DC Generator New

Week# 10
DC Machines
DC Generator
Electric Machines General
When a machine is converting electrical energy into mechanical form, it is operating
in the MOTORING mode
• When a machine converts mechanical energy into electrical form, it is operating in
the GENERATING mode
• Mechanically, all machines consist of two main parts: STATOR and ROTOR.
• The stator is the stationary (non-rotating) part of a machine.
• The rotor is the rotating part of the machine.
• The small distance between the rotor and stator (within the machine) is called the
Air-gap.
• The stator and rotor CORES are made of iron, steel or another ferromagnetic metal;
in order to reduce the magnetic reluctance. Altogether, the stator, rotor and air-gap
form a magnetic circuit where the magnetic flux can easily flow.
From an electrical point of view, any conventional DC or AC machine consists of two
main sections: ARMATURE and FIELD.
• In order for a machine to operate (either as a motor or a generator), a magnetic field
should exist within its air-gap.
• This field is usually produced electromagnetically, by exciting (energizing) the FIELD
windings of the machine (permanent magnet fields are also possible).
• Once the magnetic field exists in the air-gap, the machine can convert electrical and
mechanical energies into one another using the ARMATURE winding. In other words,
the armature winding is where the energy conversion takes place.
• Due to this reason, the power rating of a machine is actually the power rating of the
armature section.
• Usually, the field winding consumes only a small fraction of the electrical power
supplied to, or produced by a DC machine
DC MACHINES
• In DC machines, the field winding is wound onto the stator, while the armature winding
is located on the rotor.
• Current is supplied to the rotating armature winding through Commutator Segments.
• Each commutator segment (also located on the rotor) is connected to an armature
winding coil.
• Mounted on the stator are carbon BRUSHES, which actually touch two or more of the
commutator segments at a time.
• To operate a DC machine as a MOTOR:
• A DC current should pass through the FIELD winding.
• This current can be supplied either from the armature winding’s DC source, or from
another source such as a battery.
• Electrical power should be supplied to the ARMATURE winding from a DC source.
• The mechanical power produced by the motor can be used to drive a mechanical load
(e.g., the wheels of an electric car) coupled to the motor shaft.
The speed of the shaft will be directly proportional to the armature voltage, and inversely
proportional to the field current.
• The torque produced will be directly proportional to the armature current and field
current.
D.C. GENERATORS PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. when a conductor move
in a magnetic field in such a way conductors cuts across a magnetic flux of lines and
e.m.f. produces in a generator and it is defined by faradays law of electromagnetic
induction e.m.f. causes current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed.
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction
A changing magnetic flux through a loop or loops of wire
induces an electromotive force (voltage) in each loop.
Lenz’s Law
“The direction of
induced E.M.F in a
coil (conductor) is
such that it opposes
the cause of
producing it..”
FLEMING'S RIGHT-HAND RULE
To operate a DC machine as a GENERATOR:
• A DC current should pass through the FIELD winding.
• This current can be supplied either from an external battery (separately
excited), or by the generated voltage from the armature winding itself (self
excited).
• Mechanical power should be supplied to the shaft of the generator (i.e., the
generator should be rotated by an external mechanical power source such as
a steam turbine, or a second motor connected to the same shaft).
• The generated electrical power will be available from the armature
terminals of the generator.
• The generated voltage will be directly proportional to the speed of the shaft
and the field current.
The armature current and armature voltage of an electric motor are completely
independent!
• The armature current is determined by the mechanical load (i.e., torque) the motor is
driving, which is not related to the voltage applied to the armature.
• The same reasoning also applies to DC generators.
• For the generating mode, the current drawn from the armature terminals is
independent of the armature voltage.
• An increase in the output current (i.e., output power) should be compensated by
increasing the mechanical torque (i.e., input power) on the shaft.
The electrical power flowing INTO a DC motor, or the electrical power flowing OUT
OF a DC generator can be calculated by simply multiplying the armature voltage
(usually the terminal voltage) by the armature current, or
Pelec = Varm . Iarm
The mechanical power flowing OUT OF a DC motor, or the mechanical power
flowing INTO a DC generator can be calculated by simply multiplying the
angular shaft speed (in radians per second) by the shaft torque (in Newton-
meters), with the power value resulting in Watts, or
Pmech = Tshaft . ωshaft

The speed of a machine is usually expressed in revolutions (rotations) per minute,
or rpm for short; and labeled as “n” in the equations. However, the angular speed,
ω, which is used in the mechanical power equation, should be given in radians per
second. This unit conversion is simply made by using the following relation;
FOR A DC GENERATOR, THE
EFFICIENCY IS THE ELECTRICAL
OUTPUT POWER DIVIDED BY THE
MECHANICAL INPUT POWER,
Thank you for the video
“Working Principle of DC Generator”
Video copyrights of Chrvoje Engineering from YouTube

channel.
Share link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mq2zjmS8UMI
Only for academic use.

DC Generator New

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DC Generator New

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

DC Generator New

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Week# 10

Pmech = Tshaft . ωshaft

“Working Principle of DC Generator”

Video copyrights of Chrvoje Engineering from YouTube

Only for academic use.

You might also like