INTERNSHIP REPORT

Name ZAINULABDIN
Roll No 20PG057
University MEHRAN UET JAMSHORO
Department of Internship TRANSMISSION DEPARTMENT-KT
Duration of Internship 4 WEEKS
Location KARACHI TERMINAL (KT)
Reference ID 2024-168
 Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................3
2. TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (SSGC):............................................................4
3. VALVES AND INSTRUMENTS........................................................................................9
4. WELDING AND WORKSHOP ACTIVITIES IN SSGC'S PIPELINE NETWORK.....12
5. MEASUREMENT TRANSMISSION DEPARTMENT....................................................16
6. GAS QUALITY IN SSGC:.................................................................................................23
7. PIPELINE CORROSION PREVENTION:........................................................................29
8. SCADA SYSTEM:.............................................................................................................33
9. PIPELINE COMPRESSORS OPERATION & MAINTENANCE:...................................34
10. VISIT OF SMS MALIR AND SMS OF MEMON GOTH ONLY.................................36
11. CONCLUSION:..............................................................................................................42
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

As the embers of this internship glow, I find myself engulfed in a warm current of gratitude for the
invaluable opportunity to explore the vibrant world of gas transmission at Sui Southern Gas
Company Ltd. My journey within the Transmission department-KT has been nothing short of
transformative, a testament to the exceptional support and guidance I received from a remarkable
team.

Thanks, are due to ALLAH Almighty whose kind grace enabled us to accomplish this report, we
also pay our gratitude to loving parents, kind teachers specially to Mr. Saeed Alam (GM-T), Mr.
Mehfooz Lodhi (Manager MPL-I), MR. Sohail Ahmed (Manager G&W), Mr. Farhan Ume (GM-
Meas.), Mr. Rashid Mukhtar (CE-GD), Mr. Zahid Hussain (SE-CP), Mr. Ali Syed (CE – Services),
Mr. Zubair Shaikh (CE-I&C), who have not only been a source of motivation but also extended
their help whenever needed.

Mission

“To meet the energy requirements of customers through reliable, environment-friendly and
sustainable supply of natural gas, while conducting business professionally, efficiently,
ethically and with responsibility to all our stakeholders, community, and the nation."
Vision

The vision of SSGC Karachi Terminal is to ensure the safe, efficient, and reliable supply of
natural gas to meet the energy needs of the region. It aims to leverage advanced technology and
best practices to maintain operational excellence. The terminal is committed to environmental
sustainability and reducing carbon footprint. It strives to foster community development and
economic growth through responsible energy management.
1. INTRODUCTION
Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC) Pakistan stands as a titan in the nation's energy landscape,
fueling not just homes and industries, but also progress and prosperity. Its journey, intertwined
with the history of Pakistan's natural gas exploration and utilization, unfolds like a saga of
unwavering dedication and ambition.

SSGC transmission system extends from Sui in Baluchistan to Karachi in Sindh comprising over
3220KM of high-pressure pipeline ranging from 12-42” in diameter. The distribution activities
covering over 1200 towns in the Sindh and Baluchistan are organized through its regional
offices. The company also owns and operates the only gas meter manufacturing plant in the
country, having an annual production capacity over 500000 meters. The story of SSGC begins in
1952, a time when Pakistan was young and brimming with the spirit of development. The
discovery of vast natural gas reserves in Sui, Baluchistan, ignited a spark of hope, promising a
clean and efficient fuel source for a nation in its nascent stages. Thus, SSGC was born, entrusted
with the monumental task of harnessing this precious resource and delivering it to the heartland
of Pakistan.

From its humble beginnings as a public limited company, SSGC swiftly embarked on a path of
expansion and innovation. The construction of a vast network of pipelines, crisscrossing
provinces and cities, became the arteries of a vital energy system. Towns and industries sprang to
life, fueled by the dependable flow of natural gas
 2. Transmission and DISTRIBUTION (SSGC):

 Focus: Bulk transportation of natural gas over long distances.

 Infrastructure: SSGC operates a vast network of high-pressure pipelines that span over
3,200 kilometers. These pipelines transport natural gas from production wells (or import
points) to regional distribution hubs.

