Acta Scientific AGRICULTURE (ISSN: 2581-365X)

Volume 8 Issue 3 March 2024

Research Article

White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

V Basil Hans1*, Prashanth2 and Usha Nayak3

1
Research Professor, Associate Professor, Department of MBA, Yenepoya Institute of
Received: February 06, 2024
Science Commerce and Management. Mangalore, India
Published: February 24, 2024
2
Department of Commerce, Canara and Canara Evening College. Mangalore, India
© All rights are reserved by V Basil
3
Research Professor, Institute of Commerce and Management, Srinivas University,
Hans., et al.
Pandeshwar, Mangalore, India
*Corresponding Author: V Basil Hans, Research Professor, Associate Professor,
Department of MBA, Yenepoya Institute of Science Commerce and Management,
Mangalore, India.
DOI: 10.31080/ASAG.2024.08.1354

Abstract
The White Revolution in India, often referred to as Operation Flood, was a significant endeavor aimed at revolutionizing the dairy
industry of the country. The initiative, which began in the early 1970s, had the objective of modernizing and enhancing milk produc-
tion in order to achieve self-sufficiency in dairy products for India. This abstract is a concise summary of the fundamental elements,
influence, and difficulties associated with the White Revolution.
The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) led by Dr. Verghese Kurien coordinated the White Revolution. The effort centered
around three primary pillars: augmenting milk supply, bolstering milk processing capabilities, and establishing a dependable milk
distribution network. The execution of Operation Flood resulted in the establishment of dairy cooperatives, which bestowed author-
ity upon local farmers and rural communities.
An essential element of the White Revolution was the implementation of crossbreeding initiatives aimed at enhancing both the
caliber and volume of milk output. The integration of technology and scientific methodologies brought about a profound transforma-
tion in conventional dairy farming techniques, resulting in a substantial enhancement in the productivity per cow. Dairy cooperatives
were established to provide farmers access to markets, equitable pricing, and enhanced livelihoods.
The White Revolution had a significant and far-reaching effect, leading to India's transition from a country with insufficient milk
supply to becoming one of the world's major milk producers. The project not only met the population's nutritional requirements
but also fostered economic growth through the establishment of a sustainable dairy farming model. The success of Operation Flood
showcased the efficacy of cooperative methods in agriculture and served as a catalyst for similar endeavors in other areas.
Nevertheless, the White Revolution encountered obstacles such as initial opposition to reform, constraints in infrastructure, and
socio-economic inequalities. The report examines the methods employed to tackle and surmount these issues, which encompassed
strategic planning, community engagement, and policy endorsement.
Ultimately, the White Revolution in India serves as a testament to the profound impact of collaborative agricultural movements. By
tackling the intricacies of the dairy industry, it not only attained self-reliance but also laid the groundwork for sustainable progress in
rural regions. This abstract offers a brief insight into the complex and diverse journey of the White Revolution, highlighting its endur-
ing influence on India's agricultural terrain.
Keywords: Milk; Operation Flood; Kurien; White Revolution

Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.
White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

30

Introduction To evaluate the effects of Operation Flood

The White Revolution, often referred to as Operation Flood,
signifies a significant milestone in India’s agricultural history, spe- • Analyze the historical influence of Operation Flood on the In-
cifically in the domain of dairy farming. This transformative effort, dian milk industry, taking into account variables such as milk
initiated in the early 1970s by the National Dairy Development output, farmer sustenance, and the expansion of dairy coop-
Board (NDDB) under the visionary leadership of Dr. Verghese Ku- eratives.
rien, aimed to reform the dairy industry of the country. The phrase
“White Revolution” accurately encapsulates the ambitious objec-
To examine the present patterns in the Indian dairy industry
tive of achieving self-sufficiency in milk production in India, so
transforming it from a nation with a shortage of milk to one of the • Analyze the latest patterns in milk production, market dynam-
leading global milk producers. ics, and consumer preferences to offer valuable observations
on the present condition of the dairy sector in India.
The White Revolution was implemented as a strategic solu-
tion to tackle the issues posed by a growing population, limited
resources, and the necessity for nutritional self-sufficiency. The To ascertain the difficulties encountered by milk producers
effort aimed to go beyond just boosting milk output and instead
• Conduct a thorough examination and record the obstacles
adopted a comprehensive approach that included technological
faced by dairy farmers in India, encompassing matters per-
breakthroughs, the formation of dairy cooperatives, and the devel-
taining to pricing, market entry, and the adoption of technol-
opment of a strong supply network. The main goal was to improve
ogy.
the economic prosperity of farmers by assuring equitable compen-
sation for their work, while also addressing the nutritional needs
of the population. To scrutinize governmental policies and assess their repercussions

This introduction offers a concise summary of the main goals • Evaluate the efficacy of governmental policies, efforts, and
and participants in the White Revolution, laying the groundwork regulatory frameworks in influencing the growth of the milk
for a more in-depth examination of its elements, influence, and dif- industry, considering both favorable and unfavorable conse-
ficulties. The introduction seeks to explore the historical context quences.
in order to clarify the motivating factors behind the project and
emphasize its importance in defining India’s agricultural environ-
ment. The following parts will elucidate the complexities of Opera- For the purpose of investigating potential future prospects and
tion Flood, analyzing the tactics utilized, the transformative results opportunities
attained, and the insights gained along the course of the operation.
• Analyze prospective future developments, prospects, and
obstacles in the Indian dairy industry, taking into account as-
The name “White Revolution” is mostly linked to the dairy de-
pects such as technological progress, global market forces, and
velopment program in India, commonly referred to as Operation
evolving consumer tastes.
Flood.

