Chapter 1

Introduction

The ever-increasing global demand for sustainable and eco-friendly energy solutions
has led to a pivotal shift towards harnessing renewable energy sources to power our
world. Among these sources, photovoltaic (PV) systems have emerged as a frontrun-
ner, offering a promising avenue to meet energy demands while significantly reducing
carbon footprints. Integrating these PV systems seamlessly into the electrical grid has
become a focal point in the quest for cleaner energy sources. However, the integra-
tion process requires intricate design methodologies, advanced control strategies, and
stringent adherence to grid standards to ensure optimal connectivity and efficiency. In
this context, this project embarks on a comprehensive exploration into the complex
dynamics surrounding the integration of a PV system with a diverse array of compo-
nents, constituting a sophisticated ensemble. This ensemble comprises a meticulously
designed boost converter, an inverter, an LCL filter, and incorporates advanced DQ
control strategies. The primary objective revolves around establishing a robust sys-
tem architecture that enables streamlined power generation, efficient conversion, and
seamless injection into the electrical grid. The paramount focus of this endeavor lies
in confronting and surmounting the critical challenges inherent in the effective integra-
tion of PV systems with the grid. These challenges span a spectrum of crucial aspects
such as optimal power extraction, enhancement of conversion efficiencies, effective har-
monics mitigation, and strict compliance with grid regulations. The project adopts
a multifaceted approach, harnessing the power of modeling, simulation, and practical
implementation to address these key challenges head-on. Central to this project is
the meticulous optimization of individual components within the PV system frame-
work. This optimization strategy is complemented by the deployment of sophisticated
control methodologies, particularly advanced DQ control strategies tailored to ensure
efficiency, stability, and compliance. The goal is to not only maximize the performance
of each system component but also to 8 orchestrate their harmonious interaction within
1
2 INTRODUCTION

the larger grid-connected framework. MPPT techniques are vital for optimizing pho-
tovoltaic (PV) systems by extracting maximum power from solar panels. Perturb and
Observe (PO) is a widely used method that continuously adjusts the PV array’s oper-
ating point to reach the maximum power point (MPP). It achieves this by perturbing
the operating point and observing power variations to guide adjustments. Addition-
ally, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is an advanced algorithm inspired by social
behavior, where a swarm of particles searches for the MPP collectively. PSO-based
MPPT optimizes the operating point by iteratively updating particles’ positions based
on their local and global best positions, enhancing power extraction efficiency under
varying environmental conditions. These techniques, along with others like Incremen-
tal Conductance (IncCond) and various artificial intelligence-based approaches such as
neural networks and fuzzy logic, play a pivotal role in optimizing the performance of
grid-connected PV systems. Understanding the principles of these techniques aids in
achieving efficient power extraction from solar panels, contributing to enhanced system
efficiency and performance. By prioritizing the optimization of each component’s per-
formance and integrating state-of-the-art control methodologies, this project aspires
to make significant strides in advancing the landscape of grid-connected PV systems.
The overarching ambition is to pave the way for seamless and reliable integration of
renewable energy sources into the fabric of the electrical grid infrastructure. This en-
deavor is more than just a scientific pursuit; it’s a progressive leap towards ensuring a
sustainable, eco-friendly, and efficient energy ecosystem for generations to come.
Chapter 2

Literature Survey

Sl
Paper Findings
No.
S. Narendiran, ”Grid tie inverter
and MPPT - A review,” Inter-
This paper discusses about the grid tie in-
national Conference on Circuits,
verter and it’s different types. It also discusses
1 Power and Computing Technolo-
about the different types of MPPT techniques.
gies (ICCPCT), Nagercoil, In-
Based on the factors efficiency, reliability.
dia, 2013, pp. 564-567, doi:
10.1109/ICCPCT.2013.6529017.
Pragya Gawhade, Amit Ojha, The paper is a review paper that focuses on the
”Recent advances in synchro- power stages architecture of PV-fed grid syn-
nization techniques for grid-tied chronization. It compares various PLL tech-
2
PV system”: A review,Energy niques based on their merits and demerits.
Reports,Vol 7,2021,Pages 6581- The paper serves as a reference for researchers
6599,ISSN 2352-484 in the field of PV-fed grid.
S. Chakraborty, W. Hasan and S.
M. B. Billah, ”Design and analysis
The paper provides information about the de-
of a transformer-less single-phase
sign and operation of a solar power system,
grid-tie photovoltaic inverter us-
specifically focusing on the design of a dual-
ing boost converter,” International
3 stage boost converter, voltage divider circuit,
Conference on Electrical Engi-
and grid-tie inverter. It also mentions the pa-
neering and Information & Com-
rameters of a solar panel and the requirements
munication Technology, Dhaka,
for grid synchronization.
Bangladesh, 2014, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/ICEEICT.2014.6919107.

