REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN

PEACE – WORK – FATHERLAND PAIX – TRAVAIL – PATRIE

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT

SUPERIEUR

ST LOUIS HIGHER INSTITUTE OF

MEDICAL STUDIES, YAOUNDE

DEPARTMENT OF NURSING

BLOCK POSTING CARRIED OUT IN SCHOOL AND AT THE

HADASSAH MEDICAL CENTRE, SIMBOCK YAOUNDE
FROM THE 25TH OF MARCH TO THE 1ST OF APRIL 2024

PRESENTED BY:
NCHANG RANIBEL FOMBOH : NSG /23/0056

GENERAL SUPERVISOR : Mr. ALAMA PAUL

DEDICATION
I dedicate this piece of work to God almighty.

i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I acknowledge my teachers in school for giving me the opportunity to carry out this block

posting, directing, teaching, correcting and supervising all the activities carried out in every

unit.

The health personnel of Hadassah medical centre, simbock Yaoundé for directing,

teaching, and supervising all the activities carried out in every unit

I equally acknowledge my husband for his constant support.

And lastly I acknowledge God almighty for seeing me throughout the study period.

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Contents
DEDICATION.......................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................1
1.2 BLOCK POSTING OBJECTIVES.............................................................2
1.2.1 HOSPITAL ROTATION OBJECTIVES................................................2
1.2.1.1 ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANISATION OF THE CAMEROON
HEALTHCARE SYSTEM................................................................................2
1.2.1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITALS.................................................4
1.2.1.3 ORGANIGRAM OF THE HEALTH FACILITY...............................5
1.2.1.4 PATIENT CIRCUIT..............................................................................7
1.2.1.5 BASIC KNOWLEDGE AND DESCRIPTION OF VAROIUS
UNITS AND SERVICES OFFERED...............................................................8
Table 2: Description of various units and services offered.............................9
1.2.1.6 INFECTION AND CONTROL PROCEDURES IN THE HEALTH
FACILITY...........................................................................................................9
1.2.2 SCHOOL OBJECTIVES........................................................................10
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF BLOC POSTING...................................................11
1.4 DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS..............................................11
CHAPTER TWO..............................................................................................13
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STATION IN SCHOOL................................13
2.1.1 MLS...........................................................................................................13
2.1.2 PHARMACY/DENTAL THERAPY.....................................................14
2.1.2.1 DENTAL THERAPY...........................................................................14
2.1.2.2 PHARMACY.........................................................................................15

iii
2.1.3 NURSING /MIDWIFERY STATION...................................................15
2.1.4 PHYSIOTHERAPY /MIT STATION...................................................16
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE UNITS IN THE HOSPITAL.........................16
CHAPTER 3......................................................................................................18
3.1 PROCEDURES OBSERVED AND CARRIED OUT IN SCHOOL.....18
3.1.1 PROCEDURE OBSERVED AND CARRIED OUT IN THE MLS
STATION..........................................................................................................18
3.1.2 PROCEDURES OBSERVED AND CARRIED OUT IN THE
DENTAL STATION.........................................................................................19
3.1.3 PROCEDURES OBSERVE AND CARRYOUT IN THE
PHARMACY STATION..................................................................................21
3.1.4 PROCEDURES OBSERVE AND CARRYOUT IN THE NURSING
AND MIDWIFE STATION.............................................................................23
3.1.5 PROCEDURES OBSERVED AND CARRIED OUT IN THE MIT
AND PHYSIOTHERAPY STATION.............................................................27
3.2 PROCEDURES OBSERVE AND CARRYOUT IN THE HOSPITAL 35
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................37
SWOT ANALYSIS...........................................................................................37
4.1 STRENGTH................................................................................................37
4.2 WEAKNESS................................................................................................37
4.3 OPPORTUNITIES.....................................................................................37
4.4 CHALLENGES...........................................................................................38

iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: classification of hospitals in Cameroon.

Figure 2: Geographical location of the hospital

Figure 3: Organigram of Hadassah medical centre

v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Administrative organisation of the Cameroon healthcare system

Table 2: Description of various units and services offered

Table 3: some laboratory equipment, uses and maintenance

Table 4: branches of dentistry

vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CMD

CMO

GS

RR

BP

IEC

ART

ANC

PMCT

(HAIs) healthcare-associated infections

MLS

MIT

CMP

BMP

LFTs

HbA1c

EDTA

ESR

ECG

vii
IWC

CT scan

MRI scan

FIFO

FEFO

IM, IV

viii
 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Block posting, also known as block scheduling or block rotations, is a common practice

in medical education and training programs. It involves organizing the educational

curriculum into discrete time blocks, during which students focus intensively on a specific

medical specialty or subspecialty for a set period, typically several weeks to several months.

Though in our case, it lasted just for a week.

This approach allows students to immerse themselves fully in the clinical and academic

aspects of a particular specialty, gaining in-depth knowledge and experience within a

concentrated timeframe. It also facilitates continuity of care for patients within that specialty,

as students remain dedicated to their assigned rotations for an extended period.

Block posting offers several advantages in medical education, this includes; Focused

Learning, Consistent Experience, Efficient Scheduling, Enhanced Faculty Supervision,

Improved Work-Life Balance.

However, block posting also has its challenges, such as potential gaps in exposure to

certain specialties, limited flexibility in scheduling, and the need for effective coordination

among different departments and specialties within the healthcare institution.

Overall, block posting is a valuable educational strategy in the medical field, enabling

residents to acquire comprehensive training and experience across various specialties while

ensuring continuity of care for patients.

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1.2 BLOCK POSTING OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the hospital rotation and with the block posting is to familiarize

students with the structure of the health system, the organization and functioning of a health

unit within the health system.

1.2.1 HOSPITAL ROTATION OBJECTIVES

More specifically, after the hospital rotation, the student is required to understand the

following

- Administrative organization of the Cameroon healthcare system

- Classification of hospitals

- Organigram of the health facility

- Patient circuit

- Basic knowledge and description of various units and services offered

- Infection and control procedures in the health facility

1.2.1.1 ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANISATION OF THE CAMEROON

HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
The administrative organization of hospitals running in Cameroun is from top to bottom

level and it describes how powerful it is from one level to the other.

It is divided into three levels; central (strategic), intermediary (technical) and peripheral

operational). Each level has administrative units, specific competence, health care facilities

and categories, dialogue structures.

