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 Body Image 3 (2006) 301–306
www.elsevier.com/locate/bodyimage

Brief research report

Psychometric properties of the Situational Inventory of

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Body-Image Dysphoria-Short form in a Spanish sample
Conxa Perpiñá a,*, Marı́a J. Gallego b, Cristina Botella b

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a
Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Faculty of Psychology,
University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
b
Departamento de Psicologı́a Básica, Clı́nica y Psicobiologı́a, University Jaume I (UJI),
Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
Received 14 February 2006; received in revised form 7 July 2006; accepted 7 July 2006

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Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to translate and validate Situational Inventory of Body-Image Dysphoria-Short form
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(SIBID-S) in a Spanish population. The scale consists of 20 items to assess the frequency of dysphoric body-image emotions in
certain situational contexts, using a five-point rating scale. The questionnaire was administered to 214 women between the ages of
14 and 29 years, from primary and secondary schools and a university. Principal components analysis indicated a one-factor
structure for the entire sample and both younger (<18) and older (18) participants. Internal consistency was high (0.94), and the
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test–retest reliability over 1 month ranged between 0.89 and 0.93. The SIBID-S showed good convergent validity in relation to other
pertinent measures of body image, eating pathology, and self-esteem. Moreover, the SIBID-S was differentiated low-risk,
subclinical eating disturbed, and clinical eating disordered patients. Results support the potential utility of the SIBID-S in the
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Spanish female population, including a younger group than previously studied, as well as its usefulness in the assessment of body
image among females varying in degrees of eating pathology.
# 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Scale adaptation; Spanish population; Body image; Body-image assessment; Eating disorders
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Introduction From a cognitive-behavioral point of view, significant

information in an everyday situation relevant to BI
Body image (BI) is a multifaceted construct related activates schema-based processing of the self-evaluative
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to perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about the body component of BI, that is, thoughts and beliefs about one’s
and bodily experiences (Cash & Pruzinsky, 2002). appearance. Cash (1994) developed the Situational
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Among both adolescent and young adult females, the Inventory of Body-Image Dysphoria (SIBID) to assess
relationship between pressure toward thinness, BI BI emotional experiences in specific activating contexts.
dysphoria, and altered eating behaviors, both in clinical This inventory consists of 48 items asking about the
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and general populations, has been highlighted in recent frequency of uncomfortable feelings about one’s physical
years (Benedito, Perpiñá, Botella, & Baños, 2003; appearance, rated on a scale from 0 (never) to 4 (always).
Rieger, Touyz, Swain, & Beumont, 2001). The SIBID has good psychometric properties. The
internal consistency was 0.96, and the test–retest
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 96 3864412;
reliability ranged between 0.86 (women) and 0.80
fax: +34 96 3864476. (men). Regarding its factorial structure, several studies
E-mail address: perpinya@uv.es (C. Perpiñá). have shown a single-factor as the best solution (Cash,

1740-1445/$ – see front matter # 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.07.002
302 C. Perpiñá et al. / Body Image 3 (2006) 301–306

2000). The SIBID has moderate correlations (0.50–0.60) suffered from bulimia nervosa, nine from anorexia
with other BI measures and significant relationships with nervosa, and two from binge eating disorder. Their ages
self-esteem, social anxiety, depression, and disordered ranged from 15 to 32 years (M = 22.5; SD = 4.38).
eating (Cash, 2000). Finally, the SIBID has been shown to
be a responsive measure of therapeutic outcome in body- Instruments
image treatment (Cash, 2000).
Our research group carried out the translation and Situational Inventory of Body-Image Dysphoria-
evaluation of the 48-item SIBID in a Spanish Short form (SIBID-S) (Cash, 2000, 2002)

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population. Principal component analysis indicated a This questionnaire consists of items assessing negative
one-factor structure, which accounted for 45.9% of the BI emotions in 20 situational contexts. Participants rate
variance in a sample of women. Internal consistency the frequency of their BI dysphoria on a five-point scale
was high (0.97), and test–retest reliability was higher in from 0 ‘‘never’’ to 4 ‘‘always or almost always’’. The

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women (0.89) than in men (0.51). The SIBID showed SIBID-S yields one composite score, computed as
good convergent and discriminant validities (Gallego, the mean of its 20 items. The higher the score, the
Perpiñá, Botella, & Baños, 2006). greater the frequency with which individuals experience
Given its high internal consistency and unidimension- BI dysphoria. The psychometric properties of this
ality, Cash (2002) developed a shorter version (20 items) English-language instrument were described above.
of his SIBID based on rational criteria for reducing items.