3
4 LITERATURE SURVEY

E. Parimalasundar, R. Praneeth,
P. P. Kumar, S. Sireesha, N.
B. Reddy and P. S. Chankya,
”Performance Analysis of Two
The paper discusses the design and optimiza-
Stage Three-Phase Grid Con-
tion of a photovoltaic (PV) system connected
nected Inverter for Photovoltaic
4 to the electrical grid. It mentions the use of a
Applications,” International Con-
boost converter to adjust the output voltage of
ference on Sustainable Computing
the solar panel and maximize power delivery.
and Data Communication Systems
(ICSCDS), Erode, India, 2023,
pp. 954-959, doi: 10.1109/IC-
SCDS56580.2023.10104803
B. Bahrani, A. Karimi, B. Rey This paper proposes a novel vector control
and A. Rufer, ”Decoupled dq- strategy for regulating the current of grid-tied
Current Control of Grid-Tied voltage source converters (VSCs) in a rotat-
Voltage Source Converters Us- ing reference frame. The proposed approach
5 ing Nonparametric Models,” in achieves desirable dynamic performance and
IEEE Transactions on Industrial decouples the direct and quadrature (dq) cur-
Electronics, vol. 60, no. 4, rent axes by shaping the open-loop and closed-
pp. 1356-1366, April 2013, doi: loop transfer matrices of the system using a
10.1109/TIE.2012.2185017 constrained convex optimization problem.
Filter is crucial for reducing harmonic con-
A. Dhaneria and H. Khamb- tent in inverter current and ensuring the in-
haliya, ”Design of AC side filter jection of a clean sinusoidal waveform into the
for Grid Tied Solar Inverter,” grid. The challenge lies in designing a filter
2019 4th International Con- that attenuates switching frequency harmon-
6 ference on Recent Trends on ics while offering a low impedance path for the
Electronics, Information, Commu- fundamental component without significantly
nication & Technology (RTEICT), increasing system size. The paper focuses on
Bangalore, India, pp. 1375- control theory modeling of the LCL filter, com-
1378,doi:10.1109/RTEICT46194.2019.9016892.
paring it with other filter topologies through
parameters like Bode plot.
 5

This paper presented a proposed ANN-based

Hong Hee Lee, Phan Quoc Dzung MPPT method which has two stages to track
and Le Minh Phuong, ”The the MPP. In the first the ANN is used to guide
new MPPT algorithm using ANN the reference operation point that close to the
based solar PV system” in IEEE MPP quickly, and the next stage the IncCond
7
Transactions on Industrial Elec- is used to track the exact MPP. The ANN de-
tronics, vol. 87, no. 2, crease the tracking time of the IncCond algo-
pp. 1326-1366, JUNE 2019, doi: rithm. In addition, the IncCond tracks the
10.1208/TIE.2019.21830121.. exact MPP and helps ANN not be trained pe-
riodically.
Detailed comparison of popular AI-based
MPPT techniques for the solar power system.
Kah Yung Yap,Charles R.
They are de- signed to track GMPP instead of
Sarimuthu and Joanne Mun-
local MPP in alleviating the effects of PSC.
Yee Lim,”Artificial Intelligence
Each technique is compared in terms of al-
Based MPPT Techniques for
8 gorithm structure, cost, complexity, platform,
Solar Power System ,” Novem-
input parame- ters, tracking speed, oscilla-
ber 2020 vol-8 No-6 pp. 1375-
tion accuracy, efficiency and their applications.
1378,doi:10.1109/RTEICT52334.2020.9034684.
The AI-based MPPT techniques are generally
classified into FLC, ANN, SI, hybrid, GA, ML
and other emerging techniques.

