COMPUTER SYSTEM

BASED ON CBSE CURRICULUM

CLASS 11
Introduction

A computer is an electronic device, under the control of instructions stored in its memory that can accept
data (input), process the data according to specified rules(Program), produce information (output), and store
the information for future use.

Scientific Definition of a Computer:

“Computer is an electronic machine that accept input and after processing produce output.“

A computer along with additional hardware and software together is called a computer system.

A computer system primarily comprises a central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices and
storage devices. All these components function together as a single unit to deliver the desired output.
Development of Computer
Abacus: It is known to be the first mechanical calculating device which was used to be performed addition and
subtraction easily and speedily. This device was first developed by the Egyptians in the 10th century B.C.

Napier’s Bones: John Napier’s of Scotland invented a calculating device, in the year 1617 called the Napier
Bones. In the device, Napier’s used the bone rods of the counting purpose where some no. is printed on these rods.
These rods that one can do addition, subtraction, multiplication and division easily.

Pascal's calculator: In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French scientist invented an adding machine called Pascal’s
calculator, which represents the position of digit with the help of gears in it.

Analytical Engine: In the year 1833, a scientist form England knows to be Charles Babbage invented such a
machine which could keep our data safely? This device was the first mechanical computer. Charles Babbage is
also known as the father of the computer.
Data and Information
A computer is primarily for processing data. A computer system considers everything as data, be it instructions, pictures,
songs, videos, documents, etc. Data can also be raw and unorganized facts that are processed to get meaningful
information.
Organization of Computer
• Computer works as per IPO Cycle (input→process→output).
• Computer processes a certain input and provides a specific output.
• Computer system consists of various components like –
CPU (ALU, Registers, Control Unit), Memory, input unit, output unit, Storage unit etc.
Input Units
• Input devices connected to a computer system makes its input unit.
• Input unit is responsible to accept input and to convert it into computer understandable format.
• Different input devices are used for different types of input.
• Some of the input devices are as under –

•Keyboard
•Mouse
•Microphone
•Joy-stick
•OMR
•Touch Pad
•Track Ball
•MICR
•Light Pen
•Scanner
INPUT DEVICES
 These are the devices used to give input to
computer for processing.
 Input may be in form of text, images, audio, etc.
 Input Devices example:
Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick
Scanner
Etc.
 KEYBOARD
Function Keys
Numeric Keys

Control Key
Alt Key Enter Key

This is the most common input device which uses an arrangement of buttons or
keys. In a keyboard each press of a key typically corresponds to a single
written symbol. However some symbols require pressing and holding several
keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce
letters, numbers or characters, other keys or simultaneous key presses can
produce actions or computer commands.
 MOUSE

Wired Wireless
Mechanical Mouse Optical Mouse
A mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional
motion relative to its supporting surface. The mouse's motion typically
translates into the motion of a cursor on a display, which allows for fine
control of a Graphical User Interface. A mouse primarily comprises of
three parts: the buttons, the handling area, and the rolling object. Using
left button of mouse different operations like selection, dragging, moving
and pasting can be done. With the right button we can open a content
 SCANNER
Scanner is a device that optically scans images,
printed text, handwriting, or an object, and
converts it to digital image.

JOYSTICK
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots
on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it
is controlling.
Many people use joysticks on computer games involving
flight such as flight simulator.
Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually
have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be
read by the computer
 TOUCH SCREEN
A touch screen is a computer display screen that is also an input device.
The screens are sensitive to pressure; a user interacts with the computer
by touching pictures or words on the screen.

You may see it at as KIOSKS installed in various public places like ATM
machines, Railway’s PNR Checking machine etc.

MICROPHONE
It is used to input audio data into the computer. They are mainly used
for sound recording.
Output Units
• Output devices connected to a computer system makes its output unit.
• It is the responsibility of an Output unit to produce output after processing.
• Different output devices are used for different types of output.
• Some of the output devices are as under –

