJ d {ZU©` à{H«$`m (Economic Participation and Decision making) - `mgmR>r Imbrb 2
~m~r {dMmamV KoVë`m Joë`m.
(a) g§gX, A{YH$mar nXo, ‘°ZoOa nXo `m§‘Yrb nwéf d ‘{hbm§Mm gh^mJ
(b) ì`mdgm{`H$ nXo d V§Ìk nXm§‘Yrb nwéf d ‘{hbm§Mm gh^mJ
(3) Am{W©H$ ómoVm§darb ‘mbH$s (Power over Economic Resources) `mgmR>r nwéf d ‘{hbm§Mo CËnÞ {dMmamV
KoVbo Jobo. darb Am`m‘m§‘Üò nwéfm§À`m gh^mJmMm dmQ>m d ‘{hbm§À`m gh^mJmMm dmQ>m `mdê$Z g‘Vyë`
Q>¸o$dmar (equally distributed equivalent percentage) H$mT>br OmV hmoVr d Ë`mdê$Z GEM H$mT>bm OmV
hmoVm.
¾ Bï>V‘ ‘yë` - GEM 0 Vo 1 À`m Xaå`mZ AgVmo. 0 åhUOo ‘{hbm§Mm gh^mJ H$‘r d 1 åhUOo ‘{hbm§Mm gh^mJ
OmñV Amho.
OmJ{VH$ qbJ AmYm[aV A§Va {ZX}em§H$ (GGGI Global Gender Gap Index) :
H$moU ‘moOVo?
¾ World Economic Forum Zo gd©àW‘ 2006 ‘Üò GGGI ‘moOyZ Global Gender Gap Report àH$m{eV Ho$bm.
¾ GGGI ‘moOÊ`mgmR>r 4 Am`m‘ {dMmamV KoVmV.
(1) Am{W©H$ gh^mJ d g§Yr (Economic Participation Opportunity) : `m Am`m‘mV l‘gh^mJ, ‘Owar,
CËnZ, ì`mdgm{`H$Vm d H$m¡eë` {dMmamV KoVmV.
(2) e¡j{UH$ j‘Vm (Educational Attainment) : `m Am`m‘mV gmjaVm, àmW{‘H$-‘mÜ`{‘H$ d Cƒ {ejU
{dMmamV KoVmV.
(3) Amamo½` d {Q>H$md (Health Survival) : `m Am`m‘mV qbJJwUmoÎma d Am`w‘m©Z {dMmamV KoVmV.
(4) amOH$s` geº$sH$aU (Political Empowerment) : `m Am`m‘mV g§gXoVrb gh^mJ, ‘§{Ì‘§S>imVrb gh^mJ
d amÁ¶ñVamdarb ZoV¥ËdmVrb gh^mJ {dMmamV KoVmV.
darb {d{dY Am`m‘m§‘Yrb ór`m d nwéfm§‘Yrb gh^mJmMo A§Va ‘moOyZ ór : nwê$f à‘mU H$mT>bo OmVo. `m
à‘mUmdê$Z eodQ>r GGGI H$mT>bm OmVmo.
92
Bï>V‘ ‘yë` :
¾ GGGI 0 Vo 1 AgVmo. GGGI 0 AgUo åhUOo ór`m d nwê$fm§‘Yrb {dH$mgmMo d gh^mJmMo A§Va OmñV AgUo d
1 AgUo åhUOo ho A§Va H$‘r AgUo.
¾ Mmby Ahdmb 2021 À`m Global Gender Gap Report Zwgma ^maVmMm GGGI 0.625 hmoVm. `m~m~VrV 156
Xoem§À`m `mXrV ^maV 140 ì`m H«$‘m§H$mda hmoVm.
GGGI Mr Imbrb 3 d¡{eï²>ò AmhoV.
¾ hm {ZX}em§H$ nmVir (level) EodOr A§Va (gap) ‘moOVmo.
¾ `m {ZX}em§H$mV AmXmZm§‘Yrb (inputs) A§Va ‘moOÊ`mnojm àXmZm§‘Yrb (outputs) A§Va ‘moObo OmVo.
¾ `m {ZX}em§H$mV ór geº$sH$aU (women empowerment) nojm b¢{JH$ g‘mZVoda (gender equality) â XoÊ`mV òVmo.
J«h{df`H$ X~md g‘m`mo{OV ‘mZd {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$ (PHDI - Planetary Pressures adjusted Human Development Index)
H$moU ‘moOVo ?
¾ UNDP Zo 2020 À`m ‘mZd {dH$mg AhdmbmV gd©àW‘ PHDI ZmdmMm {ZX}em§H$ ‘m§S>bm Amho.
¾ Anthropocene `m ‘mZdr `wJmV n¥ÏdrMo ^{dVì` ‘mZdmÀ`m hmVmV Ambo Amho Am{U ho ^{dVì` ‘mZdm‘wio g§H$Q>mV
Ambo Amho. ‘mZd{Z{‘©V n¥Ïdrèhmg Am{U Ë`m‘wio ^{dVì`mVrb ‘mZd {dH$mg `m§Mm g§~§Y ‘m§S>Umam PHDI {ZX}em§H$
Amho. da gm§{JVbobm IHDI {ZX}em§H$ Intragenerational Equity ‘moOUmam {ZX}em§H$ Amho. Intragenerational Equity
åhUOo gÜ`mÀ`m {nT>rVrb gd© bmoH$m§Zm Ý`mæ` dmQ>m {‘iUo. Zì`mZo ‘m§S>bobm PHDI {ZX}em§H$ Intergenerational
Equity ‘moOUmam {ZX}em§H$ Amho. Intergenerational Equity åhUOo Mmby {nT>r Am{U ^mdr {nT>rVrb bmoH$m§Zm Ý`mæ`
dmQ>m {‘iUo.
¾ PHDI ‘moOÊ`mgmR>r 2 Am`m‘ {dMmamV KoVmV.
(1) XaS>moB© CO2 CËgO©Z (Per Capita CO2 Emissions) : EImÚm XoemZo df©âmV H$moigm, noQ´mo{b`‘, J°g `m§Mo
ÁdbZ, Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{H«$`m Am{U {g‘|Q> CÚmoJmVyZ Ho$bobo CO2 CËgO©Z ^m{Jbo ‘Ü`dm{f©H$ bmoH$g§»`m åhUOo Ë`m
XoemMo XaS>moB© CO2 CËgO©Z hmo`. ho CËgO©Z Á`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmV hmoVo, {VWoM Vo JUbo OmVo.
CXmhaUmW© - noQ´mo{b`‘ gm¡Xr Aao{~`mVyZ Am`mV H$ê$Z ^maVmV AmUyZ dmnabo, Va Vo ^maVmÀ`m CO2 CËgO©ZmV
JUbo OmVo.
(2) XaS>moB© ‘yV© R>go (Per Capita Material Footprint) : bmoH$m§Mr AWm©VM XoemMr {d{dY dñVy§Mr JaO ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r
D$Om©, YmVy Am{U AYmVy§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r O{‘ZrVyZ ~m`mo‘mg, Ordmí‘ B§YZo, YmVy, I{ZOo (metal
ores), AYmVy I{ZOo (non-metal ores) `mgmaIm H$ƒm ‘mb H$mTy>Z Vmo g§ndbm OmV Amho. `m‘wio n¥Ïdrda ‘mZd
Ë`mMo ‘yV© R>go gmoSy>Z OmV Amho. O{‘ZrVrb H$ÀÀ`m, ‘mbmMm dmna ^m{Jbo bmoH$g§»`m åhUOo XaS>moB© ‘yV© R>go hmo`.
hm dmna ‘moOVmZm Xoer H$ÀÀ`m ‘mbmÀ`m CËIZZmV Am`mV H$ÀÀ`m ‘mbmMo ‘yë` {‘i{dbo OmVo Va {Z`m©V H$ÀÀ`m
‘mbmMo ‘yë` dOm Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m‘wio XaS>moB© ‘yV© R>go ho XoemMr A§{V‘ XaS>moB© JaO Xe©dVo.
darb XmoÝhr Am`m‘m§‘Yrb ‘yë`mMm J{UVr` ‘Ü` (arithmetic mean) 'A' H$mT>bm OmVmo. 'A' åhUOo Adjustment
factor for Planetary Pressures. HDI bm A Zo JwUbo H$s PHDI {ZX}em§H$ {‘iVmo.
Bï>V‘ ‘yë` :
¾ PHDI hm HDI BVH$m Agbm nm{hOo. (åhUOo A Factor hm 1 Agbm nm{hOo) PHDI hm HDI BVH$m AgUo åhUOo Vmo
Xoe ^mdr {nT>çm§À`m ‘mZd {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ hmoB©b BVH$m n`m©daUmg H$aV Zmhrò. PHDI Am{U HDI ‘Üò OodT>r
V’$mdV OmñV Agob VodT>m Ë`mMm AW© hmoVmo H$s Vmo Xoe n`m©daUmMm OmñV èhmg H$aVmo` Am{U Vo ^mdr {nT>çm§Zm
^moJmdo bmJy eH$Vo.
93
Mmby Ahdmb :
¾ UNDP À`m 2020 À`m AhdmbmZwgma ^maVmMm 2019 ‘Yrb PHDI 0.626 Amho. ^maVmÀ`m HDI (0.645) Am{U
PHDI (0.626) ‘Üò V’$mdV Amho. åhUOo ^maVmV ^mdr {nT>çm§da n[aUm‘ H$aÊ`mBVH$m n`m©daUmg hmoVmo`. na§Vw
PHDI AmYm[aV Xoem§À`m H«$‘dmarV ^maVmMr H«$‘dmar 8 A§H$m§Zr gwYmaVo. ho gwYmaÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo BVa Xoem§‘Üò
hr V’$mdV OmñV Agë`m‘wio H$mhr Xoe H«$‘dmarV Kgabo AmhoV.
Cnmg‘ma (Hunger)
OmJ{VH$ Cnmg‘ma {ZX}em§H$ (GHI - Global Hunger Index)
H$moU ‘moOVo ?
¾ 2006 ‘Üò A‘o[aH$mpñWV IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute) Am{U O‘©ZrpñWV
Welthungerhilfe `m 2 g§ñWm§Zr GHI {dH${gV H$ê$Z àH$m{eV Ho$bm. 2007 ‘Üò Am`[ae g§ñWm Concern
Worldwide XoIrb `mV gh^mJr Pmbr. 2018 ‘Üò ‘mÌ IFPRI `mVyZ ~mhoa nS>br. Ë`m‘wio 2018 d Z§VaMo Ahdmb
Welthungerhilfe Am{U Concern Worldwide `m§Zr ~Zdbo AmhoV.
¾ GHI H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Imbrb 3 Am`m‘ (dimensions) d Ë`mVrb 4 {ZX}em§H$ (indicators) {dMmamV KoVmV. àËòH$
Am`m‘mbm 1/3 ^mam§e {Xbm OmVmo.
(1) Anwam AÞnwadR>m (Inadequate Food Supply) : AÞnwadR>m Anwam hmoVmo` H$m? ho ‘moOÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$g§»òVrb
Hw$nmofU (undernourishment) hm {ZX}em§H$ ‘moObm OmVmo.
(2) ~mbHw$nmofU (Child Undernutrition) : Hw$nmofU 2 nÕVtZr ‘moObo OmVo. ewîH$ Hw$nmofU (wasting) åhUOo
C§Mrà‘mUo Anwao dOZ AgUmar ~mbHo$. IwaQ>o Hw$nmofU (stunting) åhUOo d`mà‘mUo Anwar C§Mr AgUmar ~mbHo$.
(3) ~mb‘¥Ë`y (Child Mortality) : 5 dfmªImbrb ~mbH$m§‘Yrb ‘¥Ë`yXa (Under Five Mortality Rate) {dMmamV
KoVmV.
darb Am`m‘m§dê$Z GHI H$mT>bm OmVmo.
Bï>V‘ ‘yë` {H$Vr?
¾ GHI 0 Vo 100 Xaå`mZ AgVmo. åhUOo Mm§Jbm {ZX}em§H$, AWm©V Cnmg‘ma ZgUo. 0 Vo 9.9 - H$‘r (low) Cnmg‘ma.
10 Vo 19.9 ‘Ü`‘ (Moderate) Cnmg‘ma, 20 Vo 34.9 - J§^ra (serious) Cnmg‘ma, 35 Vo 49.9- YmoŠ`mMr K§Q>r
(alarming), 50 d Ë`mnojm OmñV - AË`§V ^`mdh (extremely alarming) Cnmg‘ma.
CËnÞ Xm[aÐç (Income Poverty)

