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    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as

    [m]
    the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the
    [21][22]
    coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales, and
    [n][23]
    Northern Ireland. The UK includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern
    part of the island of Ireland, and most of the smaller islands within the British
    [24]
    Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland;
    otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea,
    the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, and the Irish Sea. The total area of the United
    2 [e][12]
    Kingdom is 94,354 square miles (244,376 km ), with an estimated population of
    [13]
    nearly 67.6 million people in 2022.

    In 1707, the Kingdom of England (which included Wales) and the Kingdom of
    Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.
    The Acts of Union 1800 incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United
    Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK
    in 1922 as the Irish Free State, and the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927
    created the present name.

    The UK became the first industrialised country and was the world's foremost power
    for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the "Pax
    [25][26]
    Britannica" between 1815 and 1914. At its height in the 1920s, the British
    Empire encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and
    was the largest empire in history. However, its involvement in the First World War
    and the Second World War damaged Britain's economic power and a global wave of
    [27][28][29]
    decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies. British
    influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of its former
    colonies, and British culture remains globally influential, particularly in language,
    literature, music and sport. English is the world's most widely spoken language and
    [30]
    the third-most spoken native language.

    The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary


    [o][32]
    democracy. The UK has three distinct jurisdictions; England and Wales,
    [33]
    Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern
    Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various devolved
    [34]
    matters. The capital and largest city of the United Kingdom (as well as the capital
    of England) is London, with its wider metropolitan area being the largest in Western
    [35]
    Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. The cities of Edinburgh, Cardiff, and
    Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland,
    respectively. Other major cities include Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Bristol,
    Liverpool, Sheffield, Newcastle and Leeds.
    The UK is a developed country and has the world's sixth-largest economy by
    nominal gross domestic product (GDP). It is a recognised nuclear state, and is
    [36][37]
    ranked fourth globally in military expenditure. The UK has been a permanent
    member of the UN Security Council since its first session in 1946. It is a member of
    the Commonwealth of Nations, Council of Europe, G7, OECD, NATO, Five Eyes,
    AUKUS and CPTPP.

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