CENTRAL LEVEL

The administrative unit of the central level are the central services of the ministry of

public health whose competence are; formation of concepts, policies and strategies,

coordination and regulation in the field of public health.

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 The health care facilities and categories at this level referral general hospitals, university

teaching hospitals and central hospitals. Boards of directors and management committee

constitute the dialogue structures.

INTERMEDIARY LEVEL

Here the administrative units are the regional delegations whose primary objectives are to

provide technical support to the health district and to health programs.

At this level, the health care facilities are the regional hospitals while the dialogue

structures are the regional special funds for health promotion.

PERIPHERAL LEVEL

The administrative units here are represented by health district services whose

competence is the implementation of programs.

At this level, the healthcare facilities and categories include; district hospitals, sub-

divisional medical centres and integrated health centres with structure of dialogue being the

sub-divisional management committee.

Level Administrative Competence Healthcare Dialogue

unit facilities and structures
categories
Central Central services -Formulation of -Referral general Boards of
of the ;ministry concepts, hospital directors or
of public health policies and -University management
strategies teaching hospital committee
-Co-ordination - Central
-regulation hospital
Intermediar Regional Technical Regional The regional
y delegations support to hospitals and the special fund
health districts like for health

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 and to programs promotion
Peripheral Health district Implementation -district District/sub-
services of programs hospitals divisional
-Sub-divisional management
medical centres committees
-integrated
health care
centres
Table 1: Administrative organisation of the Cameroon healthcare system

1.2.1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITALS

The health service in Cameroon is provided through a decentralized health system

including 10 regional delegations of health, 181 health districts and 2,260 public health

facilities. These health facilities are organized into seven main categories: general hospitals,

central hospitals, regional hospitals, district hospitals, sub-division medical centres,

integrated health centres and ambulatory health centres. There are 4 general hospitals, 3

central hospitals, 14 regional hospitals, 164 district hospitals, 155 sub-division medical

centres, and 1,920 integrated health centres.

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 Figure 1: classification of hospitals in Cameroon.

1.2.1.3 ORGANIGRAM OF THE HEALTH FACILITY

HISTORY OF THE HOSPITAL

Hadassah medical centre Simbock Yaoundé is a sub-divisional medical centre which

is part of a larger network of medical facilities associated with WECCARE FOUNDATION

founded in 2012 by Dr Oben who became the pioneer chief medical director of Hadassah

medical centre Simbock Yaoundé till date. Its functioning was authorized by decision No:

0238/A/MINSATE/SG/DOSTS/SDOS/SFSP of 5th march 2014.

Hadassah medical centre Simbock is an independent non-profit organisation dedicated

to patient care and to improving the quality of medicine in Cameroon. The medical centre

focuses on;

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 - Maintaining excellence in leadership and quality care

- Expanding the scope of medical knowledge through science, technology and research

- Providing the framework of its medical staff and other support personnel through

training and education

- Striving to provide community outreach and healthcare to all

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE HOSPITAL

Hadassah medical centre Simbock Yaoundé is located in the administrative centre of

Yaoundé VI district. The Hadassah medical centre Simbock Yaoundé is situated in the Centre

region, Mfoundi division precisely at the Yaoundé VI sub-division, precisely at rue Ntolo

Josephine Simbock

Figure 2: Geographical location of the hospital

ORGANISATION OF THE HOSPITAL

At the head of the hospital is a CMD who is answerable to the district health care

(Biyem-Assi Health district). He oversees and coordinates the medical, nursing and

administrative activities of the health centre. Directly answerable to the CMD are the CMO,

nursing coordinator (GS) and the administrator.

The CMO coordinates and supervises the activities of the primary care doctors and

the paediatric care that are directly answerable to him/her. The GS (nursing coordinator)

supervises the nurses, midwives, social workers, auxiliary nursing technicians and the clinic

laboratory. The administrator coordinates the HRM, accountant, CICTIMO, technicians,

laundry department and security department.

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Figure 3: Organigram of Hadassah medical centre

1.2.1.4 PATIENT CIRCUIT

The patient circuit in a health facility typically refers to the pathway or process that a

patient follows from admission to discharge or follow-up care. It includes various steps such

as registration, medical assessment, treatment, monitoring, and discharge planning. Each

facility may have its own specific protocols and procedures for managing the patient circuit

efficiently and effectively.

When a patient enters Hadassah medical centre he or she passes through the security

department and goes to the reception where they are been welcome and directed to be

registered and then they vital signs (RR, BP, pulse, age, weight, height)are been taken. After

which they are sent to the medical doctor for medical assessment. The doctor will then sent

the patient to the lab for testes to be done of which the results will be taken back to the

medical doctor for interpretation and prescriptions of drugs.

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 If the patient has to be admitted, the medical doctor will call a nurse on duty to

arrange for his or her bed or ward were the patient will receive treatment and be monitored

often and every treatment done will be recorded in the patient's medical book and the patient's

medical record book which is be kept in the hospital . When the patient is well and ready to

be discharged, the medical doctor will check and signs the patient's medical book and

prescript drugs to be taken at home if any.

1.2.1.5 BASIC KNOWLEDGE AND DESCRIPTION OF VAROIUS

UNITS AND SERVICES OFFERED
The Hadassah medical centre comprises of several units which offer very specific

services. They include;

Unit Activities/Services offered

General Administration Management of human, material and financial resources allocated to
the hospital in order to provide quality health services in accordance
with government health policy.
Adult Out- Patient Screen and orientate adult patients, give IEC.
Consultation Screen and orientate children from 0-15 years and also dispense ART
- Paediatric Out - drugs
Patient Consultation
Emergency Receive and manage surgical and medical emergencies, do
emergency preparations, carryout minor surgery and general
consultation after working hours. The department operates 24 hours
per day
Medical unit Provides medical care to patients with medical conditions.

Obstetrics/ Receives and mange patients with reproductive care problems and
gynaecology( post-op also render care to families during pregnancy, delivery and the
natal unit, ANC, family immediate after period. Also assure follow - ups in PMCT and other
planning) obstetrical and gynaecological complications. Also provides a range
of care associated with treatment and prevention of reproductive care
cancers.