gmnoj Xm[aÐç (Relative Poverty) d {Zanoj Xm[aÐç (Absolute Poverty) :
cmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m gamgar CËnÞmnojm H$‘r CËnÞ AgUmao gmnoj Jar~ (Relative Poverty) AgVmV. åhUOoM "Ë¶mÀ¶mnojm Vmo
Jar~' ¶m VËdmda gmnoj Xm[aÐç ‘moOco OmVo. "CËnÞmVrc Ag‘mZVm' Xÿa H$aUo ho gmnoj Xm[aÐç ‘moOÊ¶mMo C{Ôï> AgVo.'
{H$‘mZ OrdZmí¶H$ JaOm åhUOo AÞ, dó, {Zdmam nyU© Z H$ê$ eH$Umam {Zanoj Jar~ (Absolute Poverty) AgVmo {Zanoj
Xm[aÐç ‘moOVmZm {H$‘mZ CËnÞ qH$dm {H$‘mZ IM© j‘Vm {dMmamV KoVcr OmVo. ^maVmZo {Zanoj Xm[aÐç Xÿa H$aÊ¶mgmR>r
A{YH$ â {Xcm Amho. Va gmnoj Xm[aÐçmda EH$X‘ H$‘r (Ý¶wZ) â {Xcm Amho.
{d{dY VÁkm§Zr Ho$bobr Xm[aÐçJUZm : nr. S>r. AmoPm, ìhr. E‘. Xm§S>oH$a, {ZiH§$R> aW, ~r. Eg. {‘Ýhmg, nr. Ho$. ~Y©Z,
‘m°Q>oH$qgJ Ahbwdm{b`m, Jm¡ad XÎm, ‘m{Q©>Z a°ìh°brZ, Eb. Ama. O¡Z, gwaoe V|Sw>bH$a `m§Zr Xm[aÐç ‘moOÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo.
94
(A) nr. S>r. AmoPm :
AmoPm `m§Zr Xm[aÐç ‘moOÊ`mgmR>r 2250 H°$bar X¡{ZH$ XaS>moB© ho {Zanoj ‘mZH$ gwMdbo. EdT>o H°$bar XoUmao AÞ IaoXr
H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1960-61 ‘Üò ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IM© (per capita monthly consumption expenditure) {dMmamV KoVbm
Va Vmo J«m‘rU ^mJmV 8 Vo 11 énò d ehar ^mJmV 15 Vo 18 énò hmoVm. `m nmVirbm Xm[aÐçaofm åhQ>bo. EdT>m IM©
H$ê$ Z eH$Umao Xm[aÐaofoImbrb (BPL - Below Poverty Line) åhQ>bo. `mZwgma 1960-61 ‘Üò AmoPm `m§Zm Xm[aÐçmMo
à‘mU J«m‘rU ^mJmV 51.6%, Va ehar ^mJmV 7.4% AmT>ibo. EHy$U Xm[aÐç 44% AmT>ibo.
1967-68 ‘Üò AmoPm `m§Zm J«m‘rU Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU 70% AmT>ibo. nmofU Imbmdë`m‘wio J«m‘rU Xm[aÐç 51.6%
dê$Z Vã~b 70% da nmohmoMbo.
(B) ìhr. E‘. Xm§S>oH$a d {ZiH§$R> aW :
Xm§S>oH$a d aW `m§Zrhr Xm[aÐç ‘moOÊ`mgmR>r 2250 H°$bar X¡{ZH$ XaS>moB© ho {Zanoj ‘mZH$ gwMdbo. Ë`m§À`m ‘Vo EdT>o H°$bar
XoUmao AÞ IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1960-61 ‘Üò J«m‘rU ^mJmV 15 é. ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IM© (qH$dm 180 é. dm{f©H$ XaS>moB©
IM©) d ehar ^mJmV 22.50 é. ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IM© (qH$dm 270 é. dm{f©H$ XaS>moB© IM©) H$amdo bmJV hmoVo. `mdê$Z
Xm§S>oH$a d aW `m§Zm 1960-61 ‘Üò Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU J«m‘rU ^mJmV 40%, Va ehar ^mJmV 50% AmT>ibo. EHy$U
Xm[aÐç 41% AmT>ibo.
1960-61 Vo 1968-69 Xaå`mZMr MbZdmT> {dMmamV KoVm darb dm{f©H$ XaS>moB© IM© J«m‘rU ^mJmgmR>r 324 é. d
ehar ^mJmgmR>r 486 é. Pmbm hmoVm. `mdê$Z Xm§S>oH$a d aW `m§Zm 1968-69 ‘Üò Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU 1960-61 ‘Üò
OodT>o hmoVo VodT>oM AmT>ibo.
(C) ~r. Eg. {‘Ýhmg :
{‘Ýhmg `m§À`m ‘Vo, 1960-61 ‘Üò J«m‘rU ^mJmV 20 é. ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IM© (qH$dm 240 é. dm{f©H$ XaS>moB© IM©)
nmVir {dMmamV KoVbr nm{hOo. Ë`m§Zm 1960-61 ‘Üò J«m‘rU Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU 59.4% AmT>ibo.
1960-61 Vo ‘moOUr df© Xaå`mZMr MbZdmT> {dMmamV KoD$Z J«m‘rU Xm[aÐç ‘moOë`mg {‘Ýhmg `m§Zm 1963-64 ‘Üò
57.8% Am{U 1969-70 ‘Üò 50.6% AmT>ibo. {‘Ýhmg `m§À`m ‘Vo, Mm§Jë`m H¥$fr h§Jm‘mV Xm[aÐç KQ>V hmoVo d
Iam~ H¥$fr h§Jm‘mV Xm[aÐçmV dmT> hmoV hmoVr.
(D) nr. Ho$. ~Y©Z :
~Y©Z `m§Zr darb nmhUr‘Üò 2 ~Xb gwMdbo. EH$ åhUOo ~Y©Z `m§À`m ‘Vo, 1960-61 ‘Üò J«m‘rU ^mJmgmR>r 15 é.
‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IM© (qH$dm 180 é. dm{f©H$ XaS>moB© IM©) hrM nmVir `mo½` Amho. `mdê$Z ~Y©Z `m§Zm 1960-61 ‘Üò
J«m‘rU Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU 38% AmT>ibo. Xwgao åhUOo 1960-61 Vo ‘moOUr df© Xaå`mZMr MbZdmT> {dMmamV KoVmZm
amï´>r` qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ {dMmamV Z KoVm eoV‘Owam§gmR>rÀ`m qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$mMm (CXm.- CPI-AL) dmna Ho$bm nm{hOo.
1960-61 Vo 1968-69 Xaå`mZMr eoV‘Owam§gmR>rMr MbZdmT> {dMmamV KoD$Z J«m‘rU Xm[aÐç ‘moOë`mg ~Y©Z `m§Zm Vo
1968-69 ‘Üò 53% AmT>ibo.
(E) ‘m±Q>|H$qgJ Ahbwdm{b`m :
Ahbwdm{b`m `m§Zr Xm§S>oH$a, aW d ~Y©Z `m§À`mà‘mUo 1960-61 ‘Üò J«m‘rU ^mJmgmR>r 15 é. ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IM© (qH$dm
180 é. dm{f©H$ XaS>moB© IM©) nmVir {dMmamV KoVbr. hr nmVir Mm§Jë`m amhUr‘mZmgmR>r nwaoer Zgë`mMr Q>rH$mhr Ë`m§Zr
Ho$br. Ahbwdm{b`m `m§À`m ‘Vo, 1960-61 ‘Üò J«m‘rU Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU 38.9% hmoVo.
1960-61 Vo ‘moOUr df© Xaå`mZMr MbZdmT> {dMmamV KoD$Z J«m‘rU Xm[aÐç ‘moOë`mg Ahbwdm{b`m `m§Zm 1963-64
‘Üò 44.5%, 1967-68 ‘Üò 56.5%, Va 1973-74 ‘Üò 46 19% AmT>ibo.
Ahbwdm{b`m `m§À`mhr ‘Vo, Mm§Jë`m H¥$fr h§Jm‘mV Xm[aÐçmV KQ>, Va Iam~ h§Jm‘mV Xm[aÐçmV dmT> hmoVmZm {XgV hmoVr.
95
Ahbwdm{b`m§À`m ‘VmZwgma, Am{W©H$ dmT> d CËnmXZmdaM bj H|${ÐV Z H$aVm Xm[aÐç {Z‘y©bZmgmR>r {deof H$m`©H«$‘m§Mr
A§‘b~OmdUr Ho$br nm{hOo.
(E) Jm¡ad XÎm d ‘m{Q©>Z a°ìh°brZ :
XV d ‘m{Q©>Z `m§Zr 1989 ‘Üò àmXo{eH$ Ag‘Vmob d Xm[aÐç{df`H$ Ahdmb (Regional Disparities, Targeting Poverty
in India) àH$m{eV Ho$bm. XÎm d ‘m{Q©>Z `m§Zr Xm[aÐçmÀ`m à‘mUmg P0 åhQ>bo. P0 H$mT>VmZm J«m‘rU ^mJmV eoV‘Owam§gmR>rÀ`m
qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$mMm (CPI-AL) d ehar ^mJmV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m‘Jmam§gmR>rÀ`m qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$mMm (CPI-IW) dmna Ho$bm.
`mdê$Z XÎm d ‘m{Q©>Z `m§Zm 1983 ‘Üò Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU (P0) J«m‘rU ^mJmV 45.1%, Va ehar ^mJmV 40% AmT>ibo.
EHy$U Xm[aÐç 43.9% AmT>ibo.
XÎm d ‘m{Q©>Z `m§Zr Xm[aÐçmÀ`m nbrH$S>o "Xm[aÐç A§Va' qH$dm "Xm[aÐç V’$mdV' (Poverty Gap) g§H$ënZm gwMdbr.
Xm[aÐç A§Vambm Ë`m§Zr P1 Ago åhQ>bo, g‘Om 20 é. X¡{ZH$ XaS>moB© IM© hr Xm[aÐçaofm g‘Obr. `mZwgma 40% bmoH$g§»`m
Xm[aÐçaofoImbr AmT>ibr. `m Xm[aÐçaofoImbrb bmoH$g§»òMo gamgar CËnÞ H$mT>m`Mo, g‘Om Vo 13 é. âbo. Imbrb
gyÌmZwgma P1 H$mT>Vm òVo.
Z-Y 20 - 13
P 1 = P0 × = 40% × = 14%
Y 20
Xm[aÐç A§Va H$mT>ë`m‘wio AW©ì`dñWoVrb Xm[aÐç Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r {H$Vr CËnÞ VyQ> ^ê$Z H$mT>mdr bmJob Vo H$iVo. XÎm
d ‘m{Q©>Z `m§Zm ho Xm[aÐç A§Va (P1) 1983 ‘Üò J«m‘rU ^mJmV 12.7%, Va ehar ^mJmV 10.9% AmT>ibo. EHy$U
nmhUrV 12.3% AmT>ibo.
(F) ~r. Eg. {‘Ýhmg, Eb. Ama. O¡Z Am{U gwaoe V|Sw>bH$a :
{‘Ýhmg-O¡Z-V|Sw>bH$a `m§Zr J«m‘rU Xm[aÐç ‘moOVmZm eoV‘Owam§gmR>rMm qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ (CPI-AL) d ehar Xm[aÐç ‘moOVmZm
Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m‘Jmam§gmR>rMm qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ (CPI-IW) {dMmamV KoVbm.
Ë`m§À`m nmhUrZwgma 1970-71 Vo 1987-88 `m H$mimV J«m‘rU Xm[aÐç 57.3% dê$Z 44.9% da Ambo, Va ehar
Xm[aÐç 45.9% dê$Z 36.5% da Ambo. EHy$U Xm[aÐç 55.1% dê$Z 42.7% da Ambo.
^maVmVrb Xm[aÐç ‘moOUr g{‘Vr :
(1) H$m`©H$mar JQ> (Working Group) 1962 :
(1) Xm[aÐçaofm (Poverty line) `m g§H$ënZoda n{hbr MMm© 1957 ‘Yë`m ^maVr` l‘ n[afXoV (Indian Labour
Conferencs) Pmbr. ^maVr` d¡ÚH$s` g§emoYZ n[afXoZo (Indian Council of Medical Research) 1958 ‘Üò EH$
"nmofU g„mJma g{‘Vr' (Nutrition Advisory Group) ñWmnZ Ho$br hmoVr. `m g{‘VrZo EH$m àm¡T>mbm à{V{XZ gamgar
2300 H°$bar D$Om© (carbohydrates) Am{U 62 J«°‘ à{WZm§Mr (proteins) Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo, Ago åhQ>bo,
(2) 1962 ‘Üò {Z`moOZ Am`moJmZo {H$‘mZ amhUr‘mZmMr (minimum standard of living) nmVir R>adÊ`mgmR>r EH$m H$m`©
JQ>mMr Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br. `m JQ>mZo {d{dY Ahdmb d nmofU g„mJma g{‘VrMm Ahdmb g‘moa R>odyZ J«m‘rU ^mJmgmR>r 20
énò ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IM© (qH$dm 240 é. dm{f©H$ XaS>moB© IM©) Am{U ehar ^mJmgmR>r 25 é. ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IM© (qH$dm
300 é. dm{f©H$ XaS>moB© IM©) `m Xm[aÐçaofm gwMdë`m.
(2) YZ§O¶amd JmS>Jri g{‘Vr 1962 :
· ¶m g{‘VrZo nmM ì¶³VtÀ¶m Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>r amï´>r¶ {H$‘mZ Cn^moJ IM© 100 ê$. à{V ‘mh qH$dm 20 ê$. à{V ì¶³Vr
à{V‘mh BVH$m {ZpíMV Ho$bm hmoVm.
96
(3) AbK H$m¶©JQ> 1977 :
· {Z¶moOZ Am¶moJmZo Owb¡ 1977 ‘Ü¶o Xm[aÐçmMo ‘moO‘mn H$aÊ¶mgmR>r dm¶. Ho$. AbK ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImbr g{‘Vr
ñWmnZ Ho$br. ¶m g{‘VrZo Amnbm Ahdmb OmZodmar 1979 ‘Ü¶o {Xbm.
· ¶m g{‘VrZo Xm[aÐç Q>monbr (Poverty Line Basket) hr g§H$ënZm gwM{dbr. ¶m Q>monbrV Ë¶m§Zr AÞ hm KQ>H$
Q>mH$bm. åhUOo Omo {H$‘mZ XmoÝhr doioMo AÞ {‘idy eH$V Zmhr Vmo Jar~.
· J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb ì¶³Vrbm à{V {XZ 2400 H°$bar à{V {XZ à{V ì¶³Vr Am{U ehar ^mJmVrb ì¶³Vrbm 2100
H°$bar à{V {XZ à{V ì¶³Vr hm {ZH$f R>adÊ¶mV Amcm.
· 49.09 ê$. XaS>moB© à{V ‘mh IM© hr Xm[aÐç aofm R>a{dÊ¶mV Ambr.
· ¶m g{‘Vrbm 1973-74 ‘Ü¶o 54.9% Xm[aÐç AmT>ibo. J«m‘rU ^mJmV 56.4% d ehar ^mJmV 49% Xm[aÐç
AmT>ibo.
(4) S>r.Q>r. bH$S>mdmbm g{‘Vr 1989 :
{Z¶moOZ Am¶moJmZo Xm[aÐç ‘moOUrgmR>r gßQ>|~a 1989 ‘Ü¶o S>r.Q>r. bH$S>mdmbm ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImbr g{‘Vr ñWmnZ Ho$br.
g{‘VrZo Amnbm Ahdmb Owb¡ 1993 ‘Ü¶o gmXa Ho$bm.
bH$S>mdmbm g{‘VrZo ‘moO‘mn H$aÊ¶mgmR>r URP (Unified Recall Period) ¶m nÕVrMm dmna Ho$bm.
bH$S>mdmbm g{‘VrZo Xm[aÐç Q>monbr‘Ü¶o AÝZ hmM KQ>H$ Q>mH$bm.
J«m‘rU - 2400 H°$bar
ehar - 2100 H°$bar
bH$S>mdmbm g{‘VrZo Imbrb ZdrZ ~m~r gwMdë`m.
1973-74 df© AmYma^yV (BaseYear) ‘mZyZ Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m Xm[aÐçaofm R>adm`À`m Agë`mg J«m‘rU ^mJmV eoV‘Owam§gmR>rÀ`m
qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$mMm (CPI-AL) d ehar ^mJmV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m‘Jmam§gmR>rÀ`m qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$mMm (CPI-IW) dmna H$amdm.
darb qH$‘V {ZX}em§H$ amÁ`mJ{UH$ dmnê$Z amÁ`mJ{UH$ doJdoJir Xm[aÐçaofm R>admdr Am{U Xm[aÐçmMo ‘moO‘mn H$amdo.
darb nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z 1977-78, 1983, 1987-88 d 1993-94 ‘Yë`m NSSO Zo Ho$boë`m AZwH«$‘o 32, 38, 43
d 50 ì`m ’o$arVrb AmH$S>çm§dê$Z Xm[aÐçmMo AmH$S>o H$mT>Ê`mMo R>abo. bH$S>mdmbm `m§Zr gwMdboë`m {ZH$fm§Zwgma ^maVmVrb
Xm[aÐç 1977-78 ‘Üò 51.3%, 1983 ‘Üò 44.5%, 1987-88 ‘Üò 38.9% d 1993-94 ‘Üò 36% AmT>ibo.
doJdoJù`m amÁ`m§‘Üò qH$‘V nmVù`m doJdoJù`m Agë`m‘wio bH$S>mdmbm `m§Zr gwMdboë`m nÕVrZwgma doJdoJù`m amÁ`m§‘Üò
Xm[aÐçaofm doJdoJù`m R>adÊ`mV Amë`m. amÁ`mJ{UH$ Xm[aÐç ‘moOUo eŠ` Pmbo. darb gd© nmhUr H$mbmdYt‘Üò gdm©{YH$
Xm[aÐç Amo[agm amÁ`mVM AmT>ibo. (Amo[agmVrb Xm[aÐç 1977-78 ‘Üò 70.1%, 1983 ‘Üò 65.3%, 1987- 88
‘Üò 55.6%, 1993-94 ‘Üò 48.6%)
{Z`moOZ Am`moJmZo `mnwT>rb Xm[aÐç aofm R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r NSSO À`m 1999-2000 ‘Yrb 55 ì`m ‘moOUrMm d 2004-05
‘Wwdm 61 ì`m ‘moOUrMm AmYma KoVbm. bH$S>mdmbm g{‘VrMr nÕV Mmby R>odÊ`mV Ambr.
NSSO Zo gd}/‘moOUr H$aVmZm URP Am{U MRP `m XmoZ nÕVtMm dmna Ho$bm hmoVm, URP åhUOo Uniform Recall
Period - g‘mZ ñ‘aU H$mbmdYr. `m nÕVrV EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb àËòH$ ì`º$sMr à{V‘mh IMm©Mr {dMmaUm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr Zm|X
NSSO Zo KoVbr hmoVr. MRP åhUOo Mixed Recall Period - g§{‘l ñ‘aU H$mbmdYr. `m nÕVrV EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb
àËòH$ ì`º$sMm à{V‘mh IM© d df©âmVyZ AYyZ‘YyZ bmJUmè`m 5 dñVy§À`m (H$nS>o, Mßnb, {Q>H$mD$ dñVy, {ejU d
Amamo½`) Cn^moJmdarb IMm©Mr {dMmaUm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr Zm|X NSSO Zo KoVbr hmoVr.
{Z`moOZ Am`moJmZo NSSO À`m URP nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm. URP nÕVrZwgma 1999-2000 ‘Üò J«m‘rU ^mJmV
327.56 é. d ehar ^mJmV 464.11 é. ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IMm©Mr nmVir R>a{dÊ`mV Ambr. `mZwgma {Z`moOZ Am`moJmbm
1999-2000 ‘Üò 26.1% Xm[aÐç AmT>ibo. J«m‘rU ^mJmV Vo 27.1% d ehar ^mJmV 23.6% hmoVo. 1999-2000
‘Üò XoIrb gdm©{YH$ Xm[aÐç Amo[agm amÁ`mV (47.2%) AmT>ibo.
97
URP nÕVrZwgma 2004-05 ‘Ü¶o J«m‘rU ^mJmV 356.3 ê$. ehar ^mJmV 538.6 ê$. ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IMm©Mr nmVir
R>a{dÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶mZwgma {Z¶moOZ Am¶moJmcm 2004-205 ‘Ü¶o 27.5% Xm[aÐç AmT>ico. J«m‘rU ^mJmV Vo 28.3%
Va ehar ^mJmV 25.7% hmoVo. ¶m nmhUr dfm©V XoIrc gdm©{YH$ Xm[aÐç Amo[agm amÁ¶mV (46.4%) AmT>ico.
(5) gwaoe V|Sw>bH$a VÁkJQ> (Expert Group) 2009 :
Xm[aÐç ‘moOUrÀ`m nÕVrV nwT>rb g§emoYZmgmR>r {Z`moOZ Am`moJmZo {S>g|~a 2005 ‘Üò gwaoe V|Sw>bH$a `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr
EH$m VÁkJQ>mMr (Expert Group to Review the Methodology for Estimation of Poverty) Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br. `m JQ>mV
gwaoe V|Sw>bH$a (AÜ`j), Ama. amYmH¥$îUZ, gwa§OZ goZJwám Am{U amKd JmB©`m `m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. 27 Zmoìh|~a 2009
bm `m VÁkJQ>mZo {Z`moOZ Am`moJmbm Amnbm Ahdmb gwnyX© Ho$bm.
AbK qH$dm bH$S>mdmbm g{‘Ë`m§Zr ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IM© g§H$ënZm dmnabr hmoVr, V|Sw>bH$a g{‘VrZo XoIrb ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB©
IM© g§H$ënZm dmnabr. na§Vw `m g{‘VrZo AmYrÀ`m Xm[aÐç ‘moOUrVrb 3 ÌwQ>r XmIdyZ {Xë`m.
(i) 1973-74 nmgyZ Xm[aÐç Q>monbrV ‘moObm OmUmam "AÞKQ>H$' (H°$bar‘yë`) hm EH$M KQ>H$ ‘moOUo AmVm H$mb~mø
Pmbo hmoVo. Xm[aÐçaofm ‘moOÊ`mgmR>r H°$bar‘yë`M {dMmamV KoVbo Jobo, OUy H$mhr Poverty Line åhUOo Hunger
Line M Amho. H$maU {d{eï> AmhmamnbrH$S>ohr H$mhr OrdZmdí¶H$ KQ>H$ AmhoV, Ogo nmofU, Amamo½`, H$nS>o,
{ejU, D$Om©.
(ii) Xm[aÐç aofm {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1973-74 À`m IMm©À`m nmVirV Omo MbZdmT>rMm {ZX}em§H$ {‘i{dbm OmV
hmoVm, Vmo gXmof hmoVm.
(iii) 1973-74 nmgyZ "AÞKQ>H$'M {dMmamV KoV hmoVo. H$maU {ejU Am{U Amamo½`mgma»`m gw{dYm emgZM nwadob,
Ago Ano{jV hmoVo.
`m ÌwQ>tMm {dMma H$ê$Z Xm[aÐç Q>monbr (Poverty Line Basket) ‘Üò V|Sw>bH$a g{‘VrZo "AÞ' `m KQ>H$m~amo~aM "{ejU'
Am{U "Amamo½`' `m§Mm A§V^m©d H$aÊ`mMr {e’$mag Ho$br. åhUOo V|Sw>bH$a g{‘VrZo IMm©Mr nmVir WmoS>r dmT>{dbr.
2004-05 ‘Üò URP nÕVrZwgma ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IMm©Mr nmVir J«m‘rU d ehar ^mJmgmR>r AZwH«$‘o 356.30 éd 538.60
é. hmoVr. hr nmVir ’$º$ {d{eï> H°$bar {‘i{dÊ`mgmR>r hmoVr. V|Sw>bH$a g{‘VrZo `mV (MRP ‘Yrb nmM KQ>H$m§n¡H$s)
{ejU Am{U Amamo½`mgmR>r bmJUmam IM© {‘idyZ ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IMm©Mr nmVir J«m‘rU ^mJmgmR>r 446.68 é. Am{U
ehar ^mJmgmR>r 578.80 é. Aer Ho$br. `m‘wio 2004-05 ‘Yrb Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU Oo "bH$S>mdmbm g{‘VrÀ`m nÕVrZwgma
27.5%' hmoVo, Vo "V|Sw>bH$a g{‘VrÀ`m nÕVrZwgma 37.2%' âbo. V|Sw>bH$a g{‘VrÀ`m `m nmhUrZwgma J«m‘rU ^mJmV
Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU 41.8% d ehar ^mJmV 25.7% hmoVo. gdm©{YH$ Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU Amo[agm‘Üò (57.2%) AmT>ibo.
2009-10 ‘Yrb NSSO À`m 66 ì`m ‘moOUrdê$Z V|Sw>bH$a nÕVrZwgma ‘mM© 2012 ‘Üò {Z`moOZ Am`moJmZo EH$m
àogZmoQ>Ûmam ZdrZ AmH$S>odmarbm à{gÕr {Xbr. J«m‘rU ^mJmgmR>r ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IMm©Mr nmVir 672.8 é. (22.40 é.
X¡{ZH$ XaS>moB©) d ehar ^mJmgmR>r ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IMm©Mr nmVir 859.6 é. (28.60 é. X¡{ZH$ XaS>moB©) R>a{dÊ`mV Ambr.
`mdê$Z 2009-10 ‘Üò ^maVmV EHy$U '29.8% Xm[aÐç' hmoVo. J«m‘rU ^mJmV Vo 33.8% d ehar ^mJmV 20.9% hmoVo.
gdm©{YH$ Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU {~hma‘Üò (53.5%) AmT>ibo.
2011-12 ‘Yrb AmH$S>odmarbm {Z`moOZ Am`moJmZo Owb¡ 2013 ‘Üò EH$m àogZmoQ>Ûmam à{gÕr {Xbr. hr AmH$S>odmar
V|Sw>bH$a g{‘VrÀ`m {ZH$fm§daM AmYm[aV Amho. J«m‘rU ^mJmgmR>r ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IMm©Mr nmVir 816 é. (26 é. X¡{ZH$
XaS>moB©) d ehar ^mJmgmR>r ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IMm©Mr nmVir 1,000 é. (32 é. X¡{ZH$ XaS>moB©) R>a{dÊ`mV Ambr. `mdê$Z
2011-12 ‘Üò ^maVmV EHy$U 21.9% Xm[aÐç hmoVo. J«m‘rU ^mJmV Vo 25.7% d ehar ^mJmV 13.7% hmoVo. CÎma
àXoemV bmoH$g§»`m gdm©{YH$ Agë`m‘wio Xm[aÐç aofoImbrb bmoH$g§»`m (Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU 29.4% Agbo Var) CÎma
àXoemV gdm©{YH$ åhUOo gw‘mao 5.98 H$moQ>r hmoVr. Ë`mImbmoImb {~hma, ‘Ü` àXoe, ‘hmamï´> d npíM‘ ~§Jmb `m§Mm H«$‘m§H$
bmJbm. Xm[aÐç aofoImbrb à‘mU {dMmamV KoVë`mg Vo gdm©{YH$ N>ÎmrgJS> (39.9%), XmXam ZJahdobr (39.3%) d
PmaI§S>‘Üò (37%) hmoVo. Xm[aÐç aofoImbrb à‘mU {dMmamV KoVë`mg Vo A§X‘mZ {ZH$mo~ma‘Üò (1%) gdm©V H$‘r hmoVo.
98
(6) gr. a§JamOZ VÁkJQ> (Expert Group) 2014 :
24 ‘o 2012 amoOr {Z`moOZ Am`moJmZo gr. a§JamOZ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr EH$m Zì`m VÁkJQ>mMr (Expert Group to
Review The Methodology For Measurement of Poverty) Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br. `m g{‘VrV S>m°. ‘h|Ð Xod, S>m°. Ho$. gw§Xa‘,
S>m°. ‘hoe ì`mg, Ho$. Eb. XÎmm ho BVa gXñ` hmoVo. 30 OyZ 2014 bm `m g{‘VrZo Amnbm Ahdmb emgZmH$S>o gwnyX© Ho$bm.
a§JamOZ g{‘VrZo Xm[aÐç Q>monbr (Poverty Line Basket) ‘Üò "AÞ', "Mma Amdí¶H$ KQ>H$' ({ejU, H$nS>o, {Zdmam
Am{U dmhZIM©) d "BVa KQ>H$' {dMmamV KoVbo.
a§JamOZ g{‘VrZo AmH$S>odmar KoVmZm 2009-10 d 2011-12 ‘Yrb NSSO À`m 66 ì`m d 68 ì`m ‘moOUrMm dmna
Ho$bm Amho. da gm§{JVboë`m URP, MRP nÕVrà‘mUo NSSO Zo 2009-10 d 2011-12 ‘Üò MMRP (Modified
Mixed Recall Period) nÕVrZohr ‘moOUr Ho$br Amho. EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì`º$sMm à{V‘mh IM©, df©âmVyZ bmJUmè`m 5
dñVy§À`m (H$nS>o, Mßnb, {Q>H$mD$ dñVy, {ejU d Amamo½`) Cn^moJmdarb IM© Am{U 7 {Xdgm§V bmJUmè`m Vob, A§S>r,
‘m§g, ‘mgo, ^mÁ`m, ’$io, ‘gmbo, nmZ, V§~mIy `mgma»`m dñVy§da hmoUmam EHy$U IM©, ho gd© (30, 365 d 7 {Xdgm§Vrb)
IM© MMRP nÕVrV {dMmamV KoVbo Jobo AmhoV. MMRP Mm dmna Ho$ë`m‘wio a§JamOZ g{‘VrÀ`m gyÌmZwgma 2009-10
d 2011-12 MrM AmH$S>odmar H$mT>Vm òD$ eH$Vo.
2011-12 ‘Üò a§JamOZ g{‘VrZo IMm©Mr nmVir Imbrbà‘mUo R>a{dbr.
¾ J«m‘rU ^mJ AÞ `m KQ>H$mgmR>r a§JamOZ g{‘VrZo 2400 H°$barEodOr 2155 H°$bar hm {ZH$f KoVbm. 2155 H°$bar
{‘i{dÊ`mgmR>r 554 é., Mma Amdí¶H$ KQ>H$m§da 141 é. Am{U BVa KQ>H$m§da 277 é. ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IM© H$amdo
bmJVmV. åhUOo "J«m‘rU ^mJmV XaS>moB© 972 é. ‘m{gH$ IM© qH$dm 32 é. à{V{XZ IM©' hr Xm[aÐç aofm R>a{dÊ`mV
Ambr.
¾ ehar ^mJ AÞ `m KQ>H$mgmR>r a§JamOZ g{‘VrZo 2100 H°$barEodOr 2090 H°$bar hm {ZH$f KoVbm. 2090 H°$bar
{‘i{dÊ`mgmR>r 656 é., Mma Amdí¶H$ KQ>H$m§da 407 é. Am{U BVa KQ>H$m§da 344 é. ‘m{gH$ XaS>moB© IM© H$amdo
bmJVmV. åhUOo "ehar ^mJmV XaS>moB© 1,407 é. ‘m{gH$ IM© qH$dm 47 é. à{V{XZ IM©' hr Xm[aÐç aofm R>a{dÊ`mV
Ambr.
darb {ZH$fmZwgma a§JamOZ g{‘VrZwgma 2011-12 ‘Üò ^maVmV EHy$U 29.5% Xm[aÐç hmoVo. J«m‘rU ^mJmV Vo 30.9%
AgyZ ehar ^mJmV 26.4% hmoVo. Xm[aÐç aofoImbrb bmoH$g§»`m CÎma àXoemV gdm©{YH$ hmoVr d Ë`mImbmoImb {~hma,
‘Ü` àXoe, npíM‘ ~§Jmb d ‘hmamï´>mV AmT>ibr. Xm[aÐç aofoImbrb à‘mU {dMmamV KoVë`mg Vo gdm©{YH$ N>ÎmrgJS>
(47.9%), ‘{Unya (46.7%) d Amo[agm‘Üò (45.9%) hmoVo, Va gdmªV H$‘r A§X‘mZ {ZH$mo~ma‘Üò (6%) hmoVo.
(7) Xm[aÐçmÀ`m AmH$S>çm§Mo {dícofU :
Imbrb ~m°Šg‘Üò {d{dY {ZH$fm§Zwgma 1973-74 Vo 2011-12 Mr AmH$S>odmar XmI{dbr Amho. `m ~m°Šgdê$Z Amnë`mbm
Imbrb nÕVrZo {dícofU H$aVm òB©b.
Xm[aÐç Q>monbrV 2004-05 n`ªV AÞ (H°$bar‘yë`) hm EH$ KQ>H$ hmoVm. V|Sw>bH$am§Zr `mV "AÞ, {ejU d Amamo½`' Ago
{VÝhr KQ>H$ gwM{dbo. a§JamOZ g{‘VrZo "AÞ, 4 ‘hÎdmMo KQ>H$ d BVa KQ>H$' gwM{dbo.
1973-74 Mr AmH$S>odmar AbK H¥$Vr XbmÀ`m nÕVrZwgma, 1977-78 Vo 2004-05 Mr AmH$S>odmar bH$S>mdmbm
g{‘VrZwgma, 2004-05 Va 2004-05 Vo 2011-12 Mr AmH$S>odmar V|Sw>bH$a g{‘VrÀ`m nÕVrZwgma Amho. a§JamOZ
g{‘VrÀ`m gyÌmZwgma 2009-10 d 2011-12 Mr AmH$S>odmar H$mT>Vm òD$ eH$Vo.
EHy$U Xm[aÐç 1973-74 ‘Yrb 54.9% dê$Z 2011-12 ‘Üò 29.5% da Ambo Amho. na§Vw `m XmoZ AmH$S>çm§À`m
‘moOUrÀ`m nÕVrV ~amM ’$aH$ Amho.
1973-74 Vo 1999-2000 n`ªV Xm[aÐç KQ>bo. 1993-94 Vo 1999-2000 `m H$mimV dm{f©H$ KQ>rMm doJ gdm©{YH$
(-3.4%) hmoVm. 1999-2000 Vo 2004-05 `m H$mimV ‘mÌ Xm[aÐçmV 0.8% Mr dmT> Pmbr. {deof åhUOo `m H$mimV
GDP d¥ÕrXa Mm§Jbm hmoVm. dmT> Pmbr, {dH$mg Pmbm Zmhr.
99
V|Sw>bH$a g{‘VrÀ`m nmhUrZwgma 1993-94 Vo 2004-05 `m H$mimV Xm[aÐçmV dm{f©H$ 0.74% Mr KQ> Ambr AgyZ,
2004-05 Vo 2011-12 `m H$mimV Xm[aÐçmV dm{f©H$ "2.18% Mr KQ>' Ambr Amho. Cƒd¥ÕrXa Am{U MGNREGS
gma»`m amoOJma `moOZm§‘wio hr KQ> Amë`mMo V|Sw>bH$a g{‘VrZo åhQ>bo Amho.
Xm[aÐç aofoImbrb bmoH$g§»òMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg 1973-74 ‘Üò 32.1 H$moQ>r bmoH$ Xm[aÐç aofoImbr hmoVo. 2004-05
‘Üò 30.2 H$moQ>r bmoH$ Xm[aÐç aofoImbr hmoVo, Va V|Sw>bH$a g{‘VrÀ`m nmhUrZwgma 40.7 H$moQ>r bmoH$ Xm[aÐç aofoImbr hmoVo.
2011-12 ‘Üò Xm[aÐç aofoImbrb bmoH$m§Mr g§»`m 26.9 H$moQ>r Amho, Va a§JamOZ g{‘VrZwgma hr g§»`m 36.3 H$moQ>r Amho.
2009-10 Vo 2011-12 `m H$mimV EHy$U Xm[aÐçmV V|Sw>bH$a g{‘VrZwgma 7.9%, Va a§JamOZ g{‘VrZwgma 8.7% KQ>
Ambr Amho. åhUOo a§JamOZ g{‘VrZwgma `m H$mimV Xm[aÐçmV dm{f©H$ "4.35% Mr KQ>' Ambr Amho.
OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zo Am°³Q>mo~a 2015 ‘Ü¶o OmJ{VH$ Xm[aÐç aofm àVr {XZ 1.90 S>m°ba Aer R>odbr Amho.
(8) {ZVr Am¶moJ H¥$VrXc (Task Force) 2016 :
X[aÐç {Z‘y©cZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r d Xm[aÐçmMr ì¶m»¶m H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo {ZVr Am¶moJm‘m’©$V Task Force on
Elimination of Poverty in India hm H$m¶©Xc 16 ‘mM© 2015 amoOr ñWmnZ Ho$cm.
AaqdX nZJm[a¶m ho ¶m H¥$VrXcmMo AÜ¶j hmoVo. {ddoH$ Xo~am°¶, S>m°. a{WZ am°¶, S>m°. gwa{OV ^„m, S>m°. Q>rgrE AZ§V d
BVa ho ¶m H$m¶©XcmMo gXñ¶ hmoVo.
21 ‘mM© 2016 amoOr ¶m H$m¶©XcmZo Eliminating Poverty - Creating Jobs & Strengthening Social Programs -
Occasional Paper 2 hm Ahdmc àH$m{eV Ho$cm.
hm Ahdmc {e’$maer XoÊ¶mnojm {ZarjUo Zm|X{dUmam Amho.
¶m AhdmcmVrc R>iH$ {e’$maer :
(1) Xm[aÐç H$m ‘moOm¶Mo? ¶m g{‘VrZo Xm[aÐç ‘moOÊ¶mMo 3 H$maUo gm§{JVco, Xm[aÐç aofoImcrc Hw$Qw>§~ emoYUo,
gaH$mar ¶moOZm§Mm cm^ Xm[aÐç aofoImcrc Hw$Qw>§~mZm hñVm§V[aV H$aUo, H$mcnaËdo qH$dm àXoe naËdo VwcZm H$aVm
¶oUo.
(2) "VwcZm' EdT>m EH$M CÔoe R>odwZ Xm[aÐç ‘moOm¶Mo Amho. na§Vw nÕV gwaoe V|Sy>cH$a g{‘VrÀ¶m AmH$S>odmarZwgma
Xm[aÐç ‘moOm¶Mo Amho.
(3) Xm[aÐç {Z‘w©cZmMo YmoaU H$m¶ Agmdo? ¶mgmR>r H¥$VrXcmZo Cnm¶ gwM{dcm Amho Vmo åhUOo Am{W©H$ dmT> H$aUo d
gaH$mar ¶moOZm§Mr à^mdr A‘§c~OmdUr H$aUo.
(OmJ{VH$) ~hþAm`m‘r {ZY©ZVm {ZX}em§H$ (MPI - Multidimensional Poverty Index) :
H$moU ‘moOVo ? 1997 ‘Üò g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmÀ`m UNDP Zo ‘mZdr Xm[aÐç {ZX}em§H$ (HPI - Human Poverty Index)
g§H$ënZm {dH${gV Ho$br d 1997 À`m ‘mZd {dH$mg AhdmbmV gd©àW‘ ‘m§S>br. 2000 À`m XeH$mV OPHI (Oxford
Poverty Human Development Initiative) `m g§ñWoZo ~hþAm`m‘r Xm[aÐç Xe©dUmam MPI hm ZdrZ {ZX}em§H$ {dH${gV
Ho$bm. UNDP Zo 2010 nmgyZ HPI {ZX}em§H$ dJibm Am{U Ë`mEodOr OPHI À`m ‘XVrZo MPI ‘moOm`bm d àH$m{eV
H$am`bm gwadmV Ho$br.
H$gm ‘moObm OmVmo? - MPI H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Imbrb 3 Am`m‘ (dimensions) d Ë`mVrb 10 {ZX}eH$ (indicators)
{dMmamV KoVmV.
(i) Amamo½` (Health) (1/3 ^mam§e)
(a) nmofU (Nutrition) (1 /6 ^mam§e)
(b) ~mb‘¥Ë`y (Child Mortality) (1 /6 ^mam§e)
(ii) {ejU (Education) (1/3 ^mam§e)
(a) embo` {ejUmVrb df} (Years of Schooling) (1 /6 ^mam§e)
(b) emioVrb CnpñWVr (School attendance) (1/6 ^mam§e)
100
(iii) amhUr‘mZ (Living Standards) (1/3 ^mam§e)
(a) BYZ (Cooking fuel) (1 /18 ^mam§e)
(b) ñdÀN>Vm (Sanitation) (1 / 18 ^mam§e)
(c) noÒb (Drinking water) (1/18 ^mam§e)
(d) drO (Electricity) (1 / 18 ^mam§e)
(e) Ka (Housing) (1 /18 ^mam§e)
(f) ‘mb‘Îmm (Assets) (1/18 ^mam§e)
`mdê$Z Xm[aÐçmMr Vrd«Vm (incidence of poverty) Am{U ~hþAm`m‘r Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU (average intensity of
multidimensional poverty) H$mT>VmV. Ë`m§À`m JwUmH$mamVyZ MPI {‘iVmo.
Bï>V‘ ‘yë` {H$Vr?
¾ darb àËòH$ {ZX}em§H$mV 0 Vo 100% JwU {Xbo OmVmV. 0% åhUOo A^md ZgUo (no deprivation) Am{U 100%
åhUOo A^md (deprivation) AgUo.
¾ CXm. a‘oeH$S>o Mm§Jbo n¸o$ Ka Agob Va Ë`mbm 0% JwU {‘iVrb. `mCbQ> gwaoeH$S>o KaM Zgob Va Ë`mbm 100%
JwU {‘iVrb. darb {ZX}em§H$mAmYm[aV JwU XoD$Z ^mam§emYm[aV gamgar H$mT>br OmVo.
¾ Á`m Hw$Qw>§~mbm 33.33% nojm OmñV JwU (deprivation) AgVmV Ë`mbm "~hþAm`m‘r Jar~' (multi dimensionally
poor) åhQ>bo OmVo.
¾ Á`m Hw$Qw>§~mbm 20 Vo 33.33% Xaå`mZ JwU AgVmV Ë`mbm "Agwa{jV' (vulnerable) Ago åhUVmV. Ago Hw$Qw>§~ H$Yrhr
~hþAm`m‘r Jar~ hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
¾ Á`m Hw$Qw>§~mbm 50% nojm OmñV JwU AgVmV Ë`mbm "Vrd« ~hþAm`m‘r Jar~' (severely multi dimensionally poor)
åhQ>bo OmVo.
MPI Mr d¡{eîQ>ço :
¾ Xm[aÐç åhUOo Ho$di {ZY©ZVm Zìho, Xm[aÐçmMo AZoH$ A§J AgVmV, Am{U `m gJù`m A§Jm§Zm ñne© H$aUmam MPI hm
CÎm‘ {ZX}em§H$ Amho. {deof åhUOo `m {ZX}em§H$mÀ`m à‘mnH$m§‘Üò CËnÞ (Income) {dMmamV KoVbobo Zmhr, ‘mb‘Îmm
(Wealth) {dMmamV KoVbr Amho.
¾ OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ Xm[aÐç ‘moOVmZm "1.9 S>m°ba à{V{XZ à{Vì`º$s H«$èº$s' hm {ZH$f dmnaVo, Va OPHI darb "10
~hþAm`m‘r {ZX}em§H$' hm {ZH$f dmnaVo. Ë`m‘wio OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Mr AmH$S>odmar AmË`§{VH$ Xm[aÐç (extreme poverty)
Xe©{dVo, Va OPHI Mr MPI {df`H$ AmH$S>odmar AënH$m{bH$ Xm[aÐç (acute poverty) Xe©{dVo.
¾ MPI ‘Yrb ~è`mM à‘mnH$m§Mo Millennium EH$ Development Goals (MDGs) er gmYå`© Agë`m‘wio ho Goals
àmá hmoVmhoV H$s Zmhr Vo ‘moOÊ`mgmR>r MPI {ZX}em§H$ g‘m§Va AmH$S>odmar R>aV hmoVr. AmVmXoIrb Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) àmá hmoVmhoV H$s Zmhr Vo ‘moOÊ`mgmR>r MPI {ZX}em§H$ Cn`wº$ R>aV Amho. CXm. nmofU
- SDG-2, ~mb‘¥Ë`y {Z`§ÌU SDG-3, embo` {ejUmVrb df} d emioVrb CnpñWVr SDG-11, SDG-4 B§YZ SDG-
7, ñdÀN>Vm noÒb - SDG-6, drO - SDG-7, Ka - SDG-11, ‘mb‘Îmm - SDG- 1.
¾ 2021 AhdmbmZwgma 109 Xoem§À`m `mXrV ^maV 66 ì`m H«$‘m§H$mda hmoVm. 2021 AhdmbmV d§e, OmV Am{U qbJ
AmYmarV ~hþAm`m‘r Xm[aÐçmMr XoIrb MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. ^maVmV AZwgy{MV OmVrVrb 50.6% bmoH$g§»`m,
AZwgy{MV O‘mVrVrb 33.3% bmoH$g§»`m Am{U BVa ‘mJmgdJu`m§n¡H$s 27.2% bmoH$g§»`m ~hþAm`m‘r Jar~ Amho.
(amï´>r`) ~hþAm`m‘r {ZY©ZVm {ZX}em§H$ (MPI - Multidimensional Poverty Index) :
H$moU ‘moOVo ? 26 Zmoìh|~a 2021 bm ZrVr Am`moJmZo ^maVmVrb amÁ`m§Mm MPI ‘moOÊ`mgmR>r n{hbm Ahdmb (National
Multidimensional Poverty Index - Baseline Report) àH$m{eV Ho$bm. `mH$m‘r ZrVr Am`moJmZo OPHI d UNDP Mr
101
‘XV KoVbr. VgoM MPI H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r NFHS-4 (2015-16) ‘m{hVrMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm. emídV {dH$mg Üò`
(SDG) H«$. 1 haVèhoMo Xm[aÐç Xya H$aÊ`mMo Amho. `mn¡H$s SDG 1.1 Üò` AmË`§{VH$ Xm[aÐç Xya H$aÊ`mMo d SDG 1.2
Üò` ~hþAm`m‘r Xm[aÐç Xya H$aÊ`mMo Amho. SDG 1.2 ‘Yrb ~hþAm`m‘r Xm[aÐçmMr g§H$ënZm amï´>r` ñVamda R>adÊ`mMr
gyMZm Agë`m‘wio ZrVr Am`moJmZo amï´>r` MPI gwMdbm Amho.
H$gm ‘moObm OmVmo? amï´>r` MPI H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Imbrb 3 Am`m‘ (dimensions) d Ë`mVrb 12 {ZX}eH$ (indicators)
{dMmamV KoVmV.
(i) Amamo½` (Health) (1/3 ^mam§e)
(a) nmofU (Nutrition) (1/6 ^mam§e)
(b) ~mb d {H$emoad`rZ ‘¥Ë`y (Child Adolescent Mortality) (1/12)
(c) J^m©anUmVrb H$miOr (Antenatal care) (1/12 ^mam§e)
(ii) {ejU (Education) (1/3 ^mam§e)
(a) embo` {ejUmVrb df} (Years of Schooling) (1/6 ^mam§e)
(b) emioVrb CnpñWVr (School attendance) (1/6 ^mam§e)
(iii) amhUr‘mZ (Living standards) (1/3 ^mam§e)
(a) B§YZ (Cooking fuel) (1/21 ^mam§e)
(b) ñdÀN>Vm (Sanitation) (1/21 ^mam§e)
(c) noÒb (Drinking Water) (1/21 ^mam§e)
(d) drO (Electricity) (1/21 ^mam§e)
(e) Ka (Housing) (1/21 ^mam§e)
(f) ‘mb‘Îmm (Assets) (1/21 ^mam§e)
(g) ~±H$ ImVo (Bank -ccount) (1/21 ^mam§e)
Bï>V‘ ‘yë` {H$Vr? darb OmJ{VH$ MPI à‘mUoM.
Mmby Ahdmb :
¾ darb 2021 Baseline Report Zwgma ^maVmV Xm[aÐçmMr Vrd«Vm 47.13% hmoVr Va ~hþAm`m‘r Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU
25.01% hmoVo. `mdê$Z ^maVmMm MPI 0.118 âbm. J«m‘rU ^mJmMm MPI 0.155 AgyZ ehar ^mJmMm MPI
0.040 âbm.
¾ `m AhdmbmZwgma amÁ`m§‘YyZ gdm©{YH$ MPI {~hma, PmaI§S>, CÎmaàXoe d ‘Ü` àXoeMm AmT>ibm Va gdm©V H$‘r
MPI Ho$ai, Jmodm, {g¸$s‘ d Vm{‘iZmSy>Mm AmT>ibm. AmH$S>odmar eoOmarb AmboImV Xe©dbr Amho.
¾ CÎmaàXoemVrb lmdñVr {Oëhm (MPI 74.38%) Am{U ‘Ü`àXoemVrb AbramOnwa {Oëhm (MPI 71.31%) gdm©{YH$
MPI AgUmao {Oëho AmT>ibo.
NSSO Mo [aH$m°b {n[a¶S>g :
(1) Uniform Recall Period : ¶m‘Ü¶o gd© Cn^mo½¶ dñVyÀ¶m 30 {Xdgm§À¶m [aH$m°b H$mbmdYrVrb Cn^moJmÀ¶m
AmH$S>odmarMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
(2) Mixed Recall Period : ¶mV AYwZ‘YyZ bmJUmè¶m dñVy Ogo H$nS>o, Mnbm, {ejU Aem 365 {Xdgm§À¶m [aH$m°b
H$mbmdYrMm d BVa gd© dñVy§gmR>r 30 {Xdgm§À¶m [aH$m°b {n[a¶S>Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
(3) Modified Mixed Recall Period : ¶m‘Ü¶o 365 {XdgmÀ¶m, 30 {Xdgm§À¶m d 7 {Xdgm§À¶m Cn^moJmVrb gd©
dñVy§À¶m IMm©Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo.
102
CËnÞ, Xm[aÐç Am{U amoOJma `mVrb nañna g§~§Y (Relation between Income, Poverty Employment)
1991 Z§Va ^maVmMo CËnÞ erK«JVrZo dmT>bo. ‘mÌ ^maVmVrb CËnÞ Ag‘mZVm XoIrb dmT>VmZm {XgVo. ^maVmMo CËnÞ
dmT>V AgVmZm CËnÞ Ag‘mZVm dmT>Ê`mMr Imbrb H$maUo ‘m§S>Vm òVmV.
¾ bmoH$g§»`m dmT>V amhUo.
¾ bmoH$g§»òVrb {dH$mgmMr nmVir Ag‘mZ amhUo.
¾ {ejU Am{U H$m¡eë`mV Ag‘mZVm amhUo.
¾ ^m§S>dbemhr Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm Adb§~ H$aUo.
¾ Á`m JVrZo H$a gwYmaUm, {ejU gwYmaUm `mgma»`m g§aMZmË‘H$ gwYmaUm H$aUo Amdí¶H$ hmoVo, Ë`m JVrZo Vo Z hmoUo.
¾ n{hë`m àH$aUmV gm§{JVë`mà‘mUo AOwZhr A{YH$m{YH$ bmoH$m§Mo CËnÞ H¥$frgma»`m Z¡g{J©H$ ómoVm§da Adb§~yZ AgUo
^maVmVrb ~oamoOJmar Am{U Xm[aÐç 1991 Z§Va H$‘r Pmbo Agbo, Var ^maVm~m~V Imbrb {ZarjUo ‘m§S>Vm òVmV.
¾ Xm[aÐçmMo eoH$S>m à‘mU H$‘r Pmbo Amho. Xm[aÐçaofoImbrb bmoH$g§»`m ‘mÌ VodT>rM Amho. XoemMo dmT>bobo CËnÞ `m
Jar~ bmoH$g§»òn`ªV nmPabobo Zmhr.
¾ ~oamoOJmarMo à‘mU 1991 Z§Va H$‘r Pmbo Agbo, Var hr ~oamoOJmarV bmoH$g§»`m OmñV Amho. AbrH$S>o Va hr gJirM
AmH$S>odmar ZmamOr dmT>{dUmar Amho. XoemMo dmT>bobo CËnÞ amoOJma {Z{‘©VrV namdVuV Z hmoUo ho BWbr H$m‘a{hV d¥Õr
(jobless growth) Xe©{dVo.
¾ CËnÞmÀ`m joÌm§n¡H$s Ho$di H¥$frjoÌ amoOJma {Z{‘©Vrg Am{U Xm[aÐç Xya H$aÊ`mg ghmæ`^yV R>abo Amho. Ë`m‘wio Ë`mVrb
àJVr ‘§X Amho. Nw>nr ~oamoOJmar Amho Vr doJirM. `mCbQ> MrZ‘Üò amoOJma {Z{‘©Vr Am{U Xm[aÐç Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r
CËnmXZjoÌ (manufacturing sector) ghmæ`^yV R>abo. Ë`m‘wio VoWrb àJVr erK« R>abr.
darb MM}dê$Z H$mhr Cnm` XoIrb ‘m§S>Vm òVmV. ^maVmMo CËnÞ dmT>dm`Mo Agob, CËnÞ Ag‘mZVm H$‘r H$am`Mr Agob,
Xm[aÐç Xya H$am`Mo Agob Am{U amoOJma {Z{‘©Vr H$am`Mr Agob, Va, Imbrb Cnm` Ho$bo nm{hOoV.
¾ {Za§Va Am{W©H$ dmT> H$aUo.
¾ gdmªV ‘hÎdmMm Cnm` åhUOo {ejU d H$m¡eë` {dH$mg H$aUo.
¾ g§aMZmË‘H$ gwYmaUm (structural reforms) H$aUo.
¾ àJ{Verb H$a (progressive tax) AmH$maUo.
¾ l‘nyaH$ CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dUo.
¾ amoOJma {Z{‘©VrMo CnH«$‘ am~{dUo.
d§{MVVm (Deprivation)
J«m‘rU ‘§Ìmb`mZo EZ. gr. gŠgoZm `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr EH$m g{‘VrMr ñWmnZm Ho$br hmoVr. g{‘VrZo Amnbm Ahdmb
Am°JñQ> 2009 ‘Üò gmXa Ho$bm. gŠgoZm g{‘VrÀ`m A§XmOmZwgma 2009 ‘Üò J«m‘rU Xm[aÐçmMo à‘mU gmYmaUV… 50%
hmoVo. gŠgoZm g{‘VrZo ñd`§ì`mdV©Z (Automatic exclusion) d ñd`§g‘mdoeZ (Automatic inclusion) Am{U 10 ‘mH$m©Mr
nÕV ZdrZ gd}jUmgmR>r gwM{dbr hmoVr.
XoemVrb Am{W©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ VgoM OmVr` JUZoMm {ZU©` H|$ÐemgZmZo KoVbm. 29 OyZ 2011 amoOr {Ìnwam‘Yrb gm§Imobm
ZmdmÀ`m IoS>çmVyZ ñdV§Ì ^maVmVrb n{hë`m gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d OmVr` JUZog (SECC - Socio, Economic Caste
Census) gwadmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Aer JUZm ñdmV§Í`mnydu 1931 ‘Üò KoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. 2011 ‘Yrb JUZogmR>r
g§JUH$mMm (Tablet PC) dmna Ho$bm Jobm. J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d OmVr` JUZoMm H$m`©H«$‘ J«m‘rU
‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V nma nmS>bm Jobm. OZJUZm Am{U SECC ‘Ybm ’$aH$ eoOmarb V³Ë¶mV Xe©dbm Amho.
J¥h d ehar H$m`© ‘§Ìmb` (Ministry of Housing Urban Affairs) :
ehar ^mJmVrb Xm[aÐç aofoImbrb Hw$Qw>§~mMo gd}jU `m ‘§Ìmb`mZo H$amd`mMo AgVo. AmVmn`ªV `m ‘§Ìmb`mZo gd}jUmgmR>r
103
Hw$R>brhr R>iH$ nÕV dmnabr ZìhVr. ehar ^mJmVrb gd}jUmMr nÕV emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Eg. Ama. her‘ `m§À`m
AÜ`jVoImbr EH$ g{‘Vr ’o$~«wdmar 2011 ‘Üò ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
`m ‘§Ìmb`mZo ehar ^mJmV ZdrZ gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d OmVr` JUZm 2011 nma nmS>br Amho.
SECC 2011 Mr Imbrb 3 ‘w»` C{Ôï>o hmoVr.
(i) Xm[aÐçaofoImbrb Hw$Qw>§~ emoYUo.
(ii) {dídmgmh© ‘m{hVr {‘i{dUo.
(ii) Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$ d OmVr AmYmao bmoH$g§»òMr AdñWm g‘OyZ KoUo.
2016 ‘Üò SECC 2011 JUZoVrb Am{W©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ ‘m{hVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambr. na§Vw OmVr` JUZoÀ`m
aH$mÝ`mV bmImo OmVtMr Zm|X Pmë`m‘wio Vr ‘m{hVr {Zén`moJr R>ê$ eH$V Agë`m‘wio gaH$maÛmam CnbãY hmoD$ eH$br
Zmhr. `mgmR>r 2021 ‘Üò SECC 2021 JUZm H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` gaH$maZo KoVbm. OmVr` JUZoÀ`m aH$mÝ`mV {Xboë`m
`mXrVyZM OmV {ZdS>Ê`mMm n`m©` XoUo d ‘m{hVr AmYmag§b{¾V H$aUo ho ‘hÎdmMo {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Ambo. na§Vw H$mo{dS>-19
‘hm‘mar‘wio hr JUZm nwT>o T>H$bÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
~oamoOJmar :
Á¶m ì¶³Vrbm H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMr BÀN>m Amho Var nU H$m‘ {‘iV Zmhr Ë¶mbmM ~oamoOJma åhUmdo.
~oamoOJmarMr ì¶m»¶m H$m¶©H$mar bmoH$g§»¶on¶ªVM (Demographic Dividend) (d¶ 15 Vo 64 df}) ‘¶m©{XV R>odmdr bmJVo.
~oamoOJmarMm Xa NSSO (National Sample Survey Organisation) d l‘ ã¶yamo (Labour Bureau) àH$m{eV H$aVmV.
~oamoOJmarMo àH$ma :
(A) ehar ~oamoOJmar :
(1) g§aMZmË‘H$ ~oamoOJmar (Structural Unemployment) : ‘Owam§Mr ‘mJUr H$‘r Amho nU ‘Owam§Mm nwadR>m OmñV
Amho. Ë¶m‘wio ~oamoOJmar {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ¶mcmM "g§aMZmË‘H$ ~amoOJmar' Ago åhUVmV.
(2) e¡j{UH$ ~oamoOJmar (Educational Unemployment) : {ejU KoD$Zhr H$m‘ {‘imbo Zmhr åhUOoM e¡j{UH$
~oamoOJmar.
(3) H$‘r àVrMr ~oamoOJmar qH$dm Ý¶wZ ~oamoOJmar (Under Unemployment) : BpÀN>V j‘Vonojm H$‘r j‘VoMo H$m‘
H$amdo bmJVo åhUOo H$‘r à{VMr ~oamoOJmar.
(4) Kf©UmË‘H$ ~oamoOJmar/¶§ÌrH¥$V ~oamoOJmar (Frictional Unemployment) : ~mOmamV Z{dZ V§ÌkmZ Amë¶m‘wio
OwÝ¶m V§ÌkmZmda H$m‘ H$aUmao ~oamoOJma hmoVmV. ¶mcmM ¶§ÌrH¥$V ~oamoOJmar Ago åhUVmV.
(5) MH«$s¶ ~oamoOJmar (Cyclical Unemployment) : Am{W©H$ VoOr‘Ü¶o amoOJma {‘iUo d Am{W©H$ ‘§Xr‘wio amoOJma
Z {‘iUo åhUOo Am{W©H$ VoOr d ‘§Xrda amoOJma Adb§~wZ AgVmo ¶mcmM MH«$s¶ ~oamoOJmar åhUVmV.
(6) Am§{eH$ qH$dm AY© ~oamoOJmar (Partial unemployment) -
(i) nyU©doi H$m‘ Z {‘iVm {XdgâmVyZ {d{eï> VmgM H$m‘ {‘iUo `mbm Am§{eH$ qH$dm AY© ~oamoOJmar Ago
åhUVmV.
(ii) AY©doiM H$m‘ CnbãY AgUo, nyU©doi H$m‘ H$aÊ`mBVnV H$m¡eë` ZgUo, JaOonojm A{YH$ l‘ CnbãY
AgUo hr AY©~oamoOJmarMr H$maUo AmhoV.
(7) AënH$mbrZ ~oamoOJmar (Acute unemployment) Am{U {MaH$mbrZ qH$dm OwZmQ> ~oamoOJmar (Chronic
unemployment) -
(i) ehar joÌmV EH$dQ>boë`m CÚmoJ `§ÌUoV ‘§Xr‘wio da gm§{JVë`mà‘mUo MH«$s` ~oamoOJmar AmT>iVo.
AënH$mbrZ ‘§XrMH«$m‘wio AënH$mbrZ, Va XrK©H$mbrZ ‘§XrMH«$m‘wio {MaH$mbrZ ~oamoOJmar {Z‘m©U hmoVo.
(ii) AënH$mbrZ ~oamoOJmar Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r MbZ{df`H$ YmoaU, Va {MaH$mbrZ ~oamoOJmar Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r
amOH$mofr` YmoaU n[aUm‘H$maH$ R>aVo.
104
(iii)
ehamVrb {MaH$mbrZ ~oamoOJmarMr J«m‘rU h§Jm‘r ~oamoOJmarer VwbZm H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo. na§Vw h§Jm‘r
~oamoOJmar h§Jm‘ Amë`mda H$‘r hmoÊ`mMr emídVr AgVo. ‘mÌ {MaH$mbrZ ~oamoOJmar H$Yr H$‘r hmoB©b, ho
gm§JVm òUo H$R>rU AgVo.
(8) A§J^yV ~oamoOJmar (Built-in unemployment) -
(i) O{‘Z (land), l‘ (labour) Am{U ^m§S>db (capital) ho CËnmXZmMo KQ>H$ hmoV. ZwgVoM l‘ ‘w~bH$ Agob
Am{U O{‘Z d ^m§S>db `m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm VwQ>dS>m Agob Va Aem ~oamoOJmarbm A§J^yV ~oamoOJmar Ago
åhUVmV.
(ii) nwaoem ^m§S>dbmMm nwadR>m Am{U ómoVm§Mo CnbãYrH$aU Ho$ë`mg A§J^yV ~oamoOJmar H$‘r H$aVm òdy eH$Vo.
(B) J«m‘rU ~oamoOJmar

