CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION
2. PIONEER ARCHITECTS
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF POST MODERNITY IN ARCHITECTURE
4. HOW DO IDENTIFY THE STYLE
5. FAMOUS ARCHITECTS IN POST MODERN
6. EXSAMPLE BUILDING SHOWING THE STYLE
7. CONCLUSION

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INTRODUCTION
Postmodern architecture is an architectural style which emerged in the
1960s as a reaction against the austerity, formality and lack of variety of modern
architecture, particularly in the international style advocated by le Corbusier and
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
This style was introduced by the architect and urban planner Denise Scott
Brown and architectural theorist Robert Venturi, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore,
and Michael graves. In the late 1990s it got divided into variety of new styles
including high-tech architecture, modern classicism and DE constructivism.

-BACKGROUND-
HOW IT ORIGINATED?
Postmodern architecture originated in the 1960s as a reaction lack of
variety in modern architecture.Venturi formalized a movement through his book
"complexity and contradiction in architecture" and through that he summarized
the kind of architecture he wanted to replace modernism.

"I speak of a complex and contradictory architecture based on the richness and
ambiguity of modern experience, including that experience which is inherent in
art... I welcome the problems and exploit the uncertainties... I like elements
which are hybrid rather than "pure", compromising rather than
"clean” ...accommodating rather than excluding... I am for messy vitality over
obvious unity... I prefer "both-and" to "either-or", black and white, and
sometimes gray, to black or white... An architecture of complexity and
contradiction must embody the difficult unity of inclusion rather than the easy
unity of exclusion.

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Robert Venturi and Denise Scott brown

In place of the functional doctrines of modernism, Venturi proposed giving

primary emphasis to the facade. Incorporating historical elements, a subtle use of
unusual materials and historical allusions, and the use of fragmentation and
modulations to make the building interesting. Venturi's wife Denise Scott brown
who is also an architect wrote "learning from Las Vegas" in which they further
developed their joint argument against modernism. Their acts urged architects to
take into consideration and to celebrate the existing architecture in a place,
rather than to try to impose a visionary utopia from their own fantasies. This was
in line with Scott Brown’s belief that buildings should be built for people, and that
architecture should listen to them. Scott Brown and Venturi argued that
ornamental and decorative elements "accommodate existing needs for variety
and communication". The book was instrumental in opening readers' eyes to new
ways of thinking about buildings, as it drew from the entire history of architecture
—both high-style and vernacular, both historic and modern—and In response to
Mies van der Rohe's famous maxim "Less is more", Venturi responded, to "Less is
a bore." Venturi cited the examples of his wife’s and his own buildings, Guild
House, in Philadelphia, as examples of a new style that welcomed variety and
historical references, without returning to academic revival of old styles.

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- POST MODERN TYPE BUILDINGS

WHAT IS THIS ARCHITECTURE STYLE?

Post modernism, in the

words of Robert Venturi
offered complexity and
contradiction. Postmodern
buildings had curved forms,
decorative elements,
asymmetry, bright
colours,and features often
borrowed from earlier
periods. Colors and texture
unrelated to the structure
or function of the building.
While rejecting the
“puritanism" of modernism,
it called for a return to
ornament. And an accumulation of citations and collages borrowed from past
styles. It borrowed freely from classical architecture, rococo, neoclassical
architecture, the Viennese secession, the British arts and crafts movement.

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 Postmodern architecture often breaks large buildings into several different
structures and forms. Sometimes representing different functions of those parts
of the building. With the use of different materials and styles, a single building can
appear like a small town or village. An example is the Staditsches museum by
Hans Hollein in Munich.