2.1 Literature Survey Contribution to Project Ob-

jectives

In the transition towards sustainable energy, grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) systems play
a crucial role in harnessing solar power for electricity generation. Accurate modeling is
essential for understanding the complex interactions within these systems, optimizing
their performance, and ensuring effective integration with the electrical grid.

1. PV Modeling :

• The modeling of PV arrays is foundational to understanding their behavior

under various environmental conditions. Researchers such as Jawairia Atiq
and Prashant Kumar Suri have proposed mathematical models that consider
6 LITERATURE SURVEY

the impact of factors like shading and temperature on PV array performance.

These models aid in predicting power output accurately, enabling better
system design and optimization.

2. Boost Converter Modeling :

• Boost converters serve a crucial role in voltage regulation and Maximum

Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in grid-tied PV systems. The work of Myada
Shadoul and M. Masoud provides insights into the modeling of boost con-
verters, emphasizing their impact on system efficiency and the extraction of
maximum power from the PV array.

3. Inverter Modeling :

• Inverters facilitate the conversion of DC power from PV arrays to AC power

for grid connection. Studies by S Chakraborty and S M B Billah delve into
mathematical models for inverters, shedding light on their dynamic behavior
and influence on grid-tied system stability.

4. LCL Filter Modeling :

• LCL filters play a critical role in mitigating harmonics and ensuring the
quality of power injected into the grid. The work of Asheesh Dhaneria and
Hardik Khambhadiya explores mathematical models for LCL filters, offer-
ing insights into their design considerations and impact on overall system
performance.The paper outlines different filter types for grid-connected so-
lar inverters, emphasizing L, LC, and LCL filters. The L filter, being the
simplest, raises concerns about reduced attenuation and bulkiness due to
the need for a high-value inductor. The LC filter, a second-order option,
enhances harmonic suppression with caution against excessive capacitance
to avoid inrush current and potential resonance. The third-order LCL fil-
ter provides superior harmonic attenuation with reduced inductance and
capacitance, ensuring better decoupling from grid impedance.

5. Control Strategies for Grid-Tied PV Systems :

• Various control strategies are employed to optimize the performance of grid-

tied PV systems. Notable strategies include MPPT algorithms, voltage reg-
ulation, and grid synchronization. Pragya Gawhade and Amit Ojha provide
comprehensive reviews of these strategies, discussing their advantages and
limitations.
 7

6. Different MPPT Techniques : Saad Motahhir discusses various classification of

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) ,each employing different methodolo-
gies to optimize the power output of photovoltaic (PV) systems.

• Conventional MPPT Techniques (Direct Control): The first group

consists of widely used and conventional MPPT techniques that rely on
direct control signals applied to the power converter. This category encom-
passes popular methods such as Perturb and Observe (P&O), Hill Climbing
(HC), and Incremental Conductance (INC). These techniques observe and
manipulate the power converter based on certain observations to achieve
optimal power extraction.
• Indirect Control Methods: The second group, known as indirect con-
trol methods, leverages the inherent characteristics of PV panels for MPPT.
These methods exploit the unique features of the PV panel, providing an
alternative approach to optimize power generation without direct manipu-
lation of the power converter.
• Soft Computing Approaches (Recent Techniques): The third group
comprises more recent MPPT techniques that utilize soft computing ap-
proaches. Soft computing methods, such as Kalman filter, Fuzzy 12 Logic
Control (FLC), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Particle Swarm Opti-
mization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Artificial Bee Colony
(ABC) optimization, Bat algorithm, and hybrid PSO-FLC, are employed to
address complex problems and approximate models. These methods have
gained popularity in recent years for developing MPPT controllers, offering
optimal solutions in the presence of uncertainties and variations in renew-
able energy system This literature review establishes a foundation for the
project by synthesizing existing knowledge on the modeling of grid-tied PV
systems. It highlights key research contributions, challenges, and recent ad-
vancements in the field, setting the stage for the project’s own modeling
endeavors.