(1) h§Jm‘r ~oamoOJmar (Seasonal Unemployment) : D$gVmoS> H$m‘Jmam§Zm D$gVmoS> h§Jm‘mV amoOJma {‘iVmo d
BVadoir Vmo ~oamoOJma AgVmo. åhUOo EImÚm ì¶³Vrbm EImÚm h§Jm‘m nwaVmM amoOJma {‘iVmo d BVadoir Vmo
~oamoOJma AgVmo Ë¶mbm h§Jm‘r ~oamoOJmar åhUVmV.
(2) àÀN>Þ/AÑí¶ ~oamoOJmar (Disguised Unemployment) : Amdí¶H$Vo nojm OmñV ‘Owa H$m‘mda bmdUo åhUOo
OmñV l‘ bmdUo nU OmñVrÀ¶m bmdboë¶m ì¶³VtMr CËnmXH$Vm ewÝ¶ AgVo. Aem OmñVrÀ¶m l‘ H$aUmè¶m
ì¶³VtZm àÀN>ÝZ ~oamoOJma åhUmdo.
~oamoOJmar ‘moOÊ¶mMr NSSO Mr nÕV :
(1) gd©gmYmaU ‘w»¶ pñWVr (UPS : Usual Principal Status) : ¶m ‘moOUr nÕVrV df©â H$m‘ H$é eH$Umao, H$m‘
{‘iUmao Am{U H$m‘ Z {‘iUmao ì¶³Vr AmnU ‘moOVmo.
(2) gd©gmYmaU pñWVr (US : Usual Status) : US nÕV UPS nÕVrgmaIrM AgVo. UPS nÕVrV ‘w»¶ H$m¶© {dMmamV
KoVmV Va US nÕVrV ‘w»¶ VgoM Xþæ¶‘ H$m¶© {dMmamV KoVmV.
(3) dV©‘mZ gmßVm{hH$s pñWVr (CWS : Current Weekly Status) : ¶m ‘moOUr nÕVrV gd}jUmÀ¶m {d{eï> AmR>dS>çmVrb
gamgar H$m‘ H$ê$ eH$Umao, H$m‘ {‘imbobo d EH$hr VmgmMo H$m‘ Z {‘imboë¶m ì¶³VtMr g§»¶m ‘moOVmV.
(4) dV©‘mZ X¡{ZH$ pñWVr (CDS : Current Daily Status) : ¶m nÕVr‘Ü¶o {d{eï> AmR>dS>çmMr gamgar {dMmamV KoVmV.
¶mV amoOJmamMr qH$dm ~oamoOJmam§Mr g§»¶m {dMmamV Z KoVm ì¶p³V {XZ qH$dm ‘Zwî¶ {XZ {dMmamV KoVbo OmVo.
~oamoOJmar H$‘r H$aÊ¶mMo Cnm¶ :
(1) df©â H$m‘ {‘iob Aem {dH$mgmÀ¶m ¶moOZm Xoeâ am~dUo.
(2) VwQ>rMm AW©âUm H$ê$Z (Deficit Financing) ¶moOZm§da IM© H$aUo.
(3) Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmg àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
H$m`©H$mar d`moJQ> Vo ~oamoOJmarV bmoH$g§»`m :
NSO (National Statistical Office) A§VJ©V H$m`©aV AgUmao NSSO (National Sample Survey Office) amoOJma d
~oamoOJma{df`H$ Z‘wZo Jmoim H$ê$Z ~oamoOJmarMo AmH$S>o àH$m{eV H$aVo. hr ‘moOUr Am{U AmH$S>o g‘OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb
g§H$ënZm g‘OyZ ¿`mì`m bmJVrb.
H$m`©H$mar d`moJQ> (Working Age Group) :
¾ 15 Vo 64 df} d`moJQ> H$m`©H$mar g‘Obm OmVmo. Ë`m‘wio ~oamoOJmar ‘moOÊ`mnydu 0 Vo 14 df} d`moJQ> (åhUOo ~mbH$)
Am{U 65 dfm©darb ì`º$s (åhUOo d¥Õ) dJimdo bmJVmV.
¾ 2011 À`m OZJUZoZwgma ^maVmV 121.09 H$moQ>r bmoH$g§»òn¡H$s 37.24 H$moQ>r ~mbH$ d 7.08 H$moQ>r d¥Õ AmhoV.
åhUOo 76.77 H$moQ>r bmoH$g§»`m (63.4%) H$m`©H$mar d`moJQ>mV (Working Age Group) ‘moS>Vo.
l‘eº$s (Labour Force) :
105
¾ darb H$m`©H$mar d`moJQ>mn¡H$s {ejU KoUmao {dÚmWu, Ho$di KaH$m‘ H$aUmè`m ì`º$s ({deofV: ‘{hbm), H$m`©H$mar
d`moJQ>mVrb na§Vw noÝeZa ì`º$s, H$m‘ H$aÊ`mg Ag‘W© AgUmao An§J, AmOmanUm‘wio H$m‘ H$aÊ`mg Ag‘W© AgUmè`m
ì`º$s (`m gdmªZm not in labour force åhUVmV) ho dJibo Va Or ì`º$sg§»`m {‘iVo {Vbm l‘eº$s (labour force)
Ago åhUVmV. l‘eº$s åhUOo Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm g{H«$` Agbobr bmoH$g§»`m.
¾ US (Usual Status) nÕVrZwgma 2011-12 ‘Üò 48.37 H$moQ>r ì`º$s l‘eº$sV ‘moS>V hmoË`m.
¾ `m l‘eº$sMo EHy$U bmoH$g§»òer Oo à‘mU H$mT>bo OmVo Ë`mbm LFPR (Labour Force Participation Rate) Ago
åhUVmV.
amoOJmarV bmoH$g§»`m (Worker Population) :
¾ darb l‘eº$sV amoOJmarV d ~oamoOJmarV bmoH$g§»`m ‘moS>Vo. BWo {dMma H$ê$`m amoOJmarV bmoH$g§»òMm.
¾ amoOJmarV bmoH$g§»òV {Z`{‘V amoOJmarV (regular employed), ñd`§amoOJmarV (self employed), Z¡{‘{ÎmH$ amoOJmarV
(casual labour) `m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. Ý`yZ amoOJmarVm§Zm (under employed) ~oamoOJmaM åhQ>bo OmVo.
¾ US nÕVrZwgma 2011-12 ‘Üò 47.29 H$moQ>r ì`º$s¨Zm amoOJma {‘imbobm hmoVm.
¾ `m amoOJmarV bmoH$g§»òMo EHy$U bmoH$g§»òer Oo à‘mU H$mT>bo OmVo, Ë`mbm WPR (Worker Population Ratio)
Ago åhUVmV.
~oamoOJmarV bmoH$g§»`m (Unemployed Population) :
¾ l‘eº$sVyZ H$m‘ {‘imboë`m amoOJmarV bmoH$g§»òbm dJibo åhUOo ~oamoOJmarV bmoH$g§»òMm AmH$S>m {‘iVmo.
¾ BWo EH$ ‘hÎdmMr ~m~ ñnï> Ho$br nm{hOo "~oamoOJmar' `m eãXmV "AZ¡pÀN>H$ ~oamoOJmar' (involuntary unemployment)
Agm AW© A{^àoV Amho. åhUOo EImÚm ì`º$sbm H$m‘ H$am`MrM BÀN>m Zgob, Va Ë`mbm ~oamoOJma åhUV ZmhrV.
AmW©a {nJyÀ`m ‘Vo, ""~oamoOJma åhUOo H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m AgUo na§Vy H$m‘ Z {‘iUo.'' åhUyZ ~oamoOJmar ‘moOVmZm
Imbrb 3 VÎdo {dMmamV KoVmV.
- Ë`m ì`º$sMr H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m Agbr nm{hOo.
- Ë`m ì`º$sZo H$m‘ emoYÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo nm{hOoV.
- Ë`m ì`º$s‘Üò Vo H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMr j‘Vm Agbr nm{hOo.
¾ åhUOo ~oamoOJma qH$dm AZ¡pÀN>H$ ~oamoOJmam§‘Üò Imbrb ì`º$s ‘moS>VmV.
- H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m AgyZhr H$m‘ Z {‘iUmao
- H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMr nmÌVm d j‘Vm AgyZhr H$m‘ Z {‘iUmao H$m‘mdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bobo
- àM{bV doVZmda H$m‘ Z {‘iUma Ý`yZ H$m‘ {‘iUmao
~oamoOJmarMm Xa (Unemployment Rate) :
¾ ~oamoOJmarV bmoH$g§»òMo EHy$U l‘eº$ser Oo à‘mU H$mT>bo OmVo, Ë`mbm ~oamoOJmarMm Xa (Unemployment Rate)
Ago åhUVmV.
NSO (NSSO) Mr ‘moOUr :
NSSO g§ñWm amoOJma d ~oamoOJma{df`H$ ‘m{hVr g§H${bV H$ê$Z gmYmaUV… Xa 5 Vo 7 dfmªZr ^maVmVrb amoOJma-
~oamoOJmarÀ`m {ZX}e ’$bH$mMm Ahdmb (Key Indicators of Employment Unemployment in India) àH$m{eV H$aV
Ago. Agm n{hbm Ahdmb 1972-73 ‘Yrb 27 ì`m ‘moOUr ’o$arda (Round) AmYmabobm hmoVm. `mZ§Va 1977-78
(32 dr ’o$ar), 1983 (38 dr ’o$ar), 1987-88 (43 dr ’o$ar), 1993-94 (50 dr ’o$ar), 1999-00 (55 dr ’o$ar),
2004-05 (61 dr ’o$ar), 2009-10 (66 dr ’o$ar), 2011-12 (68 dr ’o$ar) ‘Üò Ago EHy$U ZD$ Ahdmb NSSO
Zo àH$m{eV Ho$bo. darb gd© Ahdmbm§‘Üò dmnaë`m Joboë`m {d{dY g§H$ënZm, ì`m»`m Am{U nÕVr `m Xm§Vdmbm g{‘VrZo
gwM{dboë`m {e’$maerZwgma hmoË`m. 10 dm Ahdmb Á`mV 2017-18 ‘Yrb amoOJma ~oamoOJma{df`H$ AmH$S>odmar {Xbr
Amho, ‘o 2019 ‘Üò àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `mMo erf©H$ PLFS (Periodic Labour Force Survey) Ago hmoVo. `mZ§Va
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AmVm PLFS Ahdmb Xadfu àH$m{eV hmody bmJbm Amho. Imbrb 4 Ï`m ‘wÚmV Ë`mVrb AmH$S>odmarda MMm© Ho$br Amho.
l‘ã`wamo (Labour Bureau) XoIrb amoOJma-~oamoOJmarMr ‘m{hVr g§H${bV H$aVo, na§Vw NSO Mr AmH$S>odmar daMT> R>aVo.
~oamoOJmar ‘moOÊ`mgmR>r NSSO Zo Imbrb 3 g§H$ënZm {dH${gV Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
(a) gm‘mÝ` pñWVr (US - Usual Status) qH$dm gm‘mÝ` ‘w»` pñWVr (UPS - Usual Principal Status) :
(i) df©â H$m‘ H$ê$ eH$Umar l‘eº$s Am{U `m l‘eº$sVrb amoOJmarV d ~oamoOJmarV bmoH$g§»òda AmYm[aV
AmH$S>odmar US/ UPS nÕVrV H$mT>br OmVo. US ‘Üò AW©ì`dñWoVrb ‘w»` (principal) d Xwæ`‘ (subsidiary)
gd©M H$m`} {dMmamV KoVmV, Va UPS ‘Üò AW©ì`dñWoVrb Ho$di ‘w»` (principal) H$m`} {dMmamV KoVmV.
(ii) `m nÕVrV df©âmV Ho$di 2 ‘{hZo qH$dm Ë`mhÿZhr H$‘r H$m‘ {‘iUmè`m§Zm qH$dm H$m‘M Z {‘iUmè`m§Zm
~oamoOJma åhQ>bo OmVo.
(iii) dm{f©H$ åhUOo XrK©H$mbrZ ~oamoOJmar ‘moOV Agë`m‘wio US / UPS nÕVr‘wio {MaH$mbrZ ~oamoOJmar (chronic
unemployment), h§Jm‘r ~oamoOJmar (seasonal unemployment) VgoM MH«$s` ~oamoOJmarMo (cyclical
unemployment) AmH$bZ hmoVo.
(iv) US / UPS nÕVrZo H$mT>bm Jobobm ~oamoOJmarMm Xa hm "ì`º$sXa' (Person Rate) AgVmo.
CXm - a‘oe df©â H$m‘ emoYV hmoVm. l‘eº$sMr Zm|X 1 H$am`Mr. a‘oebm df©âmV 5 ‘{hZo H$m‘ {‘imbo Agob
Va a‘oe amoOJmarV Amho, Ago g‘Omdo. åhUOo ~oamoOJmarMm Xa eyÝ` òB©b.
(b) dV©‘mZ gmám{hH$ pñWVr (CWS Current Weekly Status) :
(i) AmR>dS>çmâmV H$m‘ H$ê$ eH$Umar l‘eº$s Am{U `m l‘eº$sVrb amoOJmarV d ~oamoOJmarV bmoH$g§»`m CWS
nÕVrV H$mT>br OmVo.
(ii) CWS nÕVrV gd}jUmÀ`m AmR>dS>çmV {H$‘mZ EH$hr VmgmMo H$m‘ Z {‘iUmè`mbm ~oamoOJma åhQ>bo OmVo.
(iii) CWS nÕVr‘wio AënH$mbrZ ~oamoOJmar (acute unemployment), Am§{eH$ ~oamoOJmar (partial unemployment),
h§Jm‘r ~oamoOJmar VgoM MH«$s` ~oamoOJmarMo AmH$bZ hmoVo.
(iv) CWS nÕVrZo H$mT>bm Jobobm ~oamoOJmarMm Xa hm XoIrb "ì`º$sXa' (Person Rate) AgVmo.
CXm - a‘oe gmo‘dma Vo a{ddma H$m‘ emoYV hmoVm. l‘eº$sMr Zm|X 1 H$am`Mr. `m g§nyU© AmR>dS>çmV Ë`mbm 3
{Xdg Vmgmâmnojm OmñV H$m‘ {‘imbo, åhUOo a‘oe amoOJmarV Amho. ~oamoOJmarMm Xa eyÝ` Amho.
(c) dV©‘mZ X¡{ZH$ pñWVr (CDSCurrent Daily Status) :
(i) gd}jU AmR>dS>çmV àËòH$ {XdgmMr H$m‘mMr pñWVr {dMmamV KoD$Z l‘eº$s d `m l‘eVrVrb amoOJmarV d
~oamoOJmarV ì`º$s{XZ CDS nÕVrV H$mT>bm OmVmo.
(ii) CDS nÕVrV {d{eï> {XdgmV {H$‘mZ EH$hr VmgmMo H$m‘ Z {‘iUmè`mbm ~oamoOJma åhQ>bo OmVo. 1 Vo 4 Vmg
H$m‘ {‘iUmè`mZo AYm© {Xdg H$m‘ Ho$bo, Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
(iii) CDS nÕVrV darb nÕVtnojm EH$ ‘moR>m ’$aH$ Amho. `m nÕVrV Zm|X "ì`º$s' (Person) ñdê$nmV Z {b{hVm
"ì`{º${XZ' (Person days) ñdê$nmV H$aVmV.
CXm. - a‘oe gmo‘dma Vo a{ddma H$m‘ emoYV hmoVm. l‘eº$sMr Zm|X 7 H$am`Mr.
a‘oebm `m àËòH$ {Xder H$m‘ {‘imbo H$m? e{Zdmar Am{U a{ddmar H$m‘ Zmhr {‘imbo. ~oamoOJmarMr Zm|X 2
H$am`Mr. ~oamoOJmarMm Xa = 28.5% ( 2 / 7 x 100).
(iv) åhUOo CDS nÕVrZo H$mT>bm Jobobm ~oamoOJmarMm Xa hm "ì`º$s{XZ Xa' (Person Day Rate) qH$dm "H$mbXa'
(Time Rate) AgVmo.
(v) darb H$maUm§‘wio CDS nÕVrZo X¡Z§{XZ ~oamoOJmar, Iwbr ~oamoOJmar (open unemployment), Am§{eH$ ~oamoOJmar
(partial unemployment), AënH$mbrZ ~oamoOJmar (acute unemployment), h§Jm‘r ~oamoOJmar, àÀN>Þ
~oamoOJmar (disguised unemployment) Aem ~hþVm§e àH$maÀ`m ~oamoOJmarMo AmH$bZ hmoVo.
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(vi) ~oamoOJmarMo n[anyU© {MÌ Xe©{dÊ`mV CDS nÕV hr darb nÕVrnojm loð> R>aVo.
Mmcy AmH$S>odmar :
(a) US nÕVrZwgma 2020-21 ‘Üò gdm©{YH$ ~oamoOJmarMm Xa ZmJmb±S> (19.3%) Am{U bj{Ûn (13.4%)
‘Üò AmT>ibm Va gdm©V H$‘r ~oamoOJmarMm Xa {g¸$s‘ (1.1%) Am{U ‘oKmb` (1.7%) ‘Üò AmT>ibm.
‘hmamï´>mVrb ~oamoOJmarMm Xa 3.7% AmT>ibm.
(b) US nÕVrZwgma 2020-21 ‘Üò ~oamoOJmarMm Xa nwê$fm§‘Üò 4.5% d ‘{hbm§‘Üò 3.5% AmT>ibm. nwéfm§‘Üò
~oamoOJmarMm Xa OmñV Amho. ho {MÌ 2011-12 ‘Üò CbQ> hmoVo.
(c) US nÕVrZwgma 2020-21 ‘Üò ~oamoOJmarMm Xa ehar ^mJmV 6.7% d J«m‘rU ^mJm‘Üò 3.3% AmT>ibm.
~oamoOJmar Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>rMo {Z`moOZ :

Zdì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoXaå`mZ (1997-2002) gmYmaUV… 53 {‘{b`Z amoOJma{Z{‘©VrMo bj R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
Am{W©H$ d¥ÕrXamV dmT> Z Pmë`mZo 53 {‘{b`Z amoOJmamMo C{Ôï> JmR>Vm Ambo Zmhr.
Xhmì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV (2002-2007) Eg. nr. Jwám `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbrb Aä`mgJQ>mÀ`m {e’$maerdê$Z Xadfu
10 {‘{b`Z amoOJma{Z{‘©VrMo (åhUOo EHy$U 50 {‘{b`Z amoOJma{Z{‘©VrMo) bj C{Ôï> R>odbo hmoVo. H¥$fr joÌ, bKwCÚmoJ,
J«m‘rU J¡aH¥$fr joÌ, AÞà{H«$`m, godmjoÌ `m‘Üò amoOJma{Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ`mda â XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
AH$amì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV (2007-2012) 58 {‘{b`Z amoOJma{Z{‘©VrMo bj R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
~mamì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV (2012-2017) J¡aH¥$fr joÌmV 50.3 {‘{b`Z amoOJma{Z{‘©VrMo bj R>odbo hmoVo. `mn¡H$s
gdm©{YH$ amoOJma{Z{‘©Vr ~m§YH$m‘ d Ë`mImbmoImb CËnmXZ joÌmV H$aÊ`mMo bj R>odÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.

