Coffee Consumption and its Effect to the Health of STEM students in Lemery Senior High School

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Coffee Consumption and its Effect to the Health of

STEM students in Lemery Senior High School

A Research Presented to

The Faculty of

Lemery Senior High School

Lemery, Batangas

In Partial Fulfillment

Of The Requirements for Practical Research 1

Grade 11 Senior High

By:

Atienza, Alessia B.

Edaniol, Ashley Kim P.

Landicho, Janella C.

Martinez, Shekinah Jane M.

Noche, Kervin Paul E.

Reyes, Calvin Jet R.

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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the introduction, statement of the problem,

significance of the study, scope, limitations, and delimitation of the study,

and the definition of terms.

1.1 Background of the Study

Caffeine is a widely consumed stimulant that affects the central nervous system

and has been researched. It can be found naturally in foods such as coffee, tea, and

chocolate, but synthetic caffeine is also added to various food products and

beverages to increase their stimulating effects and has become a popular choice for

students seeking to enhance their alertness, concentration, and overall cognitive

performance. Numerous studies have measured the amount of caffeine consumed by

students, with estimates indicating an average daily intake of two or three cups of

coffee. Coffee is the primary source of caffeine, followed by soft drinks and tea

(Jahrami et al., 2020).

A cup of coffee is such a necessity to a person’s every day life, sometimes people

cannot function without it. People are relying on a morning cup of coffee to help them

get through the day, it is like an essential part of their life. And In some instances, in

order to survive in this world, people tend to over consume coffee, because they

believe that it can help to keep a person awake in order to finish their task. People

have always been intrigued by the benefits that coffee can provide, like increasing

energy and many others. While in students’ perspectives, they treat coffee as water,

drinking 3 or more glasses a day just to keep their minds on set. When it comes to

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studying, coffee may help students to focus and study more efficiently. Since it makes

people more alert and boost their academic performances.

Most of the students became addicted to coffee, it became their ally for their late-

night studies. Coffee and studying can be a great combination, but using coffee to

stay up late studying can negatively affect the students’ academic performances.

Bertasi et al. (2021) said that some of the benefits that have been attributed to

moderate caffeine intake include increased attention, alertness, mood elevation,

increased cognitive function and fewer cognitive failures, lower risk of suicide, and

fewer depressive symptoms. A study sought to determine whether there is any

association between coffee drinking and stress levels in students. A majority 90% of

LSHS students reported having moderate or high stress levels. The surprising result

was that there was a weak correlation between how often the participants drank

coffee and their level of stress. Though coffee can provide a short-term increase in

wakefulness it is vital also to consider its effect on anxiety and overall wellbeing.

People who consumed coffee believed that it was helpful for them (Kayode, 2022).

Although it has been said by Alberta (2019) that coffee has numerous benefits for the

student’s academic performance, we can’t deny the fact that it can affect their health,

the long-term effects at this level may include chronic insomnia, constant anxiety,

depression, and stomach problems. It can also cause high blood pressure or make

high blood pressure worse. They take coffee for granted without knowing the possible

side effects of it to their health.

When it comes to coffee and studying, coffee may help students focus and study

more efficiently. There is an urgent need to pursue this research because abuse and

dependence on caffeine is becoming more common and can lead to caffeine

intoxication, which put individuals at risk (Capelleti et al., 2015). Understanding how
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caffeine impacts student performance, mood, cognitive function, and overall well-

being can provide valuable insights into optimizing learning outcomes. By delving into

the effects of coffee consumption, researchers can shed light on how caffeine

influences alertness, reaction times, memory, and concentration, offering students and

educators a better understanding of how to utilize coffee responsibly as a study aid.

This research can help in promoting healthy habits, identifying potential risks of

excessive caffeine intake, and ultimately enhancing academic success and student

well-being.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to investigate the consumption of coffee and its health effects to

the STEM students in Lemery Senior High School.

The following solutions will be examine in order to address the issues raised

above:

1. How do students who engage in excessive coffee consumption describe their

coffee consumption pattern?