Asymmetric forms are one of the trademarks of post modernism. In 1968

the French architect Claude parent and philosopher Paul Virilio designed a church,
Saint-Bernadette-du-Banlay in Nevers, France, in the form of a massive block of
concrete leaning to one side. Describing the form, they wrote: "a diagonal line on
a white page can be a hill, or a mountain, or slope, an ascent, or a descent.
Color is an important element in many postmodern buildings, to to give
the façades variety and personality sometimes colored glass is used, or ceramic
tiles, or stone. The buildings of Mexican architect Luis Barragan offer bright
sunlight colors that give life to the forms.
The aims of Postmodernism, which include solving the problems of
Modernism, communicating meanings with ambiguity, and sensitivity for the
building's context, are surprisingly unified for a period of buildings designed by
architects who largely never collaborated with each other. These aims do,
however, leave room for diverse implementations as can be illustrated by the
variety of buildings created during the movement.

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 PIONEER ARCHITECTS

-ROBERT VENTURI
Robert Charles Venturi Jr. (June 25, 1925 – September 18,
2018) was an American architect, founding principal of the firm
Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, and one of the major
architectural figures of the twentieth century.

-DENISE SCOTT BROWN

Denise Scott Brown is an American architect, planner, writer,
educator, and principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and
Associates in Philadelphia. Scott Brown and her husband and
partner, Robert Venturi, are regarded as among the most influential
architects of the twentieth century, both through their architecture
and planning, and theoretical writing and teaching.

Together with his wife and partner, Denise Scott Brown, he helped shape the way
that architects, planners and students experience and think about architecture and the
American-built environment. Their buildings, planning, theoretical writings, and
teaching have also contributed to the expansion of discourse about architecture. These
two architects has known as the founders of the postmodern architecture.

FAMOUS DESIGNS OF VENTURI, SCOTT BROWN AND ASSOCIATES

 Vanna Venturi House; Philadelphia (1964)
 Fire Station #4; Columbus, Indiana (1968)
 Franklin Court; Philadelphia (1976)
 House in New Castle, Delaware (1983)
 House in East Hampton, Long Island, New York (1990)
 Sainsbury Wing, National Gallery, London; United Kingdom
(1991)

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  Frist Campus Center, Princeton University; New Jersey (2000)

-FRANK GEHRY
Frank Owen Gehry is a Canadian-born American architect,
born in February 28, 1929 and residing in Los Angeles. A number of
his buildings, including his private residence, have become world-
renowned attractions. His works are cited as being among the most
important works of contemporary architecture in the 2010 World
Architecture Survey, which led Vanity Fair to label him as "the most
important architect of our age".
His use of corrugated steel, chain-link fencing, unpainted
plywood and other utilitarian or "everyday" materials was partly inspired by spending
Saturday mornings at his grandfather's hardware store. He would spend time drawing
with his father, while his mother introduced him to the world of art. "So the creative
genes were there", Gehry says. "But my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasn't going
to amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things.
She would push me."

FAMOUS DESIGNS OF FRANK GHRY

 Dancing House in Prague (1996)
 The Museum of Pop Culture in Seattle (2000)
 Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles (2003)
 Gehry Tower in Hanover, Germany (2001)
 Dr Chau Chak Wing Building in Sydney, Australia (2014)
 Hotel Marqués de Riscal in Elciego, Spain (2006)
 The headquarters of IAC in Manhattan, New York City (2007)

-CHARLES MOORE

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 Charles Willard Moore (October 31, 1925 – December 16,
1993) was an American architect, educator, writer, Fellow of the
American Institute of Architects, and winner of the AIA Gold
Medal in 1991.
Moore preferred conspicuous design features, including
loud color combinations, supergraphics, stylistic collisions, the re-
use of esoteric historical-design solutions, and the use of non-
traditional materials such as plastic, (aluminized) PET film,
platinum tiles, and neon signs, As a result, his work provokes
arousal, demands attention, and sometimes tips over into kitsch.