• Monitor
• Projector
• Printer
• Plotter
• Speaker
OUTPUT DEVICE
 Output device is used to display the output to user
either in soft copy or hard copy.
 Soft copy output appears on monitor whereas hard
copy output appears on paper by printer.
 Various output devices are:
Monitor
Printer
Speaker
Projector etc.
MONITOR
 Also known as Visual Display Unit (VDU)
 It is the primary output device where we see the
output. It looks like TV.
 Its display may be CRT, LCD or LED
 CRT – Cathode ray tube
 LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
 LED – Light Emitting Diode
PRINTER
 Printer produces output on paper.
 There are various types of printer available in
market like:
 Dot Matrix Printer : uses ribbon and hammer
technology. Its quality is not very good. Output is
printer by making object using small dots.
PRINTER
 Inkjet/Deskjet Printer: is a type of computer printer that
creates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto
paper.
 Laser Printer : These printers use laser technology to
produce printed documents. These are very fast printers
and are used for high quality prints.
Microprocessor

Microprocessor is a small-sized electronic component inside a computer that carries out various tasks involved in
data processing as well as arithmetic and logical operations. These days, a microprocessor is built over an
integrated circuit comprising millions of small components like resistors, transistors and diodes. Currently
available microprocessors are capable of processing millions of instructions per millisecond.
Microprocessors Characteristics
There are some characteristics that are common to all microprocessors and they are:

•Clock speed - The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is called clock speed.

•Instruction set - Basic set of machine level instructions that a microprocessor is designed to execute is called
its instruction set.

•Word size - Number of bits that can be processed by a processor in a single instruction is called its word size.
Word size determines the amount of RAM that can be accessed at one go and total number of pins on the
microprocessor.

Microprocessor Components
CPU
Bus
Memory
CPU
• CPU is the main controlling and processing unit of computer where all calculations takes place.
• CPU is also known as brain of computer system because it directs, guides and controls working of
computer system.
• CPU has following components-
– Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) it performs mathematical and logical calculations.
– Control unit (CU) it controls and directs every task.
– Registers it is the place to store data temporarily for the purpose of correct calculation.
 Data Transfer between Memory and CPU
Data need to be transferred between the CPU and primary memory as well as between the primary and secondary
memory.

Data are transferred between different components of a computer system using physical wires called bus. For example,
bus is used for data transfer between a USB port and hard disk or between a hard disk and main memory. Bus is of three
types —

(i) Data bus to transfer data between different components,

(ii) Address bus to transfer addresses between CPU and main memory. The address of the memory location that the CPU
wants to read or write from is specified in the address bus,

(iii) Control bus to communicate control signals between different components of a computer. All these three
buses collectively make the system bus.
MEMORY OF COMPUTER
 Memory refers to the place where data is stored
temporarily or permanently.
 Input must goes to Memory Unit then only any action
on it can be performed.
 Computer Memory is basically of 2 types:
Primary Memory
◼ Primary or main memory stores information(data and
instruction)
Secondary Memory
◼ Stores the data permanently for future retreival
Memory
• Memory is often known as Primary memory.
• It is not like human memory because data stored in this memory automatically flushes out with power cut off
which can not recover later. It is also known as volatile memory.
• It is the workplace of a computer system where data is to be kept on temporary basis for the purpose of
processing.
• Every memory location has a definite address.
• Smallest unit of memory is a bit.
– 8 bit = 1 byte
– 4 bits=1 Nibble
– 1024 byte = I Kilobyte
– 1024 Kilobyte = 1 Mega byte
– 1024 Megabyte = 1 Giga byte
– 1024 Gigabyte = 1 Terra byte
– 1024 Terra byte = 1 Peta byte
– 1024 Petabyte = 1 Exabyte
– 1024 Exabyte = 1 Zetta byte
Types of Memory
• Main Memory is divided into two types-
– RAM (Random Access Memory)
– ROM (Read Only Memory)
• The memory which is in direct contact of CPU is known as primary memory. RAM and ROM both remains
in direct contact of CPU.
• The total time taken to access Data from memory is known as Memory Access Time.

RAM
• In RAM, any memory cell can be accessed from any desiring memory location.

• The connection between memory and its environment is established by data input, output lines, address
lines, control lines which is used to direct transfer.
 Block diagram of RAM is as under-

• The only limitation of RAM is that it is volatile in nature.

• RAM is of two types-
– Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
– Static RAM (SRAM)

• It is not possible to imagine processing without RAM.

• The efficiency of RAM depends upon the size (capacity)of RAM.
• RAM supports both read and write operations.
ROM
As its name implies, this memory is only for read operations.

It is programmed at the time of hardware setting and whatever we store in this memory can not change
later.