 Volume: Transmission focuses on moving large volumes of natural gas efficiently across
long distances.
 Pressure: Gas is transported at high pressure in transmission pipelines to overcome
friction and maintain flow over long distances.
SMS (sales meter station):

A Sales Metering Station (SMS) is an installation that plays a crucial role in natural gas
distribution. pen spark.
Function 1: Pressure Reduction:

Natural gas is transported through transmission pipelines at high pressure for efficient long-
distance travel. However, this high pressure is not safe or practical for direct delivery to homes
and businesses. The SMS reduces the pressure to a safe and manageable level for the distribution
network.
Function 2: Metering and Measurement:
Accurate measurement of gas volume is crucial for several reasons:
Billing: The gas consumption data from the SMS meter forms the basis for customer billing by SSGC.
• System Monitoring: Monitoring gas flow helps SSGC identify
 • potential leaks, optimize pressure levels, and ensure efficient distribution.

• Regulatory Compliance: Accurate gas measurement is essential for complying with

regulations set by government agencies.

Function 3 (Optional): Odorization:

Natural gas is odorless in its natural state. Adding an odorant helps in leak detection. If a gas
leak occurs, the odor serves as a warning sign for safety purposes.

Overall, a Sales Metering Station (SMS) in SSGC serves as a critical link between the high-
pressure transmission network and the low-pressure distribution system. It ensures safe and
efficient delivery of natural gas to customers by:

 Reducing pressure to appropriate levels

 Metering gas flow for accurate measurement • (Optional) Adding odorant for leak
detection.
DISTRIBUTION(SSGC):

• Focus: Delivery of natural gas to individual customers.

• Infrastructure: SSGC manages a comprehensive network of low-pressure pipelines that
connect to the regional distribution hubs and branch out to individual neighborhoods and
communities. This network also includes pressure regulating stations
that reduce the gas pressure to a level suitable for household appliances.

• Volume: Distribution deals with delivering smaller quantities of gas directly to end-
users.
• Pressure: Gas pressure is progressively reduced through the distribution network
to ensure safe and appropriate pressure for residential and commercial use.

POD (Point of delivery):

The Point of Delivery (POD) refers to the specific location where the responsibility for the
natural gas supply officially transfers from SSGC to the customer.
Where is the POD?

The POD is typically located at the customer's boundary wall or property line. It's usually
marked by a meter box or enclosure that houses the gas meter. This meter measures the volume
of natural gas consumed by the customer, forming the basis for billing by SSGC.

SSGC is responsible for delivering natural gas to the POD at the agreed-upon pressure and
quality. This includes maintaining the gas pressure within the distribution network and ensuring
the overall reliability of the supply up to the POD.
Importance of POD:

• Clarity of Responsibility: Defining the POD establishes a clear demarcation point for
gas supply responsibility between SSGC and the customer. This is crucial for ensuring
the safe and efficient operation of the gas distribution system.
• Billing Accuracy: The gas meter located at the POD accurately measures the volume of
gas consumed by the customer, forming the basis for fair and accurate billing by SSGC.
• Safety: Understanding the POD location helps both SSGC and the customer identify their
respective roles in ensuring safe gas usage and timely reporting of any potential issues.
3. VALVES AND INSTRUMENTS
a. PIPELINE VALVES:

• Function: These act as controllable gates within the pipeline, allowing for:

• Isolation: Valves can isolate sections of the pipeline for maintenance or repairs without
impacting the entire network.
• Flow Control: Valves can regulate the flow rate of natural gas within the
pipeline, optimizing pressure and delivery based on demand.
• Emergency Shutdowns: In case of emergencies like leaks or pressure surges, valves
can be used to quickly shut off gas flow in specific sections, minimizing risks.

• Types: SSGC utilizes various valve types depending on specific needs, such as:

b. Ball Valves:

It acts like a quick on/off switch for flow. When closed, a hollow ball inside the valve
blocks the flow path. Rotating the ball by a quarter turn (90 degrees) aligns the hole with
the flow path, allowing fluid to pass through.

c. Gate Valves:

It acts like a quick on/off switch for flow. When closed, a hollow ball inside the valve
blocks the flow path. Rotating the ball by a quarter turn (90 degrees) aligns the hole with
the flow path, allowing fluid to pass through.
 d. Butterfly Valves:

Butterfly valves are another type of valve used in pipelines, and they offer a unique
combination of features that make them valuable for specific applications within SSGC's
natural gas distribution network.

e. Pressure Regulators:

• Function: These devices automatically maintain a constant pressure level in the pipeline
downstream (after the regulator). This is crucial because: o Gas pressure naturally drops
due to friction as it travels through long pipelines. o Different parts of the distribution
network require varying pressure levels for safe and efficient delivery to end users
(homes and businesses).
• Types: SSGC might use various regulator types depending on the application:
 Pressure Reducing Regulators: Lower the pressure from the transmission pipeline to
a suitable level for the distribution network.
• Backpressure Regulators: Prevent unwanted pressure flow reversal within the system.
 f. Filters and Scrubbers:

• Function: These instruments remove impurities or contaminants from the natural

gas stream. This is essential for:
• Protecting Equipment: Contaminants like dust, particles, or liquids can damage
pipelines, valves, and gas meters.
• Ensuring Safe Combustion: Clean gas ensures efficient and safe burning in
appliances, minimizing the risk of incomplete combustion and harmful emissions.
• Types: Depending on the type of contaminants, SSGC might employ
various filtering and scrubbing technologies: o Strainers: Remove large particles
and debris from the gas stream. o Scrubbers: Utilize liquids or filtration media to
capture specific contaminants like water vapor or hydrocarbons.
 g. Other Pipeline Instruments:
• Flow Meters: Continuously measure the rate of gas flow within the pipeline, crucial
for system monitoring and optimizing delivery.
• Pressure Gauges: Provide real-time pressure readings at various points in the pipeline
network, allowing for pressure control and leak detection.
• Temperature Sensors: Monitor gas temperature within the pipeline, as significant
temperature changes can impact pressure and flow.
• Corrosion Monitoring Systems: Continuously assess the pipeline's health and detect
potential corrosion issues before they escalate.

4. WELDING AND WORKSHOP ACTIVITIES IN SSGC'S

PIPELINE NETWORK
Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC) relies on a vast network of pipelines to transport natural gas
across Sindh and Baluchistan. These pipelines require maintenance, repair, and occasional
 expansion projects. Welding and workshop activities play a crucial role in ensuring the integrity
and functionality of this network.

Here's a breakdown of how welding and workshop activities are essential for SSGC:

• Pipeline Construction and Expansion: During the construction of new pipelines or

expansion of existing ones, welders play a critical role in joining pipeline segments
using specialized welding techniques. This ensures a strong, leak-proof connection that
can withstand pressure and external elements.
• Pipeline Maintenance and Repair: Over time, pipelines may require repairs due to
wear and tear, corrosion, or accidental damage. Skilled welders are needed to assess the
damage, prepare the pipeline section, and perform high-quality welds to restore the
pipeline's integrity.
• Pipeline Modifications: SSGC's network might require modifications for various
reasons, such as installing new valves or connecting to additional gas sources.
Welding expertise is crucial for these modifications to ensure safe and reliable
connections.
• Workshop Support: Workshop facilities provide support for welding activities by:
 Equipment Maintenance: Maintaining and calibrating welding
equipment to ensure optimal performance and safety. o Material Storage:
Storing welding consumables like electrodes and filler metals under proper
conditions.
 Fabrication of Components: Workshops might fabricate specialized
pipeline components or repair parts as needed.
Safety Considerations:

Welding involves intense heat and molten metal, posing significant safety risks. SSGC adheres
to strict safety protocols for these activities, including:

• Welder Qualification: Only certified welders with the necessary skills and
experience are allowed to perform welding on SSGC's pipelines.
• Welding Procedures: Standardized welding procedures are followed to ensure
consistent quality and safety.
• Safety Equipment: Welders are provided with personal protective equipment (PPE)
like fireresistant clothing, helmets, and respirators.
• Work Permits: Proper permits are obtained before any welding activity on the
pipeline to ensure proper planning and safety measures are in place.
Measurement department is responsible for the monthly check of the meters installed on the
point of delivery. There are two meters installed on Point of Delivery one is of seller, to cross
check their meter SSGC have installed its own meter.

Measurement Department is also responsible for the monthly check of meters installed on the
SMS’s.

They are responsible to measure the gas quality. They make sure that the gas coming from
the gas field should be greater than 900 B.T.U.
5. Measurement Transmission Department
Measurement department is responsible for the monthly check of the meters installed on the
point of delivery. There are two meters installed on Point of Delivery one is of seller, to cross
check their meter SSGC have installed its own meter. Measurement Department is also
responsible for the monthly check of meters installed on the SMS’s. They are responsible to
measure the gas quality. They make sure that the gas coming from the gas field should be
greater than 900 B.T.U.

Flow Computers:-
Flow computer is a device which receives differential pressure, static pressure and temperature
information about the flowing gas and gas quality information from a gas chromatograph and
stores the record for a period of time.