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The mean composite score obtained by the women was Body Attitude Test (BAT) (Probst, Vandereycken,
1.80 (SD = 0.90) and 1.17 (SD = 0.76) obtained by men. Van Coppennolle, & Vanderlinden, 1995)
Internal consistencies in the college-student sample The BAT assesses global body experience and
on
(from 18 to 49 years of age) ranged from 0.94 (men) to attitude toward one’s own body, with 20 items scored
0.96 (women). The SIBID-S showed high temporal on a six-point scale (from 0 ‘‘never’’ to 5 ‘‘always’’).
stability (0.87 for women; 0.81 for men). Correlations The internal consistency is high (0.93). The BAT
with the 48-item SIBID surpassed 0.95 (Cash, 2002). distinguishes between the clinical and general popula-
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The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the tions (Probst et al., 1995). The BAT was adapted for the
psychometric properties of a translation of the SIBID-S Spanish population, obtaining an internal consistency of
in the Spanish female population. Other objectives 0.92, and its test–retest reliability was 0.91 (Gila,
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were: (a) to include younger, adolescent participants Castro, Gómez, Toro, & Salamero, 1999).
than Cash (2002) originally studied and examine
possible age and (b) to study whether the SIBID-S is Body Esteem Scale (BES) (Franzoi & Shields, 1984)
able to differentiate between clinical (ED patients), The BES consists of items assessing feelings about
subclinical, and low-risk general populations. 35 body areas and attributes, rated on a five-point scale
from 1 ‘‘strong negative feelings’’ to 5 ‘‘strong positive
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Method feelings’’. The internal consistency is 0.81–0.86 for

women. The Spanish adaptation of the BES has good
Participants psychometric properties (Jorquera, Baños, Perpiñá, &
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Botella, 2005).
The sample was composed of 214 women from
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primary and secondary schools (from Valencia and The Appearance Schemas Inventory (ASI) (Cash &
Alicante) and from the University Jaume I in Castellón Labarge, 1996)
(Spain). Ages ranged from 14 to 29 years (M = 17.90; This questionnaire assesses dysfunctional BI invest-
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SD = 3.66), and Body Mass Index ranged from 14.20 to ment about the meaning and importance of one’s
34.19 (M = 20.94; SD = 2.90). In the retest, 1 month physical appearance. Its 14 items rated on a five-point
later, this sample was reduced to 98 participants. disagree–agree scale has an internal consistency of
In addition, to analyze differences between a clinical 0.84, and test–retest reliability of 0.71.
population and the general population, the SIBID-S was
administered to 30 ED women, diagnosed based on The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) (Cooper,
DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) Taylor, Cooper, & Fairburn, 1986)
criteria, who were recruited from the Provincial This 34-item questionnaire measures body shape
Hospital in Castellón and the Psychological Center dissatisfaction on a six-point scale from 1 ‘‘never’’ to 6
Service of the University Jaume I (Castellón). Nineteen ‘‘always’’. The internal consistency is 0.97, and the
 C. Perpiñá et al. / Body Image 3 (2006) 301–306 303

test–retest reliability is 0.88. Its correlations with other ‘‘18’’, n = 81). The mean of the younger participants
BI measures are quite adequate. The Spanish adaptation was greater (M = 1.85; SD = 0.91) than that of the older
was published by Raich et al. (1996). women (M = 1.49; SD = 0.78). Given that this differ-
ence was statistically significant (t (212) = 2.96;
The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) (Garner & p < 0.005), psychometric analyses are presented sepa-
Garfinkel, 1979) rately for the two age groups where possible.
It consists of 40 items that assess attitudes and
behaviors related to ED. Each item is rated on a six-point Descriptive analysis of the items

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scale from ‘‘never’’ to ‘‘always’’. The internal consis-
tency is 0.79 and the test–retest reliability is 0.84 (Carter Item content is delineated in Table 1. For the
& Moss, 1984). There is a Spanish validation by Castro, descriptive analysis of the data from the entire sample,
Toro, Salamero, and Guimerá (1991) that recommends a the mean scores ranged between 2.41 and 1.04. The

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cut-off point of 20 for the Spanish population. items representing situations that most often produce BI
dysphoria were item 15 (group ‘‘<18’’: M = 2.65;
The Restraint Scale (RS) (Herman & Polivy, 1975) SD = 1.15; group ‘‘18’’: M = 2.02; SD = 1.24) and
The RS assesses eating behavior patterns character- item 6 (group ‘‘<18’’: M = 2.56; SD = 1.12; group
ized by alternating strict diets with episodes of loss of ‘‘18’’: M = 2.15; SD = 1.14). On the other hand, the
control with food. It consists of 10 items that are situations less frequently related to BI dysphoria were

