Laboratorio - Ciclo Cardiaco

Student: John Sebastian Bueno Gaviria
Apply What You Have Learned

In a single cardiac cycle, the ventricles fill to 130 mL, eject 70 mL, and
contain 60 mL left over before filling again. Which of the following is the
stroke volume (SV)?
70 mL
Second-degree AV block is a condition where the AV node fails to conduct

some of the signals to the ventricles. For each cardiac cycle where the signal
is blocked, which of the following statements describe expected changes to
the ECG and behavior of the heart?
Select two answers.
The P wave will be present, but the QRS complex and T wave will be missing.
Ventricles will fail to depolarize and contract.
Heart Anatomy
Summary of the Cardiac Cycle

Critical Concepts
The Cardiac Cycle
A cardiac cycle includes the changes within the heart from the start of one
heartbeat to the next.
Coordinated contraction and relaxation of heart chambers produces blood flow

through the pulmonary and systemic circulation to meet the body's needs.
Features That Control Blood Flow Through the Heart
The conduction system generates and conducts electrical signals through the
heart, allowing for the coordinated contraction of heart chambers.
Junctions between cardiac muscle cells are called intercalated discs. These
contain gap junctions for relaying the signal for contraction, and desmosomes to
ensure a firm union between contracting cells.
Heart valves ensure a one-way flow of blood through the heart.
The Cardiac Conduction System
The cardiac conduction system coordinates each heartbeat.
It consists of specialized cardiac muscle cells capable of initiating and

conducting electrical signals (action potentials).
Listed in order through which signals pass:

Sinoatrial (SA) node - also called the "pacemaker" because it spontaneously
generates an action potential that initiates every heartbeat; atria depolarize
and contract
Atrioventricular (AV) node - conducts the signal but slows it down, giving the
atria time to finish contracting before the ventricles are stimulated
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle and bundle branches - conduct the signal to the
Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers - extensive branches stimulate the ventricles to depolarize and

contract
Stimulation Leads to Contraction
Action potentials transmitted along the conduction system stimulate coordinated

contraction of heart chambers - first the atria contract, followed by the
ventricles.
An action potential generated at the SA node causes the atrial myocardium to

depolarize and contract.
After a brief delay at the AV node, the action potential continues through AV
bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to
depolarize and contract.
The offset in timing allows the atria to deliver blood to the ventricles before the
ventricles eject blood to the body.
Blood Pressure Gradients and Heart Valve Functions
Blood pressures within each heart chamber changes as the chamber contracts
and relaxes.
Contraction "squeezes" the blood, increasing pressure in the chamber,

whereas relaxation causes a decrease in pressure.
Blood flows down its pressure gradient, from an area of higher blood pressure to
an area of lower blood pressure.
The direction of blood flow determines the open or closed position of each valve.
Systole and Diastole
The cardiac cycle includes changes within the heart from the start of one
heartbeat to the next.
Heart chambers cycle through periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation

(diastole) while valves ensure a one-way flow of blood.
Atrial systole occurs just before ventricular systole, which results in the ejection
of blood. This is followed by a period where all four chambers are in diastole as
one cardiac cycle ends and the next one begins.
Atrial Contraction Completes Ventricular Filling
Atrial relaxation and ventricular filling: This is the start of the cardiac cycle, where
the majority of blood (~70%, but is variable) flows passively from the atria to the
ventricles as all chambers are relaxed.
Atrial contraction and ventricular filling: The remaining 30% is actively pumped
from the atria to the ventricles during atrial systole.
During this phase, the SA node initiates depolarization and contraction of the
atria, atrial pressure rises, and openings to the venae cavae are compressed
to prevent backflow of blood.
After atrial systole, blood volume in the ventricles is called the end-diastolic
volume (EDV) because this is the very end of ventricular diastole.
Isovolumic Contraction
Isovolumic contraction: A brief period during early ventricular systole; the

ventricles begin to contract and ventricular pressure rapidly rises.
All four valves are closed and there is no change in ventricular volume
("isovolumic").
The AV valves are closed because ventricular pressure is higher than atrial
pressure, and the SL valves are closed because ventricular pressure is still
lower than that in the arterial trunks.
Ventricular Ejection
Ventricular ejection: As the ventricles continue to contract their pressure

