Chapter 2

2.1 Nominal: Occupation, undergraduate major. Ordinal: Rating of university professor, Taste test ratings. Interval:
age, income

2.2 a Interval
b Interval
c Nominal
d Ordinal

2.3 a Interval
b Nominal
c Ordinal
d Interval
e Interval

2.4 a Nominal
b Interval
c Nominal
d Interval
e Ordinal

2.5 a Interval
b Interval
c Nominal
d Interval
e Nominal

2.6 a Interval
b Interval
c Nominal
d Ordinal
e Interval

2.7 a Interval
b Nominal
c. Nominal

5
d Interval
e Interval
f Ordinal

2.8 a Interval
b Ordinal
c Nominal
d Ordinal

2.9 a Interval
b Nominal
c Nominal

2.10 a Ordinal
b Ordinal
c Ordinal

2.11 a Nominal
b Interval
c Ordinal

2.12a Nominal
b Interval
c Interval
d Interval

2.13

6
 350,000,000,000

300,000,000,000

250,000,000,000

200,000,000,000

150,000,000,000

100,000,000,000

50,000,000,000

2.14

Percentage
Brazil, 1.0%

Canada, China, 1.6%

Venezuela, 11.0%
United States, 19.1%
2.3% Iran, 10.1%
United Arab
Emirates, 6.3%
Iraq, 9.2%
Saudi Arabia,
17.2%
Kazakhstan, 1.9%
Kuwait,
Libya, 3.1% 6.7%
Russia, 6.6% Qatar, 1.6% Nigeria, 2.4%

2.15

7
 20,000,000
18,000,000
16,000,000
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0

United States
Brazil
Australia

Canada
China

India
Indonesia

Russia
Saudi Arabia

South Korea
Mexico
Iran

Japan

Spain
Thailand
France

Singapore
Germany

Italy

United Kingdom
2.16

Liquified Lubricants Asphalt and Other

Residual fuel oil
refinery 1% road oil 2%
3%
gas 2%
Marketable 3%
coke
5%
Still gas
5%

Jet fuel Gasoline

13% 51%

Distillate fuel oil

15%

2.17

8
 6,000,000,000,000

5,000,000,000,000

4,000,000,000,000

3,000,000,000,000

2,000,000,000,000

1,000,000,000,000

0
France

United States
Brazil

Germany

Italy

Turkey
Australia

Canada
China

India

Russia
Saudi Arabia
Mexico
European Union

Japan
Korea, South

Spain
Taiwan
South Africa

United Kingdom
2.18

9000.0
7706.8
8000.0
7000.0
6000.0 5424.5
5000.0
4000.0
3000.0
2000.0 1591.1 1556.7
1098.0
765.6
1000.0 417.7 541.0 528.6 407.9 528.1 443.6 438.2 451.2 519.9
0.0

2.19

9
 Steel production
900.0
800.0
700.0
600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0

2.20

1,200,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000

800,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
400,000,000,000

200,000,000,000
0

2.21

10
 Other, 17.5%

Metal, 4.1%

Organic, 45.8%
Glass, 5.1%

Plastic, 10.3%

Paper, 17.2%

2.22

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

2.23

11
 2.25
2.24

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000

Apples
Apricots
Avocados
Bananas
Cherries
Dates
Grapefruits
Grapes
Kiwi Fruit
Lemons & Limes
Mangoes
Oranges
Papayas

12
Peaches & Nectarines
Pears
Persimmons
Pineapples
Plantains
Plums and Sloes
Strawberries
Tangerines
 Minimum wage
11.40 11.25
11.20
11.00
10.70
10.80 10.55 10.60
10.45 10.50 10.50
10.60
10.30
10.40 10.20 10.20
10.20
10.00
9.80
9.60

Percent Earning Minimum Wage

14.00% 11.70%
12.00%
10.00%
8.00% 7.00%
5.60% 4.90%
5.90% 5.60% 6.00% 5.90%
6.00%
3.30%
4.00% 2.20%
2.00%
0.00%

2.26

13
 Number of
Community
students
5%
8%

Career focus Location

16% 39%

Academic
reputation
10%
Majors
22%

2.27

Internet
8%
Word of mouth
12%

Consumer
guide
52%

Dealership
28%

2.28

14
 Living/dining
room
9%

Kitchen Basement
27% 32%

Bedroom Bathroom
9% 23%

The basement is the top choice followed by kitchen, bathroom, bedroom, and living/dining room.

2.29 a Newspaper Frequency Relative Frequency

Daily News 141 39.2%
Post 128 35.6%
Times 32 8.9%
WSJ 59 16.4%

Wall Street
Journal
16%
New York Times
9% New York Daily
News
39%

New York Post

36%

The Daily News and the Post dominate the market

15
2.30a Degree Frequency
BA 88
BBA 37
B Eng 51
B Sc 24
Other 30
b.