FAMOUS DESIGNS OF CHARLES MOORE

 The influential Sea Ranch (1963)
 The Faculty Club at University of California, Santa Barbara, (1968)
 National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan (1992)
 The Haas School of Business (1995) at the University of California, Berkeley

CHARACTERISTICS OF POST MODERNITY IN

ARCHITECTURE
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 Post modernism designates an international architectural movement that
emerged in the 1960’s and become prominent in the late 1970s and 1980’s
and remained until 1990’s.
 It is characterized by many historical details in a hybrid style.
 Some of them are,
– Use of decorative elements with references to
popular modes of building.
– Use of multiple styles and multiple goals.
– Highly influence of digital technology.
– Influence of different world cultures.
– Effective use of visual culture such as fine arts,
crafts, advertising.
– Effective use of visual studies such as
combination of visual culture and social theory.
– This architecture derives details from all
methods, materials, forms and colors available to
architects.
– Reject neutral white colors seen in modernism.
– Post-modernist building were a stack of varied design elements for a single
vocabulary from ground level to the top, but modernist high rise building
had become monolithic.

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– Post modernism doesn’t ignore past architecture, they used past
components of different styles and combined them together to create new
means of design.
– Eg; use of pillars, torches, arches and domes to send a message to the
modernist people.
– It helps for the emergence of surface ornament which referred to
surrounding buildings and historical reference.

 Similar to old cathedrals, draws the eye upwards towards the sky.
 The entrance
include a
massive
round arch
similar to
triumphal
arch or Romanesque portal.

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HOW TO IDENTIFY POSTMODERN
ARCHITECTURE

Postmodern buildings had curved

forms, decorative elements, asymmetries,
bright colors and often borrowed features
from earlier times. Those Colors and
textures that are not related to the
structure or function of the building.
And also, postmodern buildings
are often combined with astonishing new
forms and features that contradict classicism.
Postmodern architecture often divides large buildings into different
structures and forms by using different materials and designs. Those parts are
representing different functions of the building.
Mostly postmodern building has pluralism, double coding, flying
buttresses and high ceilings, irony and paradox, and contextualize.

In those buildings color is an important part,

and sometimes colored glass or ceramic tiles
or stones are used to give the face a variety and
personality.
leaning walls and sloping ground. Postmodernist
compositions are rarely symmetrical, balanced and
orderly. Sloping buildings that are close to sloping,
slimming and collapsing are comm
Humor is a particular feature of many
postmodern buildings.
Ex; Binoculars Building in Venice

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The door of the building is in the form of a pair of enormous telescopes; Cars enter
the garage under the telescope.

FAMOUS ARCHITECT IN POSTMODERN

When talk about the post modernism famous architects in the world . There
are 5 famous architects in this era.

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  Robert Charles venture
 Michael Graves
 Charles Moore
 Philip Johnson

-Michael Graves

He was born in 1934 in united

stated, he is American architect. He
was designed two most famous
building in post modernism period.
There are Portland building and the
Denver Public library. After he built a
land mark of him by designing the
larger law cost retail stores for chains. Such as target and JC Penny in the United
States. Which had major influence on the design of retail stores in city centers and
shopping malls. Before the post modernism period he was a very famous
architect in modernism architecture style, but 1982 he turned toward
postmodernism with his Portland building. One of the 1 st major structure in the
style. The building has since been added to the National register of historic places.

Portland Building (1982)

Humana building in louisville,(1982)

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The Denver public library (1995)

IFC building in Washington

-Charles Moore
He was born in 31st of October 1925 in michigm, he is an American he
famous design is Piazza D’’ltalia in New Orleans, a public square composed of an
exuberant collection of pieces of famous Italian renaissance architecture .drawing
upon the Spanish revival architecture of the city hall, Moore designed the Beverly
Hills Civic Center in a mixture of Spanish Revival, Art deco and post modernism
styles. It includes courtyards colonnades, promenades and buildings with both
open and semi enclosed spaces stairways and balconies.