eventually exceeds that in the arterial trunks. SL valves open and blood is
ejected. The amount of blood ejected is called the stroke volume (SV).
Not all of the EDV is ejected. The leftover blood volume in the ventricles is
called the end-systolic volume (ESV) because this is the very end of
ventricular systole.
The AV valves remain closed because ventricular pressure is higher than

atrial pressure.
After Isovolumic Relaxation, Passive Ventricular Filling Resumes
Isovolumic relaxation: A brief period during early ventricular diastole; the

ventricles begin to relax and ventricular pressure rapidly drops.
All four valves are closed and there is no change in ventricular volume
("isovolumic").
Atrial relaxation and ventricular filling: The cardiac cycle ends as the ventricles
continue to relax their pressure eventually drops below that in the atria.
AV valves open and blood flows passively from the atria to the ventricles.
Electrocardiograms and the Cardiac Cycle
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records electrical changes in the heart throughout

the cardiac cycle and can therefore be used as a diagnostic tool.
ECGs are recorded by placing surface electrodes at specific points on the body.
The peaks (waveforms) of the ECG align with specific events of the cardiac cycle.
P Wave, P-Q Segment, and Atrial Function
Depolarization of the atria results in the P wave of an ECG.

The atria contract immediately following their depolarization. This occurs during
the P-Q segment (atrial plateau), when no electrical change is occurring.
QRS Complex, S-T Segment, T Wave, and Ventricular Function
Depolarization of the ventricles results in the QRS complex of an ECG.
The ventricles contract immediately following their depolarization. This occurs

during the S-T segment (ventricular plateau), when no electrical change is
occurring.
Repolarization of the ventricles results in the T wave.
The ventricles relax immediately following their repolarization. They remain

relaxed until the next cardiac cycle.
Identification of ECG Components
The ECG of one cardiac cycle includes three waveforms: the P wave, QRS
complex, and T wave.
The P wave is separated from the QRS complex by the P-Q segment.
The QRS complex is separated from the T wave by the S-T segment.
Summary of ECG and Heart Function
The cardiac conduction system stimulates the alternating contraction and

relaxation of the atria and ventricles throughout the cardiac cycle. An ECG is a
record of the electrical events.
Ejection of blood during the cardiac cycle serves to deliver nutrients to body cells
and remove their wastes.

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Student: John Sebastian Bueno Gaviria

Apply What You Have Learned

Second-degree AV block is a condition where the AV node fails to conduct

Summary of the Cardiac Cycle

The Cardiac Cycle

Coordinated contraction and relaxation of heart chambers produces blood flow

Features That Control Blood Flow Through the Heart

Heart valves ensure a one-way flow of blood through the heart.

The Cardiac Conduction System

The cardiac conduction system coordinates each heartbeat.

It consists of specialized cardiac muscle cells capable of initiating and

Listed in order through which signals pass:

Purkinje fibers - extensive branches stimulate the ventricles to depolarize and

Stimulation Leads to Contraction

Action potentials transmitted along the conduction system stimulate coordinated

An action potential generated at the SA node causes the atrial myocardium to

Blood Pressure Gradients and Heart Valve Functions

Contraction "squeezes" the blood, increasing pressure in the chamber,

Systole and Diastole

Heart chambers cycle through periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation

Atrial Contraction Completes Ventricular Filling

Isovolumic contraction: A brief period during early ventricular systole; the

Ventricular ejection: As the ventricles continue to contract their pressure

The AV valves remain closed because ventricular pressure is higher than

After Isovolumic Relaxation, Passive Ventricular Filling Resumes

Isovolumic relaxation: A brief period during early ventricular diastole; the

Electrocardiograms and the Cardiac Cycle

An electrocardiogram (ECG) records electrical changes in the heart throughout

P Wave, P-Q Segment, and Atrial Function

Depolarization of the atria results in the P wave of an ECG.

QRS Complex, S-T Segment, T Wave, and Ventricular Function

Depolarization of the ventricles results in the QRS complex of an ECG.

The ventricles contract immediately following their depolarization. This occurs

Repolarization of the ventricles results in the T wave.

The ventricles relax immediately following their repolarization. They remain

Identification of ECG Components

Summary of ECG and Heart Function

The cardiac conduction system stimulates the alternating contraction and

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