8
Pharmacy It is part of the cost recovery program whose main activity is
ordering, storing and dispensing of drugs at affordable prices. It is
mainly supplied with drugs.
Maternity Provide ANC, care during child birth, post natal support districts of
the LR and it is under obstetrics and gynaecology

Theatre Carryout major and minor surgeries. It is a reference centre for

plastic surgery
Laboratory Here specimens such as blood, urine are been analyzed to obtain
crucial information about the patient
Medical ward Admits patients with various disease conditions (male and female
wards), nursing care, and Drug administration, informs doctor when
conditions become critical requiring referral, follow up and discharge
Laundry department Maintains a safe clean environment and carry out preventive
and maintenance maintenance and repairs all machinery
Imaging Where scans, echography and x-rays are done
Vaccination units Where all vaccines are given
Hospital hygiene Cleaning and keeping the hospital clean

Table 2: Description of various units and services offered

1.2.1.6 INFECTION AND CONTROL PROCEDURES IN THE HEALTH

FACILITY
Infection control procedures in healthcare facilities are designed to prevent the spread

of infections among patients, healthcare workers, and visitors. These procedures aim to

minimize the risk of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and ensure the safety of

everyone within the facility. Here are some key infection control measures implemented in

Hadassah medical centres:

- Hand Hygiene

- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE

- Standard Precautions

- Transmission-Based Precautions

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 - Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection

- Isolation

- Education and Training

- Surveillance and Monitoring

1.2.2 SCHOOL OBJECTIVES

Every unit through which students passed in school had their specific objectives.

Some of these objectives include;

- How to brush the teeth

- The causes of tooth decay

- How to care for the teeth

- How to prevent infection

- How to treat patients from tooth problems

- How drugs are arrange in the pharmacy

- The nomenclature of drugs.

- Drug prescription

- To know the right dosage of drugs

- How blood group is done

- How to make an occupied and unoccupied bed

- How to administer drugs through IM Iv intradermal

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF BLOC POSTING

The significance of block posting includes:

- EFFICIENCY: It allows healthcare providers to optimize their schedules by

grouping similar appointments or procedures together, reducing downtime between

appointments and maximizing productivity.

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 - STREAMLINED WORKFLOW: Block posting can help streamline workflow and

improve patient flow within a clinic or hospital, leading to reduced wait times and

better overall patient satisfaction.

- RESOURCE ALLOCATION: By scheduling appointments or procedures in blocks,

healthcare facilities can allocate resources such as staff, equipment, and rooms more

effectively, minimizing idle time and improving resource utilization.

- COORDINATION OF CARE: Block posting enables better coordination of care for

patients with complex medical needs, allowing multiple specialists or healthcare

providers to collaborate and schedule appointments more efficiently.

- FLEXIBILITY: Healthcare providers can adjust block schedules to accommodate

urgent or unexpected patient needs, providing flexibility while still maintaining a

structured workflow.

In a nut shell, block posting in the medical field helps optimize scheduling, improve

efficiency, and enhance the quality of patient care.

1.4 DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS

Block posting

It involves organizing the educational curriculum into discrete time blocks, during
which students focus intensively on a specific medical specialty or subspecialty for a set
period, typically several weeks to several months.

Patient circuit

The patient circuit in a health facility typically refers to the pathway or process that a
patient follows from admission to discharge or follow-up care

Infection control procedures

Infection control procedures in healthcare facilities are designed to prevent the spread
of infections among patients, healthcare workers, and visitors.

11
Pharmacology

12
 CHAPTER TWO
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STATION IN SCHOOL
The students went through a total of four stations in school which were; MLS,
pharmacy/dental therapy, MIT/physiotherapy and nursing/midwifery stations.

2.1.1 MLS
A medical laboratory is a facility where various medical tests are performed on
clinical specimens (such as blood, urine, tissue samples, or other bodily fluids) to obtain
information about a patient's health. These tests are crucial for diagnosing, monitoring, and
treating diseases and medical conditions. Medical laboratories are staffed by trained
professionals, including medical laboratory scientists or technicians, who perform the tests
using specialized equipment and technique. The medical laboratory is subdivided into three
sections, each dedicated to specific areas of testing such as;
Clinical biochemistry
In this section of the laboratory, tests such as BMP, CMP, LFTs, renal function tests,
thyroid function tests, HbA1c, serum protein electrophoresis are carried out using blood and
urine samples.
Clinical haematology
In this section of the laboratory, tests such as CBC, coagulation studies, blood typing
and cross matching, ESR, serum iron studies using blood samples.
Serology and immunology
In the serology and immunology section, tests such as antibody detection assays,
autoantibody tests, viral serology, immunoglobin levels, allergy testing, HLA typing and
complement tests are carried out using blood samples.
Equipment found in the medical laboratory used in carrying out the various tests or
storing samples includes;
Equipment Use Maintenance
Microscope Used to view organisms which Unplug from power
cannot be seen with the eye supply, store on a flat
surface, clean the lens
using a clean cloth and
cover from dust after use
Incubator Used to maintain the Unplug from power
temperature of microorganisms supply, clean the exterior
for growth using a clean dry cloth
and cover from dust after
use
Refrigerator For the preservation of some Clean when necessary
reagents, test kits and some using disinfectant
samples

13
Centrifuge Used to separate blood to Unplug when not in use
plasma and blood cells
Vortex mixer Proper mixture of samples and Unplug when not in use
reagents before analyzing
Water distilator Production of distilled water Unplug from power
supply and cover with a
water proof cloth when
not in use.
Full blood count machine Used for the evaluation of the Unplug and keep clean
number of blood cells
Test tubes For the collection of blood Dispose properly after
samples use
Serum EDTA(purple) for collecting samples for Dispose the tubes
separator haematology, biochemistry and properly after use.
tubes blood bank tests
Plain (red) Collection of dry samples
Lithium Used for cytogenetic and
heparin(green) biochemistry analysis
ESR (black) Used for haematology tests
Fluoride Used for glucose, alcohol,
oxalate(grey) lactate tests
Sodium Used for prothrombin types and
citrate(blue) coagulation studies.
Table 3: some laboratory equipment, uses and maintenance.

2.1.2 PHARMACY/DENTAL THERAPY

2.1.2.1 DENTAL THERAPY

It is that branch of medicine that deals with art or science of oral health, which

consists of the diagnosis, treatment and diseases of the mouth.