100
88
90

80

70

60
51
50

40 37
30
30 24
20

10

0
BA BBA Beng BSc Other

Other
13%

B.Sc. B.A.
11% 38%

B.Eng
22%

B.B.A.
16%

d. About 4 applicants in 10 have the BA degree, about one-fifth have a BEng. and one-sixth have a BBA.

16
2.31a

45
39
40

35

30
25
25
21
20

15 13

10

0
HP Lenovo Dell Other

HP, 21
Other, 25

Lenovo, 13

Dell, 39

c Dell is most popular with 40% proportion, followed by other, 26%, HP, 21% and Lenovo, 13%.

2.32 a Software Frequency

Excel 34
Minitab 17
SAS 3
SPSS 4
Other 12
b

17
 Other
17%

SPSS
6%
SAS Excel
4% 49%

Minitab
24%

c Excel is the choice of about half the sample, one-quarter have opted for Minitab, and a small fraction chose SAS
and SPSS.

2.33

Other
Natural Light 6%
9%

Bud Light
31%

Miller Lite
21%

Busch Light
Michelob Light 7%
4%
Coors Light
22%

2.34

18
 Do not know
20%

Many share
41%

Some share
39%

2.35

No opinion
3%

Fair share
20%

Too much
15%
Too little
62%

2.36 a

19
 Republicans Favor
Poor
2%

Middle clas
29%

Rich
69%

Democrats Favor

Rich
Poor 29%
35%

Middle clas
36%

According to the survey Republicans favor the rich and Democrats are split among the middle class, poor, and rich.

2.37 a
Category ` Frequency Relative Frequency
Mom: Full time, Dad: Full time 403 46.0%
Mom: Part time, Dad: Full time 149 17.0%
Mom: Not employed, Dad: Full time 228 26.0%
Mom: Full time, Dad: Part time or not employed 53 6.0%
Mom: Not employed, Dad: Not employed 18 2.1%
Other 26 3.0%

20
b

Mom Not, Dad Other

Mom FT, Dad Not 3%
PT/Not 2%
6%

Mom FT, Dad FT

Mom Not, Dad FT 46%
26%

Mom PT, Dad FT

17%

450 Mom FT, Dad FT,

403
400

350

300
Mom Not, Dad
250 FT, 228

200 Mom PT, Dad FT,

149
150

100 Mom FT, Dad

PT/Not, 53 Mom Not, Dad
50 Not, 18 Other, 26

0
Mom FT, Dad Mom PT, Dad Mom Not, Mom FT, Dad Mom Not, Other
FT FT Dad FT PT/Not Dad Not

d In most households Dad is working full time. There are very few households where neither Mom nor Dad are
working.

2.38

21
 No opinion
2%

Favor
45%

Oppose
53%

A small majority oppose the Affordable Care Act.

2.39a
Views on social issues Frequency Relative Frequency
Liberal 322 31.4%
Moderate 328 32.0%
Conservative 375 36.6%

The country is split among the three views on social issues with a small plurality of conservatives.

22
2.40 a
Views on economic issues Frequency Relative Frequency
Liberal 208 20.3%
Moderate 354 34.5%
Conservative 463 45.2%

Liberal
20%

Conservative
45%

Moderate
35%

Economically the country is conservative.

2.41

80000

70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
Education Less than high High school Some college College graduate
school

Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4

23
There is decreasing numbers of Americans who did not finish high school and increasing numbers of those that go to
college.

2.42

180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0

Year 1995 Year 2000 Year 2005 Year 2008

Spending is increasing in all seven areas.

2.43

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

In general crime was decreasing until 2014 when it started increasing.

2.44

24
 60

50

40
B.A.
30 B.Eng
B.B.A.
20
Other

10

0
University 1 University 2 University 3 University 4

Universities 1 and 2 are similar and quite dissimilar from universities 3 and 4, which also differ. The two nominal
variables appear to be related.

2.45

The column proportions are similar; the two nominal variables appear to be unrelated. There does not appear to be
any brand loyalty.

2.46

25
The two variables are related.

2.47

700

600

500

400
Men
300 Women

200

100

0
Lost job Left job Reentrants New entrants

There are large differences between men and women in terms of the reason for unemployment.

2.48

26
 200
180
160
140
120
100
80 Year 1995
60 Year 2000
40
20 Year 2005
0
Year 2010

The number of prescriptions filled by all stores except independent drug stores has increased substantially.

2.49

40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15% Male
10%
Female
5%
0%

There appears to be differences between female and male students in their choice of light beer.

2.50

27
 120

98
100
83
80 70 68
64
59
60 50 51
46
40 39
40
23 25
20 13
6
0
C. conservative M conservative Mixed M liberal C liberal

Many share Some share Don't know 3

There are differences among the five groups.

2.51

300
259
250 236

200 187
Fair share

150 Too much

122
toolittle
100 81 No opnion
70

50 39 34 41
18
7 7
0
Conservative Moderate Liberal

All three groups say that upper-income people pay too little. However Conservatives are more likely to say fair
share than Moderates or Liberals

2.52

28
 600

481
500
401
400

300

200

96 94
100
10 12
0
Democrat Republican

Favor Oppose No opinion

Democrats support and Republicans oppose the Affordable Care Act.