108
emgH$s¶
¶moOZm
Government
Scheme
109
g‘mdoeH$ {dH$mg Vo AO|S>m
g_mdoeH$ {dH$mg Vo AO|S>m

(Inclusive Development to Agenda)
 g_mdoeH$ {dH$mg Am{U amï´>r` {dH$mg AO|S>m (Inclusive Development and National Development
Agenda)
 g_mdoeH$ {dH$mg hm eãX ^maVmV 11 ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoÀ`m AmamIS>çmV Cëco{Icoë`m "J{Verc d g_mdoeH$
{dH$mg' `m C{Ôï>mnmgyZ OmñV dmnamV Amcm. `m AmamIS>çmV {dH$mgmnmgyZ d§{MV Agcoë`m§Zm {dH$mgmÀ`m àdmhmV
AmUUo (inclusion) d AW©ì`dñWoVrc Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm Xya H$aUo (bridging divides) `m§Mm
àm_w»`mZo CëcoI H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
 AW©ì`dñWoVrc hr {df_Vm ~hþA§Jr Amho. åhUOo Xm{aÐçaofoImcrc d Xm{aÐçaofodarc `m§À`mVrc Ag_mZVm,
amoOJmamVrc d ~oamoOJmam§_Yrc Ag_mZVm, J«m_rU-ehar Ag_mZVm, àmXo{eH$ Ag_Vmoc, joÌr` Ag_mZVm VgoM
_mJmg dJ©-A_mJmg dJm©Vrc Ag_mZVm, {c§J Ag_mZVm, Am{W©H$ Ag_mZVm.
 g_mdoeH$ {dH$mgmMr JaO H$m`? ""{dH$mgmMm hŠH$'' _mZdmcm XoÊ`mgmR>r, gdmªZm {dH$mgmÀ`m àdmhmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r
g_mdoeH$ {dH$mgmMr JaO Amho. åhUOo `m g§H$ënZoV _yi Amnë`mcm g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmÀ`m _mZdm{YH$mamÀ`m d¡{ídH$
KmofUoV gmnS>Vo. B.g. 2000 Z§Va "g_mdoeH$ {dH$mg' `m g§H$ënZocm {deof _hÎd àmßV Pmco.
1) _hmË_m Jm§Yr amï´>r` amoOJma h_r `moOZm (MGNREGS-Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Gurantee Scheme) :
 gwadmV - 2 \o$~«wdmar 2006. 7 gßQ>|~a 2005 cm NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act)
H$m`Xm g§gXoZo g§_V Ho$cm Am{U 2 \o$~«wdmar 2006 nmgyZ "J«m_rU AHw$ec _Oyam§Zm _Owar amoOJmamMo AmídmgZ
XoUmar' amï´>r` J«m_rU amoOJma h_r `moOZm NREGS (National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme)
gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2009 cm `m `moOZocm _hË_m Jm§YrOtMo Zmd XoÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_wio NREGA
H$m`Xm MGNREGA Va NREGS `moOZm MGNREGS ZmdmZo AmoiIcr OmD$ cmJcr.
 `moOZoMo VÎd :
"àËòH$ J«m_rU Hw$Qw>§~mVrc AHw$ec H$m_ H$ê$ BpÀN>Umè`m {H$_mZ EH$m àm¡T>mcm df©âmVyZ {H$_mZ 100 {Xdgm§À`m
amoOJmamMr h_r XoUo'.
 C{Ôï>o :
1) J«m_rU ^mJmV CËnmXH$ d {Q>H$mD$ _mc_Îmm (Productive and durable assets) C^maë`m OmVrc, `m
CÔoemZo J«m_rU ^mJmVrc AHw$ec _Oyam§Zm df©âmVyZ {H$_mZ 100 {Xdgm§À`m amoOJmamMr h_r XoUo.
2) J{a~m§À`m ómoVm§Mr CncãYVm dmT>dyZ amhUr_mZmV gwYmaUm KS>{dUo.
3) gm_m{OH$ g_mdoeZmgmR>r g{H«$`Vm AmUUo.
4) n§Mm`VamO g§ñWm§Zm ~iH$Q> H$aUo.
5) _Owar amoOJma nwa{dVmZm Z¡g{J©H$ ómoVm§Mo {Z`_Z H$aUo, `m `moOZoMo Xwæ`_ C{Ôï> åhUVm òB©c. `m_wio XwîH$mi,
O§JcVmoS>, O{_ZrMr Yyn `mda _mV H$aVm òVo, emídV {dH$mg gmYVm òVmo.
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 cúò :
1) J«m_rU ^mJmVrc Agwa{jV (vulnerable) KQ>H$m§Zm gm_m{OH$ gwajm nwa{dUo.
2) CËnmXH$ d {Q>H$mD$ _mc_Îmm C^maUo. `mgmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ H$m_o hmVr KoUo.
3) Z¡g{J©H$ ómoVm§Zm nwZê$ÁOrdZ {_idyZ XoUo.
4) {ó`m, AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O_mVr d BVa gm_m{OH$Ñï>çm ì`md{V©V JQ>mMo g~crH$aU H$aUo. EHy$U
amoOJma {Z{_©Vr_Üò {ñÌ`m§Mm dmQ>m 33% {H§$dm 1/3 AgUo A{Zdm`© Amho.
5) Xm{aÐç {Z_y©cZmÀ`m `moOZm§À`m g_Ýd`mVyZ {dH|${ÐV {Z`moOZ am~{dUo.
6) n§Mm`VamO g§ñWm§À`m g~crH$aUmVyZ VimJmimn`ªV cmoH$emhrMr VÎdo ê$O{dUo.
 IM© : H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` IMm©Mm dmQ>m CMcVmZm Vmo _OwargmR>r 100:0 Agm Amho. gm{hË` gmYZm§gmR>r 75:25 Agm
Amho. Va ~oamoOJmar ^Î`mgmR>r 0:100 Agm Amho.
 J«m_rU AHw$ec _Oyam§Mo A{YH$ma Am{U gdcVr :
1) Zm|XUr AO© H$aVm òVmo.
2) Zm|XUr H$aUmè`mcm Om°~ H$mS>© {Xco OmVo.
3) H$m_mgmR>r AO© H$aVm òVmo. AO© Ho$ë`mMr VmarI Zm|XdyZ KoVcr OmVo.
4) H$m_mMr doi Am{U H$mcmdYr {ZdS>Ê`mM>r gdcV {Xcr OmVo.
5) Zm|XUrZ§Va 15 {Xdgm§À`m AmV d 5 {H$._r.À`m AmV H$m_ {Xco OmVo.
6) H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr nmiUmJ¥h, noÒc, àW_monMma `m§Mr gmo` Ho$cocr AgVo.
7) 5 {H$._r. A§VamncrH$S>rc H$m_mgmR>r 10% OmñV _Owar {_iVo.
8) _Oyamcm hOoarnÌ d Om°~ H$mS>©_Yrc Zm|XUrMm Vnerc nmhÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AgVmo.
9) H$m_mMr _Oyar gmßVm{hH$ {H§$dm H$m_ Ho$ë`mÀ`m {Xder KoVm òVo.
10) Zm|XUrZ§Va 15 {Xdgm§À`m AmV H$m_ Z {_imë`mg ~oamoOJma ^Îmm {Xcm OmVmo. hOoarnÌ Zm|XUrZwgma 16
{Xdgm§n`ªV _Owar Z {_imë`mg Ë`mnwT>rc àËòH$ {XdgmgmR>r ~wS>mcoë`m _OwarÀ`m 0.05% ^Îmm {dc§~ ewëH$
åhUyZ _Oyamcm {_iVmo.
11) H$m_mda AgVmZm d¡XçH$s` CnMma, An§JËd, AnKmV {H§$dm _¥Ë`y Amë`mg gd© IM© `moOZoVyZ Ho$cm OmVmo.
 `moOZoVrc J«m_gôMo Am{U J«m_n§Mm`VrMo _hÎd :
1) `moOZ|VJ©V am~dmd`mÀ`m H$m_mMo {ZYm©aU J«m_g^m H$aVo. {ZYm©{aV Ho$coë`m H$m_mMr A§_c~OmdUr hmoV Amho
H$s Zmhr `mMo narjUXoIrc J«m_g^m H$aVo.
 _Oyar :
1) 1976 À`m g_mZ doVZ H$m`ÚmZwgma (Equal Remuneration Act) nwê$f d {ó`m§Zm gmaIrM _Owar {Xcr
OmVo.
2) _OwarMm Xa 1948 À`m {H$_mZ _Owar H$m`ÚmZwgma (Minimum Wages Act) R>a{dcm OmVmo.
3) _Owar (H|$Ð emgZmZo {ZYm©{aV Ho$coë`m AndmXmË_H$ n{apñWVr dJiVm) ghgm _Owam§À`m ~±H$ {H§$dm nmoñQ>ImË`mV
dJ© Ho$cr OmVo.
4) _Owarì`{V{aŠV `m `moOZoÀ`m cm^mÏ`mªZm gaH$mar Amamo½` {d_m `moOZm§Mm cm^ {_iVmo.
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 `moOZoMo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU :
1) gÜ`m _Jm§ZaoJm A§VJ©V {Xcr OmUmar _Owar WoQ> cm^ hñVm§V{aV H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Mmcy AmhoV. `mgmR>r JAM
(Jandhan-Aadhar-Mobile) hr {ÌgyÌr dmnacr OmV Amho.
2) gd©àW_ Am§Y« àXoemZo ñ_mQ>© H$mS>© AmYmarV _Owar WoQ> ImË`mV hñVm§VarV H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$cr. `m_wio _Owar
{dc§~ 19% Zo H$_r Pmcm. _Owar Xo`Vm 24% Zo dmT>cr d JiVr 35% Zo Wm§~cr.
3) `moOZoVrc CËnmXH$ Am{U {Q>H$mD$ _mc_Îmm§Mr à^mdr _m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r {a_moQ> g|{g§J Am{U GIS -
Geographical Information System Mm dmna Ho$cm OmV Amho. GIS AmYmarV 'GeoMGNREGA' hr
àUmcr 1 gßQ>|~a 2016 cm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m àUmcrÛmao Xoer "^wdZ' `m gm°âQ>doAaMr XoIrc _XV KoVcr
OmV Amho. GeoMGNREGA Mo Am¡nMm{aH$ CX²KmQ>Z 30 Zmoìh|~a 2016 cm Zdr {XëcrVyZ Pmco. `m {Xder
hr àUmcr 110 {Oëøm§_Üò gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
4) _Jm§ZaoJm `§ÌUm Am{U OZgm_mÝ` `m Xmohm|_Üò _m{hVrMr WoQ> XodmUKodmU hmoUmÀ`m CÔoemZo J«m_rU {dH$mg
_§Ìmc`mZo 19 OyZ 2017 cm 'Janmanrega' ZmdmZo _mo~mB©c A°n gwê$ Ho$co Amho. `m A°nda `moOZoMr C{Ôï>ço,
H$m`©joÌ d H$m_m§Mr _m{hVr CncãY Amho. VgoM `moOZoÛmao C^macoë`m _mc_Îmm§Mr _m{hVr {_iy eH$Vo, Ë`m~m~V
Amncm A{^àm` Zm|X{dVm òVmo.
 _Jm§ZaoJm-_hmamï´> :
_hmamï´>mÀ`m 15 H$c_r H$m`©H«$_mÝdò 28 _mM© 1972 cm amÁ`mZo "amoOJma h_r `moOZm' (Employment Guarantee
Scheme) gwê$ Ho$cr. J«m_rU Xm{aÐç Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU cmoH$g§»òcm CËnmXH$ amoOJma nwa{dUo d `m amoOJmamMr
h_r XoUo hm `m `moOZoMm CÔoe hmoVm.
2) XrZX`mc A§Ë`moX` `moOZm-amï´>r` J«m_rU OrdZmoÞVr A{^`mZ (DAY-NRLM - Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana
- National Rural Livelihood Mission) :
 gwadmV - 3 OyZ 2011. `m VmaIocm ñdU©O`§Vr J«m_rU ñdamoOJma `moOZoMr nwZa©MZm H$ê$Z "amï´>r` J«m_rU OrdZmoÞVr
A{^`mZ' gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m A{^`mZmcm "amï´>r` J«m_rU Am{O{dH$m A{^`mZ' Agohr åhUVmV. ~§gdmam
(amOñWmZ) òWyZ `m A{^`mZmMr gwadmV H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Zmoìh|~a 2015 _Üò _mÝ`Vm {_iyZ 29 _mM© 2016 nmgyZ
`m `moOZoMo A[YH¥$V Zmd "{XZX`mc A§Ë`moX` `moOZm - amï´>r` J«m_rU OrdZmoÞVr A{^`mZ' (DAY-NRLM) Ago
Pmco Amho.
i) EH$m{Ë_H$ J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ (IRDP-Integrated Rural Development Program) :
J«m_rU Hw$ec _Owam§Zm ñd`§amoOJma nwa{dUmar hr `moOZm 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1980 cm g§nyU© ^maVmV gwê$ H$aÊ`mV
Amcr. "ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m {H§$dm àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ J«m_rU Hw$ec J{a~m§Zm
ñd`§amoOJmamMo ómoV C^maÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ _XV nwadyZ Ë`m§Zm Am{W©H$ ñdmdc§{~Ëd àmßV H$ê$Z XoUo d Ë`m§Zm
Xm{aÐçaofoÀ`m da AmUUo' ho `m `moOZoMo _yi C{Ôï> hmoVo.
2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1980 cm IRDP `moOZm (gd©M 5,011 J«m_rU VmcwŠ`m§_Üò) g§nyU© ^maVmV gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
ghmì`m `moOZm H$mimV àËòH$ VmcwŠ`mVrc 600 J«m_rU Hw$Qw>§~ `moOZoImcr AmUÊ`mMo CÔrï> R>odÊ`mV Amco.
ii) ñdU©O`§Vr J«m_ ñdamoOJma `moOZm (SJGSY - Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana) :
Zdì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmH$mimV (1997-2002) EH$m{Ë_H$ J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mMo (IRDP) ê$nm§Va
"ñd`§amoOJma, cm^mÏ`mªMo JQ>, V§ÌkmZ, j_VmdY©Z, nm`m^yV gw{dYm, nVnwadR>m' `m§Mm g_J« g_mdoe AgUmè`m
`moOZoV H$aÊ`mMo R>aco. her_ g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma 1 E{àc 1999 cm IRDP, TRYSEM, DWCRA,
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MWS, SITRA, GKY `m gd© `moOZm§À`m EH${ÌH$aUmVyZ EH$M "ñdU©O`§Vr J«m_ ñdamoOJma `moOZm' gwê$
Pmcr.
 3 OyZ 2011 cm ñdU©O`§Vr J«m_ ñdamoOJma `moOZoMo ê$nm§Va amï´>r` J«m_rU OrdZmoÞVr A{^`mZmV H$aÊ`mV Amco.
J«m_rU {dH$mg _§Ìmc`mZo 2009 _Üò Ama.amYmH¥$îUZ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr EH$ g{_Vr ñWmnZ Ho$cr hmoVr. {VZo `m
nwZa©MZoMr {e\$mag Ho$cr hmoVr.
 A{^`mZmMo C{Ôï> :
"J«m_rUñVamda J{a~m§À`m CËnÞmV emídV dmT> H$aUmè`m ñd`§amoOJmamÀ`m d Hw$ec amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr CncãY
H$aVrc Aem "J«m_rU J{a~m§À`m geŠV g§ñWm' C^mê$Z Xm{aÐç H$_r H$aUo' ho `moOZoMo C{Ôï> Amho. SJGSY
`moOZoMm â ñd`§ghmæ`Vm JQ> ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mda hmoVm. NRLM d DAY-NRLM Mm â ñd`§ghmæ`Vm JQ>m§À`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ Jar~m§À`m geŠV g§ñWm ñWmnÊ`mda Amho. `moOZocm nwT>rc 5 dfmªV àËòH$ Hw$Qw>§~mMr ~±H$nV EH$ cmI
ê$n`m§Zr dmT>Uo Ano{jV Amho. amoOJmanyaH$ H$m¡eë`mMo à{ejU XoUo hm XoIrc `m `moOZoMm _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho.
 `moOZoMr VÎdo :
1) J{a~m§Mr J{a~rVyZ ~mhoa òÊ`mMr Vrd« BÀN>m AgVo Am{U j_VmXoIrc AgVo.
2) J{a~m§À`m j_Vocm dmd XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mV gm_m{OH$ J{VercVm AmUUo d Ë`m§À`m geŠV g§ñWm C^maUo
AË`mdí`H$ AgVo.
3) gm_m{OH$ J{VercVogmR>r Ë`m§Zm g_{n©V AgUmar d g§doXZercarË`m ghmæ` H$aUmar `§ÌUm C^mamdr cmJVo.
 IM© :
SJGSY VgoM NRLM `moOZon`ªV H|$Ð d amÁ`mMm IMm©Mm dmQ>m 75:25 Agm hmoVm. 1 E{àc 2016 Z§Va Core
`moOZm§_Üò g_mdoe Agë`m_wio DAY-NRLM `moOZoV H|$Ð d amÁ`m§Mm IMm©Mm dmQ>m 60:40 Agm Pmcm Amho.
`moOZogmR>r OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zohr _XV nwa{dcr Amho.
3) XrZX`mc A§Ë`moX` `moOZm-amï´>r` ehar OrdZmoÞVr A{^`mZ (DAY-NULM - Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana
- National Rural Livelihood Mission) :
 gwadmV : 24 gßQ>|~a 2013. `m {Xder ñdU©O`§Vr ehar amoOJma `moOZoMr nwZa©MZm H$ê$Z "amï´>r` ehar OrdZmoÞVr
A{^`mZ' gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco. 19 \o$~«wdmar 2016 cm XrZX`mc A§Ë`moX` `moOZm (ehar) hr `moOZm amï´>r` ehar
OrdZmoÞVr A{^`mZmV {dcrZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr AgyZ, `moOZoMo Zmd XrZX`mc A§Ë`moX` `moOZm - amï´>r` ehar
OrdZmoÞVr A{^`mZ' (DAY-NRLM) Ago Pmco Amho.
 DAY-NULM Mo C{Ôï> "ehar Jar~ Hw$Qy>§~m§Zm cm^Xm`H$ ñd`§amoOJmamÀ`m d Hw$ec VgoM _Owar amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr
CncãY H$aVrc d Ë`m§À`m amhUr_mZmV cjUr` gwYmaUm H$aVrc Aem "ehar J{a~m§À`m geŠV g§ñWm' C^mê$Z
ehar Xm{aÐç d Agwa{jVVm Xya H$aUo' ho Amho. "Q>ßß`m-Q>ßß`mZo ehar ~oKam§Zm {Zdmam CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo' Am{U
"ehamVrc añVo {dH«o$Ë`m§Zm {Zdmam, nVnwadR>m, H$m¡eë` Am{U gm_m{OH$ gwajm XoUo' hr XmoZ C{Ôï>o `m `moOZoMr d¡{eï>ço
AmhoV.
 `moOZoMr VÎdo :
1) J{a~m§Mr J{a~rVyZ ~mhoa òÊ`mMr Vrd« BÀN>m AgVo, VgoM ehar J{a~m§_Üò ì`mdgm{`H$ j_VmXoIrc AgVmV.
2) J{a~m§À`m j_VoMm cm^Xm`H$ dmna H$aUo d amhUr_mZmV emídV gwYmaUm H$aUo ho Iao AmìhmZ Amho.
113
3) Ë`mgmR>r nwaogo àmoËgmhZ XoD$Z gm_m{OH$ J{VercVm dmT>{dUo d Ë`m§Zm g_{n©V AgUmar d g§doXZerc AgUmar
`§ÌU C^maUo.
 `moOZoMr _yëò :
1) ehar J{a~m§Mm d Ë`m§À`m g§ñWm§Mm gd© à{H«$`m§_Üò gh^mJ.
2) `moOZm§Mr aMZm, A§_c~OmdUr d g§ñWm C^maUr Am{U j_Vm{dH$mg `m§_Üò nmaXe©H$Vm.
3) O~m~Xmar
4) ^mJrXmar
5) ñd`§{ZU©`, ñdmc§~Z Am{U nañna _XV H$aUmè`m g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr.
 IM© :
SJSRY VgoM NULM `moOZon`ªV H|$Ð d amÁ` IMm©Mm dmQ>m 75:25 Agm hmoVm. Core `moOZm§_Üò Agë`m_wio
DAY-NULM `moOZoV H|$Ð d amÁ`m§_Üò IMm©Mm dmQ>m 60:40 Agm Pmcm Amho. ({VÝhr `moOZm§_Yco gyú_ \$aH$
VŠË`mV Xe©{dco AmhoV)
 gm_m{OH$ g_mdoeZ :
25% cm^mWu AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr, _{hcm, Aëng§»`mH$ d An§J AgVrc Ago à`moOZ Amho.
 Am{W©H$$ g_mdoeZ :
SJSRY `moOZ|VJ©V ^m§S>dc g~{gS>r (Capital Subsidy) {Xcr OmV Ago. NULM {H§$dm DAY-NULM
`moOZoV `mEodOr ì`mO g~{gS>r (Interest Subsidy) {Xcr OmVo. Á`m ñd`§ghmæ`Vm JQ>m§Zr {d{dY nVg§ñWm§H$Sy>Z
7% nojm OmñV ì`mOXamZo H$O} KoVcr AmhoV, Ë`m§Zm 7% nojm OmñVrMo ì`mO âÊ`mgmR>r (gyú_ CnH«$_ H$_mc 2
cmI ê$/JQ CnH«$_ H$_mc 5 cmI ê$nò) ì`mO g~{gS>r {Xcr OmVo. doioda hám âUmè`m _{hcm ñd`§ghmæ`Vm
JQ>m§Zm 3% Interest Subvention `moOZmhr cmJy Amho.>
4) Jar~ H$ë`mU amoOJma A{^`mZ (GKRA-Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan) :
 gwadmV : 20 OyZ 2020. H$mcmdYr - 125 {Xdg.
 C{Ôï>ço :
H$mo{dS>-19 cm°H$S>mD$Z_Üò {H$ËòH$ ñWcm§V{aV _Oya _yiJmdr naVë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mg_moa ~oamoOJmarMm _moR>m àíZ C^m
am{hcm. _yiJmdr naVcoë`m ñWcm§V{aV _Owam§gmR>r Am{U _§XrZo ~m{YV J«m_rU cmoH$m§gmR>r amoOJmamÀ`m d OrdZmoÞVrÀ`m
g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo `m `moOZoMo C{Ôï> hmoVo. `mgmR>r hr `moOZm 6 amÁ`m§_Üò am~{dÊ`mV Amcr.
 IM© :
125 {Xdgm§gmR>r `m `moOZogmR>r 50,000 H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Mr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. àË`jmV 39,293 H$moQ>r ê$nò
IM© H$aÊ`mV Amco.
 `moOZ|VJ©V añVo, Kao, A§JUdmS>r, n§Mm`V ^dZ, {d{har d BVa nm`m^yV gw{dYm§À`m C^maUrMr H$m_o hmVr KoÊ`mV
Amcr. VgoM aoëdo, Ocg§dY©Z, nrH$ cmJdS>, \$m`~a Am°pßQ>H$ Ho$~c, Jwao-eoù`m-Hw$¸w$Q>nmcZ `mgmaIr H$m_o hmVr
KoÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr.
5) AmË_{Z^©a ^maV amoOJma `moOZm (ABRY - Atmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana) :
 gwadmV : 12 Zmoìh|~a 2020. `m {Xder AmË_{Z^©a ^maV `moOZoMm {Vgam Q>ßnm (3.0) Omhra H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `m
n°Ho$O_Yrc AmË_{Z^©a ^maV amoOJma `moOZm hr EH$ hmo`.
 C{Ôï> :
114
H$mo{dS>-19 gmWamoJm_wio CÚmoJ joÌmV _§Xr Amcocr Amho. `m _§XrVyZ CÚmoJ gmdamdoV Am{U Ë`mVyZ Am¡nMm{aH$
amoOJma{Z{_©Vrcm MmcZm {_imdr, hm `m `moOZoMm _w»` CÔoe Amho.
 `moOZoMo KQ>H$ :
1) {d{dY CÚmoJ, OoWo 20 nojm OmñV H$m_Jma H$m_ H$aVmV Am{U Á`m§Mo _m{gH$ CËnÞ 15,000 nojm H$_r Amho.
Ë`m H$m_Jmam§À`m nJmamÀ`m 24% aŠH$_ EPF (Employees Provided Fund) _Üò O_m Ho$cr OmVo.
`mn¡H$s 12% aŠH$_ H$m_Jma (employee) âVmo d Vr a¸$_ Ë`mÀ`m nJmamVyZ H$mncr OmVo. Cd©{aV 12%
aŠH$_ H§$nZr (employee) âVo.
2) AmË_{Z^©a ^maV amoOJma `moOZoÝdò Ago Omhra H$aÊ`mV Amco, H$s Aem H§$nÝ`m, OoWo 1,000 nojm H$_r H$m_Jma
H$m_ H$aVmV, VoWrc ZdrZ H$m_Jmam§gmR>r 24% aŠH$_ 1 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2020 Vo 30 OyZ 2021 `m H$mcmdYrgmR>r
ñdV: gaH$ma EPF _Üò O_m H$aoc. VgoM Aem H§$nÝ`m OoWo 1,000 nojm OmñV H$m_Jma H$m_ H$aVmV, VoWrc
ZdrZ H$m_Jmam§gmR>r 12% a¸$_, Or ñdV: H$m_Jma âVmV, 1 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2020 Vo 30 OyZ 2021 `m
H$mcmdYrgmR>r ñdV: gaH$ma EPF _Üò O_m H$aoc. hr aŠH$_ g~{gS>r g_Ocr OmB©c.
3) darc Cnm`m§_wio CÚmoJm§Zm ZdrZ H$m_Jmam§À`m âVrcm àmoËgmhZ {_ioc. VgoM ZdrZ H$m_Jmam§À`m nJmamV
H$nmV Z Pmë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr H«$èŠVr dmT>oc.
6) XrZX`mc CnmÜ`m` J«m_rU H$m¡eë` `moOZm (DDU-GKY- Deendayal Upadhyah-Gramin Kaushal Yojana):
 gwadmV :
NRLM `moOZ|VJ©V J«m_rU {dH$mg _§Ìmc`mZo H$m¡eë` {dH$mgmgmR>r OrdZmoÞVr/AmOr{dH$m H$m¡eë` {dH$mgmgmR>r
OrdZmoÞVr/AmOr{dH$m H$m¡eë` {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ (ASDP - Aajeevika Skill Development Program) gwê$
Ho$cm. `m H$m`©H«$_mMo C{Ôï> "Hw$ec J«m_rU Vê$Um§Zm H$m¡eë` à{ejU XoUo d Ë`m§Zm g§KQ>rV joÌmV amoOJma {_idyZ
XoUo' hmoVo. ASDP `moOZoMo ê$nm§Va 25 gßQ>|~a 2014 cm DDU-GKY _Üò H$aÊ`mV Amco. 15 Vo 35 df}
d`moJQ>mVrc J«m_rU Jar~ Vê$Um§_Yrc H$m¡eë` {dH${gV H$aUo d Ë`m§Mr CËnmXH$ j_Vm dmT>{dUo' `m `moOZoMm CÔoe
Amho. AmYrÀ`m (ASDP) `moOZoà_mUo "amoOJma {_idyZ XoUo' hm XoIrc `m `moOZoMm CÔoe Amho. _hÎdmMr gwYmaUm
åhUOo ZdrZ `moOZoMm CÔoe "J«m_rU Jar~ Vê$Um§Zm {dH$mgmÀ`m àdmhmV AmUyZ g_mdoeH$ {dH$mg H$aUo' hm Amho.
`m_wio `m `moOZocm SDIG - Skill Development for Inclusive Growth ho Zmdhr XoÊ`mV Amco Amho. (25
gßQ>|~a 2014 cm n§{S>V XrZX`mc CnmÜ`m` `m§Mr 98 dr O`§Vr hmoVr.
 National Policy for Skill Development & Enterpreneurship 2015 AhdmcmZwgma 2022 n`ªV 24
_hÎdmÀ`m joÌm§_Üò 10.97 H$moQ>r Hw$ec H$m_Jmam§Mr VyQ> {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. `moOZm hr VyQ> H$_r H$ê$
eH$Vo.
 à{e{jV Vê$Um§n¡H$s {H$_mZ 75% Vê$Um§Zm amoOJma g§Yr nwa{dÊ`mMr h_r XoÊ`mV Amcr Amho.
 `moOZoMm {H$_mZ 33% cm^ _{hcm§Zm, 50% AZwgy{MV OmVr OmVr d O_mVtZm, 15% cm^ Aëng§»`mH$m§Zm {Xcm
OmVmo.
 J«m_rU {dH$mg _§Ìmc` DDU-GKY A§VJ©V àmXo{eH$ `moOZmhr am~dV Amho.
i) {h_m`V (Himayat) :
Oå_y-H$mí_ra_Yrc J«m_rU VgoM ehar, Xm{aÐçaofoImcrc VgoM Xm{aÐçaofodarc Aem gd©M Vê$Um§Zm à{ejU
XoUo d Ë`m§Zm amoOJma {_idyZ XoUo `m CÔoemZo 100% H|$ÐnwañH¥$V {h_m`V `moOZm 21 Am°JñQ> 2011 cm gwê$
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H$aÊ`mV Amcr. nwT>rc 5 dfm©V 1 cmI Vê$Um§Zm à{ejU XoÊ`mMo d Ë`mVrc {H$_mZ 75% Vê$Um§Zm amoOJma
{_idyZ XoÊ`mMo cú` R>odÊ`mV Amco.
ii) C_rX (Ummed) :
ór g~crH$aUmMo cú` R>odyZ OyZ 2013 nmgyZ Oå_y-H$mí_ra_Üò C_rX `moOZm NRLM A§VJ©V gwê$ H$aÊ`mV
Amcr. nwT>rc 5 dfm©V 9 cmI _{hcm§Mo 90,000 ñd`§ghmæ`Vm JQ> C^mê$Z _{hcm§À`m gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$
n{apñWVrV gwYmaUm KS>{dÊ`mMo cú` R>odÊ`mV Amco.
iii) amoeZr (Roshni) :
A{VS>mì`m {dMmagaUrZo ~m{YV joÌm§_Yrc (LWE-Left Wing Extremism) 24 {Oëøm§_Üò 7 OyZ 2013
cm amoeZr Cn`moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. 10 Vo 35 df} d`moJQ>mVrc {H$_mZ 50,000 Vê$Um§Zm nwT>rc 3 dfmªV
Hw$ec à{ejU XoUo d Ë`m§Zm amoOJma {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo cú` R>odÊ`mV Amco Amho. `mn¡H$s {H$_mZ 50% Vê$U
_{hcm AgVrc. gwadmVrcm Vr gwH$_m (N>ÎmrgJS>) Am{U n{íM_ {g§J^y_ (PmaI§S>) òWo àm`mo{JH$ñVamda
am~{dcr Jocr hmoVr. amoeZr A§VJ©V NIOS (National Institute of Open Schooling) _m\©$V Am¡nMm{aH$
{ejU gmoS>coë`m Vê$Um§Zm `mo½` {ejU Ah©VoMo à_mUnÌXoIrc {Xco OmV Amho. AmJm_r H$mimV hr `moOZm gd©
O_mVr joÌm§_Üò cmJy hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.
iv) nadmO (Parvaaz) :
Xm{aÐçaofoImcrc J«m_rU Aëng§»`mH$ g_mOmVrc Vê$Um§Zm H$m¡eë` à{ejU d {ejU nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r gÜ`m
àm`mo{JH$ñVamda NRLM A§VJ©V nadmO H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ Amho. _Xaem§_Üò {eH$coë`m d Z§Va {ejU gmoSy>Z
{Xcoë`m Vê$Um§Zm `m `moOZoMo {deof cú`JQ> ~Z{dco Amho.
 `moOZoMr H$m_{Jar : \o$~«wdmar 2019 n`ªV 6.9 cmI Vê$Um§Zm H$m¡eë`mMo à{ejU XoÊ`mV Amco hmoVo d Ë`mn¡H$s 3.5
cmI Vê$Um§Zm amoOJmahr nwa{dÊ`mV Amcm hmoVm.
7) amï´>r` H$m¡eë` {dH$mg A{^`mZ (NSDM - National Skill Development Mission) {H§$dm Hw$ec ^maV (Skill
India) :
 gwadmV : 15 Owc¡ 2015.
15 Owc¡ ho OmJ{VH$ `wdm H$m¡eë` {XZmMo Am¡{MË` gmYyZ n§VàYmZ lr.Za|Ð _moXr `m§À`m hñVo Zdr {X„rV amï´>r`
H$m¡eë` {dH$mg A{^`mZ (NSDM) gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m A{^`mZmcm Hw$ec ^maV (Skill India) Agohr
g§~moYco OmVo.
 NSDM H$m¡e ë` {dH$mg d ì`mdgm{`H$Vm _§ Ìmc`m_m\©$ V (Ministry of Skill Development &
Entrepreneurship) am~{dcr OmVo.
 CÔoe :
H$m¡eë` {dH$mgmÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm, g§ñWm, H|$Ð-amÁ` gaH$mam§Mo H$m¡eë` {dH$mgmMo H$m`©H«$_m§_Üò g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mÀ`m
CÔoemZo ho A{^`mZ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. gw_mao 20 {d{dY _§Ìmcò/{d^mJ 70 nojm OmñV H$m¡eë` {dH$mgmÀ`m
`moOZm am~{dVmV. NSDM `m `moOZm§_Üò g_Ýd` gmYVo.
 A{^`mZmÀ`m Cn`moOZm :
i) g§H$ën SANKALP (Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Program) :
2017-18 AW©g§H$ënr` KmofUoZwgma 11 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2017 cm `m Cn`moOZocm H|$Ðr` _§{Ì_§S>imZo _§Owar {Xcr.
Vê$Um§Zm ~mOma{^_wI à{ejU XoUo g§H$ënMm CÔoe Amho. à{ejU g§ñWm d à{ejUmWu `m§Mo ñd`§AZwdVu
116
à{V_mZ {dH${gV hmoD$Z H$m¡eë` {dH$mgmÀ`m {Z`moOZmMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aUo g§H$ënMm CÔoe Amho. `mgmR>r
g§H$ën AÝdò amÁ` d {OëhmñVamda H$m¡eë` {dH$mg A{^`mZ am~{dco OmVo d Ë`mMo {Z`moOZ AmIco OmVo.
H$m¡eë`nyaH$ dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr_wio ^maVmMm Ease of Doing Business {ZX}em§H$ gwYmê$ eH$Vmo. ì`d{V©V
JQ>m§À`m H$m¡eë` g_mdoeZmgmR>r XoIrc g§H$ën Cn`moOZm H$m`©erc Amho.
ii) ñQ´>mBìh STRIVE (Skill Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement) :
2017-18 AW©g§H$ënmVrc KmofUoZwgma g§H$ëngmo~VM ñQ´>mBìh Cn`moOZocm 11 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2017 cm H|$Ðr`
_§{Ì_§S>imZo _§Owar {Xcr. H$m¡eë` à{ejU `§ÌUoMo gj_rH$aU H$aUo hm ñQ´>mBìhMm CÔoe Amho. NSDC, amÁ`
H$m¡eë` à{ejU g§ñWm, àmXo{eH$ H$m¡eë` n{afXm `m§Mo gj_rH$aU Ho$co OmVo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_yh, ì`dgm`
g§KQ>Zm, cKw CÚmoJ `m§Mm gh^mJ KoD$Z ITI à{ejU H|$Ðm§À`m {ZînmXZm§_Üò gwYmaUm Ho$cr OmVo. `mgmR>r
cmJUmar Am{W©H$ d Vm§{ÌH$ _XV ñQ´>mBìhH$Sy>Z nwa{dcr OmVo.
8) àYmZ_§Ìr H$m¡eë` {dH$mg `moOZm (PMKVY-Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana) :
 gwadmV : 15 Owc¡ 2015.
PMKVY `moOZm H$m¡eë` {dH$mg d ì`mdgm{`H$Vm _§Ìmc`m_m\©$V (Ministry of Skill Development and
Enterpreneurship) gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. 2016 Vo 2020 `moOZoMm Xwgam Q>ßnm gwê$ Pmcm. `m Q>ßß`mcm
(PMKVY) 2.0 åhUVmV. 2020-21 gmR>r `moOZoMm {Vgam Q>ßnm PMKVY 3.0 gwê$ Pmcm.
 `moOZoMm CÔoe :
Vê$Um§Zm CÚmoJnyaH$ H$m¡eë`m§Mo à{ejU XoUo d H$m¡eë` à_mUnÌ XoUo. AHw$ec Vê$Um§Zm Hw$ec ~Z{dUo `moOZoMm
CÔoe Amho. VgoM AY©Hw$ec {H§$dm Hw$ec ì`ŠVr Á`m§Zm à_mUnÌ hdo Amho Ë`m§Zmhr H$m¡eë`mMo nwZà©{ejU XoD$Z
H$m¡eë` à_mUnÌ XoÊ`mV òVo.
 `moOZoMo KQ>H$ :
1) cKw_wXV à{ejU : 150 Vo 300 Vmgm§Mo H$m¡eë` à{ejU XoD$Z à_mUnÌ {Xco OmVo.
2) AmYr {eH$coë`m§Zm à_mUnÌ : H$m¡eë`mMo {ejU KoVcoë`m {H§$dm AmYrM Hw$ec kmZ Agcoë`m§Zm à_mUnÌ
{Xco OmVo.
3) {deof àH$ën gyMZm : emgH$s` g§ñWm, _hm_§S>i {H§$dm CÚmoJm§Zm {deof Hw$ec à{ejUmMr JaO Agë`mg
Ë`mMr nyV©Vm Ho$cr OmVo.
4) Hw$ec d H$m_Jma _oimdm : Xa 6 _{hÝ`m§Zr Agm _oimdm Am`mo{OV Ho$cm OmVmo.
5) amoOJma gyMZm : H$m¡eë` à{ejU Am{U amoOJma g§Yr `m§Mm _oi KmVcm OmVmo.
6) XoIaoI gyMZm : CÀM àVrÀ`m d _mZH$mÀ`m H$m¡eë`mMo à{ejU hm `moOZoMm _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho.
9) hþZa go amoOJma VH$ `moOZm (HSRT - Hunar Se Rozgar Tak) :
 gwadmV : 19 OyZ 2009.
n`©Q>Z _§Ìmc`mZo (Ministry of Tourism) AmXam{VÏ` joÌmgmR>r (hospitality sector) cmJUmè`m H$m¡eë`mMm
{dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r hr `moOZm gwê$ Ho$cr.
 `moOZoMo ñdê$n :
AmXam{VÏ` joÌmgmR>r Am{U _w»`V: hm°Q>oc CÚmoJmgmR>r à{e{jV Hy$H$, doQ>g©, ê$_ AQ>|S>§Q>, \«§$Q> E§S> A{YH$mar Am{U
H$_©Mmar dJ© cmJV AgVmo. hþZa go amoOJma VH$ `moOZoMm CÔoe `m nÕVrMo H$mog© CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo Amho.
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 `moOZoMm CÔoe :
1) 18 Vo 28 df} d`moJQ>mVrc Vê$Um§Zm darc nÕVrMo 6 Vo 8 AmR>dS>çm§Mo H$mog© CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
2) ho H$mog©og Xm{aÐç aofoImcrc Vê$Um§Zm CncãY H$ê$Z {Xco OmVmV d _mo\$V CncãY H$ê$Z {Xco OmVmV.
10) gmja ^maV (Sakshar Bharat) Am{U nT>Zm {cIZm A{^`mZ (Padhna Likhana Abhiyan) :
A) gmja ^maV (Sakshar Bharat) :
 gwadmV : 8 gßQ>|~a 2009.
i) amï´>r` àm¡T> {ejU H$m`©H«$_ (National Adult Education Program)
1) 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1978 cm amï´>r` àm¡T> {ejU H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `mgmR>r `m H$m`©H«$_mMr _mJ©Xe©H$
n{ÌH$m åhUyZ àm¡T> YmoaU {ZdoXZ (Adult Policy Statement) Omhra H$aÊ`mV Amco. 15 Vo 35 df©
d`moJQ>mVrc 10 H$moQ>r {Zajam§n`ªV nwT>rc 5 dfmªV {ejUmÀ`m gw{dYm nmohmoMdyZ Ë`m§Zm gmja H$aUo ho
`moOZoMo C{Ôï> hmoVo.
2) `moOZoMr 3 à_wI C{Ôï>o hmoVr :
- gmjaVm d gg§»`Vm (AmH$S>o_moS>)
- H$m`©H$mar {dH$mg
- Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmMr OmUrd {Z_m©U H$aUo.
~) nT>Zm {cIZm A{^`mZ (Padhna Likhna Abhiyan) :
 gwadmV : 2020-21.
 gmja ^maV EodOr "nT>Zm {cIZm A{^`mZ' gwê$ H$aÊ`mMr KmofUm 2018 _Üò H|$Ð gaH$maZo Ho$cr hmoVr. 2019-20
À`m AW©g§H$ënmV KmofUm hmoD$Zhr ho A{^`mZ gwê$ Pmco Zmhr. 2020-21 _Üò 142.61 H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Mr VaVyX H$ê$Z
ho A{^`mZ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m A{^`mZmMo Am¡nMm{aH$ CX²KmQ>Z AÚmn Pmcoco Zmhr. na§Vw A{^`mZmMr
A§_c~OmdUr gwê$ Pmcr Amho. 2021-22 AW©g§H$ënmV A{^`mZmgmR>r 250 H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Mr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr
Amho.
 A{^`mZmMm CÔoe :
2030 _Üò Or emídV {dH$mg Üòò (SDG) JmR>m`Mr AmhoV Ë`mVrc SDG - 4.6 "d¡{ídH$ gmjaVm d gg§»`Vm
(Universal Literacy and Numeracy)' ho Amho. nT>Zm {cIZm A{^`mZmMm CÔoe "2030 n`ªV d¡{ídH$ gmjaVm
d gg§»`Vm JmR>Uo' Amho. WmoS>Š`mV "2030 n`ªV 100% gmjaVm JmR>Ê`mMo' Amho. OJmVrc 35% {Zaja ^maVmV
amhVmV.
 hm H$m`©H«$_ J«m_rU d ehar XmoÝhr {R>H$mUr am~{dcm OmVmo. H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrV {d{dY emim, H$m°coOog,
NSS, NCC `m§Mm eŠ` VoWo gh^mJ KoVcm OmVmo.
11) àYmZ_§Ìr J«m_rU {S>{OQ>c gmjaVm A{^`mZ (PMGDISHA - Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta
Abhiyan) :
 gwadmV : 2016-17.
 _mM© 2014 _Üò {S>OrQ>c gmjaVogmR>r H|$Ð gaH$maZo National Digital Literacy Mission Am{U DISHA
(Digital Saaksharta) `m `moOZm gwê$ Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. 2016-17 _Üò `m `moOZm§Mo {dcrZrH$aU H$ê$Z PMGDISHA
ZmdmZo ZdrZ `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
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 AmYw{ZH$ `wJmV gmjaVoMo 3 EodOr 4 AmYmañV§^ Pmco AmhoV. dmMVm òUo (Reading), {c{hVm òUo (Writing),
gg§»`Vm (Arithmetic) Am{U g§JUH$ gmjaVm (Digital literacy). PMGDISHA hm Mm¡Wm AmYmañV§^
~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mgmR>r gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho.
 `moOZoMo Üò` : àËòH$ Hw$Qw>§~mVcm {H$_mZ EH$ ì`ŠVr {S>{OQ>c gmja H$aUo.
 `moOZoMo ñdê$n$ : 14 Vo 60 df} d`moJQ>mVrc J«m_rU ì`ŠVtZm 20 Vmgm§Mo ({H$_mZ 10 {Xdg, H$_mc 30 {Xdg)
{S>{OQ>c à{ejU _mo\$V {Xco OmVo. ho à{ejU KoVë`mg _mo~mB©c hmVmiUo, {S>{OQ>c$Am{W©H$ ì`dhma H$aUo, B§Q>aZoQ>
hmVmiUo, B-_oc dmMUo, nmR>{dUo B. O_m`cm cmJVo.
12) g_J« {ejm A{^`mZ (SMSA - Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan) :
 gwadmV : 24 _o 2018. _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg_§Ìr lr. àH$me OmdS>oH$a `m§À`m hñVo 24 _o 2018 cm g_J« {ejm
A{^`mZmMo AZmdaU H$aÊ`mV Amco.
 2018-19 À`m AW©g§H$ënmV "emco` {ejUmMm {dH$mg JQ>m-JQ>mZo Z H$aVm gH$c {H§$dm n{dÌdmXr (holistic)
åhUOo EH$m{Ë_ nÕVrZo Ho$cm OmB©c' Aer KmofUm H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. `m KmofUocm AZwgê$Z g_J« {ejm A{^`mZ
gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco.
 `moOZoMr C{Ôï>o :
1) JwUdÎmmnyU© XO}Xma {ejU XoUo d {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m e¡j{UH$ {ZînmXZmV (Learning Outcomes) dY©Z H$aUo.
2) emco` {ejUmVrc gm_m{OH$ d c¢{JH$ V\$mdV d ì`mdV©Z Xya H$aUo.
3) emco` {ejUmÀ`m àËòH$ Q>ßß`mV g_mdoeH$ d Ý`mæ` {ejU XoUo.
4) emco` {ejU XoVmZm {H$_mZ _mZHo$ Adc§~Uo.
5) {ejUmÀ`m ì`mdgm{`H$sH$aUmg (Vocationalisation) àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
6) amÁ`m§Zm {ejU h¸$mMm H$m`Xm 2009 À`m à^mdr A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r ghmæ` H$aUo.
7) amÁ` Aä`mgH«$_ _§S>io, amÁ` e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm, {Oëhm {ejU d à{ejU g§ñWm (DIET) `m§À`mV gwYmaUm
H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo gj_rH$aU H$aUo.
1. gd© {ejm A{^`mZ (SSA - Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan) :
 gwadmV : 2000-2001 nmgyZ gd© {ejm A{^`mZ H$m`©aV Pmco. "ñHy$c Mco h_' `m JrVmZo `m `moOZoMm CÔoe Am{U
VËH$mcrZ dmOno`r gaH$maMm _ZmoX` Ü`mZmV òVmo. 2000 _Üò g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmZo 2015 _Üò JmR>Ê`mgmR>r Oo MDG
R>a{dco hmoVo Ë`mVrc Xwgè`m H«$_m§H$mMo MDG "d¡pídH$ àmW{_H$ {ejU' JmR>Ê`mÀ`m CÔoemZo gd© {ejm A{^`mZ gwê$
H$aÊ`mV Amco.
 CÔoe :
1) 6 Vo 14 df} d`moJQ>mVrc ~mcH$m§Zm Cn`wŠV d `mo½` àmW{_H$ {ejU XoD$Z (2010 n`ªV) {ejUmMo
gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU {H§$dm d¡{ídH$aU (Universalisation) H$aUo' gd© {ejm A{^`mZmMo C{Ôï> hmoVo.
2) emco` ì`dñWmnZmV g_mOmMm gh^mJ KoD$Z "{ejUmVrc gm_m{OH$, àmXo{eH$ d c¢{JH$ ôX Xya H$aUo' hohr
gd© {ejm A{^`mZmMo C{Ôï> hmoVo.
3) 2009 _Yrc {ejU hŠH$ H$m`ÚmÀ`m à^mdr A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r gd© {ejm A{^`mZmMr C{Ôï>o dmT>{dcr. Vr
åhUOo "àmW{_H$ {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm dmT>{dUo', H$m`ÚmÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrÀ`m n`©dojUmgmR>r gw{dYm C^maUo',
"H$m`XçmÀ`m àgmamgmR>r amï´>r` àgma H$m`©H«$_mMo Am`moOZ H$aUo' B.
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 6 Vo 14 df©o d`moJQ>mVrc ~mcH$m§Mr 100% Zm|XUr H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm emioV AmUUo d Ë`m§Mr CnpñWVr {Q>H${dUo. `mMm
AW© emim~mø ~mcH$m§Mo à_mU eyÝ`mda AmUUo.
2016-17 nmgyZ `moOZoMm g_mdoe Core `moOZm§_Üò Pmë`m_wio H|$Ð : amÁ` dmQ>m 60 : 40 Agm Pmcm.
13) {S>{OQ>c `wJmVrc {ejU `moOZm :
1. gmjV (SAKSHAT - A One Stop Education Portal) :
 gwadmV : 30 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2006
 ñdê$n : gmjV ho {dÚmWu, {ejH$, kmZmO©ZmMr BÀN>m AgUmao, H$m_ H$aVm H$aVm {eHy$ BpÀN>Umao, {ejUmnmgyZ
d§{MV am{hcoco `m gdmªZm _mo\$V {ejUmÀ`m g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z XoUmao do~nmoQ>©c Amho.
2. B-nmR>emim (e-pathshala) :
 gwadmV : 7 Zmoìh|~a 2015
 ñdê$n : B-nmR>emim ho EH$ do~nmoQ>©c AgyZ Vo {dÚmWu, {ejH$, nmcH$, g§emoYH$ `m§À`mgmR>r _moR>m e¡j{UH$ ómoV
CncãY H$ê$Z XoVo. `m nmoQ>©cda B§J«Or, {h§Xr Am{U CXy© {df`mMr {d{dY nwñVHo$, e-books, flipbooks CncãY
H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Amcr AmhoV. hm CnH«$_ NCERT am~{dVo.
3. emim {gÕr (Shala Siddhi) :
 ñdê$n : emim {gÕr ho EH$ do~nmoQ>©c AgyZ, `m_wio emim§Zm ñdV:Mo _yë`m§H$Z (Evaluation) H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.
emim Ë`m§Mr _m{hVr `m nmoQ>©cda Q>mH$VmV. `m _m{hVrda AmYm{aV Ë`m emim§Zm `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z, _m{hVr VWm g„o
(feedback) {Xco OmVmV.
4. gmam§e (Saransh) :
 ñdê$n : CBSE emim d `m emim§_Üò {eH$Umè`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m nmcH$m§gmR>r gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcoco ho do~nmoQ>©c VWm
_mo~mB©c A°n Amho. "gmam§e'Ûmao {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m H$m_{JarMo (Performance) {dícofU H$aVm òVo Am{U Ë`mV `Wm`mo½`
gwYmaUm H$aVm òVo.
5. eJwZ (Shagun) :
 gwadmV : 18 OmZodmar 2017
 ñdê$n : emim (Shala) JwUdÎmm (Gunvatta) `m XmoZ eãXm§nmgyZ ~Zcocm "eJwZ' (Shagun) hm eãX òWo
dmnaÊ`mV Amcm Amho. `m nmoQ>©cMo 2 CÔoe AmhoV. EH$ åhUOo emco` H$m`©H«$_m§À`m A§_c~OmdUrMr Am°ZcmBZ
XoIaoI H$aUo Am{U Xwgao åhUOo emim§_Üò ZdZdrZ à`moJ, èñdr à`moJ, _yë`m§H$Z à`moJ `m§Mm emoY KoD$Z `m
à`moJm§Mm àgma H$aUo. ho nmoQ>©c {ejU _§Ìmc`mÀ`m emco` {ejU d gmjaVm {d^mJm_m\©$V Mmc{dco OmVo.
6. ñd`_² (SWAYAM - Study Webs of Active Learning for Youth Aspiring Minds) :
 gwadmV : 9 Owc¡ 2017
 ñdê$n : 9dr B`Îmm Vo nXì`wVa {ejU Aä`mgH«$_ Am{U H$m¡eë` Aä`mgH«$_ Am°ZcmBZ {eH$Vm `mdoV. `m CÔoemZo
ho _mo\$V {ejU nmoQ>©c gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho.
Hw$Umcmhr Am{U XoemVrc Hw$R>ë`mhr {dÚmÏ`m©n`ªV JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejU nmohmoM{dUo `m nmoQ>©cMm CÔoe Amho.
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7. emcm gmaWr (Shala-Sarthi) :