2. What are the effects of coffee consumption to the students health?

3. Based on the results, what strategies can be employed to manage or reduce their

coffee consumption?

1.3 Significance of the Study

This study will acquire knowledge about the possible effects of coffee to the

health of STEM students in Lemery Senior High School. The results of this study will

be valuable and significant to students, teachers, parents, community, and future

researchers.

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Students. This study will benefit the students as they will acquire knowledge about

the possible consequences of consuming coffee, as well as its good and bad effects

to their health.

Teachers. This study will benefit the teachers as they will obtain knowledge and

complex understanding about the consumption of coffee and its effect to the health of

their students and how it affects their academic performance.

Parents. This study will benefit the parents of the students as they will know the

consequences of consuming coffee to their child’s health and give limit to their every

day coffee intake.

Community. This study will help the community be enlightened about this topic. This

study will help them understand and determine the reasons behind the consumption of

coffee.

Future Researchers. This study could help the future researchers as it acts as their

reference and detailed study that they can use to form a research and test the validity

of other related findings.

1.4 Scope and Delimitation

This qualitative study aims to investigate the possible effects of consuming coffee

to the health of STEM students in Lemery Senior High School within the second

semester in the school year 2023-2024. This study is limited to fifteen STEM students

of Lemery Senior High School. Students from other tracks are not included. This

research focuses on understanding the impact of coffee intake among students. It

aims to examine the patterns of coffee consumption. This study is conducted to

understand the impact of coffee to students’ well-being and promote healthy habits. In

order to gather data for this study, an interview will be conduct to a sample of STEM

students from Lemery Senior High School.

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1.5 Definition of Terms

The following words represent their significance in addition to the readers

understanding.

In order to promote greater grasp and clarity of the research’s components, the

following key terminology/words are provided.

Coffee - is a significant source of caffeine, a widely consumed stimulant. Numerous

additional compounds found in coffee, including polyphenols, diterpenoids, and trace

minerals, have also been connected to a number of illnesses Ahmed (2019). In this study, it

refers to a beverage that the students take.

Health - is more than just the absence of illness or disability; it is a condition of whole

physical, mental, and social well-being Bircher ( 2019). In this study, it refers to the state and

wellness of the students.

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies that the researchers

considered in strengthening the importance of the present study. It also presents the

synthesis to fully understand the researcher for better comprehension of the study.

2.1 Review of Related Literature

Coffee Consumption Pattern

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According to Kim (2017), the individuals were divided into two groups based on

their coffee intake: the low coffee group (HCG, 1-2 cups/day) and the high coffee

group (CCG, 3 cups/day). Frequency of coffee consumption was substantially higher

in the HCG than in the LCG (p<0.001). Compared to the LCG, the HCG was more

likely to drink drip coffee with or without milk, sugar, or both (p<0.05). Regardless of

the energy intake, over 80% of coffee users selected their preferred brew or side

foods. Over 75% of coffee drinkers did not substitute meals with accompanying

snacks, and the HCG consumed them more often than the LCG (p<0.05).

Among the 175 participants, 86% of the men and 86% of the women drank an

average of 249.7 ± 235.9 mg of caffeinated beverages at Zayed University-Dubai. The

daily intake of caffeine varied across the 150 users, ranging from 4.2 mg to 932.2 mg.

There was no significant change in the average amount of caffeine eaten. The gender

component (P = 0.125). A bigger percentage of individuals consumed more—35

percent. Less than 400 mg/day of caffeine, with no significant difference between the

sexes (P = 0.220). Coffee was the most commonly consumed beverage out of the

two. Genders, followed by tea.The association between higher caffeine intake and

improved exercise performance in regard to weight loss (P = 0.018 and P = 0.001) in

men was the most frequently acknowledged benefit of caffeine use. (Ghali et al.,

2017).

As stated by Bender et al. (2018), students who has fewer hours of sleep are

observed to have a high coffee consumption. Majority of the students who engage in

this are those that has activities to be done, such as jobs and assessments. In

addition to that, students who are not physically active has a low prevalence of coffee

consumption. However, those physically active students has a higher predicted

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frequency of coffee consumption. Coffee consumption is found to be driven by the

need to stay active to accomplish various activities and work.