Research Gap : While the literature review provides valuable insights into in-
verter modeling for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems, there exist notable
research gaps that warrant further investigation. The reviewed studies primar-
ily focus on conventional inverter modeling techniques, control strategies, and
dynamic behavior. The existing literature primarily emphasizes single-phase in-
verters, leaving a gap in the understanding of multi-phase or three-phase inverter
systems, which are prevalent in industrial-scale PV installations. Additionally,
there is a need for more comprehensive studies addressing the challenges associ-
ated with real-world grid conditions, considering factors like grid disturbances,
8 GENERALISED LITERATURE SURVEY

voltage fluctuations, and the impact of non-linear loads on inverter performance.

Bridging these research gaps will contribute to the development of more robust,
adaptive, and efficient inverter models for diverse grid-connected PV applications.
Chapter 3

Methodology

3.1 PV Array Configuration:

The optimization of power output from the photovoltaic (PV) array is achieved by
configuring it in series and parallel connections. The optimization of power output
from the photovoltaic (PV) array is achieved by configuring it in series and parallel
connections.
Vpv
Ns = (3.1)
Vmp
Pmax
Vpv
Np = (3.2)
Imp

Table 3.1: PV Parameters

Parameter Value
Open Circuit Voltage (VOC ) 36.3 V
Short Circuit Current (ISC ) 7.84 A
Current at Maximum Power Point 7.35 A
(IMP )
Maximum Power (PMAX ) 213.15 W
Voltage at Maximum Power Point per 29 V
Cell (VMP )
Cells per Module (Ncell ) 60
Temperature Coefficient (%/deg C) -0.36
Parallel Strings (NP ) 47
Series-Connected Modules (NS ) 10

9
10 METHODOLOGY

Figure 3.1: Power voltage and currrent voltage graph of a PV Array

The Power-Voltage (P-V) and Current-Voltage (I-V) characteristics of a photovoltaic

(PV) array outline its behavior concerning voltage and current variations, impacting
the power output. The P-V graph demonstrates power output against voltage, showing
a distinctive curve with a peak point known as the Maximum Power Point (MPP).
Initially, power rises with increasing voltage, reaching its peak at the MPP, beyond
which power diminishes due to reduced current. Similarly, the I-V curve illustrates
generated current concerning voltage, also showcasing a peak current at the MPP. These
curves help identify the optimal operating conditions for the PV system, crucial for
designing effective Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms for maximizing
power output.

3.2 Boost Converter and MPPT:

3.2.1 Purpose and Function :

A boost converter is an important component of solar energy systems that effectively

increases the voltage of solar panels in various applications. In these systems, solar
 11

panels generate a direct current of sunlight, but the output voltage can vary depending
on environmental factors. A boost transformer, a type of DC-DC converter, steps this
voltage up to a higher level, often needed to charge batteries or efficiently power DC
loads.A boost converter usually consists of components such as an inductor, a switch
(MOSFET or transistor), a diode and a capacitor. During operation, when the switch
is closed, the coil stores energy from the input source. When the switch is open,
the coil releases its stored energy and the diode provides that current towards the
output, raising the voltage level. This process allows the boost converter to regulate

Figure 3.2: Schematic diagram of a boost converter

and stabilize the output voltage, which is critical for efficient battery charging or the
integration of grid-connected inverters.In general, a boost converter improves the overall
performance and efficiency of solar energy systems by optimizing voltage levels to meet
specific application requirements, thereby maximizing the use of solar energy.

Table 3.2: Power Converter Parameters

Parameter Value
Input Voltage (Vinput ) 250 V
Output Voltage (Voutput ) 600 V
Rated Power (P) 100 kW
Switching Frequency (fsw ) 5 kHz
Current Ripple (∆I) 5%
Voltage Ripple (∆V ) 1%

Calculation based on above data:

Rated Power (P)

Input current = = 400 A (3.3)
Input Voltage (Vinput )
12 METHODOLOGY

Current ripple = 5% of 400 = 20 A (3.4)

Voltage Ripple = 1% of 600 = 6 V (3.5)

Rated Power (P)

Output Current = = 166 A (3.6)
Output Voltage (Voutput )

Vinput (Voutput − Vinput )

L= = 1.45 mH (3.7)
fsw · ∆I · Voutput

Ioutput (Voutput − Vinput )

C= = 3227 µF (3.8)
fsw · ∆V · Voutput

3.2.2 MPPT Algorithms:

Integrate Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms (e.g., P&O, INC,ANN)
for efficient tracking of the PV array’s maximum power point. - In our project we
have used the P & O algorithm followed by the PSO based MPPT algorithm . Parti-
cle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Perturb and Observe (P&O) are both Maximum
Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms used in photovoltaic systems to extract the
maximum available power from the solar panels.

