1

Triangulation
Computations
Engr. M. Hamza Khalid
Field Exercise 2
Aim:
Determine the internal horizontal angles between Triangulation Points.
Equipment:
Total Station
Given Data:
Coordinates of Water Tank and Mess Point.
IQBAL POST FAROOQ POST

TRIANGULATION
IQBAL POST FAROOQ POST
1 2
8
3

4
7
5
6
 IQBAL POST FAROOQ POST
70◦38’48’’
64◦58’20’’
15◦40’43’’
16◦41’15’’

28◦42’19’’ 27◦41’47’’

77◦07’02’’ 58◦30’03’’
Computations 6
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment
Check 1
∑ Internal Angles = 360◦
Check 2
Angle 1 + Angle 2 = Angle 6 + Angle 5
Angle 7 + Angle 8 = Angle 3 + Angle 4
Check 3
∑ Internal Angles of Triangles = 180 ◦

Step 2 : Bearings

Step 3 : Distances

Step 4 : Co-ordinates
 Step 1 : Angle Adjustment 7
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment
Iteration 1
Check 1
S. ∑Observed Angles= 360◦
Internal Angles Correction Corrected Angles
No. Check 1
1 70◦38’48’’ -2’’ 70◦38’46’’
2 64◦58’20’’ -2’’ 64◦58’18’’
3 16◦41’15’’ -2’’ 16◦41’13’’
4 27◦41’47’’ -2’’ 27◦41’45’’
5 58◦30’03’’ -2’’ 58◦30’01’’
6 77◦07’02’’ -2’’ 77◦07’00’’
7 28◦42’19’’ -2’’ 28◦42’17’’
8 15◦40’43’’ -3’’ 15◦40’40’’
∑ Observed Internal Angles =360◦00’17’’ ∑ Internal Angles = 360◦

Error=17’’ Error per station = 17’’/8

 IQBAL POST FAROOQ POST
70◦38’46’’
64◦58’18’’
15◦40’40’’
16◦41’13’’

28◦42’17’’ 27◦41’45’’

77◦07’00’’ 58◦30’01’’
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment 9
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment
Iteration 1
Check 2
Adjustment 1
Angle 1 + Angle 2 = Angle 6 + Angle 5
70◦38’46’’+ 64◦58’18’’= 77◦07’00’’+ 58◦30’01’’
135◦37’04’’ = 135◦37’01’’
Error = 03’’
Error per angle = 03’’/4

Since,
L.H.S > R.H.S
Subtract 01’’ from 2 angles in L.H.S
Add 01’’ in any 1 angle in L.H.S
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment 10
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment
Iteration 1
Check 2
Adjustment 2
Angle 8 + Angle 7 = Angle 3 + Angle 4
15◦40’40’’+ 28◦42’17’’= 16◦41’13’’+ 27◦41’45’’
44◦22’57’’ = 44◦22’58’’
Error = 01’’
Error per angle = 01’’/4

Since,
L.H.S < R.H.S
Subtract 01’’ from any 1 angle in R.H.S
 Step 1 : Angle Adjustment 11
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment
Iteration 1
Check 2
S. Observed Angles Correc Corrected Angles
No. tion Check 1
1 70◦38’46’’ -1’’ 70◦38’45’’ -1" 77'38'45''
64'58'18''
2 64◦58’18’’ -1’’ 64◦58’17’’
3 16◦41’13’’ -1’’ 16◦41’12’’ 16'41'13''

4 27◦41’45’’ 27◦41’45’’ 27'41'45''

+1" 58'30'02''
5 58◦30’01’’ +1’’ 58◦30’02’’
6 77◦07’00’’ 77◦07’00’’ +1" 77'07'01''

7 28◦42’17’’ 28◦42’17’’
8 15◦40’40’’ 15◦40’40’’ +1'' 15'40'41''

∑ Observed Internal Angles = Apply Check 1 again

360◦00’00’’ ∑ Internal Angles = 359◦59’58’’
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment 12
ITERATIVE PROCESS

Check Check
1 2
 IQBAL POST FAROOQ POST
70◦38’45’’
64◦58’17’’
15◦40’40’’
16◦41’12’’

Adjustment from iteration 1

28◦42’17’’ 27◦41’45’’

77◦07’00’’ 58◦30’02’’
 Step 1 : Angle Adjustment 14
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment
70◦38 45
Iteration 2 64◦58 17
15◦40 40
Check 1 16◦41

S. ∑Observed Angles = 360◦

Internal Angles Correc Corrected Angles
No. tion Check 1
1 70◦38’45’’ +1’’ 70◦38’46’’
2 64◦58’17’’ +1’’ 64◦58’18’’
3 16◦41’12’’ 16◦41’12’’
4 27◦41’45’’ 27◦41’45’’
5 58◦30’02’’ 58◦30’02’’
6 77◦07’00’’ 77◦07’00’’ 28◦42 17 27◦41 45

7 28◦42’17’’ 28◦42’17’’ 77◦07 00 58◦30 02

8 15◦40’40’’ 15◦40’40’’
∑ Observed Internal Angles = ∑ Internal Angles = 360◦
359◦59’58’’
Error=2’’ Error per station = 2’’/8
 IQBAL POST FAROOQ POST
70◦38’46’’
64◦58’18’’
15◦40’40’’
16◦41’12’’

28◦42’17’’ 27◦41’45’’

77◦07’00’’ 58◦30’02’’
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment 16
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment
70◦38 46
Iteration 2 64◦58 18
15◦40 40
Check 2 16◦41 12

Adjustment 1 Adjustment 2
Angle 1 + Angle 2 = Angle 6 + Angle 5 Angle 8 + Angle 7 = Angle 3 + Angle 4
135◦37’04’’ = 135◦37’02’’ 44◦22’57’’ = 44◦22’57’’
Error = 02’’
Error per angle = 02’’/4 OK!