Study Goals To evaluate the impact of technology on dairy farming

The objectives of a study or research project are the precise
targets and purposes that the researcher attempts to accomplish • Analyze the implementation and influence of technology in
through the investigation. The objectives serve as a roadmap for dairy farming methods, encompassing the utilization of pre-
the research process and assist in delineating the extent and inten- cision agriculture, automated milking equipment, and digital
tion of the investigation. Below are some of how the goals of a re- platforms.
search project on the dairy industry in India could be formulated:

Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.
White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

31

To examine the implementation of sustainable practices in 22, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate
dairy farming Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) production data [2].

• Analyze the existing sustainability measures used in the dairy The future of dairy farming in India also depends on expanding
industry, encompassing initiatives pertaining to environmen- into new markets and enhancing the value of dairy products. Al-
tal preservation, animal well-being, and efficient utilization of though traditional milk production remains crucial, there is an in-
resources. creasing need for dairy products with added value, such as cheese,
yogurt, butter, and ice cream [3].

In order to comprehend consumer perceptions and preferences

The Operation Flood, sometimes referred to as the White Revo-
• Examine customer opinions, beliefs, and choices surround- lution, was initiated in the 1970s with the objective of achieving
ing dairy products, taking into account aspects including the self-sufficiency in milk production in India. Dr. Verghese Kurien is
quality of the products, health-related concerns, and the ethi- widely recognized as the progenitor of The White Revolution in In-
cal origins of the products. dia. The White Revolution is linked to a significant surge in milk
output [4].

To produce policy recommendations aimed at enhancing the Subsequently, the National Dairy Development Board imple-
sector mented a novel initiative called “Operation Flood” with the aim of
accelerating the progress of the white revolution in the nation. The
• Utilizing the research results, offer well-informed policy sug-
initiative known as Operation Flood was launched in 1970 with the
gestions with the goal of tackling obstacles, promoting sus-
objective of establishing a comprehensive milk distribution net-
tainability, and improving the overall growth of the dairy in-
work across the country [5].
dustry in India.

A defining characteristic of a growing country is the emergence

In order to enhance both theoretical and applied understanding of several organizations that are specifically designed to address
the needs and capitalize on the opportunities that arise from its
• Enhance the scholarly comprehension of the Indian milk sec- development. The success of the development process relies heav-
tor and offer pragmatic perspectives for policymakers, stake- ily on the growth, maturity, and ability of new organizations to ef-
holders, and practitioners engaged in the dairy business. fectively meet the requirements of society as a whole. Nevertheless,
not all nascent companies experience growth and development.
Certain individuals experience premature deterioration. What sets
To promote clarity and efficacy in the research process, it is apart the companies that endure and expand? The user’s text is [6].
important for each target to be precise, measurable, attainable,
relevant, and time-bound (SMART). These objectives collectively Operation Flood (OF), India’s primary dairy development pro-
serve as the framework for the study, providing guidance to the gram, is an immensely large scheme that is backed by the EC. In ad-
researcher in undertaking a thorough and significant inquiry of the dition to establishing an extensive infrastructure for dairy produc-
selected issue. tion, procurement, and marketing, it has generated anticipation for
the potential establishment of fair and self-sustaining cooperatives
Review of existing literature that are inclusive of all social classes, castes, and genders [7].
India holds the top position as the largest milk producer global-
ly, accounting for 24.64% of the total global milk output in the year The analysis found that the comprehensive empirical work on
2021-22. India’s milk output has had a significant 58% growth dur- the project did not support the broad claims made for Operation
ing the past nine years, specifically between 2014-15 and 2022-23, Flood as a globally significant success story. Specifically, this analy-
reaching a total of 230.58 million tonnes in 2022-23 [1]. sis emphasizes the effects of Operation Flood on India’s reliance on
imported skim milk powder from the European Economic Commu-
India holds the top position in global milk production, provid- nity (EEC), the country’s domestic dairy production, the financial
ing 24% of the total milk production in the globe for the year 2021-

Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.
White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

32

gains of participating farmers, the informal dairy production and

marketing sector, the nutritional status in rural areas, and the so- Hybridization initiatives
cioeconomic status of rural women. The paper provides a detailed The White Revolution implemented scientific innovations in an-
overview of different possibilities for the future [8]. imal husbandry, such as the implementation of crossbreeding ini-
tiatives. These projects sought to boost the genetic potential of lo-
India has emerged as the leading global milk producer, although cal cattle by introducing high-yielding exotic breeds, with the goal
its dairy sector has challenges in terms of market accessibility. This of improving both the quality and quantity of milk output.
study aims to assess the impact of global dairy policy reforms on
dairy production and trade in India, as well as the competitiveness Adoption of technology
of its dairy industry [9,10]. Operation Flood prioritized the utilization of contemporary
technologies and optimal methodologies in the field of dairy pro-
In India, the domestic consumption volume of milk exceeded duction. This encompassed the application of sophisticated breed-
207 million metric tons as of 2023. The consumption amount in ing methods, enhanced veterinary care for animals, and the intro-
the previous year was approximately 202 million metric tons, duction of automated milking procedures to enhance productivity.
which represents a growth.
Advancement of physical structures
The Indian dairy sector encounters numerous obstacles, in- The project prioritized the construction of essential infrastruc-
cluding ture, including milk processing plants, cold storage facilities, and
transportation networks. This infrastructure was crucial for pre-
• India exhibits a significant deficiency in productivity, namely serving the quality of milk and guaranteeing its prompt delivery to
in terms of the output generated per animal. The user’s text is consumers.
already straightforward and precise.
Governmental assistance and initiatives for policy changes
The success of the White Revolution was enhanced by robust
Production inefficiency in India is primarily attributed to inad-
government backing and policy overhauls. This encompassed pro-
equate farm management, limited access to resources, a lack of in-
viding monetary aid, grants, and establishing a conducive policy
expensive technology, and insufficient access to information [11].
framework to stimulate the expansion of dairy cooperatives.

