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    Data Transmission Chapter 2 (Computer Science) (IGCSE)

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    Data Transmission Chapter 2 (Computer Science) (IGCSE)

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    18 views4 pages

    Data Transmission Chapter 2 (Computer Science) (IGCSE)

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    basiltoosy1218

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ZNOTES.

    ORG

    UPDATED TO 2023-2025 SYLLABUS

    CAIE IGCSE
    COMPUTER
    SCIENCE
    SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS
    Prepared for King Lol for personal use only.
    CAIE IGCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE

    Serial Parallel

    1. Data Transmission Better for longer distances


    (Telephone Lines)
    Better for short distances
    (Internal circuits)
    Expensive (More hardware
    1.1. Types and Methods of Data Cheaper Option
    required)
    Transmission Used when the size of data Used when speed is
    transmitted is small necessary
    Data Packets Slower Option Faster than Serial

    Packet Structure -
    Header
    1.2. Universal Serial Bus (USB)
    Contains the IP address of the sender and the
    USB is an asynchronous serial data transmission method
    receiver
    USB consists of:
    The sequence number of the packet
    Four-wire shielded cable
    Size of the packet
    Two wires are used for power and earth
    Payload
    Two wires are used in data transmission
    Contains the actual data
    Trailer
    Advantages Disadvantages
    Includes a method of identifying the end of the
    Transmission rate is less than
    packet Automatically detected
    120 MB/sec
    Error-Checking methods
    Packet Switching - Method of data transmission where the Only fit one way, prevents Maximum cable length is
    data is broken into multiple packets. Packets are then sent incorrect connections about 5 metres
    independently from start to end and reassembled at the Different data transmission
    receiver’s computer. rates
    Backwards compatible
    Advantages Disadvantages
    Industry-standard
    There is no need to create a
    Packets may be lost
    single line of communication
    Possible to overcome failed or More prone to errors in real- 1.3. Methods of Error Detection
    busy nodes time streaming
    Delay at the receiver while
    Parity Checks
    High data transmission speed the packets are being re-
    It uses the number of 1-bits in a byte
    ordered
    Type Types -
    Easy to expand package Even - Even number of 1-bits
    usage Odd - Odd numbers of 1-bits
    Example (Even Parity) -
    Data Transmission
    0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
    Simplex data transmission is in one direction only (e.g.
    computer to printer) The LMB (Left-Most Bit) is the parity bit. As the number of
    Half-duplex data transmission is in both directions but not 1s is even, the parity bit would be set to even.
    at the same time (e.g., in a phone conversation where Limitations with Parity Checks
    only one person speaks) Two bits may change during transmission; therefore error
    Full-duplex data transmission is in both directions is not found
    simultaneously (e.g. broadband connection on the phone Even though the parity checks would reveal the errors, the
    line) bit(s) changed wouldn’t be identified
    Serial data transmission is when data is sent one bit at a
    time over a single wire Parity Blocks
    Parallel data transmission is when data of several bits (1
    byte) are sent down several wires at the same time. To overcome the limitations of parity bits, Parity blocks
    would be used.
    Comparison of Serial and Parallel Data Transmission

    Serial Parallel

    WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2024 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is authoris
    for personal use only by King Lol at Drv on 17/05/24.
    CAIE IGCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE

    Automatic Repeat Requests (ARQs)

    Uses acknowledgements and timeouts to make sure the


    user received the data
    The receiver would check the data for any errors; if none
    are found, a positive acknowledgement is sent to the
    sender. However, if errors are found, a negative
    acknowledgement will be sent, and the data will be sent
    again.
    The sender uses timeouts to wait for a pre-determined
    Any changes in bits would be identified through the rows amount for the acknowledgement.
    and columns If no acknowledgements are received after the timeout,
    the data will be sent again to the receiver.
    Checksum

    Whenever a block of data needs to be sent, the sender


    1.4. Encryption
    would calculate the checksum value using a specific
    Encryption is a process of turning the data into an
    algorithm.
    unreadable form so it doesn’t make sense to hackers and
    Once the data has been sent, The receiver would
    other attackers.
    calculate the checksum again with the same set of data
    and the same algorithm used before.
    Plaintext and Ciphertext
    The receiver would then compare the value received and
    the newly calculated value. If they aren’t matched, A
    Plaintext is the original data that is being sent
    request is made to re-send the data. Ciphertext is the text produced after encryption

    Echo Check Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption


    Once the data has been sent, The receiver will send the Symmetric Encryption:
    data back to the sender for verification.
    It uses an encryption key for the encryption process;
    The sender would compare the received and original data the same key is used for encrypting and decrypting
    for errors. the data.
    The only downside is that we wouldn’t know if the error Asymmetric Encryption:
    occurred when sending the data or sending the data back Uses a public key and a private key. The public key is
    for verification.
    available to everyone, whereas the private key is only
    available to the user.
    Check Digits The receiver would have the private key, and they
    would send the public key to the sender. The sender
    Check digits are calculated from all the other digits in the
    can encrypt the message with the public key, and the
    data (ex-codes). The check digit would be the last digit of
    data can be decrypted using the private key.
    the code.
    These are used to identify mistyping errors such as -
    6372 typed as 6379
    8432 typed as 842

    WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2024 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is authoris
    for personal use only by King Lol at Drv on 17/05/24.
    CAIE IGCSE
    Computer Science

    © ZNotes Education Ltd. & ZNotes Foundation 2024. All rights reserved.
    This version was created by King Lol on 17/05/24 for strictly personal use only.
    These notes have been created by Abdullah Aamir, Abhiram Mydi and Shriram Srinivas for the 2023-2025 syllabus
    The document contains images and excerpts of text from educational resources available on the internet and
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