It is a Micro Processor- Based Flow Computer that provides functions required for gas flow
measurement and custody transfer in accordance with the standards such as AGA-3, Orifice
Metering.
 The interface electronics controls Communication with the sensor modules, does scaling of
process variables i.e.: Differential Pressure, Static Pressure & Temperature, aids calibration,
provides storage of operating parameters, performs protocol conversion and responds to the
requests from the flow Computer.
Electronic Volume Corrector:-

The electronic volume corrector takes incoming pulses from a meter and records the pressure
and temperature to calculate the standard cubic feet of gas that has passed through the meter.

Gas Chromatography:-
Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry
for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.
Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the
different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be
determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound. In preparative
chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds from a mixture.

In gas chromatography, the mobile phase is a carrier gas, usually an inert gas such as helium or
unreactive gas such as nitrogen.

The stationary phase is a microscopic layer of liquid or polymer on an inert solid support,
inside a piece of glass or metal tubing called a column.
Orifice plate:-
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing pressure or for
restricting flow. Either a volumetric or mass flow rate may be determined, depending on the
calculation associated with the orifice plate. It uses the same principle as a Venturi
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_effect" HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_effect" HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_effect" nozzle, namely Bernoulli's principle which
states that there is a relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the
fluid. When the velocity increases, the pressure decreases and vice versa.

Description:-

An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in the middle. It is usually placed in a pipe in which
fluid flows. When the fluid reaches the orifice plate, the fluid is forced to converge to go
through the small hole; the point of maximum convergence actually occurs shortly
downstream of the physical orifice, at the so-called vena contracta point. As it does so, the
velocity and the pressure changes. Beyond the vena contracta, the fluid expands and the
velocity and pressure change once again. By measuring the difference in fluid pressure
between the normal pipe section and at the vena contracta, the volumetric and mass flow rates
can be obtained from Bernoulli's equation.
Rotary Meter:-

Rotary meters are highly machined precision instruments capable of handling higher volumes
and pressures than diaphragm meters. The rotors spin in precise alignment. With each turn,
they move a specific quantity of gas through the meter. The rotational movement of the crank
shaft serves as a primary flow element and may produce electrical pulses for a flow computer
or may drive an odometer-like counter.

Diaphragm Meter:-
Within the meter there are two or more chambers formed by movable diaphragms. With the gas
flow directed by internal valves, the chambers alternately fill and expel gas, producing a near
continuous flow through the meter. As the diaphragms expand and contract, levers connected to

cranks convert the linear motion of the diaphragms into rotary motion of a crank shaft which
serves as the primary flow element. This shaft can drive an odometer-like counter mechanism or
it can produce electrical pulses for a flow computer.
Turbine Meter:-
Turbine flowmeters use the mechanical energy of the fluid to rotate a “pinwheel” (rotor) in the
flow stream. Blades on the rotor are angled to transform energy from the flow stream into
rotational energy. The rotor shaft spins on bearings. When the fluid moves faster, the rotor
spins proportionally faster.

Shaft rotation can be sensed mechanically or by detecting the movement of the blades. Blade
movement is often detected magnetically, with each blade or embedded piece of metal
generating a pulse. Turbine flowmeter sensors are typically located external to the flowing
stream to avoid material of construction constraints that would result if wetted sensors were
used. When the fluid moves faster, more pulses are generated. The transmitter processes the
 pulse signal to determine the flow of the fluid. Transmitters and sensing systems are available
to sense flow in both the forward and reverse flow directions.
What is Calorific Value?

Calorific value (CV) is a measure of heating power and is dependent upon the composition of
the gas. The CV refers to the amount of energy released when a known volume of gas is
completely combusted under specified conditions.

The CV of gas, which is dry, gross and measured at standard conditions of temperature and
pressure, is usually quoted in mega joules per cubic meter (MJ/m3).

Why is Calorific Value Important?

Knowledge of the CV of natural gas is an essential part of the day to day activities of
National Grid as this information is used to determine the amount of energy transported by
National Grid. CV information is provided daily to gas shippers and suppliers, which is then
used to bill gas consumers. This data is also used by National Grid to determine
transportation charges for gas shippers and suppliers.

How is Calorific Value Measured?

The CV of natural gas is measured continually using process gas chromatographs.