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Piazza D’ltalia in New Orleans

Hass school of business at the University of California

Beverly hills civic center (1990)

-Phillip Johnson
Philip Johnson was born is 8 th of
july 1906 in US , he was studied at
Harvard Graduate school of design. he is
a famous has modernism architect and
post modernism architect, because 1935
years he was designing the modern
buildings and he was a very famous architect in modernism architecture style, in
1978 he started to design post modernism architecture style buildings. His 1 st post

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modernism design is AT&T building ( now named 550 Madison Avenue ) his
intention was to make the building stand out as a corporate symbol among the
modernist skyscrapers around it in Manhattan, and he succeed it became best
famous postmodern building. His another building is PPG PLACE in Pittsburgh,
wish is a complex of six glass building for Pittsburgh plate glass company.
1n 1995 he was design a gete house pavilion for his residence. Glass house
and it is short form house which is using sculptural architecture, predecessor of
the sculptural contemporary architecture of 21st century.

550 Madison Avenue

Bank of America Center

PPG Place

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550 Boylston Street

400 West Market in Louisville

EXAMPLES OF POSTMODERN BUILDINGS

VENTURI HOUSE, (Philadelphia, USA)

The Vanna Venturi House, one of the first
prominent works of the postmodern architecture
movement, is located in the neighborhood of Chestnut
Hill in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was designed by
architect Robert Venturi for his mother, Vanna
Venturi, and constructed between 1962 and 1964.
The five-room house stands only about 30 feet
(9 m) tall at the top of the chimney, but has a

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monumental front facade, an effect achieved by intentionally manipulating the architectural
elements that indicate a building's scale. A non-structural applique arch and "hole in the wall"
windows, are among other elements. Architectural historian Vincent Scully called it "the biggest
small building of the second half of the twentieth century."
Many of the basic elements of the house are a reaction against standard Modernist
architectural elements: the pitched roof rather than
flat roof, the emphasis on the central hearth and
chimney, a closed ground floor "set firmly on the
ground" rather than the Modernist columns and glass
walls which open up the ground floor. On the front
elevation the broken pediment or gable and a purely
ornamental applique arch reflect a return to Mannerist
architecture and a rejection of Modernism. Thus, the
house is a direct break from Modern architecture,
designed in order to disrupt and contradict formal
Modernist aesthetics. More simply, Venturi demonstrated his intentions by figuratively giving
the finger to the Modernist establishment.
The site of the house is flat, with a long driveway connecting it to the street. Venturi
placed the parallel walls of the house perpendicular to the main axis of the site, defined by the
driveway, rather than the usual placement along the axis. Unusually, the gable is placed on the
long side of the rectangle formed by the house, and there is no matching gable at the rear. The
chimney is emphasized by the centrally placed room on the second floor, but the actual
chimney is small and off-center. The effect is to magnify the scale of the small house and make
the facade appear to be monumental. The scale magnifying effects are not carried over to the
sides and rear of the house, thus making the house appear to be both large and small from
different angles. The central chimney and staircase dominate the interior of the house.

THE MARKTHAL, Market Hall (Rotterdam)

The Markthal is a residential and office
building with a market hall underneath, located in
Rotterdam. The building was opened on October
1, 2014, by Queen Máxima of the Netherlands.
Besides the large market hall, the complex houses
228 apartments, 4600 m2 retail space, 1600 m2
horeca and an underground 4-storey parking
garage with a capacity of 1200+ cars.

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 The Markthal was designed by architectural firm MVRDV. The grey nature stone building
has an arch wise structure like a horseshoe. The building has a glass facade on both sides, these
are made up of smaller glass windows. The
smaller windows are mostly squared and around
1485 millimeters wide. All of these are hung
around a structure of steel cables, 34 meters high
and 42 meters wide, which makes it the largest
glass-window cable structure in Europe. Each
facade has 26 vertical and 22 horizontal cables.
The facade was designed and installed by
Octatube. the Markthal Rotterdam features the
Netherlands' first covered market, sheltered
beneath a 40-metre arch that contains 228
apartments, and is protected by glazed end walls.
This is a piece of architecture that will
quickly become a landmark for locals and visitors
alike. A colorful mural by artists Arno Coenen and
Iris Roskam lines the one-hectare surface beneath
the arch. Printed onto perforated aluminum
panels, it displays images of flowers and insects
derived from 17th century Dutch paintings.
Rotterdam Market Hall is almost like a child's cartoon of an enclosed space, a slightly
squashed jam roly-poly with its inside hollowed out by a spoon.