 ñdê$n : J¡agaH$mar g§KQ>Zm (NGO), CSR {ZYr (Corporate Social Responsibility Funds) Am{U amÁ`
gaH$ma `m§À`mV g_Ýd` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r emcm gmaWr nmoQ>©c gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho.
8. B§àog (IMPRESS - Impactful Policy Research in Social Sciences) :
 ñdê$n : Cƒ {ejU g§ñWm§_Yrc gm_m{OH$ emómVrc (social sciences) g§emoYZmg MmcZm XoUo, hm `m nmoQ>©cMm
CÔoe Amho.
9. PM eVIDYA :
 gwadmV : 17 _o 2020 cm `m `moOZoMr KmofUm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. e¡j{UH$ H$m`©H«$_mMo àgmaU 30 _o 2020 nmgyZ gwê$
Pmco.
 ñdê$n : {S>{OQ>c, Am°ZcmB©Z Am{U DTH Aem _ëQ>r_moS>c _mÜ`_mVyZ gd© {dÚmWu d {ejH$m§n`ªV {ejU
nmohM{dUo hm `m `moOZoMm CÔoe Amho. `mgmR>rM hr `moOZm H$mo{dS>-19 cm°H$S>mD$Z_Üò gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr.
emco` {ejUmgmR>r `m `moOZoÝdò Imcrc 4 KQ>H$ am~{dÊ`mV Amco.
One Nation, One Digital Education Infrastructure `mÝdò gd© amÁò d Ho|$Ðem{gV àXoem§Zm DIKSHA ho
{S>{OQ>c BÝ\«$mñQ´>ŠMa CncãY H$éZ XoÊ`mV Amco Amho. DIKSHA ho Artificial Intelligence AmYmarV S>oQ>m~og
AgyZ, Vo do~ VgoM _mo~mB©cda dmnaVm òD$ eH$Vo. `m S>Qo >m~ogda QR Code cm {c§H$ Ho$cocr nwñVHo$, ñnYm© narjm,
{d{dY H$mog}g d e-content CncãY H$aVm òVmV. DIKSHA S>oQ>m~ogda AmYmarV VidyaDaan ho nmoQ>©c XoIrc
{dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho.
14) amï´>r` CƒVa {ejm A{^`mZ (RUSA - Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan) :
 gwadmV : 2013 _Üò CÀM {ejU g§ñWm§Zm Am{W©H$ ghmæ` H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo RUSA `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
 RUSA `moOZoMr C{Ôï>o :
1) CÀM {ejU g§ñWm§Mm XOm© gwYmaUo. CÀM {ejU g§ñWm§_Üò gwYmaUm H$aUo.
2) CÀM {ejUmV n{adV©Z KS>dy eH$Umè`m gwYmaUm am~{dUo. `mgmR>r {Z`moOZ H$aUmar d n{adV©Z gwH$a H$aUmar
g§ñWmË_H$ `§ÌUm C^maUo.
3) g§c¾Vm, {ejU, Aä`mgH«$_ VgoM narjm àUmcrV gwYmaUm H$aUo.
4) Cƒ {ejUmVrc àmXo{eH$ {^ÞVm Xya H$aUo.
5) Cƒ {ejU g§ñWm§Mo _yë`m§H$Z H$aUo.
 {‘eZ B§ÐYZwî¶ (Mission Indradhanush) :
 25 {S>g|~a 2014 cm d¡{ídH$ cgrH$aUmMr nmVir JmR>Ê¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo {‘eZ B§ÐYZwî¶Mr KmofUm H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
 2 dfmªAmVrc ~mcH$m§Zm Q>miVm ¶oD$ eH$Umè¶m AmOmam§{dê$Õ g§nyU© cgrH$aU H$aUo Am{U JamoXa ‘mVm§Zm Amdí¶H$
cgrH$aU H$aUo' ¶m A{^¶mZmMo C{Ôï> Amho.
 B§ÐYZwî¶mMo 7 a§J åhUOo 7 AmOma - KQ>gn© (Diptheria), S>m§½¶m ImoH$cm (Whooping Cough), YZwdm©V (Tetanus),
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nmo{cAmo (Polio), j¶amoJ (Tuberculosis), Jmoda (Measles) Am{U H$mdri ~ (Hepatitis-B) ¶m 7 AmOmam§{dê$ÕMr
cg XoV Agë¶m‘wio ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mcm {‘eZ B§ÐYZwî¶ Ago Zmd XoÊ¶mV Amco. na§Vw ¶mV 4 cg AmUIr dmT>{dÊ¶mV
Amë¶m. gwYm[aV nmo{cAmo (Inactivated Polio Vaccine), OmnmZrO ‘|XÿÁda (Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine),
amoQ>mìhm¶ag cg (Rotavirus Vaccine) Am{U Jmoda-ê$~ocm cg (Measles-Rubella Vaccine) ¶m 4 cg
dmT>{dë¶m‘wio cgtMr g§»¶m 11 Pmcr. ¶mV AcrH$S>o AmUIr 1 cg dmT>{dÊ¶mV Amcr, Vr åhUOo ‘|XÿÁda{dê$ÕMr
Hib (Haemophilus Influenza) cg. Ë¶m‘wio cgtMr g§»¶m AmVm 12 Pmcr Amho.
i) {‘eZ g§nH©$ (Mission Sampark) :
1 {S>g|~a 2017 cm OmJ{VH$ ES²>g {XZm{Z{‘Îm NSP 2017-2024 gmo~VM {‘eZ g§nH©$ XoIrc gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV
Amco. EMAm¶ìhr-ES²>g~m{YV Oo-Oo CnMmamImcr ¶oUo ~mH$s AmhoV Am{U Á¶m§À¶m CnMmamMm nmR>nwamdm H$am¶Mm
amhÿZ Jocm Ë¶m§Mm emoY KoD$Z Ë¶m§Zm ¶mo½¶ godm nwa{dÊ¶mgmR>r {‘eZ g§nH©$ gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amco Amho.
ii) àmoOo³Q> gZamBO (Project Sunrise) :
B©emÝ¶nyd© amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o ({deofV: ‘{Unya, {‘Pmoam‘) EMAm¶ìhrMm AmT>iXa VwcZoZo OmñV Amho. ‘mXH$Ðì¶m§Mo ì¶gZr
cmoH$m§Zr Q>moMyZ KoVcoë¶m Xÿ{fV gy¶m§‘m’©$V hmoUmè¶m g§gJm©Mo à‘mU ¶m amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o OmñV Amho.
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gm‘m{OH$ joÌ gwYmaUm

