Section A
Section A
Section A
SECTION B
11. A)Describe the course of the 1881 – 1889 Mahdist revolution in the sudan (10mks)
The first group comprised Ansar or helpers genuinely pious men who were his disciples
in the religious sense.
The second group comprised people who had been economically threatened by the Turko
– Egyptian attempt to abolish slave trade in the Sudan.
The third group was the Baggara who were also known as the cattle keepers of the south
Kordofan and Darfur.
Between 1881 and 1882, the Turko – Egyptian government sent soldiers to
kordofan to defeat Mohammed Ahmed, but they were defeated by the Mahdist
soldiers.
In January 1883, the provincial capital of Kordofan, Al – Obeid was captured by
the Mahdist forces.
In October 1883, a force of 8000 soldiers was sent from Egypt under a British
officer General Hicks Pasha to crush the Mahdi. This force was defeated by the
Mahdists at the battle of Sheykan on 5th, December 1883. General Hicks was also
killed where about 250 of his armies survived.
In December 1883, the Mahdist took control of provinces of Darfur and Bhar al
Ghazal. The Beja under Mahdi’s disciples, Uthman Digna control the Red sea
region and the surrounding areas.
Towards the end of 1884, the Cairo government sent General Charles Gordon to
evacuate the remaining Turko – Egyptian troops and officials from Sudan.
Gordon did not carry out the orders, but instead decided to fight the Mahdist.
On January 26th, 1885, Khartoum was captured by the Mahdists forces and
Gordon was killed in the first fighting.
Mohammed Ahmed then established a state in Sudan known as the Mahdist state
with its headquarters at Omdurman. It lasted for thirteen (13) years (1885 – 1898).
In June 1885, Mohammed Ahmed died of typhoid and did not live to see the fruits
of his sweat (conquest).
b) Explain the factors that led to the success of Mahdist revolution (10mks)
1. Able leadership:- Mohammed Ahmed was a good preacher, he used his qualities to
mobilize almost all Sudanese major tribes to support him against the Turko – Egyptian
rule.
2. The administrative machinery was extremely weak:- it changed often from one
government to another and the short period spent by the governors in Sudan.
3. The weakness of the army:- Mahdi was able to crush the weak and untrained soldiers in
Sudan coupled with inefficient number of troops and arms.
4. Egyptian reinforcements were also affected by distance:- the Mahdi threatening
propaganda that used to demoralize the Egyptian forces. Mahdi warned “ it is hopeless to
fight against the soldiers of God”.
5. The abdication of Khedive Ismail:- and succeeded by his son Tawif who was such a
puppet leader, the situation worsen when Gordon resigned, making Mahdi to succeed
automatically.
6. The war strategy adopted by Abdullahi, the military commander:- he constantly
drew the Egyptian forces deep into the waterless scrubland where the Ansar posed
potential danger.
7. The Urabi revolt in Egypt:- the Mahdist revolution coincided with the Urabi revolt and
Mahdi revolution spread outright at the time when Egyptian concentrated on solving
Urabi crisis at home.
8. The financial bankruptcy in Egypt:- Egypt was bankrupt at the time of the Mahdist
revolt and it lacked the necessary funds to contain and suppress a prolonged revolt, the
Mahdi mounted or organized.
9. Lack of foreign assistance:- the British Government was reluctant to support the
Egyptian since they had interest in Sudan.
10. The role of Islam as a unifying factor:- the Sudanese people used Islam as a tool to
resistance. It was Islam which gave the people strength, morale, courage, determination
and a sense of unity.
11. Indirect support of the British:- the British indirectly support the Sudanese struggle for
self-determination. For instance it is said that the British Prime Minister Gladstone
supported Sudanese struggle to put an end to the brutal rule of the Turko - Egyptian.
12. The geographical extent of the revolt:- the revolt was wide spread, the grievance for
the revolt could be found in almost all parts of Sudan.
Section C
15 A) Examine the political and economic roles of Japan towards the development of
Africa (10mks)
1. In Africa, Japan is involved in peace keeping. In 2016, it had deployed more than 400
self- defense forces to South Sudan.
2. It also participated in fighting piracy in Indian Ocean when it dispatched its ships, new in
the area, it set up an anti-piracy base in Djibouti. In 2016, Japan hosted the former
president of Zimbabwe president Robert Mugabe. In the meeting, Japan was to invest in
Zimbabwe, this included a new 5 million dollar infrastructure project and a 15 million
continuing dollar irrigation enhancement project.