BANK OF AMERICA CENTER (Houston)

The Bank of America Center is a high rise representing
one of the first significant examples of postmodern
architecture construction in downtown Houston, Texas.
Formerly known as the Republic Bank Center, the NCNB
Center, and the NationsBank Center, the building was
completed in October 1983 and designed by award winning
architect Johnson/Burgee Architects, and is reminiscent of
the Dutch Gothic architecture of canal houses in The
Netherlands. It has three segmented tower setbacks, each
with "a steeply pitched gabled roofline that is topped off with
spires". The tower was developed by Hines Interests and is

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owned by a joint venture of M-M Properties and an affiliate of the General Electric Pension
Trust.
The banking center is housed in a separate building, due to construction problems, and
has a three storey lobby. There are 32 passenger elevators each finished with wood panels that
include Birdseye Maple, Macassar Ebony, Italian Willow,
Tamo, and Kevazingo. The building contains an art gallery in
the lobby and plans to host curated exhibitions.
The gables were inspired by the canal houses of The
Netherlands, and give the building an instantly-recognizable
appearance. The first section is 21-stories tall, while the
whole building reaches a height of 56-stories. The building
also sets itself apart from the other buildings in the skyline
which are blue, black, and white. Bank of America Center is
dark pink in appearance, being clad in red Swedish granite.
Attached to the tower is a similarly-gabled square building
referred to as the "banking hall." The Bank of America Center
actually envelopes the old two-story Western Union building
inside this hall. The old building was not razed because of the electrical connections it houses.
That's why the second floor of the building is so far from street level. From the air you can get a
better sense of how the setbacks are laid out, and really appreciate its unique shape. With the
exception of the Chase Bank building. This is Houston's only attempt at a classic 1920's-style
skyscraper. Houston has a very new skyline compared to others in the United States. It only
began experimenting with true skyscrapers in the 1970's and 1980's -- fifty years later than the
great architectural capitals of the world. This building succeeds in taking something from the
outside world and bending it to meet local sensibilities, which is a recurring theme not only in
Houston, but in the whole of Texas.

M2 BUILDING, (Tokyo)
M2 Building, located along Tokyo Ring
Road 8 on the edge of Tokyo, was created as a
design laboratory for an automobile
manufacturer. Built in 1988 at the height of
Japan's economic "bubble" era by renowned
architect Kengo Kuma, this building is made
entirely of cement and evokes Ionian and Roman-
style construction. Ionic style column gives a big
attraction to the building if it is suite for it or not.

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The makeup of the M2 Building is in stark contrast to Kengo Kuma's later works, which use
more natural materials and are sustainable in design. The building is a chaotic mix of fragments
made using various architectural styles, materials and scales. This collection of fragments was
intentionally created in order to integrate these elements while accelerating and highlighting
them. Of particular note are the hollow Ionian style column, antennae by the Russian architect
Ivan Leonidov and sound insulation panels for the expressway which are polymerized in a
thread less manner. It was later converted into a funeral home while retaining almost the entire
original design.