Process gas chromatographs separate natural gas into its constituent compounds (i.e. methane,
ethane, carbon dioxide, etc.) and measure the amount of each in the gas. The physical
characteristics of each component, are programmed into the chromatograph and an overall
CV is derived from the measured composition.
FLOW DIAGRAM OF SMS KT:-
 6. Gas Quality in SSGC:

Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC) strives to deliver natural gas that meets specific quality
standards. Here's a breakdown of what you can expect regarding gas quality from SSGC:

Importance of Gas Quality:

• Safety: Consistent gas quality ensures safe and efficient combustion in

appliances, minimizing the risk of incomplete combustion and harmful emissions
like carbon monoxide.
• Appliance Efficiency: Properly formulated gas allows appliances to function optimally,
maximizing their efficiency and fuel economy.
• Network Integrity: Maintaining consistent gas quality helps protect pipelines
and equipment from corrosion or damage caused by impurities.

SSGC's Gas Quality Standards:

While the specific details might not be publicly available, SSGC likely adheres to national or
industry standards for natural gas quality. These standards might address various aspects like:

• Hydrocarbon Content: Natural gas is primarily composed of methane (CH₄) with

smaller quantities of other hydrocarbons like ethane (C₂H₆) and propane (C₃H₈).
The standard might specify acceptable ranges for these components.
 Inert Content: Natural gas may contain inert gases like nitrogen (N ₂) and carbon
dioxide (CO₂). The standard might limit the concentration of these inert components to
ensure sufficient heating value.

• Sulfur Content: The presence of sulfur compounds can be harmful to appliances

and contribute to air

pollution. The standard might set a maximum allowable limit for sulfur content.

• Water Vapor Content: Excessive water vapor can hinder gas flow and potentially
damage pipelines. The standard might specify a maximum allowable water vapor content.

a. Maintaining Gas Quality:

SSGC likely employs various measures to maintain consistent gas quality throughout its network:

• Natural Gas Sourcing: Careful selection of gas sources that meet the required quality
standards.
• Blending: If necessary, SSGC might blend gas from different sources to achieve
the desired quality specifications.
 • Pipeline Conditioning: Removal of impurities or contaminants from the gas
stream using filtration and separation techniques before entering the distribution
network.

b. Gas Quality Measurement:

In SSGC's natural gas distribution network, gas quality is likely measured through a combination
of methods at various stages:

 Source Sampling and Analysis:

• Before entering SSGC's network: Natural gas suppliers likely adhere to specific quality
standards. SSGC might perform sampling and analysis of the gas at the source to ensure it
meets the agreed-upon specifications. This analysis might involve
techniques like gas chromatography to determine the composition of the gas
(hydrocarbon content, inert gases, sulfur content, etc.).

 Pipeline Monitoring:

• Throughout the distribution network: SSGC likely utilizes continuous monitoring

systems at strategic points within their pipelines. These systems might include:
• Gas Chromatographs: These instruments can provide real-time or near-real-time
analysis of the gas composition as it flows through the pipeline.
 Mostly Used Chromatographs In SSGC:

• Daniel – 500
• ABB – 8206
• Emerson – 370XA

• Moisture Analyzers: These instruments measure the water vapor content in the
gas to ensure it stays within acceptable limits.

SSGC transmission system extends from Sui in Baluchistan to Karachi in Sindh comprising
over 3220KM of high-pressure pipeline ranging from 12-42” in diameter. The distribution
activities covering over 1200 towns in the Sindh and Baluchistan are organized through its
regional offices.

The company also owns and operates the only gas meter manufacturing plant in the
country, having an annual production capacity over 500000 meters.

The story of SSGC begins in 1952, a time when Pakistan was young and brimming with the
spirit of development. The discovery of vast natural gas reserves in Sui, Baluchistan, ignited a
spark of hope, promising a clean and efficient fuel source for a nation in its nascent stages.
Thus, SSGC was born, entrusted with the monumental task of harnessing this precious resource
and delivering it to the heartland of Pakistan.
From its humble beginnings as a public limited company, SSGC swiftly embarked on a path
of expansion and innovation. The construction of a vast network of pipelines, crisscrossing
provinces and cities, became the arteries of a vital energy system. Towns and industries
sprang to life, fueled by the dependable flow of natural gas.
 7. Pipeline Corrosion Prevention:

Natural gas pipelines are the lifeblood of SSGC's network, delivering essential fuel across Sindh
and Baluchistan. However, these pipelines are constantly exposed to elements that can cause
corrosion, threatening their integrity and safety. To combat this threat, SSGC employs a multi-
pronged approach to pipeline corrosion prevention.

