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    Computer Architecture

    Section A

    1. Memory: Computer memory refers to hardware devices used to store information for immediate use in
    a computer system. It's typically divided into:

     RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile, fast storage for active data and programs
     ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile storage for essential system instructions
     Cache: Very fast memory used to speed up CPU operations

    2. Storage: Storage refers to devices and media that retain digital data for longer periods. This includes:

     Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): Mechanical drives with rotating platters


     Solid State Drives (SSDs): Faster drives using flash memory
     Optical drives (CD, DVD, Blu-ray)
     Cloud storage: Remote data storage accessed via the internet

    3. HLL (High Level Language): A high-level programming language is designed to be more human-
    readable and abstract from machine code.

     Closer to natural language or mathematical notation


     Machine-independent
     Examples: Python, Java, C++, JavaScript

    4. System software: System software manages and controls computer hardware and provides a platform
    for running application software. It includes:

     Operating systems
     Device drivers
     Utilities
     Firmware

    5. Operating system: An operating system (OS) is the core system software that manages computer
    hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. Key functions
    include:

     Process management
     Memory management
     File system management
     Device management
     User interface provision

    Define Computer Architecture: Computer architecture refers to the design and organization of a computer's
    internal components, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and other
    hardware elements. It defines how these components interact with each other and how they work together to
    execute instructions.
    What is a bus? A bus is a communication pathway that allows different parts of a computer system to exchange
    data.

    Types of buses:

     Address Bus: carries address information from the CPU to memory or I/O devices
     Data Bus: carries data between different parts of the system
     Control Bus: carries control signals between different parts of the system

    What is meant by VLSI technology? Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology refers to designing
    integrated circuits with millions or billions of transistors on a single chip. This has enabled more powerful

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