ROM is to be used in the situations when we know that information needs not to be changed in future.
ROM is of following types -

– ROM (Read Only Memory)

– PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

– EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

– EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

PRIMARY MEMORY
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
It is the working memory, right from the booting of
computer till the computer is shutdown this memory is in
use to store all the operation done by the computer
is used for primary storage in computers to hold active
information of data and instructions.
It holds data temporarily i.e. Volatile Memory
Data is lost if Power Off
PRIMARY MEMORY
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to store the
instructions provided by the manufacturer, which holds
the instructions to check basic hardware inter connecter
and to load operating system from appropriate
storage device
It is also known as FIRMWARE
Its data is stored permanently on it so it is non-volatile
device.
Storage Unit
• It is required to store data in computer for the purpose of processing in future.
• Because Primary memory has its own limitations, secondary storage or storage unit is very much
required.
• Secondary storage is used to store large amount of data.
• Various secondary storage devices are available in market now a days -
– Hard disk (Internal/External)
– Pen drive
– CD
– DVD
– Blue Ray Disks
– Memory Cards
– Magnetic Tapes
 Hard disk

A hard disk is a set of stacked disks. Each disk has data recorded
electromagnetically in concentric circles, or tracks, on the disk.

Hard Drive Types

1. Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)
1. Serial ATA (SATA)
1. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
1. Solid State Drives (SSD)
Upto 12 TB sized HDD is available in the market
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
 If we want to save data for future reference and retrieval
then it needs to be saved in memory other than primary
memory, which is called secondary memory, or auxiliary
memory. Normally hard disk of computer is used as
secondary memory but this is not portable so there are
many other secondary storage media in use.
 Example:
Hard Disk
CD/DVD
Pen Drive
Floppy, etc.
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
 HARD DISK :
A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive, hard disk, or disk
drive) is a device for storing and retrieving digital
information, primarily computer data.
It consists of one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly
rotating discs (often referred to as platters), coated with
magnetic material and with magnetic heads arranged to
write data to the surfaces and read it from them.
Generally hard disks are sealed units fixed in the cabinet. It
is also known as fixed disk
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
 FLOPPY DISK : It is a data storage medium that is made
up of a disk of thin, flexible magnetic material enclosed in
a cover. Its capacity is 1.44 MB.

 COMPACT DISK (CD) : Capacity of standard 120mm CD

is 700MB. It is a thin optical disk which is commonly used
to store audio and video data. Transfer speed is
mentioned as multiple of 150 KB/s. 4x means 600 KB/s.
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
 DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD) : This is an optical disc
storage device. It can be recorded on single side or on
double side. Its capacity may range from 4.7 GB to
8.5 GB.
 PEN DRIVE :This is small, portable memory, which can be

plugged into a computer with USB Port.

They have capacity lesser than hard disk but much
larger than a floppy or CD. They are more reliable also.
They are also called pen drive.
 Mobile System Organization
Modern Mobile Phone is like a small computer in hand. They have less processing power as compared to
computer system.

Mobile Processor

It is the brain of smartphone. It immediately responds on receiving a command. It has 2 main sub-processors-

– Communication Processing Unit – It helps in making and receiving call on a mobile phone. It has a digital
signal processor which works with RF Transceiver and Audio subsystem.

– Application Processing Unit (APU) – it helps in controlling all operations of mobile phone which is used to
process various applications. Another supporting unit is GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) which handles all
graphical applications and visuals of mobile phone.

Now a days, all parts of a mobile are placed on a single chip which is known as System on a chip (SoC) it reduces
energy consumption.
CMOS
 complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
 CMOS is an onboard, battery powered semiconductor
chip inside computers that stores information.
 This information ranges from the system time and date to
system hardware settings for your computer.
 CMOS battery is generally used to give backup support
to BIOS program.
BIOS
 The basic input/output system (BIOS) is also commonly
known as the System BIOS. The BIOS is boot firmware, a
small program that controls various electronic devices
attached to the main computer system.
 It is designed to be the first set of instructions run by a
Computer when powered on. The initial function of the
BIOS is to initialize system devices such as the RAM, hard
disk, CD/DVD drive, video display card, and other
hardware.
 Software
• Software is a set of programs which is designed for a special purpose. It behaves like an interface between
hardware and user.
• Hardware can not work without software.
• Hardware refers to the physical components of the computer system which can be seen and touched. For
example, RAM, keyboard, printer, monitor, CPU, etc. On the other hand, software is a set of instructions and
data that makes hardware functional to complete the desired task.
• The sole purpose of a software is to make the computer hardware useful and operational.
 Types of Software
Depending on the mode of interaction with hardware and functions to be performed, the software can be
broadly classified into three categories

(i) System software,

(ii) Application software and
(iii) Utility software
detail.