3. Japan’s oil, gas and metals national cooperation was also to invest in Harare’s mining
sector.
4. In international bodies, Japan pushed for changes in the structure of the United Nations.
She has always wanted the inclusion of more permanent members in the United Nations
Security Council.
5. Japan says this retention of only 5 permanent members does not fully represent other
sections of the world. This lobbying has made her reach out to African nations to keep
her put pressure on the United Nations.
6. Japan is also seeking to counter the strong Chinese influence in Africa by weakening its
monopoly. It held its sixth Tokyo International Conference on African Development on
African soil in Nairobi. In other times, this conference was held outside Africa.
7. In its diplomatic Blue book, written in 2012,it says that it is important for Japan to
strengthen its economic relationship with Africa, which is a promising market with high
growth rates. Japan started embassies with the new nation South Sudan in 2012 and with
Djibouti.
8. The technical wizardry, that is its ability to produce many adverse technical products, has
made Japan one of the leading producers and suppliers of electric gadgets and motorcars,
famous brand names like Sony, Mitsubishi and Toyota are found in all parts of the world.
9. Japan is a great financial and technical donor of the world. It gives out loans to the
African and Asian countries. It has an agency known as Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA), which gives technical cooperation to countries in form of loans and
grants. It is the government official development assistance organisation.
b) Identify the impact of Japanese invasion of China in the World War II (10mks)
1. It led to death of so many civilians and military men in China.
2. The Japanese were defeated.
3. It created a lot of animosity between the Chinese and the Japanese that continue even to
this day.
4. The Chinese were forced to move their capital from Beijing to Chongqing. The
nationalist government was forced to move inland.
5. Chinese were turned into nationalists first. Family came second and the ideological
differences third. A man known as Deng Yu died defending Beijing left this message for
the mother “I Cannot fulfill filial and loyalty in the country at the same time, please
pardon me if death befalls me.”
6. Homes were abandoned as people ran away from war. The bombing made many people
to run to neighbouring areas and safer regions within China. Many left their homes of
comfort and high status. One family described how they had to share crowded safer
homes with smelly strangers.
7. The Japanese occupied many Chinese cities like Suzhou and Shanghai.
8. The Japanese took away many Chinese women and used them as sex slaves.
9. Agriculture was greatly affected since the Japanese used the scorched earth policy. Farms
were left barren and people were too afraid to venture out the farms.
10. The Chinese society was divided as the Japanese used some Chinese to spy on others.
This created a lot of mistrust.
The Japanese enslaved some Chinese who worked on their farms and homes
16 A) Discuss the factors responsible for industrialization of Europe between 1760 –
1840 AD
1. Britain had accumulated a lot of wealth from her trade with other countries and her
colonies in America and in Africa. Capital from this sector was invested in industry.
2. She enjoyed a period of political unity, peace and stability that favoured industrial
activities.
3. Britain was militarily stronger, especially her navy, and was therefore able to protect
her merchants from foreign competition by using her navy to guard her trade routes.
4. Having gone through the Agrarian Revolution, Britain was lucky to have raw
materials. Furthermore, being a leading trading nation, she acquired other raw
materials, for example; cotton, cocoa, sugar, copra and palm oil from her colonies in
America, India and Africa.
5. The existence of mineral resources such as coal and iron was an important factor.
Coal provided the energy required while iron was used in the manufacturing of
machinery. Steam power was an important source of energy.
6. The good banking and insurance system boosted industrial growth in Britain. Banks
such as the Bank of England were already giving credit. Insurance firms offered
security against losses or accidents in industry.
7. With Agrarian Revolution, population in Britain increased tremendously. In addition,
the enclosure system made many landless people to move to towns to seek jobs in
industries. This enabled Britain to have much skilled human labour as time went by.
8. The country’s large population provided a domestic market for the manufactured
goods. She also exported her goods to other European countries and her colonies in
America, India and Africa.
9. Britain’s policy of free trade promoted industrialisation. She had no internal custom
barriers which would have negatively affected the process of industrial growth.
10. The existence of good road and railway transport encouraged industrialisation by
improving transportation of raw materials to factories and manufactured goods to the
market.
11. The existence of cottage industries also facilitated industrial take- off in Britain.
Goods were first produced in small quantities by the cottage industries but later
produced great quantities by larger industries.
b) What were the effects of the industrial revolution on Europe and entire world?
