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Lecture 1 - Introduction

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Lecture 1 - Introduction

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nguyenphuctan30
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Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City

University of Science
Faculty of Electronics & Telecommunications

Communication Systems

Dang Le Khoa
Email: dlkhoa@hcmus.edu.vn
Course Outline
⚫ Chapter 1: Introduction
⚫ Chapter 2: Amplitude Modulations and Demodulations
⚫ Chapter 3: Angle Modulation and Demodulation
⚫ Chapter 4: Pulse Modulation and Pulse Code Modulation
⚫ Chapter 5: Basic Digital Modulation
⚫ Chapter 6: Introduction to Information Theory
⚫ Chapter 7: Error Correcting Codes

Faculty of Electronics & Telecommunications. HCMUS [2]


Resources
⚫ Textbook
[1] B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication
Systems, 4th edition, Oxford University Press, 2010
⚫ Recommended readings
[1] Leon W. Couch II, Digital and Analog Communication
System, Sixth Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001.
[2] John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, Communication Systems
Engineering, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, 2002.
⚫ Software:

[1] Matlab

Faculty of Electronics & Telecommunications. HCMUS [3]


Assignments
⚫ Homework exercises ( 30%)
⚫ Attention (10%)
⚫ Questions and Answers (10%)
⚫ Final exam (50%)

Faculty of Electronics & Telecommunications [4]


⚫ 12:40 – 14:40
⚫ 15:10 – 16:30

Faculty of Electronics & Telecommunications. HCMUS [5]


Chapter 1: Introduction
– Basic Block Diagram
– Typical Communication systems
– Analog or Digital
– Entropy to Measure the Quantity of Information
– Channels
– Shannon Capacity
– Spectrum Allocation
– Modulation
– Communication Networks
Communication System Components

transmitter

Source Source Channel


Modulation D/A
input Coder Coder

channel Distortion and noise +

Reconstructed
Signal Source Channel
demodulation A/D
output decoder decoder

receiver
Communication Process
⚫ Message Signal
⚫ Symbol
⚫ Encoding
⚫ Transmission
⚫ Decoding
⚫ Re-creation
⚫ Broadcast
⚫ Point to Point
Telecommunication
⚫ Telegraph
⚫ Fixed line telephone
⚫ Cable
⚫ Wired networks
⚫ Internet
⚫ Fiber communications
⚫ Communication bus inside computers to communicate
between CPU and memory
Wireless Communications
⚫ Satellite
⚫ TV
⚫ Cordless phone
⚫ Cellular phone
⚫ Wireless LAN, WIFI
⚫ Wireless MAN, WIMAX
⚫ Bluetooth
⚫ Ultra Wide Band
⚫ Wireless Laser
⚫ Microwave
⚫ GPS
⚫ Ad hoc/Sensor Networks
Analog or Digital
⚫ Common Misunderstanding: Any transmitted signals are
ANALOG. NO DIGITAL SIGNAL CAN BE TRANSMITTED
⚫ Analog Message: continuous in amplitude and over time
– AM, FM for voice sound
– Traditional TV for analog video
– First generation cellular phone (analog mode)
– Record player
⚫ Digital message: 0 or 1, or discrete value
– VCD, DVD
– 2G/3G cellular phone
– Data on your disk
– Your grade
⚫ Digital age: why digital communication will prevail
ADC/DAC
⚫ Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) and Digital-to-Analog
Conversion (DAC) are the processes that allow digital
computers to interact with these everyday signals.
⚫ Digital information is different from its continuous counterpart
in two important respects: it is sampled, and it is quantized
Source Coder
⚫ Examples
– Digital camera: encoder;
TV/computer: decoder
– Camcorder
– Phone
– Read the book
⚫ Theorem
– How much information is
measured by Entropy
– More randomness, high
entropy and more information
Channel, Bandwidth, Spectrum
⚫ Bandwidth: the number of bits per second is proportional to B
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf
Power, Channel, Noise
⚫ Transmit power
– Constrained by device, battery, health issue, etc.
⚫ Channel responses to different frequency and different time
– Satellite: almost flat over frequency, change slightly over time
– Cable or line: response very different over frequency, change
slightly over time.
– Fiber: perfect
– Wireless: worst. Multipath reflection causes fluctuation in
frequency response. Doppler shift causes fluctuation over time
⚫ Noise and interference
– AWGN: Additive White Gaussian noise
– Interferences: power line, microwave, other users (CDMA phone)
Shannon Capacity
⚫ Shannon Theory
– It establishes that given a noisy channel with information capacity C and
information transmitted at a rate R, then if R<C, there exists a coding
technique which allows the probability of error at the receiver to be made
arbitrarily small. This means that theoretically, it is possible to transmit
information without error up to a limit, C.
– The converse is also important. If R>C, the probability of error at the
receiver increases without bound as the rate is increased. So no useful
information can be transmitted beyond the channel capacity. The theorem
does not address the rare situation in which rate and capacity are equal.
⚫ Shannon Capacity

C = B log 2 (1 + SNR ) bit / s


Modulation
⚫ Process of varying a carrier signal
in order to use that signal to
convey information
– Carrier signal can transmit far
away, but information cannot
– Modem: amplitude, phase, and
frequency
– Analog: AM, amplitude, FM,
frequency, Vestigial sideband
modulation, TV
– Digital: mapping digital
information to different
constellation: Frequency-shift
key (FSK)
Channel Coding
⚫ Purpose
– Deliberately add redundancy to the transmitted information, so
that if the error occurs, the receiver can either detect or correct it.
⚫ Source-channel separation theorem
– If the delay is not an issue, the source coder and channel coder can
be designed separately, i.e. the source coder tries to pack the
information as hard as possible and the channel coder tries to
protect the packet information.
⚫ Popular coder
– Linear block code
– Cyclic codes (CRC)
– Convolutional code (Viterbi, Qualcom)
– LDPC codes, Turbo code
Quality of a Link (service, QoS)
⚫ Mean Square Error
1 N ˆ
MSE =  | X i − X i |2
N i =1
⚫ Signal to noise ratio (SNR)
Prec Ptx G
= =
 2
2
– Bit error rate
– Frame error rate
– Packet drop rate
– Peak SNR (PSNR)
– SINR/SNIR: signal to noise plus interference ratio
⚫ Human factor
Multiplexing
⚫ Space-division multiplexing
⚫ Frequency-division multiplexing
⚫ Time-division multiplexing
⚫ Code-division multiplexing
Communication Networks
⚫ Connection of 2 or more distinct (possibly dissimilar) networks.
⚫ Requires some kind of network device to facilitate the
connection.
⚫ Internet

Net A Net B
OSI Model

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