System Software

Software required to run the hardware parts of the computer and other application software are called system
software. System software acts as interface between hardware and user applications. An interface is needed
because hardware devices or machines and humans speak in different languages.

Machines understand only binary language i.e. 0 (absence of electric signal) and 1 (presence of electric
signal) while humans speak in English, French, German, Tamil, Hindi and many other languages. English is
the pre-dominant language of interacting with computers. Software is required to convert all human
instructions into machine understandable instructions. And this is exactly what system software does.

Based on its function, system software is of three types −

•Operating System
•Language Processor
•Device Drivers
 Operating System
• It is an interface between hardware and user.
• It is like a manager of whole computer system.
• It controls all resources of hardware.
• It manages various application softwares with hardware.
• It develops an environment for the user where user can give commands and can receive outputs. Examples
are: Microsoft Windows, Solaris, Linux, MAC OS, Ubuntu, Apple’s i-Phone OS etc.

Types of OS are -

– Single User OS
– Multi User OS
– Time Sharing OS
– Real Time OS
– Multiprocessing OS
– Distributed OS
 How Operating System works
In any computer or mobile device, the operating system can be termed as the back
bone when it comes to software. This is because it has to be there before other
programs can be run. It works as a middleman (interface) between machine and
user.

At the simplest level, an operating system does two things:

• It manages the hardware resources of the computer system. These resources
include such things as the processor, memory, disk space, etc.

• It provides a stable, consistent way for applications to deal with the hardware
without having to know all the details of the hardware.
 Language Processor
An important function of system software is to convert all user instructions into machine understandable language.
When we talk of human machine interactions, languages are of three types −

•Machine-level language − This language is nothing but a string of 0s and 1s that the machines can understand.
It is completely machine dependent.

•Assembly-level language − This language introduces a layer of abstraction by

defining mnemonics. Mnemonics are English like words or symbols used to denote a long string of 0s and 1s.
For example, the word “READ” can be defined to mean that computer has to retrieve data from the memory. The
complete instruction will also tell the memory address. Assembly level language is machine dependent.

•High level language − This language uses English like statements and is completely independent of machines.
Programs written using high level languages are easy to create, read and understand.
• Source code is a group of instructions written by programmer using some computer programming language.
• Object code are those instructions which are received by translating source code in to machine code.
• They are used in the development of Software.
• Language Processor are of 3 types-
– Assembler, Interpreter, Compiler

Assembler − Converts assembly level program into machine level program.

Interpreter − Converts high level programs into machine level program line by line.

Compiler − Converts high level programs into machine level programs at one go rather than line by line.

Device Drivers
System software that controls and monitors functioning of a specific device on computer is called device
driver. Each device like printer, scanner, microphone, speaker, etc. that needs to be attached externally to the
system has a specific driver associated with it. When you attach a new device, you need to install its driver so
that the OS knows how it needs to be managed.
 Application Software
• These are the softwares designed for some specific tasks. These are to be installed after installation of OS
only. Different users need the computer system for different purposes depending upon their requirements.
Hence, a new category of software is needed to cater to different requirements of the end-users.
• OS provides environment to run an Application software.
• These are designed for a specific purpose.
• They are divided into 2 categories-

General Purpose application software

These are ready to use software for daily use purpose e.g. word processor, spread sheet, presentation, DBMS
etc.

Customised application software

Softwares which are designed for specific task e.g. Payroll, Hotel Mgmt., Hospital Mgmt., Stock Mgmt. etc.
 Utility software

Softwares that assist OS in carrying out certain specialized tasks are called utility software. Let us look
some of the most popular utility softwares:

▪ Antivirus - An anti-virus scans the system for any virus and if detected, gets rid of it by deleting or
isolating it.
▪ Compression tools - Compression tools are utilities that assist operating systems in shortening files
so that they take less space.

▪ Disk Cleanup - Disk cleanup tools assist users in freeing up disk space. The software scans hard disks to find files that are
no longer used and frees up space by deleting them.

▪ Disk Defragmenter - Disk defragmenter is a disk management utility that increases file access speeds by
rearranging fragmented files on contiguous locations.
Thank You……………