Characteristics of the white revolution

Integration of markets
The White Revolution in India, sometimes referred to as Opera-
The objective of Operation Flood was to facilitate the consoli-
tion Flood, implemented certain significant aspects that were es-
dation of the dairy industry by establishing a direct link between
sential in the transformation of the dairy industry. These are some
dairy producers and customers. This method eradicated interme-
of the notable characteristics.
diaries, guaranteeing equitable remuneration for farmers and en-
abling consumers to obtain high-quality dairy products at afford-
Dairy cooperatives
able prices.
An essential aspect of the White Revolution was the formation
of dairy cooperatives. These cooperatives facilitated the collabo-
Enhancement of one’s means of living
ration of nearby farmers, enabling them to collectively engage in
An essential characteristic of the White Revolution was its pro-
the manufacturing, refinement, and promotion of milk and dairy
found influence on rural sustenance. The initiative fostered poverty
goods.
alleviation and enhanced the economic conditions of rural commu-
nities by empowering farmers through cooperative structures.
The Anand pattern of cooperatives
The operational framework implemented in Operation Flood,
Expanding in size
also known as the “Anand pattern,” entailed establishing dairy
Operation Flood was executed in a tripartite manner, gradually
cooperatives at the village level, which were then organized into
broadening its scale and geographic reach. The incremental ap-
larger federations at the district and state levels. The hierarchical
proach facilitated the refinement of plans and resolution of issues
framework guaranteed effective administration, enhanced nego-
encountered during the implementation process.
tiation leverage, and optimized processes.

Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.
White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

33

The convergence of these characteristics through the White ness and globalization. Complying with international standards for
Revolution resulted in a substantial metamorphosis in India’s milk and dairy products is a prevailing practice that enhances com-
dairy industry, positioning the nation as one of the foremost milk petitiveness in the global market.
producers globally. The cooperative model and the focus on tech-
nology and infrastructure continue to shape agricultural develop- Government actions and regulations
ment strategies worldwide. The persistent backing and regulations from the government re-
main essential in maintaining the expansion of the dairy industry.
The White Revolution in India, also known as Operation Flood, Efforts focused on enhancing rural development, ensuring the well-
has had an enduring influence on the dairy industry of the country. being of farmers, and upgrading infrastructure play a crucial role in
Although the specific trends may change in the future, there are the overall prosperity of the dairy business.
certain overall patterns and factors to consider regarding the con-
tinuous impact of the White Revolution. Involvement of the private sector
There has been a rise in the participation of the private sector
Sustained expansion in milk production in both the production and processing of dairy products. Private
The White Revolution established the basis for long-term ex- enterprises contribute to the introduction of innovation, enhance-
pansion in milk production in India. The dairy sector continues to ment of supply chains, and establishment of market connections.
expand due to ongoing efforts and breakthroughs in dairy farming
operations, genetics, and technology. Emphasize the enhancement of one’s means of living
The White Revolution’s focus on enhancing the economic cir-
Technological Progress cumstances of farmers and rural communities remains pertinent.
The incorporation of technology in dairy production remains a Current endeavors are centered around establishing enduring
prevailing trend. Contemporary methods in breeding, healthcare, means of supporting individuals engaged in the dairy industry.
and farm management are being implemented to improve produc-
tivity and efficiency. Obstacles encountered by India during operation flood
Although Operation Flood, also known as the White Revolution,
Expansion of dairy product range brought about significant changes in India’s dairy industry, it en-
The emphasis has transitioned from solely augmenting milk countered numerous obstacles throughout its execution. Gaining
production to expanding the range of dairy products available. The an understanding of these problems offers valuable insights into
focus is on enhancing value by producing processed dairy prod- the intricacies of implementing large-scale changes in agriculture.
ucts such as cheese, yogurt, and ice cream, in response to evolving India encountered several significant obstacles during Operation
consumer tastes. Flood:

Sustainability measures Resistance to change

The recognition of the ecological consequences of dairy produc- At first, traditional farming communities were reluctant to ac-
tion is increasing. The prevalence of sustainable and eco-friendly cept and implement the new practices brought by Operation Flood.
activities, including effective waste management, utilization of re- Persuading farmers to adopt contemporary methodologies and co-
newable energy, and water conservation, is increasing. operative frameworks presented a substantial obstacle.

Digitization of processes and systems to enable organizational Constraints in the physical structures and systems that sup-
change and improve efficiency. port a particular area or organization
The utilization of digital technology, including precision farm- The insufficiency of sufficient infrastructure, encompassing
ing, data analytics, and farm management software, is increasing. cold storage facilities, transportation networks, and processing
These technologies assist farmers in monitoring and optimizing plants, posed obstacles in preserving the quality of milk and effec-
multiple facets of dairy production. tively distributing dairy products to consumers.