Out of 500 surveyed students, 467 completed the survey, which is equivalent to

93.4% of the total participants. The average level of caffeine consumption was notably

higher in females compared to male students (p < 0.005). Coffee was the most

preferred source of caffeine, with 67.7% of students choosing it, followed by tea at

47.3%. On average, students consumed 264 mg of caffeine per day. Surprisingly,

nearly a third of students reported high daily caffeine intake (>400 mg/day), while over

half consumed less than 199 mg/day. A significant majority of students (91.1%)

consumed their caffeinated beverages during or after meals, with 42.8% believing this

habit helped in avoiding acid reflux. Interestingly, approximately one-third of

participants had limited knowledge of caffeine-containing medical products, impacting

their consumption levels (p < 0.05). The primary reason for caffeine intake was for

studying purposes, with 59.4% of students mentioning this motivation (Kharaba et al.,

2022).

According to Qureshi in year 2022, compared to minimal coffee consumption

levels (<1 cup/day), moderate consumption (1–3 cups/day) was unrelated to

happiness, whereas heavy consumption (≥4 cups/day) was associated with a 3%

lower likelihood of sustained happiness (relative risk, RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95–0.99).

Only moderate coffee consumption was weakly associated with a greater likelihood of

sustained optimism (RR1-3cups/day = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.00–1.06).

EFFECTS OF COFFEE TO STUDENTS HEALTH

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Coffee and products that contain caffeine have an impact on both the

cardiovascular system, increasing heart rate and strength of contractions, and the

central nervous system, stimulating physical activity and causing anxiety-like effects.

Therefore, it is important to investigate whether these effects could be harmful to

health. Additionally, the abuse and dependence on caffeine are becoming increasingly

prevalent, which can result in caffeine overdose and increase the risk of premature

and unnatural death (Capelleti, 2015).

As demonstrated by Tolosa et al. (2015), consumption of caffeine in coffee

negatively affects the well-being of students. This is due to the potential for caffeine to

induce a condition known as caffeinism, which has been identified as a psychiatric

disorder. Symptoms commonly associated with caffeinism include palpitations,

increased urine production, restlessness, agitation, excitement, incoherent and rapid

thoughts and speech, as well as difficulty sleeping.

Coffee is the stimulant that students consume the most frequently, followed by tea

and other kinds of caffeine such as sugar-filled energy drinks. Furthermore, a growing

number of adolescents are abusing amphetamine-based ADHD drugs, which are used

to treat the condition. Students say they use stimulants in a variety of ways to improve

their cognitive function, extend their wakefulness, and maintain long-term focus.

Moderate doses of caffeine and amphetamines would lead to enhanced alertness and

concentration. However, large increases in dosage or frequency would lead to an

increased risk of toxicity and adverse effects (Plumber et al., 2021).

As stated by Bajar et al. (2020), caffeine is a psychostimulant that boosts body

energy levels, and coffee is its primary medium in beverages, so it is popular among

students due to their need for help studying, especially during online classes.

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However, caffeine also has adverse effects. Caffeine consumption has short-term

effects such as improved mood, alertness, energy and helps to remain awake. Coffee

can highly help a student, especially in studying. It can help the student to be more

focused and energetic, which is important if a student is studying or attending an

online class.

Coffee consumers were more like to be male. Main motivations of coffee intake

were those related to reinforcing effects. The prevalence of dripper coffee

consumption (85.59%) was observed to be highest with 20.1% participants consuming

coffee in 2– 3 times per day. Consumers experienced restlessness, shaky, excited,

difficulty in falling sleep, and fast heart beat as adverse effects of coffee consumption

(Aldreweesh, 2023).