1. Development of machinery. Machines replaced human labour, hence production in
agriculture increased.
2. Large scale production of a wide range of goods. New methods of farming, such as the
use of fertilizers and new crop breeds were developed.
3. Local and international trade developed during the Industrial Revolution. Manufactured
goods were sold locally while others were exported to America. Asia and Africa served
as sources of raw materials.
4. The Industrial Revolution boosted the transport and communication systems. These
included roads, railway networks and canals that linked different markets. They
facilitated movement of labour, raw materials and manufactured goods to their
destinations.
5. Urbanisation in Europe as a result of industrialisation. As most people migrated from
the rural areas to seek jobs in factories, the areas where they settled developed into
towns.
6. The Industrial Revolution enabled European nations to amass a lot of wealth. British
national income trebled between 1700 and 1815.
7. With Industrial Revolution, job opportunities were created. People migrated to towns to
seek jobs in the factories. However, as labour became mechanised, unemployment
became a serious problem.
8. Exploitation of natural resources increased in Europe during the Industrial Revolution.
Iron, coal and steel production increased. The development of new sources of energy
such as electricity and solar energy was also as a result of the Revolution.
9. A demand for agricultural raw materials increased, machines and modern methods of
farming were used to boost production of farm products.
10. The Industrial Revolution led to rural-urban migration. This in turn led to overcrowding
in towns which increased the growth of slums as there was a huge housing problem.
11. The Industrial Revolution gave rise to Marxism. Karl Marx (1818-1863) condemned
capitalism because of its exploitative effects. He advocated for communal ownership of
property through socialism.
Similarities
1. Both were influential in the world affairs after World War 2. They convinced several
countries to take their side in their economic ideologies.
2. Both had great military strength and influence. USA helped in the formation of Northern
Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) for countries in Western Europe, while Russia had
the Warsaw Pact whose membership were predominantly countries in Eastern Europe.
3. Both Countries also had strong economic foundation that made them control the
economic affairs of the world. This is actually seen in their endeavor to offer grants and
loans to their allies.
The differences
1. The Americans had a larger army compared to that of Russia. The active military
personnel of USA are about 1.5 million while that of Russia is about 800,000.
2. The USA believed in a free market economy where the factors of production are
individually owned. This is the understanding behind Capitalism. Capitalism was plainly
economic liberalism. Russia on the other hand believed in Communism whereby the
factors of production are owned by the state. No individual ownership of property.
3. USA formed an economic recovery programme known as the Marshall Plan. This was to
help European countries that were economically devastated by the World War 2. Russia
on the other hand formed the Communist Information Bureau (COMINFORM) and the
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECOM) to counter the Marshall Plan.
4. This movement started in the late 18th Century to early 19th Century. It led to the
independence of many countries that were colonised by the Portuguese, Spaniards and
French. It was greatly influenced by the American and French Revolutions.
5. In Spanish America, the Peninsular War which led to French occupation of Spain made
the Americans not sure on whom to pay allegiance to. They took advantage of this weak
point in Spain and started demanding for their independence.
6. In French colonies, the desire for independence was shown in various ways like the slave
revolts in plantations in the North of South America and the Caribbean.
7. In 1791, Haiti underwent huge slave revolts where slaves killed their masters. They
revolted against the whole plantation system where they were overworked, whipped and
tortured. The slaves declared their independence in 1804.
8. In Brazil, the Portuguese did not have it easy either. The Brazilians staged a war against
the Portuguese from 1822 to 1823 when the last Portuguese soldier surrendered.
9. These resistance movements were also sparked off by other factors in the whole of Latin
America. These included heavy taxation, not being allowed to vote and other social
inequalities.
10. People of mixed races like the Creoles, Mulattoes and Mestizos were tired of being
treated as second-class citizens by those of pure European blood who felt that they were
superior.
11. In Mexico, a catholic priest known as Miguel Hidalgo led the rebellion against Spain but
was not very successful. He was captured and executed but other rebels continued the
fight and finally defeated the Spaniards.
12. In Central and South America, the local leaders rebelled against Spain and formed what
they called the United Provinces of Central America. They created ‘free areas’ which led
to the birth of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and El Salvador.
13. The most famous of the independence movements in Latin America was that led by
Simon Bolivar popularly known as ‘the Liberator’.