Branches of dentistry

Branch Description

Dentist diagnose, prevent and treat conditions related to oral cavity

Maxillofacial surgery Carry out dental surgery

Prosthodontics Make artificial teeth

Pediatric dentist Dentist for children

Dental therapist Work alongside dentists to provide preventive and basic restorative

dental care

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Endodontic

Table 4: branches of dentistry

In dental therapy, we have several equipment which have specific functions. Some of

this equipment includes;

- Dental bed for examination of the patient.

- Alcohol or sanitizer for cleaning of hands after working with patients.

- Portable water system and liquid soap for washing of hands.

- Dental mannequins used for teaching patients how to brush properly.

- Tables and chairs for reception.

2.1.2.2 PHARMACY
It is a unit for drug formation, classification arrangement and dispensing of drugs. In the
pharmacy, drugs are arranged according to the following ways;
- According to their therapeutic class,
- According to alphabetical order,
- First to expire first to be sold (FEFO)
- First in first out (FIFO).

2.1.3 NURSING /MIDWIFERY STATION

The nursing/midwifery station comprises of several units with specific functions.
These units include;
Reception (clerking)
At this unit the receptionist receives the patient after he/she passes through the
security post. And direct the patient to the vital signs station
Vital signs unit
Here the patients vital signs are taken (BP, RR, pulse weight, age, height, sex,
temperature) after which the patient is directed to the doctor.
Wards
There are male and female wards which contain occupied and unoccupied beds. They
are used for admitting patients and for administering treatment.
Nursing station
At the nursing station, patients records are been kept.

15
Emergency ward
It is used for emergency cases. It contains bed and ECG machines used for the
automatic monitoring of patients vital signs.
General anatomical station
At this station doctors use a mannequin in order to better examine a patient.
Maternity
The maternity comprises four main sub units; ANC, labour and delivery unit, post-
partum unit, IWC. Other sub units here include; paediatric unit, neonatal intensive care,
family planning units.

2.1.4 PHYSIOTHERAPY /MIT STATION

Medical Imaging Technology (MIT) Laboratory It is the use technology in order
produce images of internal structures for diagnosis and treatment.
Physiotherapy is healthcare profession that accesses and treats diseases, disabilities
and improve on qualities of life.
Modalities;
- Conventional radiography: It is the use of x-rays to produce images of bones
- Radiation therapy: Using high energy to destroy cancerous cell
- CT scan (computerized tomography scan): Uses x-rays to produce images of cross
section of the skeletal system
- ECG (Electro cardiography)
- Nuclear medicine
- MRI scan

Some equipment found in the MIT laboratory includes;

- Chairs and tables: Used for patient assessment and treatment procedures
- Echography machine: Used to study all parts of the body as for as it is not covered by
bone.
- Transducer: used to convert electrical energy to sound energy
- Curvilinear probe: Used to access all organs we can’t see physically for example;
intestines, uterus liver.
- Linear probe: used to access organs which can be seen physically for example breasts
- Cardiac probe: used to access the heart
- Endovaginal: used to study the female reproductive organ
- ECG machine: used to check the functioning of the heart

2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE UNITS IN THE HOSPITAL

The Hadassah medical centre comprises of several units which offer very specific

services. They include;

16
General Administration
Management of human, material and financial resources allocated to the hospital in order to
provide quality health services in accordance with government health policy.
Adult Out- Patient Consultation/Paediatric Out - Patient Consultation
Screen and orientate adult patients, give IEC.
Screen and orientate children from 0-15 years and also dispense ART drugs
Emergency
Receive and manage surgical and medical emergencies, do emergency preparations,
carryout minor surgery and general consultation after working hours. The department operates 24
hours per day
Medical unit
Provides medical care to patients with medical conditions.
Obstetrics/ gynaecology( post-op natal unit, ANC, family planning)
Receives and mange patients with reproductive care problems and also render care to
families during pregnancy, delivery and the immediate after period. Also assure follow - ups in
PMCT and other obstetrical and gynaecological complications. Also provides a range of care
associated with treatment and prevention of reproductive care cancers.
Pharmacy
It is part of the cost recovery program whose main activity is ordering, storing and
dispensing of drugs at affordable prices. It is mainly supplied with drugs.
Maternity
Provide ANC, care during child birth, post natal support districts of the LR and it is under
obstetrics and gynaecology
Theatre
Carryout major and minor surgeries. It is a reference centre for plastic surgery
Laboratory
Here specimens such as blood, urine are been analyzed to obtain crucial information about
the patient
Medical ward
Admits patients with various disease conditions (male and female wards), nursing care, and
Drug administration, informs doctor when conditions become critical requiring referral, follow
up and discharge
Laundry department and maintenance

17
 Maintains a safe clean environment and carry out preventive maintenance and repairs all
machinery
Imaging
Where scans, echography and x-rays are done
Vaccination units
Where all vaccines are given
Hospital hygiene
Cleaning and keeping the hospital clean

CHAPTER 3
3.1 PROCEDURES OBSERVED AND CARRIED OUT IN SCHOOL

3.1.1 PROCEDURE OBSERVED AND CARRIED OUT IN THE MLS

STATION
I observed that the laboratory was divided into different sections. Which includes;

bacteriology, hematology, biochemistry and serology.

Again I observed that in the bacteriology laboratory it was mainly used in checking infections

in feces, urine, blood and the infections were checked by the use of a microscope. Also that

the microscope has 4 objectives, that is;

- Times 4: use for insects

- Times 10: use for either wet or dry specimens

- times:40: use for wet mouse

- times100: use for dry mouse

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 In the second section of the laboratory i observed that it was made up of three different

units inside that is hematology which a machine called the mixer use for mixing blood and

hematology analyzer used for analyzing blood.

In the biochemistry unit, machines are used to check if the amount of cells has increased

or decreased. In the serology unit it mainly made up of different test for anti- bodies and

antigen reactions and the type of test carried out there was blood group.

I carried out the test of blood group for my classmate which came out B+.

3.1.2 PROCEDURES OBSERVED AND CARRIED OUT IN THE

DENTAL STATION.
In the dentistry I observed how to brush teeth property and how to take care of the

teeth. Also I observed the types of tooth that is; pre molars, molars, incisors and canines. An

adult has 3molars, 2pre molars, 1canine and 12 incisors. There are 3 layers of a teeth which

are; Enamel, Dentine and Pulp. Some commonly encountered tooth problems observed were;

- Dental Caries or tooth decay which is been cause by food, improper mouth hygiene,

bacteria and time.