The Corrosion Threat:

• Underground pipelines face various corrosion threats, including:

Soil Composition: Certain soil types can be highly corrosive due to their acidity or
presence of specific minerals.

Stray Currents: Electrical currents from external sources like power lines can accelerate
corrosion on pipelines.

Microbiological Corrosion: Microorganisms in the soil can interact with the pipeline
material and contribute to corrosion.
Corrosion Prevention Techniques:
 SSGC utilizes various techniques to prevent corrosion in their pipelines:

1. Material Selection:

• Choosing the Right Steel: SSGC likely selects pipeline materials with high corrosion
resistance, often incorporating special coatings or alloys for added protection.

2. Cathodic Protection (CP):

The Workhorse: This widely used technique involves making the pipeline act as a
cathode in an electrochemical cell, essentially reversing the corrosion process. o
Sacrificial Anodes: These expendable metal anodes attached to the pipeline corrode
preferentially, protecting the pipeline itself.

Impressed Current Systems: An external power source provides a direct current to

the pipeline, achieving cathodic protection.
3. Pipeline Coatings:

Adding a Shield: SSGC might apply various coatings to the pipeline surface, acting as a
barrier against corrosive elements in the soil. These coatings can be:

Polyethylene coatings: Commonly used for their durability and resistance to

moisture and chemicals.

Coal tar epoxy coatings: Offer excellent adhesion and corrosion protection.

4. Monitoring and Inspection:

Eternal Vigilance: SSGC likely employs techniques to continuously monitor the health
of their pipelines and detect any signs of corrosion:

CP System Monitoring: Regularly checking the performance of cathodic protection

systems to ensure their effectiveness.

Internal Pipeline Inspection Tools: Utilizing specialized tools like "smart pigs" to
travel through pipelines and identify potential corrosion defects.

5. Pipeline Maintenance and Repair:

Proactive Approach: Based on monitoring and inspection results, SSGC might take
action to address any identified corrosion issues:
Coating Repair: Repairing or reapplying damaged coatings on the pipeline.
Pipeline Rehabilitation: In severe cases, sections of the pipeline might require
replacement or rehabilitation techniques.
8. SCADA System:

Supervisory control and data acquisition.

This is a widely used technology in the gas industry for monitoring and controlling pipeline
networks. Here's how it might apply to SSGC:

• Function: SCADA systems collect real-time data from various sensors and instruments
installed throughout the pipeline network. This data can include:
 Pressure readings
 Flow rates
 Valve positions
 Leak detection signals
 Equipment status
• Control Capabilities: The SCADA system allows SSGC control room operators to
monitor pipeline conditions, remotely control valves and other equipment, and respond
to any anomalies or emergencies.
• Benefits: A well-implemented SCADA system offers:
• Improved situational awareness of the pipeline network.
• Faster response times to incidents.Enhanced operational efficiency.

Data Acquisition and Importance in SSGC:

Regardless of the specific system name, SSGC undoubtedly prioritizes data acquisition from their
network. This data is crucial for:
 • Safe and Efficient Operations: Real-time data from pressure gauges, flow meters, and
leak detection systems allows SSGC to maintain optimal pipeline conditions and
respond promptly to any issues.
• Customer Service: Meter reading data is essential for accurate customer billing
and ensuring fair pricing.

9. Pipeline Compressors Operation & Maintenance:

Natural gas pipelines transport gas across vast distances, but sometimes, they need an extra push
to overcome pressure drops caused by friction and elevation changes. This is where pipeline
compressor stations, equipped with powerful compressors, come into play for SSGC.

The Role of Compressors:

• Function: Pipeline compressors are essentially large pumps that increase the pressure
of the natural gas flowing within the pipeline. This pressure boost ensures: o
Maintaining sufficient flow rate to meet customer demand, especially during peak usage
periods. o Overcoming pressure drops along the pipeline due to factors like friction and
elevation changes.
• Placement: SSGC strategically places compressor stations along their pipeline network,
typically at intervals where pressure needs to be increased.

Types of Compressors used by SSGC (likely):

• Centrifugal Compressors: These are high-speed, multi-stage compressors that use

rotating impellers to increase gas pressure. They are efficient for large volume
flows.
• Reciprocating Compressors: These compressors use pistons within cylinders to
compress the gas in a positive displacement manner. They might be used in
smaller stations or for specific pressure requirements.
Operation and Maintenance:

• Safe and Reliable Operation: SSGC prioritizes the safe and reliable operation of their
compressor stations. This involves:
Control Systems: Utilizing sophisticated control systems to monitor and regulate
compressor performance, ensuring optimal operating conditions.
Operator Training: SSGC likely has highly trained personnel who operate and monitor
the compressor stations.