Standards for quality and safety Socioeconomic inequalities

The dairy business has experienced a heightened emphasis on The presence of socio-economic differences among farmers
quality and safety standards due to the rise in consumer aware- presented difficulties in implementing a standardized cooperative

Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.
White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

34

model. To effectively cater to the varied requirements and capa- Concerns related to policies and regulations
bilities of farmers hailing from different geographical areas and The implementation of Operation Flood was hindered by evolv-
socio-cultural backgrounds, it was necessary to employ strategic ing policy frameworks, regulatory challenges, and bureaucratic
planning and tailor-made approaches. obstacles. The continuous process of modifying policies to tackle
developing difficulties and promote the expansion of dairy coop-
Availability of credit and capital eratives was underway.
A significant number of farmers, particularly those with small
landholdings, encountered difficulties in obtaining credit and cash Notwithstanding these obstacles, Operation Flood attained ex-
to finance investments in enhanced breeding techniques, adoption traordinary triumph throughout its gradual execution. Through the
of technology, and expansion of infrastructure. Their full participa- implementation of strategic interventions, government assistance,
tion in the White Revolution was impeded by financial limitations. and the commitment of stakeholders, India successfully overcame
these obstacles and achieved self-sufficiency in milk production,
Logistical challenges therefore transforming its dairy sector. The insights gained during
The efficient synchronization and administration of the supply Operation Flood continue to shape agricultural development initia-
chain, encompassing transportation and distribution, encountered tives on a worldwide scale.
logistical obstacles. To ensure the prompt and effective collection
of milk from different sources to processing centers, it was neces- Strategies implemented for operation flood
sary to overcome logistical challenges. Operation Flood, also known as the White Revolution, encom-
passed a sequence of strategic initiatives aimed at tackling the
Insufficient knowledge and understanding obstacles in the transformation of India’s dairy industry. The pro-
The lack of awareness and education among farmers on the ad- gram was carried out in three distinct phases, covering a period of
vantages of cooperative models and contemporary dairy farming twenty-six years from 1970 to 1996. Its main objectives were to
practices was a significant obstacle. Disseminating knowledge and augment milk output, improve processing capacities, and develop
providing training were crucial in solving this obstacle. a dependable distribution network. Several crucial strategies were
implemented to ensure the triumph of Operation Flood:
Regional disparities
Operation Flood experienced notable geographical disparities Establishment of dairy cooperatives
in its performance and implementation. Certain regions exhibited An essential action implemented was the establishment of dairy
a greater willingness to adopt the program, resulting in inequali- cooperatives at the local level. The cooperative concept enabled lo-
ties in the expansion and influence of the dairy industry. cal farmers to actively engage in milk production, processing, and
marketing by working together as a collective. This strategy facili-
Ensuring quality and uniformity tated the consolidation of resources and established a platform for
The task of maintaining uniform quality and compliance with collaborative decision-making.
standards in milk production and processing posed difficulties.
Enforcing quality control standards across various geographical The anand pattern of cooperatives
regions and farming methods necessitated continuous and dedi- The execution of the “Anand pattern” entailed establishing a
cated endeavors. hierarchical framework of dairy cooperatives, commencing at the
village level and thereafter federating at the district and state lev-
Economic forces and changes in market conditions leading to els. This organizational structure enabled effective administration,
variations in prices cost advantages due to increased size, and enhanced negotiation
Farmers and cooperatives faced issues due to the volatility leverage.
of the dairy market, which involved price changes and changing
dynamics. Achieving equitable and consistent pricing for farmers Hybridization initiatives
while simultaneously upholding market competitiveness necessi- Operation Flood implemented crossbreeding initiatives to en-
tated meticulous equilibrium. hance both the amount and quality of milk production. The objec-

Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.
White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

35

tive of these projects was to improve the genetic capacity of native

cattle by introducing high-yielding foreign breeds. Programs focused on raising awareness and providing train-
ing
Adoption of technology To address the issue of limited knowledge and reluctance to
The operation prioritized the implementation of contemporary adapt, comprehensive awareness and training initiatives were
technologies and optimal methodologies in dairy production. This implemented. Farmers were instructed on the advantages of coop-
encompassed the utilization of sophisticated breeding methods, erative models, contemporary dairy farming techniques, and the
enhanced veterinary care for animals, and the implementation of economic rewards of engaging in Operation Flood.
mechanized milking procedures to enhance productivity.
The implementation of these strategies had a significant role in
Advancement of physical structures the success of Operation Flood, which resulted in India’s transfor-
Operation Flood primarily emphasized the construction of mation from a country with insufficient milk supply to being one
vital infrastructure, including milk processing plants, cold stor- of the leading milk producers globally. The cooperative model and
age facilities, and transportation networks. The establishment of the focus on technological advancements and infrastructural devel-
this infrastructure was vital for preserving the quality of milk and opment remain significant in influencing agricultural development
guaranteeing its prompt distribution to consumers. strategies on a worldwide scale.

Governmental assistance and revisions to policies India has transitioned from being a country with insufficient
The success of Operation Flood was greatly influenced by sub- milk production to becoming a country with an excess of milk.
stantial government funding. The implementation of financial aid,
subsidies, and favorable policy measures aimed to stimulate the The success of Operation Flood, a significant project carried out
expansion of dairy cooperatives and safeguard the welfare of farm- in three phases from 1970 to 1996, is widely credited for India’s
ers. transition from a country with insufficient milk production to one
with an excess of milk. Below is a summary of the primary factors
Programs aimed at promoting the growth and improvement of that led to this substantial change:
domesticated animals for agricultural purposes.
Operation flood - a cooperative movement
Livestock improvement activities were implemented with Operation Flood, alternatively referred to as the White Revolu-
crossbreeding projects to enhance the general well-being and ef- tion, had its primary objective centered around the establishment
ficiency of dairy animals. This encompassed immunization initia- and enlargement of dairy cooperatives at the local level. The co-
tives, illness management strategies, and enhanced feeding and operative concept facilitated the empowerment of local farmers
nutritional protocols. by promoting collaboration in milk production, processing, and
marketing. This strategy facilitated the consolidation of resources,
Integration of markets enhanced production, and ensured an equitable distribution of
The objective of Operation Flood was to facilitate the consoli- benefits.
dation of the dairy industry by establishing a direct link between
dairy producers and customers. By adopting this method, interme- Enhanced milk yield
diaries were eliminated, guaranteeing equitable remuneration for The use of crossbreeding initiatives and enhanced animal hus-
farmers’ milk and enabling customers to obtain high-quality dairy bandry techniques were essential in augmenting milk production.
goods. The process involved the breeding of high-yielding foreign breeds
with indigenous cattle in order to augment milk yields, resulting in
Gradual Implementation a significant rise in overall productivity.
Operation Flood was executed in a tripartite manner, enabling
a systematic and incremental approach. This approach enabled Adoption and modernization of technology
the refinement of techniques, tackling obstacles faced in previous The primary focus of Operation Flood was to promote the use
stages, and guaranteeing long-lasting expansion. of advanced technology and optimal methodologies in the field of

Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.
White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

36

dairy production. This encompassed the utilization of sophisti- sues. India’s experience in adopting a cooperative strategy and the
cated breeding methods, automated milking procedures, and sci- knowledge gained from it continue to have a significant impact on
entific methodologies to optimize the effectiveness and output of global agricultural growth.
dairy operations.
Diversification of dairy products refers to the process of expand-
Advancement of physical structures ing the range and variety of dairy products available in the market.
The dairy sector was supported by the establishment of suf-
ficient infrastructure, such as milk processing plants, cold stor- The primary objective of Operation Flood was to augment milk
age facilities, and transportation networks. This infrastructure production, while simultaneously promoting the expansion of
was crucial in preserving the quality of milk and guaranteeing its dairy product offerings. The dairy business experienced expansion
prompt distribution. due to the increasing focus on producing value-added goods, such
as cheese, yogurt, and ice cream.
Governmental assistance and initiatives for policy changes
The Indian government extended robust backing to Operation In summary, Operation Flood serves as an exceptional illustra-
Flood by means of financial aid, subsidies, and favorable policy tion of how a meticulously planned and executed cooperative ini-
adjustments. This assistance facilitated the development of condi- tiative, bolstered by technological advancements, infrastructure
tions that allowed dairy cooperatives to thrive, ensuring their fi- development, and government regulations, may bring about a
nancial viability and long-term sustainability. profound transformation in a country’s agricultural sector. India’s
transition from a milk deficit to a milk surplus is a significant ex-
Integration of markets and removal of intermediaries ample of sustainable and inclusive agricultural growth.
The objective of Operation Flood was to facilitate the consolida-
tion of the dairy industry by developing direct linkages between India’s milk production
dairy producers and customers. This eradicated intermediaries, Operation Flood was implemented in the following phases
guaranteeing that farmers obtained equitable remuneration for
their milk. Eliminating intermediaries optimized the supply chain, • Phase I (1970–1980) was financed by the sale of skimmed
hence enhancing the economic prosperity of farmers. milk powder and butter oil donated by the European Union (then
the European Economic Community) through the World Food
Gradual implementation and acquisition of knowledge Programme.
The implementation of Operation Flood occurred in three dis- • Phase II (1981–1985) increased the number of milk sheds from
tinct phases, enabling a gradual and systematic approach while 18 to 136; urban markets expanded the outlets for milk to 290.
also benefiting from the knowledge gained in each phase. This it- By the end of 1985, a self-sustaining system of 43,000 village
erative procedure enabled the ongoing enhancement, adjustment cooperatives with 42,50,000 milk producers had been covered.
to obstacles, and the fine-tuning of techniques throughout the du- • Phase III (1985-1996) enabled dairy cooperatives to expand
ration. and strengthen the infrastructure required to procure and market
increasing volumes of milk. This phase added 30000 new dairy
Enhancing means of subsistence and fostering development cooperatives, which led to a total of 73,000.
in rural areas
Operation Flood helped quality milk reach consumers across
Operation Flood’s success not only converted India into a na-
700 towns and cities through a National Milk Grid. The programme
tion with excess milk production, but also played a role in enhanc-
also helped remove the need for middlemen, thereby reducing sea-
ing the overall quality of life in rural areas. Dairy farmers that
sonal price variations. The cooperative structure made the whole
participated in cooperative organizations witnessed economic
exercise of production and distribution of milk and milk products
advancement, resulting in improved quality of life in rural regions.
economically viable for farmers to undertake on their own. It also
ended India’s dependence on imported milk solids. Not only was
Worldwide acknowledgment and duplication
the nation equipped to meet its local dairy needs, but it also started
The global acknowledgment of Operation Flood’s success led to
exporting milk powder to many foreign countries. Genetic improve-
the replication of certain aspects of the Indian dairy cooperative
ment of milking animals also increased due to cross-breeding. As
model in other nations that were also dealing with comparable is-

Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.
White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

37

the dairy industry modernised and expanded, around 10 million A ‘National Milk Grid’ was established to facilitate the connec-
farmers started earning their income from dairy farming. tion between milk producers and consumers throughout over 700
cities and towns around the country.
Milk production in 1950-51 stood at merely 17 Million Tonnes
(MT). In 1968-69, prior to the launch of Operation Flood, milk pro- The revolution additionally diminished regional and seasonal
duction was only 21.2 MT which increased to 30.4 MT by 1979- fluctuations in prices, thereby guaranteeing client contentment
80 and 51.4 MT by 1989-90. Now it has increased to 210 million simultaneously. Additionally, it guaranteed that the manufacturers
tonnes in 2020-21. Today, milk production is growing at the rate receive a significant portion of the price paid by clients.
of two per cent in the whole world, whereas in India, its growth
rate is more than six per cent. The per capita availability of milk in Enhanced the quality of life for individuals residing in rural ar-
India is much higher than the world average. In three decades (the eas and facilitated the advancement of the rural economy.
1980s, 1990s and 2000s), the daily milk consumption in the coun-
try rose from a low of 107 grams per person in 1970 to 427 grams By the conclusion of the White Revolution, also known as Op-
per person in 2020-21 as against the world average of 322 grams eration Flood, a total of 73,930 dairy cooperatives had been es-
per day during 2021 [12]. tablished, connecting over 35 million dairy farmer members. Cur-
rently, as a result of the White Revolution, there exist numerous
highly efficient Cooperatives in India. Therefore, the revolution is
the primary factor behind the economic well-being of several In-
dian villages.

