Revision For Quiz 2. Intro. To. Psychology

Revision for Quiz #2 (5%)
On Wednesday-Thursday [Oct 25-26th]

Memory
What role does social influence play in shaping our memories and beliefs?
Social influence can impact our memories and beliefs by spreading false memories through shared
narratives and interactions, leading individuals to adopt misconceptions based on the accounts of
others.
What is the misinformation effect?

Misinformation Effect is ncorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
How does Loftus' Experiment (1979) contribute to our understanding of memory?

Loftus' Experiment from 1979 showed that our memory is not always accurate and can be changed
by outside influences. It means that what we remember isn't always exactly what happened, and it
can be altered by things like suggestions or incorrect information.
How do we define memory?

Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is our ability to store and retrieve
information.
What are the main processes in the Information-processing model by Atkinson & Schiffrin (1968)?
 The Information-processing model by Atkinson & Schiffrin (1968) outlines three key
processes: encoding (getting information in), storage (retaining information), and retrieval
(getting information out).
 Therefore, the model categorizes memory into three stages: sensory memory, short-term
memory, and long-term memory. This model explains how our minds process and store
information as we perceive, remember, and recall it.
What is the role of effortful processing in creating lasting memories, and how does it differ from
automatically processed information?
Effortful processing plays a crucial role in creating lasting memories by requiring attention and effort
to encode new or unusual information. Unlike automatically processed information, which is
processed without conscious effort, effortful processing results in durable and accessible memories,
as it involves deliberate engagement with the material.
What are the different strategies used to retain information?

1. Encoding by meaning
2. Encoding by images
3. Encoding by orgnization, examples include:
a. Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs
automatically.
b. Mnemonics: Memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and
organizational devices.
1
Why is there something magical about the number 7?
The "magical number 7, plus or minus 2" is intriguing because it represents the limit of our short-
term memory. We can typically store around seven bits of information, with some variability
depending on the task. For example, we remember about six letters and approximately five words.
This number sheds light on the capacity of our cognitive abilities in processing and retaining
information.
What is the difference between explicit and implicit memories?

 Explicit memory is when you can consciously recall and declare facts and experiences, like
knowing historical dates or remembering personal events.
 Implicit memory is when you've learned something but may not be aware of it or able to
declare it, like riding a bike or reacting to a conditioned stimulus without conscious
knowledge.
What are Flashbulb memories?

Flashbulb memories are clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events.
Why do we remember emotional and stressful events more vividly?

1. Dramatic experiences remain clear in our memory in part because we rehearse them
(remember and explain them to others).
2. Stress hormones provoke the amygdala to boost activity in the brain’s memory-forming
areas (Hippocampus).
Why do smells trigger vivid memories?

1. Smell and memory are so closely linked because the anatomy of the brain allows olfactory
signals get to the limbic system very quickly.
2. Memories linked to scents are typically of a more distant past and are not frequently
revisited, resulting in exceptionally clear recall when they do resurface.
When do we form our first memory, and why?

Our first memories typically form as the brain, especially the hippocampus, matures, allowing
memory encoding. Language development plays a role, aiding in describing experiences and
facilitating recall. Early memories often involve strong emotions, making them vivid and lasting.
What factors influence our ability to recall information?

1. Context Effects: Memory can be improved by revisiting the context in which the information
was initially learned.
2. State-Dependent Memory: Recall is often influenced by our current emotional state, with
memories aligning with our current mood (mood-congruent memory).
3. Serial Position Effect: We tend to recall the first and last items in a list more easily, a
phenomenon known as the serial position effect.
What is Déjà vu?

Déjà vu occurs when cues from the current situation unconsciously trigger memories of a similar
past experience.

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Revision For Quiz 2. Intro. To. Psychology

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Revision for Quiz #2 (5%)

On Wednesday-Thursday [Oct 25-26th]

What is the misinformation effect?

How does Loftus' Experiment (1979) contribute to our understanding of memory?

How do we define memory?

What are the different strategies used to retain information?

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memories?

What are Flashbulb memories?

Why do we remember emotional and stressful events more vividly?

Why do smells trigger vivid memories?

When do we form our first memory, and why?

What factors influence our ability to recall information?

What is Déjà vu?

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