• Maintenance: Regular maintenance is crucial for ensuring compressor efficiency

and preventing breakdowns. This might include:
Scheduled Maintenance: Periodic inspection, cleaning, and replacement of compressor
parts as per manufacturer's recommendations.
Predictive Maintenance: Utilizing vibration analysis and other techniques to identify
potential problems before they cause major failures.

Compressor Station:

• Sibi

• Hyderabad

• Nawab shah

• Shikarpur
10. Visit of SMS Malir and SMS of Memon Goth Only
MALIR SALES METER STATIONS

Introduction:
Sales Meter Stations (SMSs) for pressure and volume in Malir, Karachi, are specialized
facilities that measure either the pressure or volume of gas or liquid flowing through them.
Pressure SMSs monitor the force of flow using sensors and transmitters, crucial for
operational safety and efficiency. Volume SMSs measure the quantity of substance passing
through based on flow rate data, essential for accurate billing and consumption monitoring.
These stations are strategically
 placed in distribution networks to ensure compliance with regulatory standards and to
facilitate precise resource management and billing processes.

Function: Pressure SMSs are designed to measure the pressure of gases or liquids as they
flow through the station.

Components:

 Pressure Sensors: Strategically placed within the station to measure substance pressure.
 Transmitters: Convert pressure readings into electronic signals for processing.
 Control Systems: Manage sensor operation and calibration.

Working Principle: The pressure of gases or liquids is measured at specific points within the
SMS. Readings are recorded continuously or at intervals and transmitted to a central system for
analysis and monitoring.

Applications:

 Ensure safe operation by monitoring pressure levels.

 Provide data for maintenance and troubleshooting.
 Ensure compliance with safety protocols and regulatory standards.

Volume Sales Meter Stations (SMSs):

Function: Volume SMSs measure the quantity (volume) of gases or liquids passing through
the station over time.

Components:

 Flow Meters: Measure the rate of substance flow (typically in cubic meters per hour).
 Totalizers: Accumulate total volume based on flow rate data.
 Data Recorders: Capture and store volume measurements.
 Working Principle: Flow meters measure flow rate, which totalizers integrate over time to
compute total volume. Recorded data is transmitted to a central system for billing and
monitoring purposes.

Applications:

 Essential for accurate billing based on actual consumption.

 Provide data for supply chain management and forecasting.
 Ensure compliance with contractual obligations and regulatory requirements.

Process:

Installation: SMSs are strategically installed along the distribution network, often near
distribution hubs or consumer endpoints. Each SMS undergoes calibration and testing to ensure
measurement accuracy.

Measurement and Monitoring: Pressure SMSs continuously monitor substance pressure, while
volume SMSs record substance quantity based on flow rate measurements.

Data Transmission: Sensor data, including pressure readings for pressure SMSs and flow
rate/volume for volume SMSs, is transmitted electronically to a central data collection
point. Real-time transmission allows for immediate anomaly detection and response.

Data Analysis and Reporting: Collected data is analyzed to ensure operational efficiency
and compliance. Reports generated include consumption patterns, billing data, and
maintenance schedules.

Maintenance and Calibration: Regular maintenance and calibration are essential to maintain
SMS accuracy. Scheduled inspections and adjustments ensure SMSs operate within specified
tolerances.

Compliance and Safety: SMSs adhere to regulatory standards for measurement accuracy and
safety. Pressure SMSs maintain safe operating pressures, while volume SMSs ensure fair billing
practices.
Importance:

 Billing Accuracy: Ensures consumers are accurately billed based on actual usage.
 Operational Efficiency: Optimizes resource distribution and management.
 Safety: Maintains safe operating conditions and regulatory compliance.
 Data-driven Decision Making: Provides insights for infrastructure planning
and improvement.

MEMON GOTH SALES METER STATIONS

 INTRODUCTION
Memon Goth Sales Meter Stations (SMSs) are vital infrastructure points in the distribution
network for measuring and monitoring the flow of gas or liquid. Equipped with pressure sensors,
flow meters, and data transmitters, these stations ensure accurate measurement of pressure levels
and flow rates. They play a crucial role in maintaining operational efficiency, supporting billing
accuracy based on actual consumption, and ensuring compliance with safety and regulatory
standards. Through continuous monitoring, data collection, and analysis, Memon Goth SMSs
facilitate informed decision-making for resource management and infrastructure planning.