(Social Sector Initiatives)
1) ñQ>on H$m¶©H«$‘ (STEP - Support to Training & Employment Program for Women)
 ‘{hcm§Mr H$m¡eë¶o d emídV amoOJmamV gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r à{ejU XoUmar hr ¶moOZm 1986-87 ‘Ü¶o gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV
Amcr.
 ¶moOZoMr C{Ôï>o :
1) ‘{hcm§Zm amoOJma {‘idyZ XoB©c, Ago H$m¡eë¶ nwa{dUo.
2) ‘{hcm ñdmdc§~r hmoVrc qH$dm ì¶mdgm{¶H$ ~ZVrc ¶m CÔoemZo H$m¡eë¶ d j‘Vm nwa{dUo.
 ¶moOZoMo cú¶JQ> : 16 df} d Ë¶mnojm OmñV d¶ AgUmè¶m gd© ‘{hcm.
 ¶moOZm nydu 8 nma§n[aH$ joÌm§gmR>rM H$m¶©aV hmoVr. 2014 nmgyZ Vr amoOJmaÀ¶m gd©M joÌm§gmR>r Iwcr H$aÊ¶mV Amcr
Amho.
 ñQ>on à{ejU {H$‘mZ 2 ‘{hZo d H$‘mc 18 ‘{hZo XoÊ¶mV ¶oVo. EH$m à{ejU àH$ënmV H$‘mc 200 ‘{hcm§Zm àdoe
AgVmo. ho à{ejU àH$ën A{Zdmgr AgVmV.
 gwadmVrcm ñQ>on ¶moOZm H|$Ðr¶ ¶moOZm hmoVr. gÜ¶m Vr H|$Ð nwañH¥$V Core ¶moOZm Amho.
2) {‘eZ e³Vr (Mission Shakti) :
 2021-22 AW©g§H$ënmV gd© ‘hÎdmÀ¶m ‘{hcm§{df¶H$ ¶moOZm EH$mM gdm}ÀM ¶moOZoImcr AmUÊ¶mMr KmofUm
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
 ‘{hcm d ‘wctZm g‘mdoeH$ {dH$mgmV AJ«H«$‘ {Xcm nm{hOo. Ë¶m§Zm g§gmYZo d g§Yr g‘g‘mZ CncãY Pmcr nm{hOoV.
emídV {dH$mg KS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r Á¶m Am{W©H$, n¶m©daUr¶ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ gwYmaUm H$amì¶m cmJVmV, Ë¶mV ‘{hcm ¶m
‘w»¶ H$maH$ (Key agents) AgVmV. ‘{hcm d ‘wctgmR>r am~dë¶m OmUmè¶m ¶moOZm§Mr nwZa©MZm H$aUo Amdí¶H$
dmQ>ë¶m‘wio {‘eZ e³Vr {h ZdrZ ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV ¶odyZ BVa ¶moOZm Ë¶m gXamImcr AmUÊ¶mMr KmofUm H$aÊ¶mV
Amcr Amho. ¶mnydu 2016-17 ‘Ü¶o gwê$ Pmcoë¶m ‘{hcm g§ajU d ge³VrH$aU A{^¶mZmMo (MPEW) ho
AmYw{ZH$ ñdê$n Amho.
 ‘mJo d da gm§{JVcoë¶m ZdrZ R>amdm§Zwgma ‘{hcm d ~mc{dH$mg ‘§Ìmc¶m§VJ©V AmVm 3 gdm}ƒ ¶moOZm ‘moS>VmV -
nmofUmMr "gj‘ A§JUdmS>r Am{U nmofU 2.0', ~mcH$m§gmR>rMr "{‘eZ dmËgë¶' Am{U ‘{hcm {dH$mgmMr "{‘eZ
eº$s'.
 2021-22 AW©g§H$ënmV {‘eZ e³VrgmR>r 3,109 H$moQ>r ê$n¶m§Mr VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Amho.
 {‘eZ e³Vr A§VJ©V 2 ‘moR>çm ¶moOZm AmhoV - g§~c Am{U gm‘Ï¶©.
 g§~c ¶m qhXr eãXmMm AW© AmYma (Support) Agm hmoVmo. g§~c gXamImcr C‚dcm, One Stop Centre ¶moOZm,
ñdmYmaJ¥h, dw‘Z hoëncmBZ, ‘{hcm dg{VJ¥ho Am{U ‘{hcm nmo{cg ñd¶§godH$ ¶m ¶moOZm/gmYZo ¶oVmV.
 gm‘Ï¶© ¶m gXamImcr àYmZ‘§Ìr ‘mV¥ d§XZm ¶moOZm, ~oQ>r ~MmAmo ~oQ>r nT>mAmo, àYmZ‘§Ìr ‘{hcm e³Vr H|$Ð ¶moOZm
Am{U O|S>a ~OoQ> ¶m ¶moOZm ¶oVmV.
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 g§~c :
A) CÁÁdcm (Ujjwala) (CSCT - Comprehensive Scheme to Combat Trafficking)
 4 {S>g|~a 2007 nmgyZ ‘{hcm§Mo emofU d ì¶mnmamg à{V~§Y (to prevent exploitation and trafficking of
women) H$aÊ¶mgmR>r C‚dcm ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
 ¶m ¶moOZoMo 5 CnKQ>H$ AmhoV.
1) g§ajUmË‘H$ Vê$Um§Mo JQ> V¶ma H$aUo, nmo{cg d JQ>ZoË¶m§H$adr OmJê$H$Vm {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z "AË¶mMmamMm à{V~§Y'
(Prevention) H$aUo.
2) {nidUyH$ hmoV Agcoë¶m joÌm§‘YyZ "{ñÌ¶m§Mm ~Mmd' (Rescue) H$aUo.
3) ~m{YV {ñÌ¶m§Zm gwa{jV {Zdmam, Amhma, dñÌ, g‘wnXoeZ, Amamo½¶ godm, à{ejU XoD$Z "nwZd©gZ' (Rehabilitation)
H$aUo.
4) ~m{YV {ñÌ¶m§Zm Hw$Qw>§~ d g‘mOmV naV AmUÊ¶mgmR>r "nwZE©H$mË‘rH$aU' (Re-integration) H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘XV
H$aUo.
5) gr‘oncrH$S>rc ~m{YV ‘{hcm§Zm {VÀ¶m "ñdXoer nmR>dUwH$sgmR>r' (Repatriation) à¶ËZ H$aUo.
 gm‘Ï¶© :
A) àYmZ‘§Ìr ‘mV¥ d§XZm ¶moOZm (PMMVY - Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana)
 gwadmV :
1 OmZodmar 2017. ‘mV¥Ëd ¶moOZoMm cm^ XoUmè¶m ¶moOZoMr ì¶már Xoeâ dmT>{dcr OmB©c, Aer KmofUm àYmZ‘§Ìr
lr. Za|Ð ‘moXr ¶m§Zm 31 {S>g|~a 2017 cm Ho$cr hmoVr. Ver KmofUm 1 ’o$~«wdmar 2017 cm ‘m§S>coë¶m AW©g§H$ënmVhr
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶moOZoÀ¶m ‘mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm§Mo àH$meZ Am{U Am¡nMm[aH$ AZmdaU lr‘Vr ‘oZH$m Jm§Yr ¶m§À¶m hñVo
1 gßQ>|~a 2017 cm H$aÊ¶mV Amco. na§Vy ¶moOZoMm cm^ XoÊ¶mgmR>rMr VmarI "1 OmZodmar 2017 nmgyZ'
(restrospective) J¥hrV YaÊ¶mV Amcr.
 PMMVY ¶moOZoMo ‘yi Amnë¶mcm 2010-11 ‘Ü¶o gwê$ Pmcoë¶m B§{Xam Jm§Yr ‘mV¥Ëd gh¶moJ ¶moOZoV gmnS>Vo.
 PMMVY Mr C{Ôï>o :
1) ‘mVm§À¶m ~wS>mcoë¶m amoOJmamMr A§eV: ânmB© H$aUo, Á¶m‘wio Vr ‘mVm àgy{Vnyd© d àgy{VníMmV nwaoer {dlm§Vr
KoD$ eHo$c.
2) JamoXa d ñVZXm ‘mVm§Zm amoI aH$‘oÛmao Ë¶m§À¶m Amamo½¶mV gwYmaUm H$aUo.
 PMMVY Mm cm^ :
1) Á¶m ‘mVm§Mr àgy{V 1 OmZodmar 2017 cm qH$dm Ë¶mZ§Va Pmcr qH$dm hmoUma Amho, Ë¶m ¶m ¶moOZog nmÌ hmoË¶m/
AmhoV. (Aem ‘mVm Á¶m§Zr IGMSY À¶m n{hë¶m Q>ßß¶mVrc a¸$‘ KoVcr Am{U Ë¶m 1 OmZodmar 2017 Z§Va
àgyV Pmë¶m Ë¶m§Zm IGMSY À¶m Xþgè¶m Q>ßß¶mVrc a³H$‘ XoÊ¶mEodOr PMMVY À¶m {Vgè¶m Q>ßß¶mMr a³H$‘
XoÊ¶mV Amcr.)
2) ¶moOZoMm cm^ emgH$s¶ d gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ CnH«$‘m§‘Ü¶o H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m ‘{hcm§Zm {‘iV Zmhr. (H$maU ¶m ‘mVm§Zm
àgyVr aOoMm cm^ {‘iV AgVmo.)
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3) ¶moOZoMm cm^ n{hë¶m {Od§V AnË¶mMm OÝ‘ XoVmZmM {‘iVmo. IGMSY ¶moOZoV Vmo n{hë¶m XmoZ {Od§V
AnË¶m§Zm OÝ‘ XoVmZm {‘iV Ago.) OwÝ¶m d Zì¶m ¶moOZoVrc gyú‘ ’$aH$ V³Ë¶mV XmI{dco AmhoV.
4) PMMVY ¶moOZoÝd¶o cm^mWu ‘mVocm 5,000 ê$n¶m§Mr Am{W©H$ ‘XV {Xcr OmVo. hr ‘XV 3 Q>ßß¶m§‘Ü¶o {Xcr
OmVo. ¶m gd© aH$‘m WoQ> ~±H$ ImË¶mV qH$dm nmoñQ> ImË¶mV dJ© Ho$ë¶m OmVmV.
- n{hcm Q>ßnm : 1,000 ê$. JamoXa am{hë¶mMr Zm|X Ho$ë¶mZ§Va cm^mWu ‘mVocm 1,000 ê$. {Xco OmVmV.
- Xþgam Q>ßnm : 2,000 ê$. JamoXa am{hë¶mZ§Va 6 ‘{hÝ¶m§Zr cm^mWu ‘mVocm 2,000 ê$. {Xco OmVmV. ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m
‘mVoZo {H$‘mZ EH$ doim Amamo½¶ VnmgUr (ante-natal check up) H$ê$Z KoUo A{Zdm¶© AgVo.
- {Vgam Q>ßnm : 2,000 ê$. àgy{VZ§Va ~mcH$mMr OÝ‘Zm|X Pmë¶mda ‘mVocm 2,000 é. {Xco OmVmV. ¶mgmR>r
OÝ‘XmIcm d ~mcH$mcm n{hë¶m Q>ßß¶mVrc cgrH$aU (BCG, OPV, DPT, Hepatitis-B) Ho$ë¶mMm
XmIcm/H$mS>© XmIdUo A{Zdm¶© AgVo.
 amï´>r¶ AÞgwajm H$m¶Xm 2013 Zwgma IGMSY ¶moOZocm "H$m¶Xoera ¶moOZm' åhUyZ XOm© XoÊ¶mV Amcm hmoVm.
IGMSY ¶moOZonmgyZ Zì¶mZo CËH«$m§V Pmcocr PMMVY hr amï´>r¶ AÞgwajm H$m¶Xm 2013 Zwgma H$mXoera ¶moOZm
Amho. åhUOo nmÌ ‘mVm§Zm PMMVY ¶moOZoÝd¶o ‘mV¥Ëd cm^ {‘iÊ¶mMm H$mXoera h¸$ Amho.
B) ~oQ>r ~MmAmo, ~oQ>r nT>mAmo A{^¶mZ (BBBP - Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao)
 ^maVmVrc ~mcqcJJwUmoÎma 2011 ‘Yrc A§{V‘ gwYm[aV AmH$S>odmarZwgma 918 Pmco. Ë¶m‘wio ‘wctÀ¶m {Z^mdmgmR>r,
g§ajUmgmR>r d g~crH$aUmgmR>r 22 OmZodmar 2015 cm ~oQ>r ~MmAmo, ~oQ>r nT>mAmo A{^¶mZmcm gwadmV H$aÊ¶mV
Amcr. ¶m A{^¶mgmR>r {gZoVmaH$m ‘mYwar Xr{jVcm g{XÀN>mXÿV (ambassador) åhUyZ {ZdS>co Amho.
 h[a¶mZmVrc ~mcqcJJwUmoÎma gdm©V H$‘r (834) Agë¶m‘wio ho A{^¶mZ h[a¶mZmVrc "nm{ZnV' ‘YyZ gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV
Amco. A{^¶mZmMr EH$ Cn¶moOZm "gwH$Ý¶m g‘¥Õr ¶moOZm' XoIrc ¶m ì¶mgnrR>mdê$Z Kmo{fV H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
 A{^¶mZmMr C{Ôï>o :
1) njnmVr qcJ{ZdS>rÀ¶m à{H«$¶oMo CÝ‘ycZ H$aUo.
2) ‘wctMo A{ñVËd d g§ajU gw{Z{íMV H$aUo.
3) ‘wctMo {ejU d gh^mJ gw{Z{íMV H$aUo.
C) àYmZ‘§Ìr ‘{hcm e³Vr H|$Ð ¶moOZm (PMMSK - Pradhan Mantri Mahila Shakti Kendra Scheme)
 gwadmV : 2017-18. AW©‘§Í¶m§Zr 2017-18 AW©g§H$ën ‘m§S>VmZm ‘{hcm eº$s H|$Ðo C^maÊ¶mMo Omhra H$ê$Z
Ë¶mgmR>r 500 H$moQ>r ê$n¶m§Mr VaVyX Ho$cr hmoVr. Ë¶mZygma 2017-18 Am{W©H$ dfm©nmgyZ PMMSK ¶moOZm cmJy
Pmcr Amho. ‘mM© 2010 ‘Ü¶o gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcocr amï´>r¶ ‘{hcm geº$sH$aU A{^¶mZ hr ¶moOZm PMMSK ‘Ü¶o
{dcrZ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Amho.
* amï´>r¶ ‘{hcm geº$sH$aU A{^¶mZ (NMEW - National Mission for Empowerment of Women):
{d{dY ‘§Ìmc¶o VgoM amÁ¶emgZmÀ¶m ¶moOZm§À¶m g‘Ýd¶mVyZ ‘{hcm§À¶m gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d e¡j{UH$ ge³VrH$aUmgmR>r
8 ‘mM© 2010 nmgyZ ho A{^¶mZ gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amco hmoVo. ¶m A{^¶mZmcm "{‘eZ nyU©e³Vr' Agohr Zmd XoÊ¶mV Amco
hmoVo. ‘{hcm {dH$mg à{V‘mZm§VJ©V J«m‘rU ñVamda nyU© e³Vr H|$Ð C^maco OmV AgV.
 PMMSK ¶moOZoMm CÔoe :
1) J«m‘, VmcwH$m, {Oëhm d amÁ¶ ñVamda ‘{hcm eº$s H|$Ð C^maUo.
2) ¶m H|$ÐmÛmao J«m‘rU ‘{hcm§Mm gh^mJ dmT>{dUo.
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3) ‘{hcm§Mo ge³VrH$aU H$aUo.

4) J«m‘rU ‘{hcm Am{U gaH$ma ¶m§À¶mV Xþdm gmYUo.
 ‘hmamï´>mVrc YmoaUo d ¶moOZm :
3) ‘ZmoY¡¶© ¶moOZm :
 2 Am°³Q>mo~a 2013 nmgyZ amÁ¶mV ‘ZmoY¡¶© ¶moOZm am~cdr OmVo.
 ~cmËH$ma nr{S>V d A°grS> hëë¶mVrc OI‘r ‘{hcm§Zm d c¢{JH$ AË¶mMmaJ«ñV ~mcH$m§Zm Am{W©H$ ‘XV H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Mo
nwZd©gZ H$aUo ‘ZmoY¡¶© ¶moOZoMm CÔoe Amho.
 Am{W©H$ ‘XV - nr{S>V ì¶³Vrda JwÝøm‘wio Pmcoë¶m ‘mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ n[aUm‘m§Mr Vrd«Vm ~KyZ nr{S>Vmcm 3 cmI
ê$n¶o Vo 10 cmI ê$n¶m§Mr Am{W©H$ ‘XV {Xcr OmVo.
 CnMma - nr{S>Vm§Zm gd© emgH$s¶ d ImgJr ê$½Umc¶m§‘Ü¶o ‘mo’$V CnMma nwadcm OmVmo. hëë¶m‘wio EMAm¶ìhr/ES²>g
~mYm Pmcr Va Ë¶mgmR>rMm CnMmahr ‘mo’$V nwadcm OmVmo. d¡ÚH$s¶ CnMmamgmR>r 30,000 Vo 50,000 ê$n¶m§Mr ‘XV
Ho$cr OmVo.
 ‘wXV R>od - darc 3 cmI ê$. Vo 10 cmI ê$n¶o ‘XVrn¡H$s 25% a¸$‘ amoI ñdê$nmV ~m{YVmg XoÊ¶mV ¶oVo. 75%
a³H$‘ nr{S>V ì¶³VrÀ¶m Zmdo ~±Ho$V 10 dfmªÀ¶m ‘wXV R>odrV R>odcr OmVo.
4) H$m‘YoZy ¶moOZm :
 An§J ñd¶§-amoOJmarV, KQ>ñ’$moQ>rV ‘{hcm d JaOy ‘{hcm§Zm Kar ~gyZ amoOJma {‘imdm åhUyZ emgH$s¶/{Z‘emgH$s¶
joÌmVrc 50% H$m‘ Zm|XUrH¥$V ‘{hcm g§ñWm§Zm XoÊ¶mV ¶mdo, ¶m ñdê$nmMr hr ¶moOZm Amho.
5) ‘mPr H$Ý¶m ^m½¶lr gwYm[aV ¶moOZm :
 1 OmZodmar 2014 cm amÁ¶mV gwH$Ý¶m ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr hmoVr. 8 ‘mM© 2015 cm gwH$Ý¶m ¶moOZoMo ê$nm§Va
‘mPr H$Ý¶m ^m½¶lr ¶moOZoV H$aÊ¶mV Amco d ‘mPr H$Ý¶m ^m½¶lr ¶moOZm 1 E{àc 2016 cm cmJy H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
AmVm ¶m ¶moOZoMo Zmd ‘mPr H$Ý¶m ^m½¶lr gwYm[aV ¶moOZm Ago H$aÊ¶mV Amco AgyZ gwYm[aV ¶moOZm 1 Am°JñQ> 2017
nmgyZ cmJy H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Amho. {gZoVmaH$m ^m½¶lr ¶moOZoMr g{XÀN>mXÿV AgyZ {VMoM Zmd ¶moOZocm XoÊ¶mV Amco
Amho.
 ¶moOZoMr C{Ôï>ço :
1) ‘wctMm OÝ‘Xa dmT>{dUo.
2) qcJ {ZdS>rg à{V~§Y H$aUo.
3) ‘wctÀ¶m {ejUm~m~V àmoËgmhZ VWm ImÌr XoUo.
4) ‘wctÀ¶m Amamo½¶mMm XOm© dmT>{dUo.
6) A{ñ‘Vm ¶moOZm :
 gwadmV : 8 ‘mM© 2018
 ¶moOZoMm CÔoe :
1) amÁ¶mVrc J«m‘rU ^mJmVrc ‘{hcm d {H$emoad¶rZ ‘wcr VgoM {Oëhm n[afX emim§‘Yrc 11 Vo 19 dfo©
d¶moJQ>mVrc {H$emoad¶rZ ‘wct‘Ü¶o g°{ZQ>ar Z°n{H$Z d d¡¶{³VH$ ñdÀN>Vog§X^m©V OmUrd, OmJ¥Vr, g‘wnXoe H$aUo
d Ë¶m§Zm ‘m’$H$ XamV g°{ZQ>ar Z°n{H$Z CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
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2) ¶m ¶moOZoMm Xþæ¶‘ CÔoe ¶m ¶moOZoV ñd¶§ghm¶Vm JQ>m§Zm gm‘mdyZ KoUo Amho. ¶moOZoÀ¶m A§‘c~OmdUrV
ñd¶§ghm¶Vm JQ> ho ‘hÎdmMo ‘mÜ¶‘ AmhoV.
 ¶moOZ|VJ©V ñd¶§ghmæ¶Vm JQ> gdcrVÀ¶m XamV g°{ZQ>ar Z°n{H$Z IaoXr H$aVmV d ‘{hcm d {H$emoad¶rZ ‘wctZm
gdcVrÀ¶m XamV {dH«$s H$aVmV.
1) J«m‘rU ‘{hcm§gmR>r 240 {‘.‘r. 8 n°S>Mo n°H$ 24 ê$.
2) {Oëhm n[afX emioVrc {H$emoad¶rZ ‘wctgmR>r 240 {‘.‘r. 8 n°S>Mo n°H$ 5 ê$. (IaoXr qH$‘V 4 ê$. + JQ>mMm
hmVmiUr IM© 1 ê$.) {dH«$s {H$‘Vrcm CncãY AgVo.
3) ñd¶§ghmæ¶Vm JQ>m§Mr g°{ZQ>ar Z°n{H$ZMr ‘mJUr Zm|X{dÊ¶mgmR>r d Ë¶m§Mm nwadR>m H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ASMITA ZmdmMo
‘mo~mB©c A°nhr {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mV Amco Amho. ho A°n d g~{gS>r ì¶dñWmnZ ¶g ~±Ho$V’}$ Ho$co OmV Amho.
4) Zm|XUr Pmcoë¶m {Oëhm n[afX emim§‘Yrc ‘wctgmR>r ¶g ~±Ho$‘m’©$V A{ñ‘Vm H$mS>© {dVarV Ho$co OmV AmhoV.
5) C‘oX g§ñWm qH$dm MSRLM g§ñWm ¶m ¶moOZogmR>rMr ZmoS>c g§ñWm Amho.
7) gwJå¶ ^maV A{^¶mZ (AIC - Accessible India Campaign) :
 gwadmV : 3 {S>g|~a 2015.
3 {S>g|~a 2015 ¶m Am§Vaamï´>r¶ An§J {XZr gwJå¶ ^maV A{^¶mZ gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amco. ho A{^¶mZ gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV
Amco. ho A{^¶mZ gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ d g~crH$aU ‘§Ìmc¶mÀ¶m {Xì¶m§JOZ {d^mJm‘m’©$V am~dco OmV Amho.
 An§JËdm‘wio An§J ì¶º$s gd©Xÿa nmohmoMy eH$V ZmhrV. An§Jm§Zm d¡{ídH$ nmohmoM (uniersal accessibility) nwadUo
ho gwJå¶ ^maV A{^¶mZmMo C{Ôï> Amho. CXm. An§Jm§Zm ñdV§Ì em¡Mmc¶ nwa{dUo, ~«oc {MÝho Agcoë¶m {câQ> Am{U
ldU {MÝho CncãY H$aUo, gmd©O{ZH$ B‘maVt‘Ü¶o CVa§S> ì¶dñWm (ramps) BË¶mhr.
8) amï´>r¶ d¶molr ¶moOZm (Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana)
 gwadmV : 1 E[àc 2017.
Zoëcmoa (Am§Y«àXoe) ¶oWyZ 1 E{àc 2017 cm amï´>r¶ d¶molr ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶m ¶moOZoMr KmofUm 2015-
16 À¶m AW©g§H$ënmV H$aÊ¶mV Amcr hmoVr.
 2011 OZJUZoZwgma ^maVmVrc d¥Õm§Mr g§»¶m 10.38 H$moQ>r Pmcr. d¥ÕËdm‘wio Am§{eH$ Vo J§^ra An§JËd ¶oV AgVo.
5.2% d¥Õm§Zm H$mhrZm H$mhr An§JËd Amcoco hmoVo. ¶m An§JËdmZo ~m{YV d¥Õm§Zm gmhmæ¶ H$aVm ¶mdo ¶m CÔoemZo amï´>r¶
d¶molr ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Amho.
 cú¶JQ> : Xm[aÐçaofoImcrc Hw$Qw>§~m§‘Yco An§JËd Amcoco d¥Õ (d¶ 60 df} d Ë¶mhÿZ A{YH$)
 ¶moOZoMo ñdê$n :
1) ¶m ¶moOZoÝd¶o An§JËd Amcoë¶m d¥Õm§Zm ^m¡{VH$ gmYZo (Physical aids) Am{U ghmæ¶^yV gmYZo (Assisted
Living Devices) ‘mo’$V {Xcr OmVmV.
CXm. MmcÊ¶mgmR>r H$mR>r nwadUo.
2) ~hþ{dH$cm§JVm (EH$mnojm A{YH$ An§JËd) Agë¶mg àË¶oH$ àH$maÀ¶m An§JËdmgmR>r gmYZo {Xcr OmVmV.
CXm. EH$mM d¥Õmg MmcÊ¶mgmR>r H$mR>r Am{U ~{haonUmgmR>r H$U©¶§Ì XoVm ¶ody eH$Vo.
3) ¶moOZoMr A§‘c~OmdUr ALIMCO g§ñWo‘m’©$V Ho$cr OmVo.
4) {H$‘mZ 30% cm^ d¥Õ ‘{hcm§Zm {Xcm OmVmo.
5) darc gmYZo nwadÊ¶mgmR>r ¶moOZ|VJ©V {e{~ao Am¶mo{OV Ho$cr OmVmV.
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9) dZ YZ ¶moOZm :
 gwê$dmV : 14 E{àc 2018 cm Am§~oS>H$a O¶§VrMo Am¡{MË¶ gmYyZ {~Omnya (N>ÎmrgJS>) ¶oWyZ lr. Za|Ð ‘moXr ¶m§À¶m
hñVo ¶m ¶moOZoMo AZmdaU Pmco.
 ¶m ¶moOZoÝd¶o dZ YZ {dH$mg H|$Ð C^maco OmVo. EH$m H|$ÐmV AZwgy{MV O‘mVrVrc àË¶oH$s 30 gXñ¶ AgUmao 10
ñd¶§ghm¶Vm JQ> {Z‘m©U Ho$co OmVmV. ¶m JQ>m§Zm ì¶dgm¶ à{ejU, H$m¡eë¶ à{ejU d H$m¡eë¶dY©ZmMo à{ejU {Xco
OmVo. ¶m JQ>m§Zm H$m¶©H$mar ^m§S>dchr nwa{dco OmVo. XoeâmV Aer 30,000 dZ YZ H|$Ðo C^maUo àñVm{dV Amho. Ago
n{hco H|$Ð {~Omnya ¶oWoM gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
 ¶m H|$Ðm§Zm à{ejU d Vm§{ÌH$ ghmæ¶ "Q´>m¶’o$S>' H$aVo. ñd¶§ghmæ¶Vm JQ>m§Zr V¶ma Ho$coë¶m CËnmXZm§Mr {dH«$s Xoeâ
H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Vm§{ÌH$ ‘XV Ho$cr OmVo.
 Aëng§»¶mH$ (Minorities) :
1) Z¶m gdoam (Free Coaching & Allied Scheme) :
 gwadmV : 2006-07.
Aëng§»¶mH$ {dÚmWu, Oo Vm§{ÌH$ d ì¶mdgm{¶H$ Aä¶mgH«$‘m§‘Ü¶o àdoe KoD$ BpÀN>VmV, {d{dY CÚmoJ, ~±H$m, {d‘m
H§$nÝ¶m§‘Ü¶o amoOJma {‘idy BpÀN>VmV, Ë¶m§Zm 11 dr d 12 drMo {ejU KoVmZm ‘mo’$V H$moqMJ nwa{dÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo Z¶m
gdoam ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
2) ZB© amoeZr :
 gwadmV : 2012-13 ‘Ü¶o Aëng§»¶mH$ ‘{hcm§À¶m ge³VrH$aUmgmR>r SLDM ¶moOZm (Scheme for Leadership
Development of Minority Women) gwê$ Ho$cr. nwT>o ¶m ¶moOZocm ZB© amoeZr Ago Zmd XoÊ¶mV Amco.
Aëng§»¶mH$ ‘{hcm§Zm gaH$mar ¶§ÌUm, ~±H$m d BVa g§ñWm§~amo~a OmoS>Ê¶mgmR>r kmZ, Cnm¶ d gmYZo nwadyZ ¶m ‘{hcm§Mo
ge³VrH$aU H$aUo Am{U Ë¶m§À¶mV gm‘m{OH$ AmË‘{dídmg {Z‘m©U H$aUo.
 ¶moOZm am~{dÊ¶mgmR>r gm‘m{OH$ g§ñWm, J¡agaH$mar g§KQ>Zm d {d{dY emgH$s¶ g§ñWm§Mr ‘XV KoVcr OmVo.
 ¶moOZoÝd¶o Aëng§»¶mH$ ‘{hcm§Mo à{ejU KoVco OmVo. ¶m à{ejUmV ZoV¥Ëd {dH$mg, e¡j{UH$ H$m¶©H«$‘, Amamo½¶ d
ñdÀN>Vm, ñdÀN> ^maV, {dÎmr¶ gmjaVm, OrdZ H$m¡eë¶o, ‘{hcm§Mo d¡Ym{ZH$ A{YH$ma, {S>{OQ>c gmjaVm, gm‘m{OH$
d dV©ZmË‘H$ ~XcmMr Amdí¶H$Vm BË¶mXr {df¶ KoVco OmVmV.
3) ZB© CS>mZ :
 gwadmV : 2013-14.
UPSC, ñQ>m’$ {gco³eZ qH$dm amÁ¶mVrc cmoH$godm Am¶moJmÀ¶m nyd© narjm CÎmrU© hmoUmè¶m Aëng§»¶mH$ {dÚmÏ¶mªZm
(H$moqMJgmR>r) Am{W©H$ ghmæ¶ H$aUo d cmoH$àemgZmV Aëng§»¶mH$m§Mm gh^mJ dmT>{dUo, ¶m ¶moOZoMm CÔoe Amho.
4) nT>mo naXoe :
 gwadmV : 2013-14.
 Aëng§»¶mH$ {dÚmWu Oo {dXoemV Cƒ (Masters, M.Phil, Ph.D) {ejU KoD$ BpÀN>VmV, Ë¶m§Zm e¡j{UH$ H$Om©da
ì¶mO g~{gS>r {Xcr OmVo. ¶mgmR>r cm^mWu Hw$Qw>§~mMo dm{f©H$ CËnÞ 6 cmI ê$n¶m§À¶m AmV Agco nm{hOo.
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5) CñVmX (USTTAD - Upgrading the Skills and Training in Traditional Arts/crafts for
Development):
 gwadmV : Zo 2015.
Aëng§»¶mH$ H$mam{Jam§Zm Oo nma§n[aH$ H$m¡eë¶, H$cm Am{U hñVH$cm AdJV AmhoV Ë¶m§Mo OVZ d {dH$mg H$aUo ¶m
¶moOZoMm CÔoe Amho.
 ¶moOZoÝd¶o Aëng§»¶mH$m§Zm ghmæ¶ H$aUo, Ë¶m§À¶m j‘Vm {dH${gV H$aUo d Ë¶m§À¶m H$cm OJmVrc ~mOmanoR>on¶ªV KoD$Z
OmÊ¶mgmR>r nmdco CMccr OmVmV. gÜ¶m Aem H$mam{Jam§Mo g‘yh (craft clusters) {Z‘m©U Ho$co OmV AmhoV. VgoM
¶m H$mam{Jam§gmR>r {eën CËgd, àXe©Zo, hþZa hmQ> Am¶mo{OV Ho$co OmV AmhoV.
6) ZB© ‘§Prc :
 gwadmV : 8 Am°JñQ> 2015 cm nmQ>Um ¶oWyZ hr ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
Aëng§»¶mH$ Vê$U, Á¶m§Zr {ejU KoVcoco Zmhr qH$dm {ejU AÜ¶m©da gmoS>co Am{U Á¶m§À¶mH$S>o Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU
KoVë¶mMm Hw$R>cmhr nwamdm Zmhr Aem Vê$Um§Zm Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU H$m¡eë¶ nwa{dUo Am{U Ë¶m§Zm amoOJmaj‘ ~ZdyZ
Ë¶m§Mo g§K{Q>V joÌmV g‘mdoeZ H$aUo, hm ¶m ¶moOZoMm CÔoe Amho.
 ¶moOZm am~{dÊ¶mgmR>r àH$ën g§ñWm (Project Implementation Agencies) C^maÊ¶mV Amë¶m AmhoV. ¶m g§ñWm
Aem Vê$Um§Zm 9 Vo 12 ‘{hÝ¶m§Mo H$m¡eë¶ à{ejU XoVmV.
 ¶moOZogmR>r 5 dfmªgmR>r 650 H$moQ>r ê$n¶m§Mr VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV ¶oV Amho. {deof åhUOo ¶mVrc IMm©Mm ^ma OmJ{VH$ ~±H$
CMcUma Amho.
7) {O¶mo nmagr (Scheme for Containing Population Decline of Parsis of India) :
 gwadmV : gßQ>|~a 2013.
 nmagr Y‘u¶Z cmoH$g§»¶m 1941 ‘Ü¶o 1,14,000 hmoVr, Vr 2011 ‘Ü¶o 57,264 Pmcr Amho. C{eam c¾, c¾ Z
H$aUo, OZZXa H$‘r hmoUo, Xoem~mhoa ñWcm§Va, KQ>ñ’$moQ> hr cmoH$g§»¶m H$‘r hmoÊ¶m‘mJMr H$maUo AmhoV.
 nmagr Y‘u¶ cmoH$g§»¶m dmT>Vr H$aUo, Ë¶mgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ {eï>mMma, g§aMZmË‘H$ hñVjon ¶m Cn¶m¶moOZm am~{dUo, hm
¶m ¶moOZo‘mJMm gaH$maMm CÔoe Amho.
 gm‘m{OH$ gwajm (Social Security) :
 B§{Xam Jm§Yr amï´>r¶ d¥Õm§gmR>rMr n|eZ ¶moOZm (IG-NOAPS - Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension
Scheme) :
¶moOZm 15 Am°JñQ> 1995 cm gwê$ Pmcr. gÜ¶m Xm[aÐç aofoImcrc 60 Vo 79 df} d¶mVrc d¥Õm§Zm ‘m{gH$ 200 ê$.
‘XV d 80 dfmªnojm OmñV d¶mÀ¶m d¥Õm§Zm ‘m{gH$ 500 ê$. ‘XV {Xcr OmVo.
 B§{Xam Jm§Yr amï´>r¶ {dYdm§gmR>rMr n|eZ ¶moOZm (IG-NWPS - Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension
Scheme) :
¶moOZm 2009 ‘Ü¶o gwê$ Pmcr. gÜ¶m Xm[aÐç aofoImcrc {dYdm ‘{hcm§Zm ‘m{gH$ 300 ê$. ‘XV {Xcr OmVo. Ë¶m§Mo
d¶ 80 dfmªnwT>o Joë¶mg ‘m{gH$ 500 ê$. ‘XV {Xcr OmVo.
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 B§{Xam Jm§Yr amï´>r¶ An§Jm§gmR>rMr n|eZ ¶moOZm (IG-NDPS- Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension
Scheme) :
¶moOZm 2009 ‘Ü¶o gwê$ Pmcr. Xm[aÐç aofoImcrc18 dfmªnojm OmñV d¶ AgUmè¶m d 80% nojm An§JËd AgUmè¶m
ì¶{³V§Zm ‘m{gH$ 300 ê$. ‘XV {Xcr OmVo. 80 df©o d¶mZ§Va ‘m{gH$ 500 ê$. ‘XV {Xcr OmVo. AcrH$S>o ~Qw>H$
(Dwarfs) åhUOo ~wQ>³¶m ì¶³VtgmR>rhr hr ¶moOZm cmJy H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Amho.
 amï´>r¶ Hw$Qw>§~ cm^ ¶moOZm (NFBS - National Family Benefit Scheme) :
¶moOZm 15 Am°JñQ> 1995 cm gwê$ Pmcr. Xm[aÐç aofoImcrc Á¶m Hw$Qw>§~m§Mm 18 dfo© Vo 60 df} d¶moJQ>mVrc H$‘mdVm
ì¶³Vr XJmdcm Amho Ë¶m Hw$Qw>§~mcm EH$aH$‘r 20,000 ê$n¶m§Mo ghmæ¶ {Xco OmVo. XJmdcocr (H$‘mdUmar) ì¶³Vr
ór Agoc Var hm cm^ {Xcm OmVmo. H$‘mdUmè¶m ì¶³Vr EH$mnojm OmñV AgVrc Va àË¶oH$ Aem H$‘mdUmè¶m
ì¶³VrÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶y‘mJo ¶moOZoMm cm^ {Xcm OmVmo.
 AÞnyUm© ¶moOZm (Annapurna Scheme) :
¶moOZm 1 E{àc 2000 nmgyZ gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. Xm[aÐçaofoImcrc Á¶m d¥Õm§Zm AÚmZ "B§{Xam Jm§Yr amï´>r¶
d¥Õm§gmR>rÀ¶m n|eZ ¶moOZoMm' cm^ {‘imcocm Zmhr Ë¶m§Zm Xa‘hm 10 {H$.J«°. AÞYmÝ¶ AÞnyUm© ¶moOZ|VJ©V ‘mo’$V
{Xco OmVo.
1) ñdmdc§~Z ¶moOZm (Swavalamban Scheme) :
 gwadmV : n|eZ gw{dY§mMm cm^ XoemVrc gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm XoVm ¶mdm, ¶m CÔoemZo 1 OmZodmar 2004 cm ZdrZ n|eZ
¶§ÌUocm (New Pension System) gwadmV H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. 1 ‘o 2009 nmgyZ ImgJr, ñdamoOJmarV H$‘©Mmar VgoM
Ag§K{Q>V joÌmVrc H$m‘Jmam§Zm EopÀN>H$ VÎdmda ZdrZ n|eZ ¶§ÌUoV gh^mJ KoÊ¶mg nadmZJr XoÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶m
¶§ÌUocm AmVm amï´>r¶ n|eZ ¶§ÌUm (NPS - National Pension System) Ago åhUVmV. Ag§KQ>rV joÌmgmR>r
(Unorganised sector) 2010-11 À¶m AW©g§H$ënmV NPS da AmYmarV ¶moOZoMr KmofUm H$aÊ¶mV ¶oD$Z
"ñdmdc§~Z ¶moOZm' gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
 cú¶JQ> : Ag§KQ>rV joÌmVrc H$m‘Jma
 d¶ d nmÌVm : 18 Vo 60 df} d¶moJQ>mVrc Ag§KQ>rV joÌmVrc cmoH$ ¶moOZog nmÌ AgyZ 60 df} d¶mZ§Va n|eZMm cm^
KoD$ eH$VmV. ¶moOZoMm cm^ KoVmZm NPS, Swavalamban ImVo CKS>mdo cmJV Agë¶mZo AmnmoAmn BVa NPS
n|eZ ¶moOZoMm cm^ KoVm ¶oV Zmhr. ¶m ImË¶mcm PRAN (Permanent Retirement Account Number) Ago
åhUVmV.
 hám d emgZmMm dmQ>m :
¶moOZ|VJ©V dm{f©H$ {H$‘mZ 1,000 ê$. Vo H$‘mc 12,000 ê$. dm{f©H$ hám Úmdm cmJVmo. gwadmVrMr 5 df} emgZ ¶m
hßË¶mVrc 50% a³H$‘ âV hmoVr. hr a³H$‘ ‘mÌ H$‘mc 1,000 ê$. Agmdr Agm {ZH$f hmoVm. 2012-13 n¶ªV
CKS>coë¶m ImË¶m§daM hm cm^ XoÊ¶mV ¶oV Ago. na§Vw hr ‘wXV XoIrc 2016-17 n¶ªV dmT>{dÊ¶mV Amcr.
 n|eZ cm^ :
60 df} d¶mZ§Va O‘m Pmcoë¶m n|eZ {ZYrn¡H$s 60% EH$aH$‘r a³H$‘ {‘iy eH$Vo. Cd©[aV 40% a¸$‘ dm{f©H$sV
(annuity) Jw§VdyZ ‘m{gH$ n|eZMm cm^ {‘iVmo. hm cm^ ‘m{gH$ ê$. 1,000 n¶ªV XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aÊ¶mV Amcm.
 ì¶dñWmnZ : ñdmdc§~Z ¶moOZm NPS ¶§ÌUoda AmYmarV Agë¶m‘wio n|eZ {ZYr {Z¶m‘H$ d {dH$mg àm{YH$aU
(PFRDA-Pension Fund Regulatory & Development Authority) ¶m ¶moOZoMo ì¶dñWmnZ H$aV Ago.
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2) AQ>c n|eZ ¶moOZm (APY - Atal Pension Yojana) :