3.2.2.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O) Algorithm:

P&O is a simple and widely used MPPT technique. It works by perturbing (changing)
the operating point of the photovoltaic system and observing the change in power
to determine the direction towards the maximum power point (MPP). It continuously
adjusts the operating point by incrementing or decrementing the operating voltage and
then checks if the power increases or decreases. Based on this observation, it moves
towards the direction that increases power until it reaches the MPP. The Perturb and
Observe (P&O) algorithm can be outlined in the following steps:

1. Measure the PV output power.

2. Perturb the operating point: Increase or decrease the PV voltage slightly.

 13

3. Check for power change: Measure the new power output.

4. Direction selection: If the power increases, continue in the same direction; if it

decreases, change direction.

5. Iterate continuously: Repeat steps 2-4 until the MPP is reached.

3.2.2.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm:

PSO is a computational optimization method inspired by the social behavior of bird

flocking or fish schooling. In a PSO algorithm, a swarm of particles (representing poten-
tial solutions) moves through a search space to find the optimal solution by adjusting
their positions based on their own experience and the best-performing particles in the
swarm.

The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm can be outlined in the following
steps:

1. Initialization: Initialize a population of particles randomly within the search

space.

2. Evaluation: Evaluate the fitness (in this case, the power generated) of each par-
ticle’s position.

3. Update Particle’s Velocity and Position:

• Calculate the new velocity of each particle based on its previous velocity,
its distance to the best position it has encountered (personal best), and the
global best position found by the entire swarm.
• Update the particle’s position using the new velocity.

4. Iterate: Repeat the process (evaluation, velocity, and position update) until a
stopping criterion is met.

3.2.2.3 Incremental Conductance (INC) Method :

The Incremental Conductance Method is another popular MPPT technique used in

photovoltaic systems. It operates by continuously adjusting the operating point of the
PV system based on the sign of the instantaneous conductance (dP/dV ) of the PV
array.

The Incremental Conductance Method can be described by the following steps:

14 METHODOLOGY

1. Measure the PV voltage (VP V ) and current (IP V ).

2. Calculate the instantaneous conductance (dP/dV ) using the following formula:

dP P (VP V + ∆V ) − P (VP V )
=
dV ∆V
where ∆V is a small increment in voltage.

3. Compare the sign of dP/dV with the sign of P/VP V .

4. Adjust the operating voltage:

• If dP/dV > 0 and P/VP V > 0, increase VP V .

• If dP/dV < 0 and P/VP V > 0, decrease VP V .

5. Repeat steps 1-4 continuously to track and converge to the maximum power point
(MPP).

3.2.2.4 ANN based MPPT Method :

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been utilized in the context of Maximum Power
Point Tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic systems. ANNs are computational models
inspired by the biological neural networks of the human brain, and they can be trained
to predict the optimal operating point of a PV system based on input variables.

The use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for MPPT involves the following steps:

1. Data Collection: Gather training data consisting of input-output pairs (X, Y ),

where X represents the input features (e.g., solar irradiance, temperature) and Y
represents the corresponding optimal output (e.g., maximum power point voltage
or current).

2. Model Training: Train the ANN using the collected data to learn the mapping
from input features (X) to the optimal output (Y ).

3. Model Evaluation: Assess the performance of the trained ANN using validation
data to ensure accurate prediction of the optimal operating point.

4. MPPT Operation: Deploy the trained ANN within the PV system to predict
the optimal operating point in real-time based on current environmental condi-
tions (input features).
 15

3.3 Inverter:

The inverter plays a crucial role in the PV system, converting the DC power from the
boost converter into AC power compatible with the grid. To ensure seamless integration
with the grid, a secure and synchronized connection between the inverter and the grid
is established.

A dq-axis synchronous reference frame control approach is employed for inverter con-
trol, as illustrated in Figure 3. This synchronous reference frame-based control strategy
enables independent and straightforward control of the inverter’s active and reactive
power. The three-phase grid voltages and currents are transformed into a synchronously
rotating dq frame, effectively converting the control variables into DC quantities. The
grid voltage magnitude is determined by aligning the grid voltage vector with the d-
axis. A Phase Lock Loop (PLL) is utilized to compute the grid voltage angle θ and
frequency.