2.2 Review of Related Studies

COFFEE CONSUMPTION PATTERN

As mentioned by Jeong et al. (2014), there was a notable increase in the frequency

of daily coffee drinking among Korean adults. The proportion of individuals who

consumed coffee on a daily basis rose by 20.3%, reaching 65.7% (p<0.001),

compared to the initial rate of 54.6%. Specifically, the consumption of two or more

cups of coffee per day experienced a significant surge of 48.8%, rising from 29.1% to

43.3% (p<0.001). Among the various types of coffee, instant coffee mix was the most

commonly preferred option by Korean adults. Interestingly, its consumption displayed

an upward trend among middle-aged and older individuals (aged 40 years and

above), while it either slowed down or declined among young men and young women.

On the other hand, the consumption of brewed coffee demonstrated an increasing

pattern across all age groups in recent years. Notably, there was a remarkable rise in

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brewed coffee consumption among young women and young men. It is worth noting

that the instant coffee mix, which often contains non-dairy creamer and/or sugar, still

constitutes a significant portion of coffee consumption in Korea. This might contribute

to weight gain and insulin resistance, potentially counteracting the potential benefits of

coffee. Given the high prevalence of coffee consumption in Korea, it is crucial to

implement nutrition education initiatives to assist individuals, particularly the elderly, in

cultivating healthy coffee consumption habits.

Moderate doses of caffeine or about two to four cups of brewed coffee a day,

aren’t harmful. But some conditions may warrant limiting or even ending caffeine

routine. One should consider cutting back if unpleasant effects like insomnia. Based

on the study, the effect of caffeine differs from one person to another. Some

experience unpleasant effects even with very small amounts. These are often the

nonregular coffee drinkers. Others may have medical conditions like irregular

heartbeat, overly active thyroids and those with anxiety and sleep disorders tend to be

predisposed to be more sensitive to the unpleasant effects of caffeine (Mercado,

2018).

A study conducted by Barbosa et al. (2016) interviewed 498 students. Among

these students, 72.3% (n = 360) reported consuming coffee; the incidence was higher

for females (68.3%) and students between the ages of 18 and 25 (82.8%). The most

popular place for students to drink coffee (90.6%) was at home, and the most popular

way to prepare it was using a cloth filter (82.5%). The average amount of coffee

consumed each day was 199.0 ± 230.6 ml, with a frequency of 1.6 ± 1.4 times per day

and a concentration of 4% - 12%. The main source of caffeine was coffee, which had

a low daily intake of 147.3 ± 141.2 mg. The study showed that the individuals under

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investigation did not experience any negative effects from coffee or caffeine intake.

However, the dearth of national studies on the topic emphasizes the need for

comparable studies on consumer profiles and coffee and caffeine consumption

patterns, especially with regard to coffee preparation methods, which have

advantages or disadvantages for the development of chronic illnesses.

A study conducted by Rehm et al. (2020) found out that 59% of the participants

consumed coffee, with an average intake of 544.7 grams per day among consumers.

Coffee consumption was highest among adults aged 51-70 years, higher income

groups, and non-Hispanic Whites. The majority of coffee consumers obtained their

coffee from stores, with smaller proportions purchasing from fast food

restaurants,convenience stores, or other sources. The choice of coffee source

locations also varied depending on factors such as age, education, income, and

race/ethnicity. In terms of dietary patterns, coffee consumers had higher scores in the

Healthy Eating Index and Nutrient-Rich Foods scores compared to non-consumers.

Coffee consumers had diets with lower levels of added sugar but slightly higher intake

of various types of fats, cholesterol, and alcohol. They also had higher intake of

potassium and magnesium but lower levels of vitamin C. On average, coffee

consumers consumed 233 mg/day of caffeine, while non-consumers consumed 72.3

mg/day.