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responded to using a four- or five-point scale. Its internal item 12 (group ‘‘<18’’: M = 1.40; SD = 2.19; group
consistency exceeds 0.75, and its test–retest reliability ‘‘18’’: M = 0.74; SD = 0.97) and item 20 for the
ranges between 0.93 (1 month) and 0.75 (2.5 years). younger participants (M = 1.40; SD = 1.44), and item
on
19 for older participants (M = 0.80, SD = 1.11).
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (Rosenberg,
1965) Factorial structure of the SIBID-S
The RSES consists of 10 items that assess one’s
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feelings of self-worth and personal value. Each item is To verify the structure of the SIBID-S, a principal
answered using a four-point agree–disagree scale. This components analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation was
scale has been adapted to the Spanish population, with an performed. Separate analyses were performed for the
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internal consistency of 0.88 (Baños & Guillén, 2000). entire sample and for the younger group.1 A Kaiser–
Meyer–Olkin sample adequacy mean was 0.95 for the
Procedure entire sample and 0.91 for the younger group, which
supported the adequacy of the analyses. All factor
The SIBID-S was translated by members of our loadings surpassed 0.30. As presented in Table 1, results
group (forward translation) and then revised by a indicated a single-component solution, both in the
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bilingual psychologist from the USA (backward entire sample (explaining 50.9% of total variance) and
translation). In the order above, the battery of in the younger group (explaining 51.4%). Under-
questionnaires was administered in diverse educational standably, the weakest item for these young females
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centers in the Valencian Community. This same pertained to BI dysphoria during sexual relations.
procedure was followed 1 month later for the retest.
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Reliability
Results
A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.94 for both the younger and
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The participants’ mean on the SIBID-S was 1.72 older groups and for the entire sample supports the
(SD = 0.88), comparable to the mean obtained for the internal consistency of the SIBID-S. With regard to
women in the original study (Cash, 2002) (M = 1.80; temporal stability (1 month), the interclass correlation
SD = 0.90). The difference between the American and coefficient was calculated. The correlation was 0.89
the Spanish samples was not significant (t (213) = 1.39; (0.84–0.93) for the entire sample, 0.87 (0.79–0.92) for
p < 0.16).
Given that the present sample had an age range lower
than that in Cash’s study, participants were divided into 1
We conducted the PCA and verified this structure for the older
two groups: those who were 14–17 years old (group group separately, recognizing that the sample size for the participants
‘‘<18’’, n = 133) and those who were 18–29 (group of 18 years and older is less than optimal for this analysis.
304 C. Perpiñá et al. / Body Image 3 (2006) 301–306

Table 1
Factor structure of the SIBID-S
SIBID-S items in Spanish and English Factor loading
All (N = 214) <18 years (N = 133)
1. En reuniones sociales en las que conozco a poca gente 0.671 0.680
(at social gatherings where I know few people)
2. Cuando me miro en el espejo (when I look at myself in the mirror) 0.753 0.795
3. Cuando la gente me ve antes de que me haya arreglado 0.635 0.623

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(when people see me before I have ‘‘fixed up’’)
4. Cuando estoy con personas atractivas de mi mismo sexo 0.670 0.709
(when I am with attractive persons of my sex)
5. Cuando estoy con personas atractivas del sexo opuesto (when I am 0.723 0.743
with attractive persons of the other sex)

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6. Cuando alguien mira partes de mi aspecto que a mı́ no me gustan 0.756 0.734
(when someone looks at parts of my appearance that I dislike)
7. Cuando me miro desnuda en el espejo (when I look at my nude 0.796 0.782
body in the mirror)
8. Cuando me pruebo ropa nueva en una tienda (when I am trying 0.714 0.759
on new clothes at the store)
9. Después de haber comido un menú completo (after 0.787 0.836

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I have eaten a full meal)
10. Cuando veo personas atractivas en la televisión o en las revistas 0.727 0.713
(when I see attractive people on television or in magazines)
11. Cuando me subo a la báscula para pesarme (when I get
on 0.757 0.783
on the scale to weigh)
12. Cuando preveo o tengo relaciones sexuales (when anticipating 0.406 0.350
or having sexual relations)
13. Cuando ya estoy de mal humor por algo (when I am already 0.563 0.507
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in a bad mood about something else)