Challenges encountered by dairy farmers in India.

Indian milk producers encounter a multitude of problems, in-
cluding economic, social, and structural complexities. Several sig-
nificant issues that affect milk farmers in the country are:

Decreased milk prices

A considerable number of small and marginal farmers, who
make up a large proportion of milk producers, frequently encoun-
ter the difficulty of receiving inadequate remuneration for their
milk. The factors contributing to this phenomenon can be ascribed
to market dynamics, insufficient leverage in negotiations, and the
intermediaries present in the supply chain.

Access to the market and the quality of infrastructure.

Figure a: Press Information Bureau Government of India. Insufficient access to markets and poor infrastructure, such as
transportation and storage facilities, can result in inefficiencies
Importance of operation flood within the supply chain. This frequently leads to milk producers
The White Revolution in India facilitated the mitigation of mal- encountering difficulties in efficiently and economically delivering
feasance perpetrated by traders and merchants. Furthermore, it their products to consumers.
contributed to the elimination of poverty and positioned India as
the leading producer of milk and milk products. Quality control and assurance
Ensuring and upholding the quality of milk can pose a problem,
Operation Flood granted the dairy producers authority over especially for producers operating on a small scale. Ensuring com-
the resource they had generated. It facilitated their ability to guide pliance with quality standards and adopting optimal methods in
their own progress. animal husbandry and milk handling may necessitate expenditures
in technology and training.

Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.
White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

38

Variations in milk production throughout the year management, and data analytics. Nevertheless, several small-scale
Seasonal variations in milk production are commonly influ- producers may have difficulties in embracing these technologies as
enced by factors such as climatic conditions and the availability a result of financial limitations or a lack of knowledge.
of feed. This can have a significant impact on the continuous and
dependable provision of milk, so harming the livelihoods of pro- Disparities in education and knowledge
ducers. Inadequate knowledge and education regarding optimal meth-
ods in dairy farming, market dynamics, and government initiatives
Credit and capital accessibility might impede milk producers’ capacity to make well-informed
A significant number of milk producers, particularly small-scale choices and enhance their operations.
farmers, encounter difficulties in obtaining financing and cash to
finance investments in enhanced breeding, technology adoption, To tackle these difficulties, a comprehensive strategy is needed
and infrastructure development. Limited financial resources can that encompasses legislative interventions, infrastructure develop-
impede their capacity to improve production and efficiency. ment, financial assistance, and capacity-building programs. The
objective is to empower milk producers and improve the long-term
Medical and animal care services viability of the dairy industry in India.
Ensuring access to healthcare and veterinary services is vi-
tal for preserving the well-being and efficiency of dairy animals. Proposed solutions
Nevertheless, certain places, particularly those that are distant or In order to tackle the difficulties encountered by milk producers
rural, could experience a deficiency in sufficient veterinary infra- in India, it is crucial to implement a comprehensive approach that
structure and healthcare facilities for cattle. encompasses policy interventions, infrastructural enhancement,
and capacity-building programs. Below are proposed solutions to
Land fragmentation refers to the division of land into smaller, enhance the circumstances for dairy farmers:
separate parcels or fragments.
Equitable pricing mechanism
pasture fragmentation, a prevalent problem in India, might re- Establish and uphold equitable pricing procedures to guarantee
strict the accessibility of ample grazing pasture for dairy animals. that dairy farmers obtain just and profitable rates for their mer-
This can have an effect on the dietary consumption of animals and, chandise. This may entail implementing clear and easily under-
consequently, the production of milk. standable pricing systems and decreasing reliance on intermediar-
ies.
Reliance on intermediaries
A significant number of milk producers, especially those in tra- Facilitating entry into the market and improving the develop-
ditional and unorganized sectors, rely on intermediaries to sell ment of infrastructure
their milk. Such interdependence might result in inequitable pric- Allocate resources towards the enhancement of resilient infra-
ing, postponed remittances, and diminished profitability for the structure, encompassing transportation networks, storage facili-
producers. ties, and market access points. Enhancing logistics can streamline
the transportation of milk from farmers to consumers and mini-
Effects of climate change mize post-harvest losses.
Climate change-induced issues, such as erratic weather pat-
terns, prolonged dry spells, and unprecedented temperatures, can Programs for ensuring and maintaining the quality and assur-
have detrimental impacts on the availability of animal feed, water ance of products or services.
resources, and the general well-being of cattle, hence presenting
difficulties for dairy farmers. Establish quality control and assurance protocols to verify that
milk adheres to predetermined criteria. This may entail imparting
Restricted availability of technological resources training to producers regarding optimal techniques in animal hus-
Productivity can be enhanced through the adoption of modern bandry, milk handling, and hygiene.
technologies, such as automated milking systems, efficient feed

Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.
White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

