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    Class 8 - IG - Enzymes

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    Sujan P

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    Class 8 - IG - Enzymes

    Uploaded by

    Sujan P
    5 views12 pages

    Original Title

    Class 8_IG_Enzymes

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    5 views12 pages

    Class 8 - IG - Enzymes

    Uploaded by

    Sujan P

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    You are on page 1of 12

    Enzymes

    Presented by:

    Biology Department
    Introduction

    The sum of all the biochemical reactions going on within a living organism is known
    as metabolism.
    Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism
    Anabolism: these are reactions that build up large molecules from smaller ones
    and usually require energy.
    Example: conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver cells and muscle cells.
    Catabolism: these are reactions that break down large molecules into smaller ones
    with the release of energy.
    Example: break down of glucose into carbon dioxide and water with the release of
    energy ( cellular respiration). This also takes place in the liver cells and muscle
    cells.
    • Enzymes are proteins that function as
    biological catalysts which speed up reactions
    without being changed by the reaction.
    • Substrate are molecules that take part in the
    enzyme- catalysed reactions.
    • Products are the molecules produced during
    a reaction.
    • Different enzymes are involved in anabolic
    and catabolic reactions.
    • The presence or absence of an enzyme
    control what will happen to a particular
    molecule.
    • Active site is the region on the enzyme
    where the substrate binds.
    Enzyme and cells

    • Enzymes are synthesised within cells.


    • Most enzymes work inside the cell( intracellular enzymes). Example, catalase
    (it breaks down harmful hydrogen peroxide in liver cells) and phosphorylase ( it
    builds glucose into starch in plant cells)
    • Other enzymes are made within the cell and released outside to perform their
    function(extracellular enzymes). Example, amylase( breaks down starch to
    glucose) and lipase( breakdown fats to fatty acids and glycerol)
    Specificity

    • Enzymes are highly specific in their action ie, they work on only one kind of
    substrate.
    • Enzyme protease breaks down proteins but has no effect on carbohydrates and
    fats.
    • Enzyme lipase breaks down fats but has no effect on carbohydrates and
    proteins.
    Mechanism of enzyme action
    LOCK AND KEY HYPOTHESIS
    Induced fit model

    • This is a more recent explanation for


    enzyme action.
    • It states that the active site of an
    enzyme is flexible and hence allows
    the substrate to fit exactly to the
    active site.
    Factors affecting enzyme activity
    Temperature:
    The enzyme activity increases with the increase in temperature, up to a point. This
    is because:
    • a higher temperature speeds up the movement of substrate molecules, so that
    when they collide with the enzyme they have more energy to form the
    enzyme-substrate complex.
    • the enzyme molecules also gain energy as the temperature rises and begin to
    vibrate. Eventually, the enzyme molecules vibrate so much that they lose their
    three-dimensional shape and can no longer bind to the substrate.Thus, enzyme
    activity reduces at high temperatures.
    • Since denaturation of enzyme is usually an irreversible process, living organisms
    make great efforts to the conditions suitable for enzyme activity.
    Factors affecting enzyme activity

    pH:
    • Each enzyme has its own optimum pH to work effectively.
    • Pepsin, an enzyme in the stomach has an optimum pH around 2.0(highly acidic) while
    amylase, an enzyme in the mouth and intestine has an optimum pH of 7.5( slightly basic)
    • Change in pH affects the three- dimensional shape of the enzyme and can
    denature the enzyme.
    Factors affecting enzyme activity

    Substrate concentration:
    • As the concentration of the substrate increases, the rate of the reaction also
    increases as there are more substrate molecules available to take part in the
    reaction.
    • After a certain point, the rate of the reaction does not increase because all the
    available enzymes are bound to the substrate and no more enzymes are
    available to take part in the reaction.
    Thank You.

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