14. Cuando el tema de conversación es sobre la apariencia fı́sica 0.836 0.810
(when the topic of conversation pertains to physical appearance)
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15. Cuando alguien hace comentarios desfavorables sobre mi aspecto 0.720 0.712
(when someone comments unfavorably on my appearance)
16. Cuando me veo en una foto o en un video (when I see 0.752 0.789
myself in a photograph or videotape)
17. Cuando pienso en qué aspecto me gustarı́a tener (when I think 0.745 0.708
about what I wish I looked like)
18. Cuando pienso qué aspecto puedo tener en el futuro (when I think about 0.676 0.745
how I may look in the future)
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19. Cuando estoy con determinada persona (when I am with a certain person) 0.753 0.734
20. Durante determinadas actividades recreativas (de ocio) 0.711 0.665
(during certain recreational activities)
Note: SIBID-S items reprinted with the permission of Thomas F. Cash, Ph.D. (English version available at www.body-images.com).
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the younger group, and 0.93 (0.87–0.96) for the older there were moderate and appropriately inverse correla-
group. tions. Correlations with eating pathology measures
were moderate to high. Correlations were moderate
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Convergent validity (and inverse) with the RSES.

The convergent validity of the SIBID-S was SIBIB-S differences as a function of eating
evaluated its Pearson’s product–moment correlations pathology
with other relevant measures of BI and ED for both age
groups and the entire sample. The correlation with the Another objective of study was to analyze differ-
48-item SIBID was 0.97 for the entire sample. As can be ences between the low risk (n = 158), subclinical ED
seen in Table 2, the SIBID-S scores presented high (n = 51), and clinical ED (n = 30) participants. The first
positive correlations with the majority of the BI two groups were distinguished using a cut-off point of
measures, with the exception of the BES, with which 20 on the EAT. The mean (SD) on the SIBID-S for each
 C. Perpiñá et al. / Body Image 3 (2006) 301–306 305

Table 2
Correlations with the SIBID-S
Measures All (N = 214) <18 years (N = 133) 18 years (N = 81)
Body Attitude Test 0.78 0.77 0.80
Body Shape Questionnaire 0.80 0.79 0.84
Appearance Schemas Inventory 0.74 0.74 0.72
Body Esteem Scale 0.54 0.53 0.50
Restraint Scale 0.71 0.72 0.69
Eating Attitudes Test 0.59 0.61 0.49

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Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale 0.47 0.54 0.51
All p’s < 0.001.

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of these subgroups was 1.44 (0.70), 2.56 (0.81), and predictive validity, Melnyk, Cash, and Janda (2004)
3.19 (0.52), respectively. Analysis of variance revealed confirmed that SIBID-S scores were prospectively
significant differences among these groups (F (2, related to more negative BI states assessed over time in
236) = 108.09; p < 0.001). A Tukey HSD post hoc everyday life. The moderate to strong associations with
analysis indicated that not only did the low risk group the Spanish version SIBID-S in the present study
from the general population have significantly lower confirmed its convergence, for both younger and older

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scores on the SIBID-S than the ED patients ( p < 0.001) females, with more BI investment and dissatisfaction,
and the subclinical group ( p < 0.001), but SIBID-S eating restraint, dysfunctional eating attitudes, and
scores were also significantly lower for the subclinical poorer self-esteem. Finally, the SIBID-S showed
on
group than ED patients ( p < 0.05). significantly different scores among the low risk,
subclinical, and ED groups, with these three cohorts
Discussion falling along a continuum of BI discomfort. This finding
agrees with those from other studies confirming this
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The study’s results indicated that the Spanish- continuum on various BI measures (Benedito et al.,
translated SIBID-S is an internally consistent, stable, 2003; Rieger et al., 2001).
and valid tool for evaluating cross-situational body- Our study has limitations that would be advisable to
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image dysphoria. The factorial structure of the SIBID- address in future research. Notably, research with males
S, as in Cash’s (2002) study, consisted of only one factor using this Spanish version of the SIBID-S is needed, as
both in the entire sample and in the under-18-year-old well as research with Spanish-speaking persons not
group in a female Spanish population. Given that the residing in Spain. While this version possesses
sample came from the general population, the scores reliability and validity with Spanish females as young
were moderate (slightly below the scale mid-point), and as 14 years of age, it is an instrument that should be
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they were similar to norms obtained by Cash (2002). evaluated in prevention and treatment programs for
Our sample was divided into participants younger Spanish persons with body image and eating disorders.
versus older than 18 years, and the younger (adolescent)
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group obtained higher scores on the SIBID-S. This

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