 gwadmV :
9 ‘o 2015 cm H$mocH$mVm ¶oWyZ H|$Ð gaH$maZo Ag§K{Q>V joÌmgmR>r 2015-16 AW©g§H$ënmV KmofUm Ho$ë¶mà‘mUo AQ>c
n|eZ ¶moOZm gwê$ Ho$cr. 60 dfm©Z§Va Zo‘H$m H$moUVm cm^ {‘ioc ho ñdmdc§~Z ¶moOZoV ñnï> Zgë¶m‘wio Vr åhUmdr
{VVH$s ¶eñdr Pmcr Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio dm{f©H$ AË¶ën hám d n|eZcm^mMr gwñnï>Vm AgUmar AQ>c n|eZ ¶moOZm gwê$
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ñdmdc§~Z ¶moOZm AQ>c n|eZ ¶moOZoV {dcrZ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr AgyZ, gd© ñdmdc§~Z ImVr AQ>c
n|eZ ¶moOZoV dJ© H$aÊ¶mV Amcr AmhoV.
 cú¶JQ> : NSSO À¶m 2011-12 ‘Yrc nmhUrZwgma 47.29 H$moQ>r amoOJmarV cmoH$g§»¶on¡H$s Ag§K{Q>V joÌmVrc
H$m‘Jmam§Mm (42 H$moQ>r) dmQ>m gw‘mao 88% hmoVm. ¶moOZoZo ¶m Ag§K{Q>V joÌmVrc H$m‘Jmam§Zm cú¶JQ> R>a{dco.
 d¶ d nmÌVm :
18 Vo 40 df} d¶moJQ>mVrc Ag§K{Q>V joÌmVrc cmoH$ ¶moOZog nmÌ AmhoV. 60 df} d¶mZ§Va noÝeZ {‘iVo. ¶mMm AW©
{H$‘mZ 20 df} d Ë¶mhÿZ OmñV df} hßVm âmdm cmJVmo.
 hßVm d emgZmMm dmQ>m :
hßË¶mMr a³H$‘ dm{f©H$ 42 ê$. Vo 1,454 ê$. AgyZ Vr cm^mÏ¶m©À¶m gwadmVrÀ¶m d¶mda d j‘Voda Adc§~yZ Amho.
gwadmVrMr 5 df} emgZ ¶m hßË¶mVrc 50% a³H$‘ (H$‘mc 1,000 ê$.) âV Amho. hm A{V[a³V cm^ KoÊ¶mgmR>r
ImVo CKS>Ê¶mMr ‘wXV 31 {S>g|~a 2015 hmoVr. Vr Z§Va 31 ‘mM© 2016 H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
 n|eZ cm^ :
cm^mÏ¶m©cm 60 df} d¶mZ§Va hßË¶mda AmYmarV ‘m{gH$ 1,000 Vo 5,000 ê$. no|eZ {‘iVo. ImVoXmamMm ‘¥Ë¶y
Pmë¶mg VodT>r noÝeZ gmWrXmamcm (Spouse cm.) åhUOo nwê$f Agoc Va Ë¶mMr nËZr Am{U ‘{hcm Agoc Va {VMm
nVr) {‘iV amhVo. Xmohm|Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmë¶mg OodT>m noÝeZ {ZYr O‘m AgVmo (1.7 cmI ê$. Vo 8.5 cmI ê$.) Vmo
EH$aH$‘r dmagXmamcm {‘iVmo.
 ì¶dñWmnZ - PFRDA ‘m’©$V.
3) àYmZ‘§Ìr l‘¶moJr ‘mZYZ ¶moOZm (PMSYM - Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maadhan) :
 gwadmV :
5 ‘mM© 2019 cm dómc (Ah‘Xm~mX) ¶oWyZ ¶m ¶mOZoMo Am¡nMm[aH$ AZmdaU H$aÊ¶mV Amco. Ver KmofUm 1
’o$~«wdmar 2019 cm Omhra Pmcoë¶m A§V[a‘ AW©g§H$ënmV H$aÊ¶mV Amcr hmoVr. ¶mgmR>r 2019-20 ‘Ü¶o 500 H$moQ>r
ê$n¶m§Mr VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Amho.
 cú¶JQ> :
Ag§K{Q>V joÌmVrc H$m‘Jmam§Mr cmoH$g§»¶m 2011 ‘Ü¶o 42 H$moQ>r hmoVr. Ë¶mn¡H$s 10 H$moQ>r H$m‘Jmam§n¶ªV nwT>rc 5
dfm©V PMSYM ¶moOZm nmohmoM{dÊ¶mMo cú¶ R>odÊ¶mV Amco Amho.
 d¶ d nmÌVm :
18 Vo 40 df} d¶moJQ>mVrc Ag§K{Q>V joÌmVrc cmoH$ ¶moOZog nmÌ AmhoV. na§Vw ¶moOZoV Zmd Zm|X{dVmZm Aem ì¶³VrMo
‘m{gH$ CËnÞ 15,000 ê$. qH$dm Ë¶mnojm H$‘r Agco nm{hOo. amï´>r¶ n|eZ ¶§ÌUm (NPS), ESIC, EPFO A§VJ©V
n|eZ ImVo CKS>cocm ì¶³Vr ¶m ¶mOZoMm cm^ KoD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$anmÌ ì¶³Vrhr ¶m ¶mOZoMm cm^ KoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
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1) ¶moOZogmR>Mm hám hm ì¶³VrÀ¶m d¶mda R>aVmo. d¶mÀ¶m 18 ì¶m dfu ¶moOZoV Zmd Zm|X{dë¶mg Ë¶mZo 60 ì¶m
dfm©n¶ªV 55 ê$n¶m§Mm ‘m{gH$ hßVm âm¶Mm AgVmo. emgZ VodT>çmM aH$‘oMo ¶moJXmZ XoVo. åhUOo hm hám 110
ê$. hmoD$Z OmVmo.
2) g‘Om EImÚm ì¶³VrZo d¶mÀ¶m 29 ì¶m dfu ¶moOZoV Zmd Zm|X{dco Va Ë¶mZo 60 dfm©n¶ªV 100 ê$. ‘m{gH$ hám
âm¶Mm AgVmo. emgZmÀ¶m VodT>çmM ¶moJXmZmZo hm hám 200 ê$. hmoD$Z OmVmo.
 n|eZ cm^ :
cm^mÏ¶m©cm 60 df} d¶mZ§Va ‘m{gH$ 3,000 ê$. âdemMo n|eZ {‘iÊ¶mMo AmídmgZ XoÊ¶mV Amco Amho. n|eZ
{‘iV AgVmZm Aem ì¶³VrMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmcm, Va Ë¶mÀ¶m nËZrg (cm^mWu ‘{hcm Agoc Va nVrg) 50% n|eZ åhUOo
1,500 ê$. ‘m{gH$ n|eZ {‘iV amhrc. 60 df} d¶mAmYrM Aem ì¶³VrMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmcm Va Ë¶mMr nËZr (qH$dm nVr)
Vo ImVo ñdV:À¶m Zmdmda H$ê$Z hám âV amhÿ eH$Vo Am{U n|eZMm cm^ KoD$ eH$Vo.
 ì¶dñWmnZ :
PMSYM ¶moOZm l‘ d amoOJma ‘§Ìmc¶m‘m’©$V am~{dcr OmVo. {VMo ì¶dñWmnZ PFRDA H$aVo. ¶moOZoMr
A§‘c~OmdUr, n|eZ {ZYr MmcZ Am{U n|eZ {dVaU ¶m O~m~Xmè¶m LIC da H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m AmhoV. ¶mOZoMr
‘m{hVr d Zm|XUr LIC Mr H$m¶m©c¶o, ESIC d EPFO Mr H$m¶m©c¶o, l‘ H$m¶m©c¶o d gm‘m{OH$ godm H|$Ðm§‘Ü¶o
CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mV Amcr AmhoV.
4) àYmZ‘§Ìr {H$gmZ ‘mZYZ ¶moOZm (PMKMY - Pradhan Mantri Kisan Mandhan Yojana) :
 gwadmV : 12 gßQ>|~a 2019 cm am§Mr, PmaI§S> ¶oWyZ ¶m ¶moOZoMo AZmdaU H$aÊ¶mV Amco. PmaI§S> ¶oWyZ ¶m ¶moOZoMo
AZmdaU H$aÊ¶mV Amco. PmaI§S> {dYmZgôÀ¶m ZdrZ B‘maVrMo CX²KmQ>Z ¶màg§Jr H$aÊ¶mV Amco hmoVo.
 cú¶JQ> : cKw d gr‘m§V eoVH$ar. (åhUOo Ago eoVH$ar Ë¶m§À¶m§H$S>o 2 ho³Q>a qH$dm Ë¶mnojm H$‘r O‘rZ Amho.)
 d¶ d nmÌVm : 18 Vo 40 df} d¶moJQ>mVrc cKw d gr‘m§V eoVH$ar.
 hßVm : ¶moOZogmR>rMm hám da gm§{JVcoë¶m àYmZ‘§Ìr l‘¶moJr ‘mZYZ ¶moOZoà‘mUo Amho.
 noÝeZ cm^ : cm^mÏ¶m©cm 60 df} d¶mZ§Va ‘m{gH$ 3,000 ê$. âdemMo noÝeZ {‘iVo. ‘¥Ë¶ynam§V {‘iUmè¶m gdcVr
darc ¶moOZoà‘mUo AmhoV.
 ì¶dñWmnZ : PMKMY ¶moOZm H¥$fr d eoVH$ar H$ë¶mU ‘§Ìmc¶m‘m’©$V am~{dcr OmVo. ¶moOZoMr ‘m{hVr d Zm|XUr
gm‘mB©H$ godm H|$Ðm§‘Ü¶o (Common Service Centre) CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mV Amcr Amho.
5) àYmZ‘§Ìr d¶ d§XZm ¶moOZm (PMVVY - Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana) :
 gwadmV : 21 Owc¡ 2017
 cú¶JQ> : d¥Õ. (àË¶jmV ¶moOZoMm cm^mWu d¥Õ à‘wI Agcoco Hw$Qw>§~ Amho.)
 d¶ d nmÌVm : 60 df} d Ë¶mhÿZ OmñV d¶ AgUmao d¥Õ.
 hßVm, n|eZcm^ Am{U emgZmMm dmQ>m :
1) ¶m ¶moOZogmR>r EH$R>moH$ a¸$‘ R>od ñdê$nmV R>odmdr cmJVo. hr R>od 10 dfmªgmR>r R>odm¶Mr AgVo. CXmhaUmW©- 1.5
cmI ê$. EH$aH$‘r R>od R>odë¶mg 10 df} Xa ‘{hë¶mcm 1,000 ê$. n|eZ {‘iVo. 15 cmI ê$. EH$aH$‘r R>od
R>odë¶mg 10 df} Xa ‘{hÝ¶mcm 10,000 ê$. n|eZ {‘iVo.
2) EH$aH$‘r R>odrcm Purchase Price Ago åhQ>co Amho. H$maU R>od R>odyZ cm^mWu Vr ¶moOZm IaoXr H$aV AgVmo.
‘m{gH$ n|eZgmR>r {H$‘mZ Purchase Price 1.5 cmI ê$. AgyZ H$‘mc Purchase Price 15 cmI ê$.
132
Amho. gwadmVrcm H$‘mc Purchase Price 7.5 cmI ê$. hmoVr. ‘o 2018 ‘Ü¶o Vr 15 cmI ê$. H$aÊ¶mV
Amcr. n|eZMm cm^ ‘m{gH$EodOr {V‘m{hcm, ghm‘mhrcm qH$dm dm{f©H$ ¿¶m¶Mm Agoc Va Verhr gw{dYm Amho.
{V‘mhr, ghm‘mhr d dm{f©H$ n|eZcm^mgmR>r ‘mÌ Purchase Price doJdoJù¶m AmhoV. {³cï>Vm Q>miÊ¶mgmR>r
AmnU ‘m{gH$ n|eZ ¶mOZoMrM MMm© H$aV AmhmoV.
3) 10 df} ‘wXV g§në¶mZ§Va eodQ>À¶m n|eZ~amo~a R>od naV {‘iVo.
4) ¶m 10 dfm©V ‘Ü¶oM cm^mWu d¥ÕmMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmcm Va R>oda³H$‘ dmagXmamcm {Xcr OmVo.
5) ¶moOZm IaoXr Ho$ë¶mÀ¶m 3 dfmªZ§Va Purchase Price À¶m 75% H$O©hr KoVm ¶oVo.
6) ¶moOZocm GST H$amamVyZ gdcV XoÊ¶mV Amcr Amho.
7) n{hë¶m ‘wÚmV gm§{JVë¶mà‘mUo 1.5 cmI ê$n¶m§Zm 1,000 ê$. n|eZ qH$dm 15 cmI ê$n¶m§Zm 10,000 ê$.
n|eZ åhUOo R>odaH$‘oÀ¶m "dm{f©H$ 8% ì¶mO' cm^mÏ¶m©cm {Xco OmVo¶. àYmZ‘§Ìr d¶ d§XZm ¶moOZoZo {H$‘mZ
dm{f©H$ 8% ì¶mO XoÊ¶mMo AmídmgZ {Xco Amho.
8) n{hë¶m ‘wÚmV gm§{JVë¶mà‘mUo 1.5 cmI ê$n¶m§Zm 1,000 ê$. n|eZ qH$dm 15 cmI ê$n¶m§Zm 10,000 ê$.
n|eZ åhUOo R>odaH$‘oÀ¶m "dm{f©H$ 8% ì¶mO' cm^mÏ¶m©cm {Xco OmVo¶. àYmZ‘§Ìr d¶ d§XZm ¶moOZoZo {H$‘mZ
dm{f©H$ 8% ì¶mO XoÊ¶mMo AmídmgZ {Xco Amho.
9) ¶moOZm ‘wXVnyd© ~§X H$am¶Mr Agë¶mg Purchase Price À¶m 98% a³H$‘ naV {‘iVo.
 {d‘m ¶moOZm :
1) OZlr {d‘m ¶moOZm (JBY - Janashree Bima Yojana)
 gwadmV : 10 Am°JñQ> 2000 cm J«m‘rU VgoM ehar ^mJmVrc Xm[aÐç aofoImcrc d Agwa{jV JQ>mVrc ì¶³VtZm
{då¶mMm cm^ XoÊ¶mgmR>r hr ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
 cú¶JQ> : 45 àH$maÀ¶m {ZX}{eV ì¶mdgm{¶H$ JQ>mVrc (CXm. drUH$m‘Jma, {dS>r H$m‘Jma BË¶mXr) ì¶³Vr.
 d¶ d nmÌVm : 18 Vo 59 df} d¶moJQ>mVrc darc cú¶JQ>mVrc ì¶³Vr.
¶moOZoMm cm^ KoÊ¶mgmR>r ê$.200 dm{f©H$ hám Ago. hm g§nyU© hám emgZ âV Ago. åhUOo 50% H|$Ð gaH$maH$Sy>Z,
Va 50% amÁ¶emgZmH$Sy>Z.
 {d‘m cm^ :
cm^mÏ¶m©cm Z¡g{J©H$ ‘¥Ë¶y Amë¶mg 30,000 ê$ d AnKmVr ‘¥Ë¶y Amë¶mg 75,000 ê$. dmagXmamcm {‘iV Ago.
AnKmVmV nyU© An§JËd Amë¶mg 75,000 ê$. qH$dm Am§{eH$ An§JËd Amë¶mg 37,500 ê$n¶m§Mo AW©ghmæ¶ {‘iV
Ago.
 ì¶dñWmnZ : OrdZ {d‘m {ZJ‘ (LIC) ‘m’©$V.
2) Am‘ AmX‘r {d‘m ¶moOZm (AABY - Aam Aadami Bima Yojana)
 gwadmV : 2 Am°³Q>mo~a 2007 cm J«m‘rU ^y{‘hrZm§Zm {d‘m gwajm nwa{dÊ¶mgmR>r Am‘ AmX‘r {d‘m ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV
Amcr. OZlr {d‘m ¶moOZm VgoM ¶moOZoMo cm^mWu Am‘ AmX‘r {d‘m ¶moOZoV dJ© H$aÊ¶mV Amco AmhoV.
 cú¶JQ> : J«m‘rU ^y{‘hrZ d OZlr {d‘m ¶moOZoMo cm^mWu åhUOo {ZX}{eV ì¶mdgm{¶H$ JQ>mVrc ì¶³Vr.
 d¶ d nmÌVm : 18 Vo 59 df©o d¶moJQ>mVrc darc cú¶JQ>mVrc ì¶³Vr.
 hám d emgZmMm dmQ>m : dm{f©H$ hám ê$. 200. 50% hám H|$Ð gaH$maH$Sy>Z d 50% hám amÁ¶emgZmH$Sy>Z.
133
 {d‘m cm^ : cm^mÏ¶m©cm Z¡g{J©H$ ‘¥Ë¶y Amë¶mg 30,000 ê$. d AnKmVr ‘¥Ë¶y Amë¶mg 75,000 ê$. dmagXmamcm
{‘iVmV. AnKmVmV nyU© An§JËd Amë¶mg 75,000 ê$. qH$dm Am§{eH$ An§JËd Amë¶mg 37,500 ê$n¶m§Mo
AW©ghmæ¶ {Xco OmVo.
 ì¶dñWmnZ : LIC ‘m’©$V.
 ¶moOZ|VJ©V {d‘m g§a{jV ì¶³VrÀ¶m 9dr Vo 12 dr {ejU KoUmè¶m H$‘mc 2 ‘wcm§Zm Xa‘hm 100 ê$. {eî¶d¥Îmrhr
{Xcr OmVo.
3) àYmZ‘§Ìr OrdZÁ¶moVr {d‘m ¶moOZm (PMJJBY - Pradhan Mantri Jyoti Bima Yojana)
 gwadmV : XoemVrc Ho$di 20% cmoH$m§n¶ªVM OrdZ {d‘m nmohmoMcm hmoVm. ho à‘mU dmT>{dÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo 9 ‘o 2015
cm H$mocH$mVm ¶oWyZ àYmZ‘§Ìr OrdZ Á¶moVr {d‘m ¶moOZoMm àma§^ H$aÊ¶mV Amcm.
 cú¶JQ> : OrdZ {d‘m Z Zm|X{dcoco gd© ZmJarH$.
 d¶ d nmÌVm> : cm^mÏ¶m©Mo d¶ 18 Vo 50 df© Agco nm{hOo. ¶moOZoMm cm^ ¿¶m¶Mm Agë¶mg ~±H$ ImVo Amdí¶H$
Amho.
 hám : ¶moOZogmR>r dm{f©H$ 330 ê$. (+ H$a) hám AgyZ Vmo Xadfu cm^mÏ¶m©À¶m ~±H$ImË¶mVyZ AmnmoAmn dJ© hmoVmo.
hßË¶mgmR>r Am{W©H$ df© 1 OyZ Vo 31 ‘o Ago AgVo.
 {d‘m cm^ : ¶m cm^mÏ¶m©Mm H$moUË¶mhr àH$mao (Z¡g{J©H$ qH$dm AnKmVr) ‘¥Ë¶y Pmë¶mg dmagXmamcm 2 cmI ê$.
AW©ghmæ¶ {‘iVo.
 ì¶dñWmnZ : ¶moOZoMm cm^ KoÊ¶mgmR>r cm^mWu LIC qH$dm H$moUË¶mhr {d‘m H§$nZrV ImVo CKSy> eH$Vmo.
4) àYmZ‘§Ìr gwajm {d‘m ¶moOZm (PMSBY - Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana)
 gwadmV : BVa 2 ¶moOZm§à‘mUo hr ¶moOZmhr 9 ‘o 2015 cm H$mocH$mVm ¶oWyZ gwê$ Pmcr. XoemVrc Ho$di 4% cmoH$m§Zr
AnKmVr {d‘m CVa{dcm hmoVm. ho à‘mU dmT>mdo hm ¶m ¶moOZoMm CÔoe Amho.
 cú¶JQ> : AnKmV {d‘m Z Zm|X{dcoco gd© ZmJ[aH$.
 d¶ d nmÌVm> : 18 Vo 70 df© d¶moJQ>mVrc gd© ì¶³Vr ¶m ¶moOZoMm cm^ KoD$ eH$VmV. cm^mÏ¶m©Mo ~±Ho$V ImVo AgUo
Oê$arMo Amho.
 hám : ¶moOZogmR>r dm{f©H$ 12 ê$. hám (+ H$a) AgyZ Vmo Xadfu cm^mÏ¶m©À¶m ~±H$ ImË¶mVyZ AmnmoAmn dJ© hmoVmo.
hßË¶mgmR>rMo Am{W©H$ df© 1 OyZ Vo 31 ‘o Ago AgVo.
 {d‘m cm^ : cm^mÏ¶m©cm AnKmVm‘wio nyU© An§JËd Amë¶mg 2 cmI ê$. d Am§{eH$ An§JËd Amë¶mg 1 cmI ê$.
AW©ghmæ¶ {Xco OmVo. Z¡g{J©H$ ‘¥Ë¶y Pmë¶mg ¶m ¶moOZoÝd¶o Hw$R>cmhr Am{W©H$ cm^ {‘iV Zmhr.
 ì¶dñWmnZ : LIC qH$dm H$moUVrhr {d‘m H§$nZr.
¶moOZm§Mr H$m‘{Jar : 1 ’o$~«wdmar 2021 n¶ªV AQ>c n|eZ ¶moOZm, àYmZ‘§Ìr OrdZÁ¶moVr {d‘m ¶moOZm Am{U àYmZ‘§Ìr
gwajm {d‘m ¶moOZoÀ¶m ImVoXmam§Mr g§»¶m AZwH«$‘o 2.85 H$moQ>r, 9.88 H$moQ>r d 22.26 H$moQ>r Pmcr hmoVr.
 nmofU 2.0 (POSHAN - PM's Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nourishment Abhiyan 2.0) :
 gwê$dmV : 8 ‘mM© 2018 (OmJ{VH$ ‘{hcm {XZmMo Am¡{MË¶). PwZPwZ, amOñWmZ ¶oWyZ, Xþgam Q>ßnm 2021-22 nmgyZ.
 nmofU A{^¶mZmMm CÔoe :
- ~mcH$, JamoXa d ñVZXm ‘mVm§À¶m nmofUmV dmT> H$aUo, OrdZgÎd A Am{U cmohmMr H$‘VaVm Xÿa H$aUo. ¶mgmR>r,
134
- 6 ‘{hZo Vo 6 df} d¶moJQ>mVrc ~mcH$m§Zm (df©âmV {H$‘mZ 300 {Xdg) 500 H°$car Am{U 12 Vo 15 J«°‘ à{WZo XoB©c
BVH$m Amhma amoO {Xcm OmVmo. A{VHw$nmo{fV ~mcH$m§Zm 800 H$°car Am{U 20 Vo 25 J«°‘ à{WZo XoB©c BVH$m Amhma
amoO {Xcm OmVmo.
 amï´>r¶ ‘Ü¶mÝh Amhma ¶moOZm (NPMMS - National Program for Mid-day Meal Scheme) :
 gd©àW‘ 1925 ‘Ü¶o ‘Ðmg ‘hmnm{cHo$Zo emim§‘Yrc ‘mJmg ‘wcm§gmR>r ‘Ü¶mÝh Amhma H$m¶©H«$‘ gwé Ho$cm. 1980 À¶m
XeH$mn¶ªV V{‘iZmSy>, JwOamV Am{U Ho$ai ¶m amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o d nm±{S>MoarV ‘Ü¶mÝh Amhma ¶moOZm H$m¶©H«$‘ gwê$ Pmcm.
1990-91 n¶ªV ¶m amÁ¶m§Mr g§»¶m 12 n¶ªV nmohmoMcr.
 emioVrc nQ>Zm|XUr dmT>dÊ¶mgmR>r, hOoar dmT>Ê¶mgmR>r, {dÚmÏ¶mªZm emhoV amoIyZ R>odÊ¶mgmR>r d ¶mgmo~VM {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m
nmofUñVamV dmT> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r 15 Am°JñQ> 1995 cm ‘Ü¶mÝh Amhma ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
 gßQ>|~a 2004 ‘Ü¶o nmofU AmhmamMm {ZH$f à{V{dÚmWu à{V{XZ 300 H°$car d 8 Vo 12 J«°‘ à{WZo Agm H$aÊ¶mV Amcm.
 gÜ¶m àmW{‘H$ emioVrc {dÚmÏ¶mªcm 450 H°$car d 20 J«°‘ à{WZo XoB©Z BVH$m Amhma amoO {Xcm OmVmo. 2009 nmgyZ
CƒàmW{‘H$ emioVrc {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r S>mir 25 Vo 30 J«°‘, ^mOrnmcm 65 Vo 75 J«°‘ d Voc 7.5 J«°‘ à{V{XZ Agm {ZH$f
dmT>{dÊ¶mV Amcm.
 A§Ë¶moX¶ AÞ ¶moOZm (AAY - Antyodaya Anna Yojana) :
 25 {S>g|~a 2000 cm J[a~m§‘Yrc Jar~ Hw$Qw>§~mZm (poorest of poor) AÞgwajm nwadÊ¶mgmR>r A§Ë¶moX¶ AÞ ¶moOZm gwê$
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶m ¶moOZoMr Imcrc C{Ôï>o hmoVr.
- gdmªZm AÞgwajm nwa{dUo
- nwT>rc 5 dfm©V ^maV ^yH$‘wº$ (hunger free India) H$aUo.
- J[a~m§‘Yrc Jar~ Hw$Qw>§~mZm nwaogo AÞ {‘ioc, ¶mgmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWoV gwYmaUm Ho$cr.
 amï´>r¶ AÞgwajm H$m¶Xm 2013 (National Food Security Act) :
 10 gßQ>~ | a 2013 cm amï´>r¶ AÞgwajm H$m¶Xm 2013 (National Food Security Act) g§‘V H$aÊ¶mV Amcm. 5 Owc¡o
2013 nmgyZ (restrospective) hm H$m¶Xm cmJy H$aÊ¶mV Amcm.
- 6 Vo 72 ‘{hÝ¶m§À¶m ~mcH$m§Zm A§JUdmS>rV ‘mo’$V nyaH$ nmofU Amhma
- JamoXa d ñVZXm ‘mVm§Zm A§JUdmS>rV nyaH$ nmofU Amhma
- 6 df} Vo 14 df} d¶mooJQ>mVrc {dÚmÏ¶mªZm emioV nyaH$ nmofU Amhma.
- B§{Xam Jm§Yr ‘mV¥Ëd gh¶moJ ¶moOZ|VJ©V JamoXa d ñVZXm ‘mVm§Zm Amamo½¶ d nmofUmgmR>r AZwXmZ {Xco OmVo.
 dZ ZoeZ dZ aoeZ H$mS>© (ONORC - One Nation One Ration Card) :
 1 OmZodmar 2020 cm aoeZH$mS>©{dZm XoemVrc H$moUË¶mhr aoeZ XþH$mZmVyZ aoeZ CMcÊ¶mMr gw{dYm CncãY H$ê$Z XoUmar
"dZ ZoeZ dZ aoeZ H$mS>©' ¶moOZm cmJy H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. AÞgwajoMr nmoQ>©{~{cQ>r CncãY H$ê$Z XoUmar hr ¶moOZm
AÞgwajoVrc EH$ ‘hÎdmMo nmD$c R>aUma Amho.
 àYmZ‘§Ìr Jar~ H$ë¶mU AÞ ¶moOm (PMGKAY - Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana) :
 H$mo{dS>-19 cm°H$S>mD$Z‘wio CX²^dcoë¶m ‘§XrV H|$Ð gaH$maZo AmË‘{Z^©a ^maV (^mJ-1) AÝd¶o {d{dY n°Ho$Oog Omhra
Ho$cr. 26 ‘mM© 2020 cm 1.70 cmI H$moQ>r én¶m§Mo àYmZ‘§Ìr Jar~ H$ë¶mU ¶moOZm n°Ho$O Omhra H$aÊ¶mV Amco. ¶m
n°Ho$O‘Yrc EH$ ¶moOZm åhUOo àYmZ‘§Ìr Jar~ H$ë¶mU AÞ ¶moOZm.
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 ¶m ¶moOZoÝd¶o H$mo{dS> cm°H$S>mD$Z H$mimV, E{àc 2020 Vo Zmoìh|~a 2020, A§Ë¶moX¶ AÞ ¶moOZoMo cm^mWu Hw$Qw>§~ Am{U
AJ«H«$‘ Hw$Qw>§~mZm Oo aoeZ {‘iVo Ë¶mV dmT> H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶m cm^mWu Hw$Qw>§~mZm Oo AÞYmÝ¶ {‘iV hmoVo Ë¶mV 5
{H$.J«°. Jhÿ qH$dm Vm§Xÿi à{Vì¶º$s à{V‘mh Am{U 1 {H$.J«°. MZmS>mi à{VHw$Qw>§~ à{V‘mh OmñVrZo XoÊ¶mV Amco. ho OmñVrMo
AÞYmÝ¶ ‘mo’$V XoÊ¶mV Amco.
 ñdÀN> ^maV {‘eZ (SBM - Swachh Bharat Mission) :
 2 Am°³Q>mo~a 2014 nmgyZ ñdÀN> ^maV {‘eZ gwê$ Pmco.
 ¶m ¶moOZoMo ‘yi Amnë¶mcm 1986 ‘Ü¶o gwê$ Pmcoë¶m H|$Ðr¶ J«m‘rU ñdÀN>Vm H$m¶©H«$‘mV gmnS>Vo.
 2 Am°³Q>mo~a 2014 cm n§VàYmZ lr. Za|Ð ‘moXr ¶m§À¶m hñVo ñdÀN> ^maV {‘eZ gwé H$aÊ¶mV Amco. {deof åhUOo ñdÀN>
^maV {‘eZ J«m‘rU d ehar Aem XmoÝhr ^mJm§V am~{dco OmVo Amho. ñdÀN> ^maV {‘eZ (J«m‘rU) ho Oc eº$s
‘§Ìmc¶mV’}$ d ñdÀN> ^maV {‘eZ (ehar) ho J¥h d ehar H$m¶© ‘§Ìmc¶mV’}$ am~{dco OmV Amho.
 ñdÀN> ^maV {‘eZZo "2019 n¶ªV ñdÀN> ^maV' gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mMo C{Ôï> R>odco. ¶mgmR>r ñdÀN>VoÀ¶m nmVirV gwYmaUm H$aUo
d Jmdo hmJUXmar‘wº$ H$aUo ho gmYmaU C{Ôï> R>odco. ¶mgmR>r d¡¶{º$H$ em¡Mmc¶o, gmd©O{ZH$ ñdÀN>VmJ¥ho, gm‘wXm{¶H$
ñdÀN>VmJ¥ho, emim d A§JUdmS>çm§‘Ü¶o em¡Mmc¶o, KZ d Ðd H$Mam ì¶dñWmnZ ¶§ÌUm C^mê$Z H$m¶©H«$‘mÀ¶m àdmdr
A§‘c~OmdUrda â XoÊ¶mV ¶oV Amho.
 àYmZ‘§Ìr C‚dcm ¶moOZm (PMUY - Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana) :
 gwadmV - 1 ‘o 2016 nmgyZ ~{c¶m (CÎma àXoe) ¶oWyZ àYmZ‘§Ìr C‚dcm ¶moOZm (PMUY) gwê$ Pmcr.
 ^maVmVrc 24 H$moQ>r Hw$Qw>§~m§n¡H$s gmYmaUV: 10 H$moQ>r Hw$Qw>§~ LPG nmgyZ d§{MV hmoVo. àYmZ‘§Ìr C‚dcm ¶moOZm Xm[aÐ¶
aofoImcrc Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm ‘mo’$V LPG OmoS>Ur nwa{dÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶m ¶moOZoMo ‘yi amOrd Jm§Yr J«m‘rU
EcnrOr {dVaU ¶moOZoV gmnS>Vo.
 nhc (Pahal of DBTL - Direct Benefit Transfer of LPG Subsidy) :
 1 OyZ 2013 cm nhc hr ¶moOZm 291 {Oëøm§‘Ü¶o gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. gwYm[aV ¶moOZm 15 Zmoìh|~a 2014 nmgyZ
{Oëøm§‘Ü¶o gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. 1 OmZodmar 2015 cm Vr g§nyU© XoemV cmJy H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
 nhc ¶moOZ|VJ©V Hw$Qw>§~mcm gdcV Zgcoë¶m XamZo qg{cS>a {‘iV Amho d g~{gS>r Ë¶mÀ¶m ~±H$ ImË¶mV dJ© Ho$cr OmV
Amho. g~{gS>r H«$‘m§H$hr Amdí¶H$ ~m~ hmoVr. gwYm[aV ¶moOZoV XmoÝhr n¶m©¶ (AmYma H«$‘m§H$mZo OmoS>coco ~±H$ ImVo qH$dm
H$moUVohr ~±H$ ImVo) Iwco R>odÊ¶mV Amco AmhoV.
 nhc ¶moOZoMr Jr{ZO ~wH$mV Zm|X H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Amho. 30 OyZ 2015 Mr AmH$S>odmar nmhVm gw‘mao 12.57 H$moQ>r
Hw$Qw>§~mZm WoQ> cm^ hñVm§VaU H$aÊ¶mMm {díd{dH«$‘ ¶m ¶moOZoZo Zm|X{dcm Amho.
 XrZX¶mc CnmÜ¶m¶ J«m‘Á¶moVr ¶moOZm (DDU-GJY : Deendayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana) :
 25 Owc¡ 2015 cm J«m‘rU {dÚwVrH$aUmgmR>r gwê$ Pmcoë¶m DDU-GJY ¶moOZoMo ‘yi amOrd Jm§Yr J«m‘rU {dÚwVrH$aU
¶moOZoV gmnS>co.
 100% J«m‘rU {dÚwVrH$aUmMo d 24x7 drOnwadR>çmMo cú¶ R>odyZ 25 Owc¡ 2015 cm nmQ>Um ¶oWyZ DDU-GJY ¶moOZoMo
AZmdaU H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
- gd© IoS>çm§n¡H$s drOOmoS>Ur nwa{dUo.
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- KaJwVr dmnamgmR>r d H¥$fr joÌmgmR>r doJdoJio {’$S>a {Z‘m©U H$aUo, OoUoH$ê$Z Kam§Zm "{Z¶{‘V' d eoVH$è¶m§Zm "nwaogm'
drOnwadR>m hmoB©c.
- drOnwadR>çm§Mr JwUdÎmm d AmídmgZnyV©Vm dmT>Ê¶mgmR>r {dOoMo àgmaU d {dVaU Omù¶mV gwYma H$aUo.
- ZwH$gmZ H$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {dOoMo ‘mnZ H$aUo, ¶mgmR>r gd©Ì ‘rQ>a ~g{dUo.
 gm¡^m½¶ ¶moOZm (Saubhagya Scheme) qH$dm àYmZ‘§Ìr ghO {~Ocr ha Ka ¶moOZm (PMSBHGY - Pradhan
Mantri Sahaj Bijali Har Ghar Yojana) :
 gwadmV - 25 gßQ>|~a 2017.
 ‘w»¶ CÔoe - drOOmoS>Ur Zgcoë¶m J«m‘rU ^mJmVrc gd© (APL d BPL) Hw$Qw>§~m§À¶m d ehar ^mJmVrc Jar~ (BPL)
Hw$Qw>§~m§À¶m Kam§Zm ‘mo’$V drOOmoS>Ur nwa{dÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo gm¡^m½¶ ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
 ¶moOZoMo ñdê$n - drOOmoS>Ur Zgcoë¶m {ZdS>coë¶m Hw$Qw>§~m§À¶m Kamcm ‘mo’$V drO H$Zo³eZ nwa{dco OmVo.
 gm§gX AmXe© J«m‘ ¶moOZm (SAGY - Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana) :
 11 Am°³Q>mo~a 2014 cm O¶àH$me Zmam¶U ¶m§À¶m O¶§Vr{Z{‘Îm "gm§gX AmXe© J«m‘ ¶moOZm' gwé H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
cmoH$g^m VgoM amÁ¶gôÀ¶m àË¶oH$ ImgXmamZo EH$ IoS>o XÎmH$ KoD$Z Ë¶mMm {dH$mg H$am¶Mm Amho. ¶màH$mao 2016 n¶ªV
1, 2019 n¶ªV AmUIr 2 åhUOo àË¶oH$ ImgXmamZo 3 IoS>çm§Zm AmXe© IoS>r ~Z{dë¶mg XoemVrc 5 cmI IoS>çm§n¡H$s
2,500 IoS>çm§Mm AmXe© {dH$mg hmoUma hmoVm.
 IoS>o {ZdS>VmZm 3,000 Vo 5,000 cmoH$g§»¶m Agcoco d S>m|Jami àXoemV 1,000 Vo 3,000 cmoH$g§»¶m Agcoco
{ZdS>mdo cmJVo. ImgXmamcm Ë¶mMo qH$dm Ë¶mÀ¶m gmgadmS>rMo Zmd {ZdS>Vm ¶oV Zmhr.
- Jmdm§Mm n{dÌdmXr/gH$c {dH$mg (Holistic Development) hmoÊ¶mgmR>r cmJUmè¶m gd© à{H«$¶m§Zm J{V‘mZ H$aUo.
¶mV d¡¶{º$H$ {dH$mg, ‘mZdr {dH$mg, gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mg Am{U Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Agm Mmahr Am¶m‘m§‘Yrc ~hþ{dH$mg
Ñ{ï>H$moZ Ano{jV Amho.
- ‘yc^yV gw{dYm, A{YH$ CËnmXH$Vm, d{Y©V ‘mZd {dH$mg, Mm§Jë¶m amhUr‘mZmÀ¶m gw{dYm, Ag‘mZVoMm A^md, h¸$
Am{U A{YH$mam§Mr nyV©Vm, gm‘m{OH$ g§KQ>Z, g‘¥Õ gm‘m{OH$ ^m§S>dc Aem haVèhoZo cmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m amhUr‘mZmV
gwYmaUm H$aUo d Am¶w‘m©ZmV JwUmË‘H$ gwYmaUm H$aUo.
 í¶m‘màgmX ‘wIOu ê$~©Z {‘eZ (SPMRM - Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission) qH$dm amï´>r¶ é~©Z
[‘eZ (NRuM - National Rurban Mission) :
 gwadmV - 21 ’o$~«wdmar 2016. 16 gßQ>|~a 2015 cm H|$Ðr¶ ‘§{Ì‘§S>imZo í¶m‘màgmX ‘wIOu é~©Z {‘eZcm ‘§Owar {Xcr
d ¶moOZm 21 ’o$~«wdmar 2016 cm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
 ñWm{ZH$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg MmcZm XoD$Z J«m‘rU ^mJmV ‘yc^yV gw{dYm nwa{dUo Am{U gw{Z¶mo{OV ê$~©Z J«m‘rU g‘yh
{Z‘m©U H$aUo.
 {‘eZ A§Ë¶moX¶ (Mission Antyodaya) :
 gwadmV - 9 Am°JñQ> 2017 cm n§VàYmZ lr. Za|Ð ‘moXr ¶m§Zr 2022 n¶ªV Xm[aX²¶ {Z‘©ycZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r n[adV©Zerc
H$m¶©H«$‘mMr AmIUr H$aÊ¶mMo gyVmodmM Ho$co. ¶mgmR>r 10 Am°³Q>mo~a 2017 cm {‘eZ A§Ë¶moX¶Mm AmamIS>m g§‘V
H$aÊ¶mV ¶oD$Z {‘eZ gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
 A§{V‘ Ü¶o¶ - Xm[aX²Œ¶‘wº$ ^maV 2022 (Poverty Quit India by 2022)
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 A‘¥V ¶moOZm (AMRUT - Atal Mission for Rejuvenation & Urban Transformation) :
 gwê$dmV - "ehar' ‘yc^yV gw{dYm d nm¶m^yV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo 25 OyZ 2015 cm A‘¥V ¶moOZm gwê$
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
 ¶moZOoMm CÔoe :
- àË¶oH$ ehar Hw$Qw>§~mn¶ªV ñdÀN> no¶Oc d gm§S>nmUr gw{dYm CncãY H$aUo.
- CÚmZo, cmJdS>gmaIo n¶m©¶ dmnê$Z ehamVrc {hadi dmT>{dUo.
- gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVyH$, gm¶H$c Mmc{dUo, MmcUo ¶m ~m~tZm àmoËgmhZ XoD$Z AWdm Vgo nmofH$ dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z
àXÿfU H$‘r H$aUo.
 ¶moOZoMo KQ>H$ - ¶moOZoMo 8 KQ>H$ AmhoV.
- nmUrnwadR>m, gm§S>nmUr gw{dYm, ‘c ì¶dñWmnZ, nmUr {ZMam, ehar dmhVyH$, harV CÚmZo, gwYmaUm ì¶dñWmnZ d
ghmæ¶ Am{U j‘Vm ~m§YUr. ¶m KQ>H$m§Mr ‘m{hVr V³Ë¶mV {Xcr Amho.
 H$m¶©joÌ : A‘¥V ¶moOZm 500 eham§‘Ü¶o am~{dcr OmVo. ¶m eham§Mr Imcrcà‘mUo dJ©dmar Ho$cr OmVo.
- EH$ cmImnojm OmñV cmoH$g§»¶oMr ehao
- amÁ¶m§À¶m amOYmÝ¶mMr ehao
- gm§ñH¥${VH$ ehao
- ‘w»¶ ZÚm§À¶m H$mR>mdarc 75,000 Vo 1 cmI cmoH$g§»¶m Agcocr 13 ehao.
- XþJ©‘ amÁ¶o, ~oQ>o d n¶©Q>ZjoÌ AgUmè¶m 10 amÁ¶m§‘YyZ (EH$m amÁ¶mVyZ H$‘mc 1 ¶m VÎdmZo) {ZdS>cocr 10 ehao.
 ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r {‘eZ (Smart City Mission) :
 gwadmV - "ehar' ‘yc^yV gw{dYm Am{U nm¶m^yV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo "A‘¥V' gmo~VM 25 OyZ 2015
cm "ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r {‘eZ' gwé H$aÊ¶mV Amco. eha {dH$mg {Z¶moOZmMo 4 AmYmañV§^ AgVmV - g§ñWmË‘H$, ^m¡{VH$,
gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ nm¶m^yV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg. ¶m AmYmañV§^m§Zm smartness Mr OmoS> XoD$Z ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r {‘eZ gwê$
H$aÊ¶mV Amco Amho.
 ¶moOZoMo KQ>H$ - ¶moOZoMo 10 KQ>H$ AmhoV. gmo~V ¶m KQ>H$m§Mr ¶mXr {Xcr Ahmo. ¶moOZoMo 4 gm‘[aH$ KQ>H$ (Strategic
Components) R>a{dÊ¶mV Amco AmhoV.
- eha gwYmaUm (City improvement - retrofitting) :
- eha ZwVZrH$aU (City renewal - redevelopment) :
- eha {dñVma (City extension - greenfield development) :
 {dÎmr¶ g‘mdoeZ (Financial Inclusion) :
1) a§JamOZ g{‘Vr :
 2008 ‘Ü¶o H|$Ð emgZmZo Jar~ d Xþ~©c JQ>mVrc ì¶º$s¨Zm Am{W©H$ godm nwadyZ Ë¶m§Mo {dÎmr¶ g‘mdoeZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {dÎmr¶
g‘mdoeZ g{‘Vr (Committee on Financial Inclusion) ñWmnZ Ho$cr. ¶m g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j S>m°.gr. a§JamOZ hmoVo.
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2) Z{MHo$V ‘moa g{‘Vr :