- Gum Disease cause by poor oral hygiene, smoking, hormonal changes, medications

and poor nutrition.

- Periodontal diseases cause by bacterial infection, plaque and tartar buildup, genetic

factors, stress.

Symptoms for oral mouth diseases are pain, mouth odour, bleeding, swelling and these

mouth diseases can be treated through; brushing well, the use of a mouth wash and the use of

a flossing.

I observed how to brush tooth and the equipment needed are toothbrush, toothpaste

containing Fluoride and water. There are 2 types of toothbrush namely manual and Electronic

19
toothbrush and the head of a toothbrush is called a bristle. It needs to be changed after 3

months and duration for brushing is 2 minutes. There are 3 types of bristle; the hard, soft and

the medium. We brush vertically or in a circular motion.

There are 3 types of gloves; examination gloves, surgical gloves and utility gloves. An

activity carried out was the process of donning and doffing of examination gloves and

surgical gloves. Donning and doffing refer to the process of putting on and removing gloves

respectively. The process of donning and doffing surgical gloves is critical to maintain a

sterile environment during surgical procedures. Here's how it's typically done:

Donning an examination Glove

In order to don examination gloves properly, we must go through the following steps.

- Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water or use hand sanitizer to ensure they

are clean and dry before putting on gloves.

- Choose gloves that are appropriate for the task at hand and ensure they are the correct

size.

- Check the gloves for any tears, holes, or defects. Discard any damaged gloves and use

a new pair.

- Hold the cuff of the glove with one hand and gently pull it onto your dominant hand,

ensuring it covers your fingers and palm completely. Avoid touching the outside of

the glove with your bare skin.

- With your gloved hand, hold the cuff of the second glove and slide your fingers into

it, being careful not to touch the outside surface with your bare skin.

- Adjust the fit of both gloves to ensure they cover your hands properly without being

too tight or too loose.

20
 - Check that both gloves fit snugly and cover your hands completely. Make any

necessary adjustments to ensure a proper fit.

Doffing an examination Glove

In order to doff examination gloves properly, we must go through the following steps.

- Using the fingers of one gloved hand, pinch the outside of the other glove near the

wrist and peel it off, turning it inside out as you remove it. Hold the removed glove in

the gloved hand.

- With your bare hand, slide your fingers under the remaining glove at the wrist, being

careful not to touch the outside surface of the glove.

- Gently peel the second glove off from the inside, turning it inside out as you remove

it. The first glove should be contained within the second glove.

- Discard the used gloves in an appropriate waste container, such as a biohazard bin or

trash receptacle. Do not reuse disposable gloves.

- After removing gloves, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water or use hand

sanitizer to ensure proper hygiene.

Following these steps ensures that surgical gloves are donned and doffed correctly to

minimize the risk of contamination and maintain a sterile environment during surgical

procedures.

3.1.3 PROCEDURES OBSERVE AND CARRYOUT IN THE

PHARMACY STATION
In the pharmacy unit I observed how drugs are arranged according to the following

ways;

- According to their therapeutic class

- According to alphabetical order

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 - First to expire first to be sold (FEFO)

- First in first out (FIFO)

I observed that a drug has an active ingredient and inactive ingredients or excipient.

Another important observation made was the naming of drugs, which helps to standardize

their identification and communication among healthcare professionals, researchers, and

regulatory agencies. There are 3 components to drug nomenclature:

- Chemical Name: This is the name that describes the chemical structure of the drug

according to standard chemical nomenclature rules. It provides precise information

about the composition and arrangement of atoms in the molecule.

- Generic Name: The generic name is the official name assigned to a drug by the

United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council or other national drug regulatory

authorities. It is usually derived from the drug's chemical name and is not owned by

any particular pharmaceutical company.

- Brand Name: Also known as the trade name is the name given to a drug by a

pharmaceutical company for marketing purposes. Brand names are often trademarked

and can vary depending on the country or region. They are typically easier to

remember and pronounce than generic names.

Standardized drug nomenclature is essential for ensuring clarity, accuracy, and safety in

prescribing, dispensing, and administering medications. It helps healthcare professionals

communicate effectively and minimizes the risk of medication errors. Regulatory agencies

also use drug nomenclature to assess the safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceutical

products.

We carried out the procedure of drug prescription, an order from a licensed personal to

the pharmacist for the patient.

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Parts of drugs prescription

Superscription: It is that part of prescription that contains the hospital name, patient's name,

age, sex, weight, address and temperature.

Inscription: It is the information given by the doctor about the drug it includes the following

parts; Name of the drug, strength of the drug, form, time of consumption, duration to take the

drug, advice to the patients about the drug.

Subscription: It is the information given by the doctor about himself which includes; his

name, phone number signature stamp and qualifications.

3.1.4 PROCEDURES OBSERVE AND CARRYOUT IN THE NURSING

AND MIDWIFE STATION.
In the midwife station I observed how a baby can be delivered through the Vagina.

The discharge from a post-partum mother is call Lochia which is further divided into 3 that

is;

- Lochia rabra which usually flow from 1st to 4th days.

- Lochia serosa from 5th to 7th day.

- Lochia Alba from 7th to14th day.

I also observe the post natal assessment "BUBBLE" which stands for;

- B(Breast): Checking of the breast to see if it flowing normal

- U(Uterus): Check to see if it's hard or going down

- B(Bladder): Ask the woman to urinate to relax the bladder

- B(Bower ): Ask the woman to stool

- L(Lochia): Check to see the color of discharge of the mother

- E(Episiotomy): Increasing the birth way of the baby and we cut mediolateral

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 Sit bath has to be done to help the healing process and monitory of the mother's vital

signs regularly.

In the nursing station, I observed how to take a patient's pulse which is the number of

heart beat per minute, using the various signs (Radial, Bracial, carotic) and the major factors

are; heart rate (minutes), heart strength (strong or weak), heart depth and the normal heartbeat

is 60-100 beats per minute.

I also observed how to access pulse. The patient should be relax, identify the site of

assessment, using 2 fingers, count the number of pulsation and multiply by 2.

We also observe how to take a patient's Blood pressure which is the force exercise by the

blood against artery walls of the patient. The unit of measurement is mmHg and we use the

manual Sphygmomanometer.