39

Financial assistance and credit accessibility

Facilitate financial assistance and enhance loan accessibility Public policies and governmental assistance
for small-scale and marginalized farmers. This can enable them to Ensure that government policies prioritize the needs and inter-
allocate resources towards the adoption of technology, the devel- ests of farmers and provide them with substantial support. This
opment of infrastructure, and other enhancements that augment encompasses the execution of policies that cater to the distinct
productivity. requirements of milk producers, offering subsidies for necessary
resources, and establishing a conducive atmosphere for the expan-
Medical and animal care services sion of the dairy industry.
Enhance healthcare and veterinary services for livestock. This
encompasses the establishment of veterinary clinics, provision Scientific investigation and innovation
of immunizations, and implementation of training programs for Allocate resources towards research and development in order
farmers on livestock management and health. to discover and apply cutting-edge solutions for the difficulties en-
countered by milk producers. This may entail conducting research
Strategies for farming that can withstand climate change. on climate-resilient breeds, using sustainable farming techniques,
Encourage the adoption of climate-resilient agricultural tech- and adopting cost-effective technologies.
niques to assist farmers in adjusting to fluctuating weather pat-
terns. This may entail offering knowledge on crops that are resil- The suggested cures attempt to improve the resilience and pros-
ient to drought, techniques for conserving water, and sustainable perity of milk producers in India by adopting a comprehensive and
alternatives for feeding cattle. integrated approach that considers the economic, social, and envi-
ronmental elements of dairy farming. Effective implementation of
Educational and awareness initiatives these policies relies on the essential collaboration of government
Implement educational and awareness initiatives to augment agencies, NGOs, research institutions, and the commercial sector.
the knowledge and expertise of milk producers. This encompasses
instruction on contemporary techniques in dairy farming, educa- Indian government’s policy on milk
tion in financial competence, and knowledge of governmental ini- The Indian government has implemented a comprehensive ap-
tiatives and assistance programs. proach to the dairy sector, encompassing milk production, with the
objectives of providing assistance to farmers, fostering the expan-
Adoption of Technology sion of the dairy industry, and guaranteeing food security. It is rec-
Promote the implementation of technology in dairy production. ommended to consult reputable sources for the most up-to-date
This may entail offering subsidies or financial incentives to en- information, as policies and programs may be subject to modifica-
courage the acquisition of state-of-the-art machinery, automated tion. Below are several crucial elements of the Indian government’s
milking systems, and digital tools for efficient farm management. policy regarding milk:

Enhancement of collaboration The national dairy development board (NDDB) is an organiza-

Enhance and bolster the existing dairy cooperatives while pro- tion.
moting the establishment of new ones. Cooperatives enhance the The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) plays a crucial
agency of farmers by offering them the ability to negotiate collec- role in devising and executing policies pertaining to the advance-
tively, facilitating their access to markets, and facilitating the shar- ment of the dairy industry. It has a vital function in advancing dairy
ing of resources. cooperatives, facilitating research and development, and executing
nationwide projects.
Income source diversification
Promote the expansion of revenue streams for dairy farmers. Operation flood
This may involve advocating for the promotion of dairy products Operation Flood, initiated in the 1970s, was a very consequen-
with added value, as well as the development of agro-tourism and tial government endeavor with the objective of converting India
other non-farming businesses, in order to improve overall revenue into a nation that produces more milk than it consumes. The pri-
and boost the ability to withstand challenges to one’s livelihood.

Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.
White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

40

mary objective of this initiative was to develop and enhance dairy

cooperatives, enhance milk production, and construct the neces- Milk and milk products order (MMPO)
sary infrastructure for milk processing and distribution. The MMPO oversees the manufacturing, acquisition, and dis-
semination of milk and milk products in India. Its objective is to
The national dairy plan (NDP) guarantee equitable procedures and deter unjust trading practices
The National Dairy Plan is a strategic and enduring endeavor within the dairy industry.
aimed at enhancing milk productivity and fostering market-driven
growth in the dairy industry. The program encompasses tech- Adoption of technology
niques for raising breed quality, optimizing feed and fodder admin- Policies facilitate the implementation of contemporary technol-
istration, and improving milk processing and marketing capacities. ogy in dairy farming, including as artificial insemination, enhanced
breeding procedures, and mechanized milking systems, with the
The Rashtriya Gokul Mission is an initiative aimed at promoting aim of augmenting productivity.
and conserving indigenous breeds of cattle in India.
It is crucial to acknowledge that policies have the capacity to
The primary objective of the Rashtriya Gokul Mission is to develop and that new efforts can be implemented to tackle evolving
preserve and advance native cow breeds, with a specific focus on difficulties. To obtain the most up-to-date and precise information,
strengthening genetic resources and improving the productivity of it is advisable to use official government publications, announce-
indigenous dairy animals. ments, or directly communicate with the relevant government min-
istries pertaining to agricultural and dairy in India.
Government grants and monetary assistance
The government offers subsidies and financial assistance to The future prospects of the milk sector in India
farmers for many elements of dairy production, such as acquiring To forecast the future of the milk industry in India, one must
milch cows, building cattle sheds, and using advanced technolo- take into account current patterns, possible obstacles, and pros-
gies. The purpose of these incentives is to enhance the economic pects for growth. The dairy industry in India has demonstrated ro-
feasibility of dairy production for farmers. bustness and flexibility, and various factors are likely to influence
its future trajectory:
The National Mission for Protein Supplements (NMPS) is an ini-
tiative aimed at addressing the nutritional needs of the population Sustained expansion in milk production
by promoting the use of protein-rich foods. India is poised to experience sustained expansion in milk pro-
duction, propelled by factors such as population growth, escalating
The primary objective of NMPS is to boost the accessibility of earnings, and heightened urbanization. Efforts aimed at augment-
superior-quality forage and supplementary feed to augment the ing animal genetics, optimizing feed and nutrition, and using so-
nutritional value of cattle feed, thus leading to an improvement in phisticated farming techniques have the potential to facilitate long-
milk production. term expansion.