 gßQ>~| a 2013 ‘Ü¶o [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo lr. Z{MHo$V ‘moa ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcr {dÎmr¶ g‘mdoeZmÀ¶m CÔoemZo EH$ g{‘Vr ñWmnZ
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶m g{‘VrMo Zmd "cKwì¶dgm¶ d H$‘r CËnÞ Hw$Qw>§~m§gmR>r EH$mpË‘H$ {dÎmr¶ godm g{‘Vr' (Committee
on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Business & Low Income Households) Ago hmoVo.
OmZodmar 2014 ‘Ü¶o [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo ¶m g{‘VrMm Ahdmc àH$m{eV Ho$cm.
3) XrnH$ ‘moh§Vr g{‘Vr :
 Owc¡ 2015 ‘Ü¶o [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo ì¶dñWmnH$s¶ g§MmcH$ XrnH$ ‘moh§Vr ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcr {dÎmr¶ g‘mdoeZmMm
nwT>Mm Q>ßnm H$gm Agcm nm{hOo, ¶mgmR>r EH$ g{‘Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶m g{‘VrMo Zmd "{dÎmr¶ g‘mdoeZ
‘Ü¶mdYr nW g{‘Vr' (Committee on Medium term Path on Financial Inclusion) Ago hmoVo. 28 {S>g|~a
2015 cm [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo ¶m g{‘VrMm Ahdmc àH$m{eV Ho$cm.
 àYmZ‘§Ìr OZ-YZ ¶moOZm (Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana)
 gwê$dmV - {dÎmr¶ g‘mdoeZmgmR>r gwê$ Pmcocr gdm©V ‘hÎdmMr ¶moOZm åhUOo àYmZ‘§Ìr OZ-YZ ¶moOZm. 15 Am°JñQ>cm
àYmZ‘§Í¶m§Zr Aer ¶moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mMo g§Ho$V {Xco hmoVo. 28 Am°JñQ> 2014 cm {VMm Am¡nMm[aH$ àma§^ H$aÊ¶mV Amcm.
 OZYZ ¶moOZoMo 3 Q>ßno (Phases)
OZYZ ¶moOZoMo gwadmVrcm 2 Q>ßno R>adÊ¶mV Amco ¶m 2 Q>ßß¶m§Ûmao àË¶oH$s 3 Ago 6 AmYmañV§^ {ZdSy>Z ¶m 6 {df¶m§‘Ü¶o
ì¶mnH$ {dÎmr¶ g‘mdoeZ H$aÊ¶mMo R>a{dÊ¶mV Amco.
 AmYmañV§^ (1) d¡pídH$ ~±qH$J nmohmoM (Universal access to banking facilities)
n{hë¶m Q>ßß¶mV OmñVrV OmñV cmoH$m§Zm ~±H$ ImVr CKS>Ê¶mg àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
 AmYmañV§^ (2) ~±H$ ImVo (Basic Banking Account)
OZYZ ImVr CKS>ë¶m‘wio OmñVrV OmñV cmoH$m§Zm ~MV ImVr CncãY Pmcr. hr ImVr Pramo ~°cÝgda CKS>Vm ¶oVmV.
¶m ImË¶mda Imcrc A{V[aº$ gw{dYm XoÊ¶mV ¶oVmV.
1) ê$no H$mS>© - ImVoXmamcm ê$no AmYm[aV S>o{~Q> H$mS>© {Xco OmVo. ¶m H$mS>m©Mr dm{f©H$ ’$s Zm‘‘mÌ AgVo. eoVH$è¶m§Zm
{H$gmZ H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© ¶moOZmAmYm[aV ê$no {H$gmZ H$mS>© {Xco OmVo.
2) A{YH$f© gdcV (overdraft facility) - ImVo CKS>ë¶mZ§Va 6 ‘{hÝ¶mZ§Va ImVoXmamcm 10,000 ê$n¶mn¶ªVMo
A{Ydf© H$O© {‘iy eH$Vo.
3) AnKmVr {d‘m : darc ê$no H$mS>m©da 2 cmI ê$n¶m§Mm AnKmVr {d‘m ‘mo’$V CVa{dcm OmVmo. gwadmVrcm hm AnKmVr
{d‘m 1 cmI ê$n¶m§Mm hmoVm. {Vgè¶m Q>ßß¶mV Vmo 2 cmI ê$. H$aÊ¶mV Amcm Amho.
 AmYmañV§^ (3) {dÎmr¶ gmjaVm H$m¶©H«$‘ (Financial Literacy Program) :
cmoH$m§Zm AW©gmja H$aUo, ~±H$ ì¶dhma {eH${dUo, {S>{OQ>c ‘mo~mB©c godm hmVmiUo, ‘mo~mB©c ~±qH$JMm dmna H$aUo d
Ë¶m~m~V cmoH$m§‘Ü¶o OmJê$H$Vm {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMm H$m¶©H«$‘ am~{dÊ¶mV ¶oD$ cmJcm.
 àYmZ‘§Ìr {H$gmZ g§‘mZ {ZYr ¶moOZm (PM-KISAN-Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAmman Nidhi)
 gwê$dmV - 24 ’o$~«wdmar 2019. ‘mÌ ¶moOZm 1 {S>g|~a 2018 nmgyZ (retrospective) cmJy Amho. ¶moOZoMr KmofUm 1
’o$~«wdmar 2019 cm gmXa Pmcoë¶m A§V[a‘ AW©g§H$ënmV H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶moOZoMo AZmdaU 24 ’o$~«wdmar 2019 cm
JmoaInya (CÎma àXoe) ¶oWyZ n§VàYmZ lr. Za|Ð ‘moXr ¶m§À¶m hñVo H$aÊ¶mV Amco. Voc§JUmÀ¶m a¶Wy ~§Yy ¶moOZoMr àoaUm
KoD$Z hr ¶moOZm H|$ÐmZo gwê$ Ho$ë¶mMo {XgVo.
139
 Am[W©H$ ‘XV : ¶m ¶moOZ|VJ©V cm^mWu eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mcm 6,000 ê$n¶m§Mo CËnÞ Ë¶mÀ¶m ImË¶mV WoQ> dJ© Ho$co OmVo. ho
CËnÞ 3 Q>ßß¶m§V {d^mJyZ (àË¶oH$ 4 ‘{hÝ¶mcm 2,000 ê$n¶m§à‘mUo) {Xco OmVo. ¶mgmR>r Imcrc H$mJXnÌm§Mr
Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo.
1) a{hdmgr XmIcm
2) ^yYmaUoMm XmIcm
3) AmYma H«$‘m§H$
4) ~±H$ ImVo H«$‘m§H$mMm Vnerc
¶moOZm 1 {S>g|~a 2018 nmgyZ (retrospective) cmJy Ho$ë¶m‘wio cm^mWu eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mcm 2,000 ê$n¶m§Mm EH$ hám
({S>g|~a 2018 Vo ‘mM© 2019) XoIrc XoÊ¶mV Amcm.

140

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2

SANKET SIR'S GS CENTRE

CPI AmYm[aV McZdmT

E§OocMm {Z¶‘ (Engel's law) qH$dm "E§OocMr dH«$aofm' (Engels's Curve) :

(2) J¡a AZwgw{MV ~±H$m :

~±H$ ~moS>© ã¶wamo (Bank Board Bureau) :

(2) MbZ {df¶H$ YmoaU A§‘b~OmdUr (Monetary Policy Implementation) :

^maVr¶ ZmÊ¶m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço

 ñWmnZm : 10 ’o$~«wdmar 2006

(2) A{nadV©Zr¶ H$mJXr MbZ (Inconvertible Paper Currency) :

NIPL (NPCI International Payments Limited) :

 5 OmZodar 1955 bm ICICI ‘§S>imMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.

 ñWmnZm … 2 E{àb 1990

amï´>r¶ J¥h ~±H$ (National Housing Bank) :

 ñWmnZm … 9 Owb¡ 1988 (a§JamOZ g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z ñWmnZm)

 ñWmnZm … 1999 (‘ëhmoÌm g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z ñWmnZm)

^maVr¶ {dÎmr¶ ~mOmamMo {Z¶m‘H$

eVH$moÎma n[afX (Millennium Summit) :

^maVmVrb n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm

n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm

emídV/gmVË¶nyU© {Zìdi amï´>r¶ CËnmXZ (SNNP : Sustainable Net National Product) :

e§H$a AmMm¶© g{‘Vr :

b¢{JH$ gj‘rH$aU ‘mnZ (GEM - Gender Empowerment Measure) :

CËnÞ Xm[aÐç (Income Poverty)

(B) J«m‘rU ~oamoOJmar

~oamoOJmar Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>rMo {Z`moOZ :

g_mdoeH$ {dH$mg Vo AO|S>m

7. emcm gmaWr (Shala-Sarthi) :

gm‘m{OH$ joÌ gwYmaUm

3) ‘{hcm§Mo ge³VrH$aU H$aUo.

2) AQ>c n|eZ ¶moOZm (APY - Atal Pension Yojana) :

2) Z{MHo$V ‘moa g{‘Vr :

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ñWmnZm : 10 ’o$~«wdmar 2006

5 OmZodar 1955 bm ICICI ‘§S>imMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.

ñWmnZm … 2 E{àb 1990

ñWmnZm … 9 Owb¡ 1988 (a§JamOZ g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z ñWmnZm)

ñWmnZm … 1999 (‘ëhmoÌm g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z ñWmnZm)