The Sphygmomanometer is the main device used to measure blood pressure. It consists

of:

- Cuff: The inflatable cuff wraps around the upper arm or wrist and is used to occlude the

artery.

- Manometer: The gauge or display that shows the pressure reading. It may be analog

(mercury or aneroid) or digital.

- Bulb: The hand-operated bulb used to inflate the cuff.

- Valve: The release valve that allows for controlled deflation of the cuff.

- Stethoscope: A stethoscope is used to listen to the sounds of blood flow (Korotkoff

sounds) in the artery as the cuff is slowly deflated. This is especially important for manual

blood pressure measurements.

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 - Disposable Gloves: Healthcare providers often wear disposable gloves during blood

pressure measurement to maintain hygiene and avoid cross contamination. The normal value

is 120/80. Stress, illness and drugs are some factors that can affect BP.

Taking a patient's blood pressure typically involves several stages:

- Ensure the patient is seated comfortably in a quiet environment. They should be

relaxed and not have consumed caffeine, smoked, or exercised within the last 30

minutes. Make sure the patient has removed any tight clothing that could interfere

with the measurement.

- Gather the necessary equipment, including a blood pressure cuff

(sphygmomanometer) and a stethoscope.

- Have the patient sit with their back supported and their arm resting comfortably at

heart level. It's important that the patient's arm is supported and not dangling, as this

can affect the accuracy of the reading.

- Place the blood pressure cuff snugly around the patient's upper arm, about 2.5 cm

above the elbow crease. The bottom edge of the cuff should be about 2-3 cm above

the bend of the elbow.

- Use your fingers to locate the patient's brachial artery on the inner side of the arm, just

below the cuff. This is where you will place the stethoscope.

- Inflate the cuff by squeezing the bulb until the pressure exceeds the expected systolic

pressure (typically around 180 mmHg). Then, slowly release the air by opening the

valve while listening for the first Korotkoff sound (the tapping sound) with the

stethoscope.

- Note the systolic pressure (the pressure at which the first sound is heard) and the

diastolic pressure (the pressure at which the sound disappears or changes in quality).

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 - It's often recommended to take at least two measurements, ideally separated by 1-2

minutes, to ensure accuracy. If the readings are significantly different, take a third

measurement and average the results.

- Record the blood pressure readings in the patient's medical records, including the

date, time, and any relevant notes about the procedure or the patient's condition.

- Explain the results to the patient, addressing any concerns or questions they may

have. If the blood pressure is high or low, follow up with appropriate action as per

clinical guidelines.

Following these steps helps ensure accurate and consistent blood pressure measurements,

which are important for diagnosing and managing various medical conditions.

I observed how a drug is been administer through the IM, IV and intradermal route of

drug administration and I equally carryout these processes of drug administration through IM,

IV and intradermal. The following equipment is required;

- Syringe: To draw up and inject the medication. Sizes vary depending on the volume

of medication to be administered.

- Needle: Also varies in size depending on the patient and medication. Thicker needles

for thicker solutions or intramuscular injections.

- Alcohol swabs or wipes: To clean the injection site and reduce the risk of infection.

- Gauze or cotton balls: For applying pressure to the injection site after the injection to

reduce bleeding.

- Sharps container: To safely dispose of needles and syringes after use.

- Medication vial or ampoule: Contains the medication to be administered.

- Optional: Gloves: Some healthcare providers prefer to wear gloves for additional

protection, although it's not always necessary for IM injections.

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 All this should be put in a clean tray. It's important to follow proper sterile technique and

disposal procedures to minimize the risk of infection and ensure patient safety

3.1.5 PROCEDURES OBSERVED AND CARRIED OUT IN THE MIT

AND PHYSIOTHERAPY STATION
In the MIT station, I observe the following;

- They don't eat and drink in the laboratory,

- No dancing or playing and no noise in the laboratory

- When touching the patient u put on gloves

- We clean before and after using of the laboratory.

We mainly make use of radiation in this station. Radiation refers to the emission or

transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium.

They are 2 types of radiation namely; ionizing and non -Ionizing radiation.

Ionizing radiation are radiation which have sufficient energy to remove an electron from

an orbital of an atom to form an ion .It encompasses various forms such as electromagnetic

radiation (like light and radio waves) and particle radiation (such as alpha, beta, and gamma

radiation) While non-ionizing radiation is that which do not have sufficient energy to remove

an electron from an orbital of an atom to form an ion. The effects of radiation can vary

depending on the type, dose, duration, and the part of the body exposed. Low levels of

radiation are around us all the time from natural sources, but high doses can be harmful.

Health effects can include skin burns, radiation sickness, increased risk of cancer, and genetic

mutations. However, radiation is also used in medicine for diagnosis and treatment.

Radiation protection are measures put in place by ICRP (international Commission for

Radiation Protection)to safe guard the public, personnel and the patients from unnecessary

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exposure for ionizing radiation. There are 3 principles of Radiation Protection which

includes;

- Justification: This implies that the dose of Radiation u give to a patient must be

justified.

- Optimization: implies that we should give a minimum dose to a patient that will

produce the higher effect.

- Dose limitation: it says that we should give a dose that will not exit limit.

I also observe how an ECG machine is been used. Electrocardiography (ECG) is the use

of electrons placed on the surface of the body to produce an electrocardiogram, showing

electrical activities of the heart. The stages for an ECG examination typically involve the

following steps:

- The technician will explain the procedure and ask you to remove any clothing or

jewelry that may interfere with the test. You may be given a hospital gown to wear.

- Small electrodes will be attached to your chest, arms, and legs. These electrodes are

connected to the ECG machine and record the electrical activity of your heart.

- You will be asked to lie down on an examination table or bed. It's important to remain

as still and relaxed as possible during the test.

- The technician will start the ECG machine, which will record the electrical signals

from your heart. This process usually takes a few minutes.

- Once the recording is complete, the ECG results will be analyzed by a healthcare

provider, typically a doctor or cardiologist. They will look for any abnormalities in

the electrical activity of your heart.

- The healthcare provider will interpret the ECG results and discuss them with you.

They may also recommend further tests or treatments depending on the findings.

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 - The ECG results will be documented in your medical records for future reference.

- Depending on the findings of the ECG and your overall health condition, you may be

advised to schedule follow-up appointments or tests.