Coffee drinking was found to have a nonlinear connection with the risk of CVD (P

for heterogeneity=0.09, P for trend <0.001, P for nonlinearity <0.001). The relative risk

of CVD was 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.87–1.03) for the highest category of

coffee consumption (median, 5 cups per day), 0.85 (95% confidence interval, 0.80–

0.90) for the second highest category (median, 3.5 cups per day), and 0.89 (95%

confidence interval, 0.84–0.94) for the third highest category (median, 1.5 cups per
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day) when compared to the lowest category (median, 0 cups per day). Coffee

consumption was nonlinearly linked with both stroke (P for heterogeneity = 0.07, P for

trend <0.001, P for nonlinearity <0.001) and coronary heart disease (P for

heterogeneity = 0.001, P for trend <0.001, P for nonlinearity <0.001) when looking at

independent outcomes. Moderate coffee consumption was inversely significantly

associated with CVD risk, with the lowest CVD risk at 3 to 5 cups per day, and heavy

coffee consumption was not associated with elevated CVD risk (Ding et al., 2014).

EFFECTS OF COFFEE TO STUDENTS HEALTH

Based on the research conducted by Bondoc (2016), it has been affirmed that the

consumption of caffeine has the potential to enhance cognitive alertness. Consistently

drinking coffee and other beverages containing caffeine throughout the day seems to

have a positive impact on focus and attentiveness. Specifically, when individuals

experience sleep deprivation, the ingestion of caffeine can effectively improve their

level of attentiveness. Furthermore, the combination of caffeine and glucose in energy

drinks appears to have a more pronounced effect on mental performance compared to

consuming caffeine or glucose alone.

Students in their senior year of high school benefit greatly from caffeine since it

makes it easier for them to handle their coursework. To learn more about how

students’ study habits are impacted by their coffee consumption, it is critical to

understand how caffeine influences students’ daily routines. An estimated 120 senior

high school students were given survey questionnaires, with 40 responses from each

of the aforementioned schools. According to the findings, coffee drinkers think it

significantly improves their wellbeing, which lessens their stress related to school.

Majority of respondents said that getting enough sleep was the best way to reduce

their intake of coffee. It is generally acknowledged that coffee consumption increases

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students’ motivation and concentrate, enabling them to do more work within the

allotted timeframe while also having a minimal impact on their sleep schedule.

Additionally, students are open to substituting healthy interventions for their coffee use

(Carandang, 2021).

A study conducted by Majumdar (2023) stated that caffeine has a side effect. The

study highlights that caffeine, found in tea and coffee, helps stimulate the human brain

and central nervous system, providing alertness and relieving tiredness. It is popular

among students for activities such as night-long studies. The research indicates that

approximately 80% of students, especially college students, consume caffeine daily,

which impacts their physical and mental health for educational preparation. While,

caffeine can provide temporary relief from fatigue and mental stress, it can also have

negative effects. Excessive caffeine intake can lead to anxiety, irregular sleep

patterns, headaches, migraines, high blood pressure, and potential toxicity.

In a study conducted by Dela Cruz et al. (2018), focuses on the perceptions and

effects of different types of caffeinated beverages among college students in Silliman

University, Philippines. It also explores the perceived benefits and disadvantages of

drinking each type of caffeine and investigates the circumstances in which college

students consume caffeine. The study found that coffee is the most preferred

caffeinated drink among college students, with 86.67% of participants choosing it.

Caffeine in coffee is a mild stimulant that can enhance mood, alertness, and

performance, thereby aiding learning abilities. However, some students still

experience side effects such as nervousness, tremors, flushed appearance, elevated

temperature, and palpitations.

Coffee has effects on other body systems such as the cardiovascular system,

where it increases the heart rate, peripheral resistance which leads to increased blood
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pressure, tachycardia, and palpitations and may also cause arrhythmias Good sleep

quality is cardinal to good health, and research has shown that it plays a fundamental

role in immunity, learning, metabolism, and other biological functions. Their effects on

sleep can adversely affect a student’s academic life as somnolence and irregular

sleep patterns have been shown to have a negative impact on learning and memory.

However, not all effects of caffeine are negative; its relaxing effects on bronchial

smooth muscle are the rationale for the use of the related substance aminophylline in

the treatment of bronchial asthma (Mwape and Mulenga, 2019).

2.3 SYNTHESIS

Coffee consumption among students can have both positive and negative effects.

On the positive side, coffee has the potential to enhance cognitive alertness and

focus, making it a popular choice, especially during periods of sleep deprivation.