Figure 3.3: Synchronous reference frame control of three phase inverter

The inverter’s IGBT switching pulses are generated from completely decoupled but
cascaded voltage and current control loops. The cascaded voltage and current control
loops are integrated with dq-axis based control and are shown in the next figure:
16 METHODOLOGY

Figure 3.4: Cascaded voltage and current control loops of three phase inverter.

3.4 DQ Control for Active and Reactive Power In-

jection:

DQ control, also known as synchronous reference frame control, is a widely used tech-
nique for regulating active and reactive power injection in grid-connected power con-
verters. It utilizes a rotating reference frame synchronized with the grid voltage, en-
abling decoupled control of active and reactive power components.

3.4.1 Active Power Injection Control:

To control active power injection into the grid using DQ control, the following steps
are involved:

1. Transform Grid Voltage and Current to DQ Frame: Convert the grid

voltage (VG ) and current (IG ) from the three-phase abc frame to the DQ frame
 17

using the Clarke transformation matrix (TC ):

 
1 1
r 1 − √2
− √2
2 3 3
= 0 2
− 2 
3 1 1 1
√ √ √
2 2 2

   
  Va   Ia
Vd Id
= TC Vb 
 = TC Ib 

Vq Iq
Vc Ic

2. Calculate Active Power Reference: Determine the desired active power (P )

based on the power demand or grid requirements.

3. Generate Active Power Control Signal: Calculate the error between the
reference active power (P ∗ ) and the actual active power (P ) measured in the DQ
frame:
Perror = P ∗ − P

4. Implement PI Controller: Use a PI controller to generate the active power

control signal (Ud ) based on the active power error:

Ud = Kp × Perror + Ki × integral(Perror )

where Kp and Ki are the proportional and integral gain constants, respectively.

5. Convert DQ Control Signal to abc Reference: Transform the DQ control

signal (Ud , Uq ) back to the abc frame using the inverse Clarke transformation
matrix (TC−1 ):
 
cos θ sin θ 0
= − sin θ cos θ 0
0 0 1
 ∗  
Va Ud
Vb∗  = TC−1 Uq 
Vc∗ 0

6. Generate PWM Signals: Generate pulse width modulation (PWM) signals

for the inverter’s switching devices based on the transformed reference voltages
(Va∗ , Vb∗ , Vc∗ ).
18 METHODOLOGY

3.4.2 Reactive Power Injection Control:

To extend DQ control for reactive power injection, follow these steps:

1. Calculate Reactive Power Reference: Determine the desired reactive power

(Q) based on power factor correction requirements or grid voltage support needs.

2. Generate Reactive Power Control Signal: Calculate the error between the
reference reactive power (Q∗ ) and the actual reactive power (Q) measured in the
DQ frame:
Qerror = Q∗ − Q

3. Implement PI Controller: Use a PI controller to generate the reactive power

control signal (Uq ) based on the reactive power error:

Uq = Kp × Qerror + Ki × integral(Qerror )

where Kp and Ki are the proportional and integral gain constants, respectively.

4. Combine DQ Control Signals: Combine the active power control signal (Ud )
and the reactive power control signal (Uq ) to form the complete DQ reference
voltage:
[Vd∗ , Vq∗ ] = [Ud , Uq ]

5. Generate PWM Signals: As in active power control, generate PWM signals

for the inverter’s switching devices based on the transformed reference voltages
(Va∗ , Vb∗ , Vc∗ ).

By implementing DQ control, you can effectively regulate both active and reactive
power injection into the grid, ensuring optimal power flow, power factor correction, and
grid stability. The mathematical equations provided outline the theoretical foundation
of DQ control and the calculations involved in generating control signals.

3.5 LCL Filter:

The LCL (inductor-capacitor-inductor) filter, integrated after the inverter in a grid-

connected system, serves as an essential element for mitigating harmonics and improv-
ing overall power quality. Its primary function is to suppress unwanted high-frequency
harmonics generated during the conversion of DC to AC power by the inverter.The
 19

LCL filter reduces distortions in the voltage waveform that is fed into the grid. Its
unique design comprising inductors and capacitors allows for efficient filtering while
minimizing the overall size and weight of the filter. In a grid-tied setup involving re-
newable energy systems like photovoltaic arrays or wind turbines, the LCL filter plays
a crucial role in ensuring compliance with grid regulations and enhancing the system’s
reliability by improving the quality of power injected into the grid.