2.53

250
226

200
173

150 139
114 108
99
100 90

50 35 41

0
Liberal Moderate Conservative

Democrat Independent Republican

No surprise-on social issues Democrats are liberal and Republicans are conservative.

2.54

29
 300
264
250

200
159
150 125 133
113
100 82
66 69

50
14
0
Democrat Independent Republican

Liberal Moderate Conservative

On economic issues Republicans are very conservative whereas Democrats and Moderates are mixed.

2.55

7,000.0 6,542.6

6,000.0 5,699.4

5,000.0

4,000.0
2,897.7
3,000.0 2,648.2

2,000.0
863.6
1,000.0 556.5

0.0
U.S. U.S. Social U.S. Federal U.S. Civil U.S. Military Foreign
Individuals Security Trust Reserve Service Retirement Nations
and Fund Retirement Fund
Institutions Fund

2.56

30
 1,400.0 1,254.8
1,149.2
1,200.0
1,000.0
800.0
600.0
400.0 322.0 291.4 255.0 232.9 225.6 210.6 197.0 188.2
200.0
0.0

2.57

16,000 14,732
14,000
12,000
10,043
10,000
8,000 7,013
6,000 4,214 3,895
4,000 2,397
1,225 1,648
2,000
0

2.58

31
 40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Married 0 Married One Parent, At
children Couple w Least 1 < 18
children

Food Housing Transportation Healthcare Insurance & pensions Other

The pattern is about the same for the three households.

2.59

Don't
know/refused
Other
4%
reasons
12%
Unemployed/wor
k doesn't
offer/not eligible
at work Too expensive
11% 47%
Told they were
ineligible
7%
Immigration
status
7% Opposed to the
Don't know ECA/prefer to pay
how to get it penalty Don't need it
3% 3% 6%

2.60

32
 0.250

0.200

0.150

0.100

0.050

0.000

2013 Uninsured Rate 2014 Uninsured Rate

There are decreases in almost every state. However, there are many Americans without health insurance.

2.61

Strongly agree
4% Strongly
disagree
15%
Agree
23%

Disagree
20%

Neither agree
nor disagree
38%

More students disagree than agree.

2.62

33
 Excellent
Very good 3%
Poor
10% 15%

Good Fair
45% 27%

More than 40% rate the food as less than good.

2.63

Manual
18%

Computer
44%

Computer and
manual
38%

34
2.64

45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
Children
20%
No children
15%
10%
5%
0%
Poor Fair Good Very good Excellent

Customers with children rated the restaurant more highly than did customers with no children.

2.65

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10 Female
5
Male
0

Males and females differ in their areas of employment. Females tend to choose accounting marketing/sales and
males opt for finance.

35
 40
35
30
25
20
15 Very satisfied
10 Quite satisfied
5
Little satisfied
0
Not satisfied

Area and job satisfaction are related. Graduates who work in finance and general management appear to be more
satisfied than those in accounting, marketing/sales, and others.

2.66

Males
45%
Females
55%

The survey oversampled women slightly.

2.67

36
 Others
10%

Blacks
15%

Whites
75%

2.68a

Married 1158
Widowed 209
Divorced 411
Separated 81
Never married 675

b. Pie chart
c.

Never married
27%
Married
46%
Separated
3%
Divorced
16%

Widowed
8%

37
2.69

Cpmpleted
graduate degree
11%
Left high
school
13%

Completed
Bachelor's degree
19%
Graduated high
school
50%
Completed junior
college
7%

2.70

800

700

600
Left high school
500
High schoo;
400
Junior college
300 Bachelor's degree
Graduate
200

100

0
Male Female

The patterns are similar.

2.71

38
 Government
19%

Private sector
81%

2.72

1600
1467
1400

1200

1000

800

600

400 White, 340

273
199
200 Black, 94
Other, 34
0
White Black Other

The patterns are similar.

2.73

39
 1400
1196
1200

1000 949

800
Self-employed
600 Work for someone else

400

200

0
Male Female

Males are slightly more likely to be self-employed than females.

2.74
Category 1
10%

Category 5
30% Category 2
13%

Category 3
14%

Category 4
33%

The ”married” categories (4 and 5) make up more than 60% of the households.

2.75

40
 2500

2000

1500 No high school

High school

1000 Some college

College degree

500

0
Male Female

There are large differences between male and female heads of households.

2.76

Other
5%

Hispanic
9%

Black
12%

White
74%

Whites make up three quarters of the survey.

2.77

41
 1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
White Black Hispanic Other

1 2 3 4 5

There are large differences between the four races in terms of family structure.

2.78

2500 College degree,

2227

2000

1500

High school, 953

1000
Some college,
646 613
567
No high school, 463
500
252 294

0
No high school High school Some college College degree

Own Otherwise

College degree holders are much more likely to own their homes.

42