Studies have shown that the combination of caffeine and glucose in energy drinks can

significantly improve mental performance, emphasizing the cognitive benefits of

caffeine intake. Among senior high school students, caffeine, primarily from coffee, is

perceived as a beneficial tool for managing coursework and reducing stress related to

school. Coffee consumption has been linked to improved well-being, motivation,

concentration, and productivity, enabling students to effectively handle their academic

responsibilities. However, it is essential to be aware of the potential negative effects of

excessive caffeine consumption. While caffeine can provide temporary relief from

fatigue and mental stress, overconsumption can lead to adverse outcomes such as

anxiety, irregular sleep patterns, headaches, high blood pressure, and other health

risks. Gender differences in caffeine consumption levels have been noted, with

females generally consuming more caffeine. The reasons for coffee intake vary, with

factors such as the need for energy to accomplish tasks, the association between
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caffeine intake and exercise performance, and the impact of caffeine on studying and

productivity being significant themes. Moderate caffeine intake, averaging around 264

mg/day, has been reported, while high coffee consumption exceeds 400 mg/day.

Moderate consumption may have a weak association with sustained optimism,

whereas heavy consumption could potentially decrease the likelihood of sustained

happiness.

The most popular stimulant among students is coffee, which is followed by tea

and various forms of caffeine, like energy drinks with added sugar. In addition, an

increasing proportion of teenagers are misusing ADHD medications that contain

amphetamines. Pupils report using stimulants for a range of purposes, including

enhancing cognitive performance, prolonging wakefulness, and sustaining sustained

attention. Caffeine and amphetamines in moderation would improve alertness and

focus. However, significant increases in dosage or frequency would raise the risk of

toxicity and negative effects. Caffeine and coffee-containing products affect the central

nervous system, which stimulates physical activity and causes anxiety-like symptoms,

as well as the cardiovascular system, which increases heart rate and contraction. It is

crucial to look into if these impacts could have a negative impact on health.

Furthermore, caffeine addiction and misuse are become more common, which raises

the risk of an early and untimely death from a caffeine overdose.

An average of 544.7 grams of coffee were consumed daily by the 59% of

individuals who drank it. Adults 51–70 years old, higher income categories, and non-

Hispanic Whites consumed the most coffee. Stores accounted for the bulk of coffee

users, with lesser percentages obtaining their coffee from fast food restaurants,

convenience stores, or other sources. Age, education, income, and race/ethnicity

were among the variables that influenced the choice of coffee supplier locations.
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When it came to eating habits, coffee drinkers scored higher than non-drinkers on the

Nutrient-Rich Foods and Healthy Eating Index. Coffee drinkers’ diets included less

added sugar but a little more alcohol, cholesterol, and fats of all kinds. In addition,

they consumed more potassium and magnesium but less vitamin C. Caffeine intake

for coffee drinkers was 233 mg per day, compared to 72.3 mg for non-drinkers. A

nonlinear relationship was seen between coffee consumption and CVD risk (P for

heterogeneity=0.09, P for trend <0.001, P for nonlinearity <0.001). In comparison to

the lowest category (median of 0 cups per day), the relative risk of CVD was 0.89

(95% confidence interval, 0.84–0.94) for the third highest category (median, 1.5 cups

per day), 0.85 (95% confidence interval, 0.80–0.90) for the second highest category

(median, 3.5 cups per day), and 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.87–1.03) for the

highest category (median, 5 cups per day). Drinking coffee has a nonlinear

relationship with independent outcomes for both stroke (P for heterogeneity = 0.07, P

for trend <0.001, P for nonlinearity <0.001) and coronary heart disease (P for

heterogeneity = 0.001, P for trend <0.001, P for nonlinearity <0.001). The risk of CVD

was found to be inversely substantially associated with moderate coffee drinking, with

the lowest risk seen at three to five cups per day. Heavy coffee consumption was not

linked to an enhanced risk of CVD.

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

The methods and procedures used by the researchers were discussed in this

chapter. It includes a discussion of the research design, research environment, study

participants, data collection instrument, and procedure

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3.1 Research Design

The research design refers to the plan or framework that is used in conducting a

research study. It is the strategy used to assimilate varied components of the study.