In an ECG (electrocardiogram), there are several types of leads or electrodes used to

record the electrical activity of the heart. These include:

Standard Limb Leads (Bipolar):

- Lead I: Records the voltage difference between the right and left arm.

- Lead II: Records the voltage difference between the right arm and left leg.

- Lead III: Records the voltage difference between the left arm and left leg.

Augmented Limb Leads (Unipolar):

- aVR: Augmented voltage right arm lead.

- aVL: Augmented voltage left arm lead.

- aVF: Augmented voltage left foot lead.

Chest Leads:

- V1 to V6: These leads are placed on various positions on the chest to record the electrical

activity of the heart from different angles.

Wilson's Central Terminal:

- Often used as a reference point and calculated as the average of the three limb leads (I, II,

III).

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 Each lead provides a different perspective on the electrical activity of the heart,

allowing healthcare providers to assess various aspects of cardiac function and detect

abnormalities.

The next thing I observe and carried out was how to do an abdominal ultrasound

(Echography). It is another term for ultrasound imaging, particularly when used in medical

contexts. It involves using high-frequency sound waves to create images of structures inside

the body. Echography is widely used in medicine for diagnosing various conditions, and

provides real-time images of internal organs and tissues. To carry out an abdominal

ultrasound (echography for the stomach), the following procedure is typically followed:

- The patient may be asked to fast for several hours before the procedure, typically 6 to 12

hours, to ensure a clear image of the stomach and surrounding organs.

- It's important to inform the healthcare provider about any medications being taken,

especially if they include blood thinners or if the patient has any allergies.

- The patient lies on their back on an examination table. In some cases, they may be asked to

change positions during the exam to get better views of certain areas.

- A clear, water-based gel is applied to the abdominal area. This gel helps transmit sound

waves and ensures good contact between the skin and the ultrasound transducer.

- The technician or doctor moves the ultrasound transducer (probe) over the abdominal area,

directing it to different sections to capture images of the stomach and surrounding organs.

- They may apply slight pressure to obtain clearer images.

- As the transducer emits high-frequency sound waves, they penetrate through the abdominal

wall and bounce off internal organs. The echoes of these sound waves are picked up by the

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transducer and converted into real-time images of the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,

kidneys, and other abdominal structures on a monitor.

- The technician or doctor assesses the images in real-time, looking for any abnormalities or

signs of disease in the stomach or surrounding organs. Images may be recorded or saved

digitally for further analysis and documentation.

- Once all necessary images have been obtained and analyzed, the ultrasound transducer is

removed, and the procedure is complete. The patient can typically resume normal activities

immediately afterward.

Overall, abdominal ultrasound is a safe procedure that provides valuable information

about the structures and function of the stomach and other abdominal organs. It is commonly

used to diagnose conditions such as gastrointestinal disorders, gallstones, liver disease, and

kidney problems.

Physiotherapy, also known as physical therapy, is healthcare professions focused on

helping people restore, maintain, and improve movement, function, and overall well-being.

Physiotherapists use a variety of techniques, exercises, and modalities to address a wide

range of conditions, injuries, and disabilities. Here are some key aspects of physiotherapy:

Assessment and Diagnosis: Physiotherapists assess patients to identify functional

limitations, and disabilities. They also consider the patient's medical history, lifestyle, and

goals to create a personalized treatment plan.

Treatment Techniques: Physiotherapy treatments may include manual therapy (such as

massage, mobilization,) therapeutic exercises, stretching, strengthening exercises, posture

correction, balance and coordination training, and neuromuscular re-education.

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Modalities: Physiotherapists may also use various modalities such as heat, cold, ultrasound,

and hydrotherapy to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and promote healing.

Education and Advice: Physiotherapists provide education and advice on self-management

strategies, posture, injury prevention to empower patients in managing their condition and

preventing future problems.

Rehabilitation: Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in rehabilitation after surgery, injury, or

illness. Physiotherapists help patients regain strength, mobility, and function, facilitating their

return to daily activities, work, and sports.

Chronic Disease Management: Physiotherapy can also be beneficial for managing chronic

conditions such as arthritis, chronic pain, and respiratory conditions, helping improve quality

of life and independence.

Sports Rehabilitation: Physiotherapists work with athletes to prevent injuries, optimize

performance, and facilitate recovery from sports-related injuries through specialized

exercises, and manual therapy.

Pediatric and Geriatric Care: Physiotherapists also work with children and older adults to

address developmental delays, age-related mobility issues, balance problems, and other age-

specific conditions.

There are three broad areas of physiotherapy which includes:

Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy: This area focuses on treating conditions related to the

musculoskeletal system, including muscles, bones, joints, ligaments, and tendons. Common

conditions treated by musculoskeletal physiotherapists include back pain, neck pain, joint

injuries (such as sprains and strains) and post-operative rehabilitation.

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Neurological Physiotherapy: It involves the assessment and treatment of individuals with

neurological conditions affecting the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). This

may include conditions such as stroke, spinal cord injuries, and traumatic brain injuries.

Neurological physiotherapists aim to improve mobility, balance, coordination, and functional

independence in patients with neurological impairments.

Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy: Cardiorespiratory physiotherapy focuses on the

assessment and management of conditions affecting the heart and lungs. This includes

respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and

post-operative respiratory care. They also work with patients recovering from cardiac

surgery, heart attacks, and other cardiovascular conditions to improve cardiovascular fitness,

breathing techniques, and overall respiratory function.

We also observe and carryout therapeutic exercises, effective interventions used in

various healthcare settings to improve physical function, promote recovery, and enhance

overall well-being. Types of therapeutic exercises include;

1. Range of motion exercise (ROM): This refers to the extent or degree of movement that a

joint can move through in various directions. It is an important aspect of physical function

and mobility. Here are some key points about range of motion:

Types of Range of Motion

Active Range of Motion (AROM): This refers to the movement of a joint that is controlled

by the individual's own muscles without assistance.

Passive Range of Motion (PROM): Passive range of motion is the movement of a joint

facilitated by an external force, such as a therapist, caregiver, or gravity, without the

individual activating their muscles.

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Active-Assistive Range of Motion (AAROM): AAROM involves a combination of active

movement initiated by the individual's muscles with assistance from an external force, such

as a therapist or assistive device.