L.H.S > R.H.S

Subtract 01’’ from angles in L.H.S
Add 01’’ in angles in L.H.S
28◦42 17 27◦41 45

77◦07 00 58◦30 02
 Step 1 : Angle Adjustment 17
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment
70◦38 46
Iteration 2 64◦58 18
15◦40 40
Check 2 16◦41 12

S. Observed Angles Correc Corrected Angles

No. tion Check 1
1 70◦38’46’’ -1’’ 70◦38’45’’
2 64◦58’18’’ 64◦58’18’’
3 16◦41’12’’ 16◦41’12’’
4 27◦41’45’’ 27◦41’45’’
5 58◦30’02’’ +1’’ 58◦30’03’’
6 77◦07’00’’ 77◦07’00’’ 28◦42 17 27◦41 45

7 28◦42’17’’ 28◦42’17’’ 77◦07 00 58◦30 02

8 15◦40’40’’ 15◦40’40’’
∑ Observed Internal Angles = Apply Check 1 again
359◦59’58’’ ∑ Internal Angles = 360◦00’00’’
OK!
 IQBAL POST FAROOQ POST
70◦38’45’’
64◦58’18’’
15◦40’40’’
16◦41’12’’

Adjustment from iteration 2

28◦42’17’’ 27◦41’45’’

77◦07’00’’ 58◦30’03’’
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment 19
Step 1 : Angle Adjustment
Check 3
∑ Internal Angles of Triangles = 180◦
Consider triangles with base line

Triangle 1
∑ Internal Angles of Triangles = 180◦
OK!
Triangle 2
∑ Internal Angles of Triangles = 180◦
OK!
Computations 20
Step 2 : Bearings
Consider 1 Triangle at a time
∆𝐸 15◦40 40
Tan θ = FOR BEARING
∆𝑁

10517755.20−10516362.65
Tan θ =
3448679.37−3448359.91
θ = 77◦4’48’’
Bearing WT to MP = 77◦04’48’’
Back Bearing = 257◦04’48’’
Bearing MP to IP = 315◦34’51’’
Back Bearing = 135◦34’51’’ 28◦42 17
Bearing IP to WT = 151◦15’31’’ 77◦07 00 58◦30 03

Back Bearing = 331◦15’31’’

Closing Bearing WT to MP = 77◦04’48’’ OK!
Computations 21
Step 3 : Distances
Consider 1 Triangle at a time
Find ‘a’ using distance formula. 15◦40 40

a = √(𝐸𝑎 − 𝐸𝑏)2 + (𝑁𝑎 − 𝑁𝑏)2

a = 1428.72’

Sine Law c b
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾
b = 4507.94’
c = 5086.72’
28◦42 17

a 58◦30 03
77◦07 00
Computations 22
Step 4 : Co-ordinates
Consider 1 Triangle at a time
Iqbal Post 15◦40 40
From Water Tank
Easting
EIP = EWT + DsinθWT to IP
EIP= 10516362.65+ 4508.04sin(331◦15’31’’) b
c
EIP = 10514194.93’
Northing
NIP = NWT + DcosθWT to IP
NIP= 3448359.91+ 4508.04cos(331◦15’31’’)
NIP = 3452312.56’ 28◦42 17

a 58◦30 03
77◦07 00
Computations 23
Step 4 : Co-ordinates
Consider 1 Triangle at a time
Iqbal Post 15◦40 40
From Mess Point
Easting
EIP = EMP + DsinθMP to IP
EIP= 10517755.20+ 5086.81sin(315◦34’51’’) b
c
EIP = 10514194.93’
Northing
NIP = NMP + DcosθMP to IP
NIP= 3448679.36+ 5086.81cos(315◦34’51’’)
NIP = 3452312.56’ 28◦42 17

a 58◦30 03
77◦07 00
Computations 24
Step 4 : Co-ordinates
Consider 1 Triangle at a time
Iqbal Post 15◦40 40
Mean Co-ordinates

Determine the mean of the pair of Eastings and

Northings. c b

28◦42 17

a 58◦30 03
77◦07 00
Computations 25
Repeat steps 2 to 4 for Triangle 2 to find the co-
ordinates for Farooq Post.

16◦41 12

27◦41 45

58◦30 03
Submissions 26
1. Report
Summarize the following in a tabular form:
• Internal Angles
• Bearings
• Distances
• Co-ordinates

2. Calculations

Due Date:
Whenever you have the next FTF lab session.