Function: Memon Goth SMSs are designed to accurately measure and monitor the flow of
gas or liquid through specific points in the distribution network.

Components:

1. Pressure Sensors: Positioned strategically within the station to measure the pressure
of the gas or liquid.
2. Flow Meters: Devices used to measure the rate of flow (e.g., in cubic meters per hour).
3. Transmitters: Convert pressure and flow readings into electronic signals for processing
and transmission.
4. Totalizers: Accumulate the total volume of substance passed through over time.
5. Control Systems: Manage sensor operation, calibration, and data transmission.
6. Data Recorders: Capture, store, and retrieve volume and pressure measurements.

Working Principle:

 Pressure Measurement: Sensors measure the pressure of the gas or liquid at

specific points within the SMS.
 Flow Measurement: Flow meters gauge the rate at which the substance passes
through the station.
 Data Collection: Readings from sensors and flow meters are recorded continuously or
at intervals.3
 Data Transmission: Transmit collected data electronically to a central system
for analysis and monitoring.
Applications:

 Operational Monitoring: Ensure safe and efficient operation by monitoring

pressure levels and flow rates.
 Maintenance Support: Provide data for maintenance and troubleshooting purposes.
 Safety Compliance: Critical for maintaining safe operating conditions and complying
with regulatory standards.
 Billing Accuracy: Essential for accurate billing and invoicing based on
actual consumption.
 Resource Management: Optimize resource distribution and management based on
consumption patterns.

Process:

 Installation: Positioned strategically in the distribution network, near key hubs or

endpoints.
 Calibration: Each SMS undergoes calibration and testing to ensure
measurement accuracy.
 Measurement and Monitoring: Continuously monitor pressure and flow rates; record
and transmit data for real-time monitoring.
 Data Analysis: Analyze collected data to ensure operational efficiency, compliance,
and generate reports for decision-making.
 Maintenance: Regular maintenance and calibration to uphold measurement accuracy
and safety standards.

Importance:

 Billing Accuracy: Ensures fair and accurate billing for consumers based on actual usage.
 Operational Efficiency: Optimizes resource management and distribution network
performance.
 Safety and Compliance: Ensures adherence to safety regulations and standards.
 Data-Driven Decision Making: Provides insights for planning,
infrastructure improvements, and regulatory compliance.
 11. Conclusion:
During my internship as a Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineer at Sui Southern Gas Company
(SSGC), I have had a profoundly enriching experience. This opportunity provided me with
invaluable insights into the natural gas industry, focusing particularly on SSGC's extensive
pipeline network.

Key Learnings:

1. Understanding Gas Flow and Pipeline Systems: I acquired a comprehensive

understanding of gas flow principles, pressure regulation techniques, and the critical
importance of maintaining consistent gas quality. This knowledge is foundational
for ensuring the safe and efficient transportation of natural gas.
2. Exposure to Mechanical Equipment: My internship involved studying various
mechanical equipment crucial to SSGC's operations, such as pressure regulators,
metering systems, and pipeline compressors. Learning their functions and
maintenance procedures has prepared me for future endeavors in mechanical
engineering.
3. Emphasis on Safety and Regulatory Compliance: At SSGC, safety is paramount in
every operation. I gained firsthand experience in adhering to safety regulations and best
practices within the natural gas industry, understanding their significance in maintaining
operational integrity.

Professional Development:

Moving forward in my mechanical engineering career, the experience gained at SSGC holds
immense value:
  Enhanced Skillset: The internship has significantly bolstered my technical
skills, problem-solving abilities, and introduced me to relevant data analysis
techniques applicable to pipeline operations.
 Industry Knowledge: Acquiring insights into the intricate workings of the natural gas
industry provides me with a competitive edge, particularly as I aspire to pursue a
career in energy or related fields.
 Foundation for Future Roles: The knowledge and experience gained at SSGC serve
as a solid foundation for various mechanical engineering roles. This includes tackling
challenges in pipeline maintenance, design, or research and development initiatives.

My internship at SSGC has been a pivotal steppingstone in my professional journey. I am

grateful to all the mentors and staff at SSGC who have guided me through departments relevant
to my field, enhancing my understanding and skill set.

Thank you,