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TAIPEI 101, (Taiwan)
The Taipei 101 formerly known as the Taipei World Financial
Center is a supertall skyscraper designed by C.Y. Lee & Partners and built
by KTRT Joint Venture in Xinyi, Taipei, Taiwan. This building was officially
classified as the world's tallest from its opening in 2004 until the 2010
completion of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Taipei 101's postmodernist architectural style evokes Asian
traditions in a modern structure employing industrial materials. Its design
incorporates a number of features that enable the structure to withstand
the Pacific Rim's earthquakes and the region's tropical storms. The tower
houses offices and restaurants as well as both indoor and outdoor
observatories. The tower is adjoined by a multi-
level shopping mall that claims the world's largest ruyi symbol as an
exterior feature.
Taipei 101 was designed to be flexible as well as structurally
resistant, because while flexibility prevents structural damage,
resistance ensures comfort for the occupants and for the
protection of glass, curtain walls, and other features. Most
designs achieve the necessary strength by enlarging critical
structural elements such as bracing. Because of the height of
Taipei 101, combined with the surrounding area's geology the
building is located just 660 ft (200 m) away from a major fault
line Taipei 101 used high-performance steel construction and
36 columns, including eight "mega-columns" packed with
10,000 psi (69 MPa) concrete. Outrigger trusses, located at
eight-floor intervals, connect the columns in the building's core
to those on the exterior.
It has the largest damper sphere in the world, consists of
41 circular steel plates of varying diameters, each 125 mm (4.92
in) thick, welded together to form a 5.5 m (18 ft)
diameter sphere. The damper has become such a
popular tourist attraction, the city contracted Sanrio to
create a mascot: The Damper Baby. Four versions of
the Damper Baby: "Rich Gold", "Cool Black", "Smart
Silver" and "Lucky Red" were designed and made into
figurines and souvenirs sold in various Taipei 101 gift
shops. Damper Baby, with its cute all-ages appeal, has
become a popular local icon, with its own comic book and website. At night the bright yellow

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gleam from its pinnacle casts Taipei 101 in the role of a candle or torch upholding the ideals of
liberty and welcome.

ABTEIBERG MUSEUM (Germany)

The Museum Abteiberg is a municipal
museum for contemporary art in the German city
Mönchengladbach. The museum became famous
for its avant-garde exhibitions curated by director
Johannes Cladders and its museum architecture,
designed by Austrian architect Hans Hollein, as a
highpoint of postmodern design.
The division of the museum into variously-
designed bodies convincingly integrates the
complex into its small-scale urban environment
and is orientated towards the incline of the
former monastery garden, whose gently
curving terraces rise above the underground
sections of the building. Visitors walk across
the roof to reach the prominent glass pavilion.
White marble and glittering chrome pillars
transform this small building into a powerful
point of attraction.
The museum of contemporary art was built
into the face of a prominent hillside. Areas for a
permanent collection, for temporary exhibitions
and for didactic uses had to be provided.
Contextual integration into the neighborhood and
topography were prime concerns. The complex is
a “walk–on”–building, its surface is for public use
outside a complex architectural ensemble, it is
inside a succession of a variety of white, neutral,
yet characteristic spaces in different
configurations and light situations. Rather than
following a forced linear arrangement it is a 3-dimensional matrix, making a walk through the
museum a dialectic and spatial experience. Landscaping was an integral part of the design.

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CONCLUSION
th
A new became evident in the last quarter of the 20 century as some architects started
to turn away from modern functionalism which they viewed as boring, and which some of
the public considered unwelcoming and even unpleasant. These architects turned towards
the past quoting the past aspects of various buildings and bringing them together to create
new means of designing buildings.
Post modernism saw the comeback of columns and other elements of pre modern

designs, sometimes adapting classical Greek and roman examples.

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GROUP MEMBERS
1. AR18701524 VINUL KOPAEAHEWA
2. AR18748840 YUSHINI WALISUNDARA
3. AR18703054 SHANUKA PANDIKORALA
4. AR18706260 DULKI WEERASINGHE
5. AR18708926 N.H.P.R.DE SILVA
6. AR18704808 T.A.KODITHUWAKKU

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CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS THE POSTMODERNISM ARCHITECTURE
 COMPONENTS OF THIS STYLE
 HOW DO IDENTIFY THE STYLE
 FAMOUS ARCHITECTS
 EXSAMPLE BUILDING SHOWING THE STYLE
 CONCLUSION

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