Calculations

Given parameters:

• Voltage (V) = 230 V

• Frequency (F) = 50 Hz

• Rated Power (P) = 100 kVA

Finding the Value of Capacitance (C):

Reactive power (Q) = 5% of rated power (P ):

Q = 0.05 × P

Q 0.05 × P 0.05 × 100 kVA

C= 2
= 2 = ≈ 100.28 µF
V × 2π × F V × 2π × F (230 V)2 × 2π × 50 Hz

Finding the Value of Inductance (L):

Line Voltage (VL) = 20% of 230 V:

V L = 0.2 × 230 V = 46 V

Current (I):
P 100 kVA
I= = ≈ 144.92 A
3×V 3 × 230 V

0.2 × 230 V 46 V
L= = ≈ 1 mH
2π × F × I 2π × 50 Hz × 144.92 A

Inductor Values (L1 and L2 ):

L1 = L2 = 500 µH
Chapter 4

Simulink Model

Figure 4.1 shows the modeling of three MPPT algorithm namely Perturb and observe
(P&O), Incremental conductance (INC) method and Artificial Neural Network (ANN).

Figure 4.1: Simulink model for different MPPT technique.

Figure 4.2 presents the overall Simulink model integrating the three MPPT methods
discussed.

Figure 4.3 depicts the desired model incorporating PV output, boost converter, inverter,
filtration, and synchronization to the grid.

21
22 SIMULINK MODEL

Figure 4.2: Overall Simulink model integrating MPPT methods.

Figure 4.3: Desired model including PV, boost converter, inverter, filtration, and
synchronization to the grid.
Chapter 5

Result and discusion:

Figure 5.1: Output of MPPT using P&O based algorithm.

Figure 5.1 shows the tracking of maximum power by P&O method. It is clear from the
figure that it fails to track the Maximum Power Point (MPP) effectively under varying
environment condition. Hence the method is obsolete at the present days. More effec-
tive algorithms are being used now a days which effectively track the maximum power
point.
Figure 5.2 shows the tracking of maximum power by Incremental Conductance (IC)
method. It is observed that when there is a sudden change in the input radiance it
struggles to track the maximum power point.
Figure 5.3 shows the tracking of maximum power by ANN based MPPT algorithm. It
is observed that this method can effectively track the maximum power point (MPP).
Figure 5.4 shows the output comparison of P&O , INC and ANN based MPPT algo-
23
24 SIMULINK MODEL

Figure 5.2: Output of MPPT using INC based algorithm.

Figure 5.3: Output of MPPT using ANN based algorithm.

rithm.
Figure 5.6 shows the output of the LCL filter which reduced the harmonics associated
with the output of inverter.

Figure 5.7 shows the active and reactive power control using Dq control.Where it is
seen that 100 KW active power is injected and No reactive power in injected to the
grid.
 25

Figure 5.4: Schematic diagram of the stand-alone microgrid.

Figure 5.5: Output of inverter.

26 SIMULINK MODEL

Figure 5.5 shows the output of the inverter which covert DC to AC. As it is observed a
lot of harmonics is associated with it hence it is filtered and further processed for grid
synchronization.

Figure 5.6: Output of LCL filter

Figure 5.7: Output of power injection to the grid.

Chapter 6

Conclusion:

Grid synchronization of the renewable energy system is achieved by means of a phase-

locked (PLL) connection. In this research, network synchronization is performed in
two stages, viz.

1. Step 1: Voltage regulation with Boost converter.

2. Step 2: Frequency and phase synchronization with single-phase full bridge con-
verter using PLL.

A Boost converter, Grid Tie inverter, and output side filter have been designed, then
verified using MATLAB-SIMULINK software. The behavior of the system in terms of
active and reactive power was also studied.The inclusion of current control loop in the
grid-tie inverter enhances the system operation with improved power quality at PCC,
especially during grid faults.

27
28 REFERENCES

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