Research design includes outlining the overall approach, as well as the methods that

will be used to assess data and answer research questions (Singh, 2023). The

researchers utilized the qualitative research design to gather data about coffee

consumption. Tenny et al. (2022) defines qualitative research as a type of research

that explores and gives us a deeper perception into real-world problems. Qualitative

research will formulate hypotheses and further investigate in order to understand

quantitative data. Qualitative research will be used due to the data that will be needed

for this study, such as the participant's experiences, perceptions, and behavior. The

researchers will use a phenomenological research design as the nature of the study

was considered. This study will focus particularly on the experiences of STEM

students in consuming coffee. As defined by Neubauer et al. (2019),

phenomenological research design is a qualitative approach with the purpose of

understanding human experiences. This is the perfect approach as it will decipher the

behavior of the STEM students regarding coffee consumption and its health

consequences, and develop appreciation for the philosophies behind it.

3.2 Research Environment

Lemery Senior High School is a public school located in Lemery, Batangas.

Despite being a public institution, Lemery Senior High School is known for its high-

achieving students in academics, sports, and various other areas. The school has two

buildings situated in Lemery District III, providing a conducive environment for

research activities. This particular location was selected to delve deeper into the
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impacts of coffee intake and its potential health consequences. The researchers

chose this locale because it’s where they study, making it a convenient place to gather

data easily.

3.3 Participants of the Study

The study will involve fifteen (15) students between the ages of 16 and 18 from

Lemery Senior High School. The STEM students in the Lemery High School will be

chosen to be our participants in our study because they have sufficient knowledge and

experience in consuming coffee in that way, the researchers will use it as an

information tool to spread knowledge about possible health consequences. The

researchers believe that these participants will be the ideal participants for this study.

The researchers knew that STEM students could provide the answers needed to finish

this study.

3.4 Sampling

The researchers will use purposive sampling in selecting participants. Purposeful

sampling involves selecting participants because you believe that they might

contribute something to your analysis (Creswell, 2014). Purposive sampling as a form

of non-probability sampling in which researchers rely on their own judgement when

choosing members of the population to participate in the study (Feloy, 2018).

The researchers choose purposive sampling because it will help them target

individuals who can give important insights into the research questions. By picking

participants purposefully, researchers make sure they get a diverse range of

perspectives needed to answer their research questions well. They choose purposive

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sampling because researchers want to learn in-depth from people with specific

experiences related to their study

3.5 Data Gathering Instrument

The researchers will use semi-structured as an instrument. Semi-structured interview

is a way of collecting information by asking questions based on a specific topic, but

without a strict order or wording. These interviews are often used in qualitative

research to gather insights and opinions from participants (George, 2023). They

provide a framework for discussion while allowing flexibility to delve into relevant ideas

that arise during the conversation. Researchers use semi-structured interviews to

gather new data and understand participants’ thoughts and perspectives on a

particular subject (Vaughn, 2019).

Researchers choose semi-structured interviews to delve deep into a topic,

enabling them to ask follow-up questions based on responses. This method allows for

flexible information gathering, exploring participants’ thoughts, feelings, and beliefs. It

provides both depth and structure, ensuring key aspects of the topic are covered. This

instrument is the best for them as they aims to investigate specific themes thoroughly.

3.6 Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will develop a questionnaire, which will undergo validation and

review to ensure its effectiveness in gathering relevant data. Then, formal requests for

study permission will be submitted to the principal of Lemery Senior High School, as

well as to the participants and their advisers. Upon receiving approval, the

researchers will proceed to conduct semi-structured interviews with the participants,

using open-ended questions to encourage detailed responses. The data collected

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Coffee Consumption and its Effect to the Health of STEM students in Lemery Senior High School

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

during these interviews will be recorded with the participants’ consent to ensure

ethical practices. Following data collection, the next phase involves thorough analysis

and transcription of the gather information. This step is crucial in extracting meaningful

insights and findings from the research study.

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