Range of motion can be assessed using various methods, including visual observation,

goniometry (measuring joint angles with a goniometer), and manual assessment by a

therapist. Assessment typically involves evaluating the degrees of movement in flexion,

extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation of joints.

Factors Affecting Range of Motion

i- Muscle Strength and Flexibility: Weak or tight muscles can limit range of motion.

ii- Joint Integrity: Structural issues within the joint, such as arthritis, injury, or surgical

procedures, can affect range of motion.

iii- Pain and Inflammation: Pain and inflammation in or around a joint can limit movement.

iv- Age and Activity Level: Age-related changes in joint tissues and mobility, as well as

prolonged immobilization, can affect range of motion.

2. Strengthening Exercises: These exercises target specific muscle groups to increase

muscle strength and power. Examples include resistance training with weights or body

weight exercises.

3. Flexibility Exercises: Flexibility exercises aim to improve joint range of motion and

muscle elasticity sure exercises includes stretching exercises

4. Home Exercise Programs: Patients are often prescribed home exercise programs to

complement in-clinic therapy sessions and promote continued progress between sessions.

These programs are designed to be convenient, feasible, and tailored to the individual's needs

and environment.

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 Progress is monitored regularly through reassessment of functional abilities, pain

levels, range of motion, strength, and overall performance of activities. Adjustments to the

exercise program are made as needed to optimize outcomes

Also, we have several technique of therapy which includes;

- Effleurage: It is a massage therapy technique that involves gentle, long, and gliding

strokes applied to the body with the palms, fingers, or thumbs of the hands. It is

commonly used at the beginning and end of a massage session.

- Petrissage: It is another massage therapy technique that involves kneading, rolling, or

squeezing movements applied to the muscles and soft tissues of the body. It is

typically performed with the palms, fingers, or thumbs of the hands and it can also

involve the use of the knuckles or fists.

- Tapotement: It is a massage therapy technique characterized by tapping, pounding,

or percussion movements applied to the body using the hands, fists, fingers, or

specialized tools.

- Friction: It is a massage therapy technique that involves applying deep pressure and

rubbing movements to the muscles and soft tissues of the body using the fingertips,

thumbs, palms, or knuckles friction involves more focused and intense pressure,

targeting specific areas of tension or discomfort.

- Vibration: It is a massage therapy technique that involves the application of rapid

shaking movements to the body's soft tissues. It can be performed manually by a

massage therapist or specialized mechanical devices that produce vibration.

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3.2 PROCEDURES OBSERVE AND CARRYOUT IN THE HOSPITAL
I observed that morning devotion in the Hadassah medical center is been done at

7:30am. I also observed how a nurse took the vital signs of a patient in the vital signs unit. I

observed a surgical hand wash by the surgeon .I also observe surgical gloves Donning and

doffing. In addition there are different specimens in hospital laboratory such as blood, urine,

and stool. I carried out the procedure of making an unoccupied bed for a patient in the private

Ward.

The following equipment was provided for us to use;

- Clean linens (top sheet, bottom sheet, and pillowcase)

- Blank or bedspread

- Pillows

- Gloves for handling linens

- Sanitizing wipes or solution

- Hand soap or hand sanitizer

The following procedures were taken in making the bed;

- Collect fresh linens, including a top sheet, bottom sheet, pillowcase, and any

additional items such as blankets or bed pads.

- Lower the bed to a comfortable working height and ensure the wheels are locked to

prevent movement.

- Strip the bed of any used linens, placing them in a laundry bag or hamper designated

for soiled linens.

- Check the mattress for any signs of damage or contamination. Wipe down the

mattress surface with a disinfectant if necessary.

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 - Start by placing the bottom sheet on the mattress, ensuring it is smooth and wrinkle-

free. Then add the top sheet, tucking it securely under the mattress at the foot of the

bed.

- Place the pillows in their proper position at the head of the bed, either in a single stack

or side by side.

- If necessary, adjust the bed height to a comfortable level for the next patient.

- Inspect the bed to ensure all linens are properly secured and arranged neatly.

CHAPTER FOUR
SWOT ANALYSIS
These are the strength, weakness, opportunities and Thread observe in the Hadassah medical

center.

4.1 STRENGTH
Some strengths of Hadassah medical center in Yaoundé include:

1.Enough medical equipment and facilities

2. Highly trained and qualified medical staff, including doctors, nurses, and specialists

3. Wide range of medical services and specialties offered

4. Strong emphasis on patient care and satisfaction

5. Advanced technology and treatments available

4.2 WEAKNESS
Their weaknesses include;

1. A lack of adequate funding and resources,

2. Long wait times for appointments and treatment,

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3. limited access to certain specialized medical services,

4.3 OPPORTUNITIES
Some opportunities for Hadassah Medical Center Simbock in Yaoundé include:

1. The potential for growth and expansion in response to increasing healthcare needs in

the community.

2. The opportunity to offer innovative and specialized medical services to meet the

demands of the population.

3. the ability to attract and retain talented healthcare professionals through competitive

salaries.

4. The chance to collaborate with local and international partners to improve access to

resources and technology.

5. Community can help the medical center better understand the healthcare needs of the

population and tailor their services accordingly.

6. Training and development: Providing ongoing training and development opportunities

for staff can help ensure high-quality care and attract top talent to the medical center.

4.4 CHALLENGES
Some of the challenges faced by Hadassah Medical Center Simbock in Yaoundé may

include:

1. Limited resources: The medical center may struggle with limited funding, equipment,

and staff, which can impact the quality of care provided to patients.

2. Infrastructure issues: Infrastructure such as outdated facilities or lack of modern

technology may hinder the medical center's ability to provide efficient and effective

healthcare services.

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 3. Staffing shortages: The medical center may face challenges in recruiting and retaining

qualified healthcare professionals, leading to understaffing and increased workloads

for existing staff.

4. Financial constraints: Like many healthcare facilities in Africa, Hadassah Medical

Center Simbock may face financial constraints that limit its ability to invest in

necessary resources and infrastructure improvements.

5. Infectious disease outbreaks: The medical center may also be at risk of infectious

disease outbreaks, which can strain resources and require additional measures to

ensure the safety of patients and staff.

Above all, addressing these challenges will require strategic planning, investment in

resources, and collaboration with government and other stakeholders to improve the quality

of healthcare services provided by Hadassah Medical Center Simbock in Yaoundé.

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