Quality control and assurance Diversification of dairy products refers to the process of expand-
The government has enacted measures to guarantee the quality ing the variety and range of dairy products available in the market.
and safety of milk and dairy products. This include the establish-
ment of benchmarks, guidelines, and stringent protocols to safe- The dairy industry is increasingly expanding its range of goods
guard consumers and foster confidence in dairy products. to include more than just liquid milk. This includes the manufac-
ture of value-added items like cheese, yogurt, and functional dairy
Establishment of dairy processing infrastructure products. This diversification has the potential to meet changing
Measures have been devised to promote the creation of dairy customer tastes and enhance the overall value of the dairy industry.
processing facilities, cold storage capacities, and contemporary in-
frastructure to support the effective processing and distribution of Adoption and implementation of new technology and innova-
milk and dairy products. tive practices
There is a high probability that the utilization of technology
and innovation in dairy farming will experience a rise. The adop-

Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.
White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

41

tion of precision farming techniques, data analytics, and artificial Considering the profound influence of climate change, it may
intelligence has the potential to increase significantly, leading to be necessary to enhance the resilience and adaptability of future
enhanced efficiency, sustainability, and production in the agricul- dairy farming operations. Strategies for ensuring the resilience of
tural industry. feed supply, managing water resources, and mitigating heat stress
in cattle may become crucial.
Sustainability endeavors
In the future, the dairy business may give more importance to Obstacles and legal guidelines
sustainability factors such as environmental effect and animal wel- Factors such as limited water availability, division of land into
fare. Practices such as the implementation of sustainable sourcing smaller plots, and regulatory factors may impact the future of the
of feed, efficient waste management, and the use of renewable en- dairy industry. Establishing unambiguous and encouraging regula-
ergy have the potential to become essential components of dairy tory frameworks will be essential in tackling obstacles and promot-
farming. ing sustainable expansion.

Electronic commerce and digital platforms It is crucial to acknowledge that unexpected occurrences, altera-
There may be an increase in the incorporation of e-commerce tions in policies, and worldwide market forces can also impact the
and digital platforms in the dairy supply chain. The utilization of future of the dairy industry. Regularly monitoring trends, techno-
online platforms for milk delivery and the implementation of digi- logical breakthroughs, and legislative developments will help gain
tal solutions for farm management have the potential to revolu- a more precise grasp of the changing landscape in the Indian milk
tionize the way producers establish connections with consumers business.
and optimize the distribution process.
Conclusion
Global trade and prospects for exporting To summarize, the milk industry in India has experienced a sig-
India may consider expanding its involvement in global dairy nificant shift, evolving from a nation with insufficient milk supply
trade, encompassing both the export of dairy products and the im- to being one of the leading milk producers worldwide. The success
port of technology or genetics. These factors may impact the situ- of Operation Flood, together with subsequent legislative measures
ation, including global market dynamics, trade agreements, and and technical developments, has been important in driving this
India’s pursuit of competitiveness in the global dairy market. transformation.

Public policies and assistance provided by the government The cooperative approach, exemplified by efforts such as Op-
The dairy sector will be influenced by forthcoming government eration Flood, has bestowed authority upon local farmers and
policies and support structures. Efforts targeting the well-being of provided a durable framework for dairy production. The emphasis
farmers, improvement of infrastructure, and advancement of re- on crossbreeding initiatives, technical advancements, and the en-
search and development have the potential to greatly influence the hancement of infrastructure has notably augmented milk produc-
direction of the industry. tion and enhanced the quality of life for countless farmers.

Understanding consumer awareness and health trends Prospects and obstacles lie ahead for the milk industry in India.
With the increasing consciousness of consumers regarding Anticipated developments include the ongoing expansion of milk
health and nutrition, there may be a surge in the demand for par- production, the broadening of dairy product offerings, and the in-
ticular varieties of milk products, such as organic or functional corporation of technological advancements. The sector is expected
dairy products. The dairy industry may be required to adjust to to experience heightened sustainability initiatives, incorporation of
evolving customer preferences and health concerns. digital platforms, and investigation of foreign trade prospects.

Enhancing the ability of dairy farming to withstand and recover Nevertheless, there are ongoing obstacles, such as equitable
from the impacts of climate change: pricing, restrictions in infrastructure, and the necessity for farming
methods that can withstand climate change. The future trajectory

Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.
White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation

42

of the dairy sector will heavily rely on government regulations, ad- 11. The individual’s name is Dahiya Ruchi. Advancing: Current
vancements in sustainable agriculture, and continuous endeavors Trends, Obstacles, and Future Directions for the Indian Dairy
to tackle these difficulties. Industry.

To successfully navigate the future landscape, it will be crucial 12. “Press Information Bureau”. Government of India. Milk Pro-
to adopt a comprehensive approach that takes into account the duction in India (2022).
economic, environmental, and social dimensions of dairy produc-
13. The Journey of India’s Dairy Sector
tion. Effective cooperation among relevant parties, continuous re-
search and innovation, and a strong dedication to enhancing the
welfare of farmers will play crucial roles in guaranteeing the sus-
tained prosperity and durability of the dairy industry in India.

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Citation: V Basil Hans., et al. “White Revolution in India: A Dairy Transformation". Acta Scientific Agriculture 8.3 (2024): 29-42.